398:
memories are bad. The ability to soften or erase memories could have drastic effects on how society functions. The ability to remember unpleasant effects from one's past has a huge impact on the future actions they may take. Remembering and learning from past mistakes is crucial in the emotional development of a person and helps to ensure they do not repeat previous errors. The ability to erase memory could also have a massive impact on the law. When it comes to determining the outcome of a trial, the ability to modify memory could have a massive impact on the judicial system. Another ethical question that arises is to how the government will use this technology and what restrictions would need to be put in place. Some worry that if soldiers can go into battle knowing that the memories created during that time period can simply be erased they may not uphold military morale and standards. Many are also skeptical with who should be able to have procedures done on them, so they are urging for a set of laws to determine this.
145:. Sensory memory, in short, is the ability to hold sensory information for a short period of time, for example, looking at an object and being able to remember what it looked like moments after. Short-term memory is memory that allows a person to recall a short period of time; this can be a few seconds to a minute. Short-term memory allows people to remember what happened during that short time span without actually practicing the memory. Long-term memory has a much larger capacity than the prior two and actually stores information from both these types of memories to create a long lasting and large memory. Long-term memory is the largest target for research involving selective memory erasure.
174:. These memories often involve several different aspects of information in them that can come from a variety of the different categories of memories mentioned above. These emotional memories are powerful memories that can illicit strong physiological effects on a person. An example of an emotional memory can be found in patients with PTSD, for these patients a traumatic event has left a lasting emotional memory that can have powerful effects on a person even without them consciously retrieving the memory.
281:
techniques to slowly teach the brain to suppress the memory. Although some of these techniques have been useful for some people it has not been shown to be a clear cut solution to forgetting memories. Because these memories are not truly erased but merely suppressed the question of how permanent the solution is and what actually happens to the memories can be troubling for some.
381:. In experimental studies, the absence of behavior indicative of memory is sometimes interpreted as the absence of the memory trace; however, the memory impairment may be temporary due to deficits in recall. Alternatively, the memory trace be latent and demonstrable via its indirect effects on new learning. The measurement issue is compounded by the fact that
233:(LTP). Studies on LTP have also started to indicate that there are several molecular mechanisms that may be at the basis of memory storage. A more recent approach to erasing memories and the associations the brain makes with objects is disrupting specific molecular mechanisms in the brain that are actively keeping memories active.
244:. This indicates that long-term memories can be called upon by various different associations that were made with the memory without the conscious effort of the person. With an increasing belief that memories are largely supported by functional and structural plasticity deriving from F-actin polymerization in
122:). PTSD patients may include war veterans, people who witnessed horrific events, victims of violent crimes and many other possibly traumatic events. These potential patients have unwanted memories that can be absolutely devastating to their daily lives and cause them to not be able to function properly.
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Does the amnestic agent block consolidation, or now reconsolidation, or impair retrieval? Is the memory deficit permanent or is there spontaneous recovery or the possibility of recovering the memory by further treatments or reminders? It is evident that the same logical objection voiced by
Weiskrantz
388:
Michael Davis, researcher at Emory
University, argues that complete erasure can only be confidently concluded if all of the biological events that occurred when the memory was formed revert to their original status. The current state of technology and methodology may not be sensitive enough to detect
314:
With evidence showing that different memories excite different neurons or system of neurons in the brain the technique of destroying select neurons in the brain to erase specific memories is also being researched. Studies have started to investigate the possibility of using distinct toxins along with
104:
Aside from the biotechnology approach to studying memory, research in psychiatry on how memories work has also been going on for several years. There have been some studies that show that some behavioral therapy can erase bad memories. There has been some evidence that psychodynamic therapy and other
83:
Research focused on gaining a better understanding of what memories are has been going on for many years, in this way so has research in memory erasure. The basis for the recent history for memory erasure has been focused on determining how the brain actively keeps memories stored and retrieves them.
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Wixted, J. T. "Integrative comments. Forgetting: It's not just the opposite of remembering (2007) Science of memory concepts". 329–335. "However, it would be difficult to establish the complete absence of a trace because it is always possible that an as yet untried retrieval cue would show that some
100:
to preferentially target cells that were overexpressing CREB, since these were the cells more likely involved with fear memories. This caused the erasure of the target memory but allowed the mice to still form new fear memories which confirmed the cells were involved only in storing fear memories
354:
that targets specific neurons. In 2017, researchers at
Stanford demonstrated a technique for observing hundreds of neurons firing in the brain of a live mouse, in real time, and have linked that activity to long-term information storage. By using a virus to trigger production of a light-sensitive
337:
Due to the lack of understanding of the brain this technique of destroying neurons may have a much larger effect on the patient than just the removal of the intended memories. Due to this complex nature of the brain treatment that would stun the neurons instead of destroying them could be another
305:
of a memory is when a person recalls a memory, usually a fearful one, it becomes susceptible to alteration, and then gets stored again. This has led many researchers to believe that this time period is the best time for memories to be altered or erased. Studies have shown that through behavioral
397:
As with most new technologies the idea of being able to erase memories comes with many ethical questions. One ethical question that arises is the idea that although there are some extremely painful memories that some people (for example PTSD patients) would like to be rid of, not all unpleasant
280:
Selective memory suppression is the idea that someone can consciously block an unwanted memory. Several different therapeutic techniques or training have been attempted to test this idea with varied success. Many of these techniques focus on blocking the retrieval of a memory using suppression
271:
is constantly changing making it uniquely sensitive to depolymerization during the maintenance phase. This is some of the first evidence showing that memories made with different associations are actively maintained using different molecular substrates. These results also show that the actin
88:, have relative success in being able to erase some memories. As early as 2009 researchers were able to trace and destroy neurons involved in supporting the specific type of memory that they were trying to erase. These neurons were targeted by using replication-defective
284:
Selective memory suppression is also something that can occur without a person being consciously aware of suppressing the creation and retrieval of unwanted memories. When this occurs without the person knowing it is usually referred to as
323:(CREB) were activated primarily over other neurons by fear memory expression. This indicated to them that these neurons were directly involved in the making of the memory trace for that fear memory. They then proceeded to train mice using
315:
biotechnology that allows the researchers to see which areas of the brain are being used during the reward learning process of making a memory to destroy target neurons. In a paper published in 2009, authors showed that neurons in the
389:
all types of memory traces. Davis contends that because making these measurements in a complex organism is implausible, the concept of complete memory erasure (what he deems "strong form of forgetting") is not useful scientifically.
654:
Han, Jin-Hee; Kushner, Steven A. K; Yiu, Adelaide P.; Hsiang, Hwa-Lin; Buch, Thorsten; Waisman, Ari; Bontempi, Bruno; Neve, Rachael L.; Frankland, Paul W.; Josselyn, Sheena A. (2009). "Selective
Erasure of a Fear Memory".
716:
Agren, Thomas; Engman, Jonas; Frick, Andreas; Björkstrand, Johannes; Larsson, Elna-Marie; Furmark, Tomas; Fredrikson, Mats (2012). "Disruption of
Reconsolidation Erases a Fear Memory Trace in the Human Amygdala".
240:(METH) addicts have reported that the sight of certain objects such as a lighter, gum or drug paraphernalia can cause massive cravings that can sometimes lead to a break in their mental strength and cause them to
117:
There are several different types of possible patients that have the potential to draw great benefit from the selective memory erasure; these include people with drug addiction, or posttraumatic stress disorder
96:) in them. As a result, the neurons were activated in fear memory or testing far more often in both wild-type and CREB-deficient mice. For the study, transgenic mice were used that allowed use of
267:. Although the depolymerization techniques had no effect on food reward based associations or shock based associations the results demonstrate the idea that meth associated memories' actin
229:
There is a growing amount of information that has shown that memory depends largely on the brain's synaptic plasticity, with a large part of this being dependent on its ability to maintain
1493:
209:
There are other drugs that also can cause their users to be put in an amnesic state, where they experience some type of amnesia because of their use. Examples of these drugs include
1356:
1526:(1966)...He warned that experimental amnesia studies are fatally flawed from the outset, since it is not possible to prove the null hypothesis, i.e. the absence of a memory trace.
64:
There are many reasons that research is being done on the selective removal of memories. Potential patients for this research include patients with psychiatric disorders such as
921:
263:
II inhibitor to disrupt the polymerized F-actin associated with METH memory associations. The study indicated types of associations can be disrupted days to weeks after
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75:
Memory erasure is also featured in numerous works of fiction, with fictional methods and properties that do not necessarily correspond with scientific reality.
981:
830:"Challenges and Successes in Dissemination of Evidence-Based Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress: Lessons Learned from Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD"
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techniques can help with forgetting memories among other psychiatric issues there is no proven therapeutic approach for trying to erase bad memories.
1604:
334:
Researchers have also found that the levels of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, can also effect which memories are most prominent in our minds.
152:(or 'muscle memory') is generally described as the ability to remember how to use objects or specific movements of the body (e.g. using a hammer).
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One of the ways scientists have attempted to erase these memories through suppression is by interrupting the reconsolidation of a memory.
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Young, Erica J.; Aceti, Massimiliano; Griggs, Erica M.; Fuchs, Rita A.; Zigmond, Zachary; Rumbaugh, Gavin; Miller, Courtney A. (2013).
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Memory erasure has been shown to be possible in some experimental conditions; some of the techniques currently being investigated are:
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and may not always manifest in single locations or in static and easily identifiable changes detectable by current technologies.
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1409:
119:
84:
There have been several instances where researchers found drugs that when applied to certain areas of the brain, usually the
65:
1091:
Martin, S. J.; Grimwood, P. D.; Morris, R. G. M. (2000). "Synaptic
Plasticity and Memory: An Evaluation of the Hypothesis".
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training results showed that they were able to erase memories by tampering with memories during the reconsolidation phase.
328:
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can be used as a treatment for patients who have experienced psychological trauma or for medical procedures where full
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454:
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to produce a fear memory. They proceeded to check which of the neurons were overexpressing CREB and then, using an
1637:
1177:
Roth, Tania L.; Roth, Eric D.; Sweatt, J. David (2010). "Epigenetic regulation of genes in learning and memory".
1134:
Abel, Ted; Lattal, K.Matthew (2001). "Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval".
436:
424:
418:
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1455:
607:"Selective, Retrieval-Independent Disruption of Methamphetamine-Associated Memory by Actin Depolymerization"
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106:
69:
125:
Research continues, and in 2020, researchers were looking at potential new approaches to PTSD treatment.
891:
460:
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protein in neurons linked to a fear, they could erase the memory by weakening the pathways using light.
1432:
936:
331:, they destroyed those neurons, resulting in persistent and strong memory erasure of the fear memory.
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156:, (or 'declarative memory') is that which can be consciously drawn upon by a person to remember.
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698:
272:
cytoskeleton may be a promising target for selective disruption of unwanted long-term memories.
1312:
Tronson, Natalie C.; Taylor, Jane R. (2007). "Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation".
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and other fiction. Several notable comics, TV shows and movies feature mindwipes, including
290:
256:
255:. Recent research has been done to target this F-actin polymerization by using direct actin
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is the idea of selectively losing or inhibiting the creation of memories using drugs.
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1605:"9 classic movies about memory manipulation, and how they inspired real neuroscience"
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92:(HSV) to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (
1069:
1238:
Anderson, Michael C.; Levy, Benjamin J. (2009). "Suppressing
Unwanted Memories".
959:
198:
is not an option. Drug-induced amnesia is also a side-effect of other drugs like
167:, which is the ability to remember factual information (e.g. what numbers mean).
163:, which is the memory of specific events and the information surrounding it, and
807:
795:
537:"Impairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation"
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Davis, Michael. "Forgetting: Once again, it's all about representations".
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252:
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34:
17:
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Liao, Matthew; Sandberg, Anders; Savulescu, Julian (November 3, 2008).
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191:
54:
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Roediger, Henry L.; Dudai, Yadin; Fitzpatrick, Susan M., eds. (2007).
27:
Selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind
260:
1325:
1214:"Psychologists offer proof of brain's ability to suppress memories"
1357:"Researchers erase fear memories in people through behavior alone"
38:
1537:
Eichenbaum, Howard. "Persistence: Necessary but not
Sufficient".
320:
93:
1285:"Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory"
321:
cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein
148:
Within long-term memory there are several types of retention.
346:
A way of selectively erasing memories may be possible through
373:
There is an epistemological issue in determining whether the
828:
Foa, Edna B.; Gillihan, Seth J.; Bryant, Richard A. (2013).
1486:"Memories of fear could be permanently erased, study shows"
406:
Memory erasure has also been a common topic of interest in
914:"Exploring the Potential to Eliminate Traumatic Memories"
770:"Energy Psychology: A Review of the Preliminary Evidence"
159:
Explicit memory can be split into further subcategories;
170:
A type of memory of main concern for memory erasure are
1410:"Memory Manipulation makes Mice Forget Bad Experiences"
61:, and the disruption of specific molecular mechanisms.
774:
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
920:. American Psychiatric Association. May 28, 2020.
369:Memory consolidation § Multiple trace theory
535:Chan, Jason C. K.; Lapaglia, Jessica A. (2013).
1383:"Introduction to Neurons and Neuronal Networks"
541:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
53:, selective memory suppression, destruction of
464:. Novels that feature memory erasure include
8:
834:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1513:. London: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 186.
1240:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1551:remnant of the trace is still available."
1251:
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1016:
853:
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676:
630:
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560:
960:"Implicit Memory – The Definitive Guide"
941:Brain & Behavior Research Foundation
877:
875:
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133:There are three main types of memories:
1043:"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)"
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
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524:
512:" (which served as the inspiration for
483:Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
33:is the selective artificial removal of
1456:"Serotonin stabilizes social memories"
530:
528:
297:Interruption of memory reconsolidation
1559:
1557:
1385:. Neuroscience Online. Archived from
1292:Varieties of Memory and Consciousness
431:Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
7:
1431:Iverson, Margot (22 November 1999).
935:Maren, Stephen A. (April 14, 2020).
510:We Can Remember It for You Wholesale
365:Mass action principle (neuroscience)
1408:Cuthbertson, Anthony (5 May 2016).
1068:. Neurology Medlink. Archived from
1047:National Institute of Mental Health
937:"Can Traumatic Memories Be Erased?"
329:inducible diphtheria-toxin strategy
1496:from the original on Jan 26, 2024.
1443:from the original on Jan 27, 2024.
1355:Bardin, Jon (September 20, 2012).
1053:from the original on Dec 18, 2020.
970:from the original on Jan 26, 2024.
958:McLaughlin, Katy (June 13, 2020).
947:from the original on Jan 27, 2024.
924:from the original on Jan 27, 2024.
225:Disruption of molecular mechanisms
25:
1466:from the original on Nov 24, 2023
1433:"Killing Pain by Killing Neurons"
1066:"Drug-Induced Memory Disturbance"
1049:. National Institutes of Health.
1643:Ethics of science and technology
1579:"Should We Be Erasing Memories?"
1262:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01634.x
504:are about mindwipes, including "
289:; the memory itself is called a
1460:Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute
1454:Weiler, Nicholas (2023-10-23).
1136:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
984:. Posit Science. Archived from
882:Caplan, Arthur (18 June 2013).
1212:Trei, Lisa (January 8, 2004).
1105:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.649
623:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.036
338:approach that could be taken.
66:post traumatic stress disorder
1:
1148:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00194-X
1093:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1603:May, Kate (15 August 2013).
1484:Davis, Nicola (2017-08-17).
383:memory processes are dynamic
276:Selective memory suppression
1565:Science of memory: Concepts
1539:Science of memory: Concepts
1510:Science of memory: concepts
1412:. Newsweek Tech and Science
1314:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
319:that had a higher level of
129:Different types of memories
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796:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.199
362:
57:, interruption of memory,
1294:: 309–330. Archived from
1028:10.4249/scholarpedia.1806
37:or associations from the
846:10.1177/1529100612468841
377:(i.e., memory trace) is
1462:. Stanford University.
999:LeDoux, Joseph (2007).
739:10.1126/science.1223006
687:10.1126/science.1164139
562:10.1073/pnas.1218472110
1179:Essays in Biochemistry
325:auditory fear training
310:Destruction of neurons
231:long-term potentiation
101:and not forming them.
70:substance use disorder
888:MIT Technology Review
768:Feinstein, D (2008).
611:Biological Psychiatry
363:Further information:
1283:Bjork, R.A. (1989).
1072:on November 29, 2013
988:on 10 December 2013.
894:on 20 September 2019
303:Memory consolidation
188:Drug-induced amnesia
183:Drug-induced amnesia
90:herpes simplex virus
51:drug-induced amnesia
1633:Drug rehabilitation
1018:2007SchpJ...2.1806L
1001:"Emotional mempory"
884:"Deleting Memories"
731:2012Sci...337.1550A
669:2009Sci...323.1492H
553:2013PNAS..110.9309C
500:. Several works by
449:The Bourne Identity
379:evidence of absence
375:absence of evidence
1389:on 3 December 2013
1191:10.1042/bse0480263
982:"Long-Term Memory"
964:Biology Dictionary
480:novels (including
359:Measurement issues
172:emotional memories
113:Potential patients
1520:978-0-19-531044-3
1361:Los Angeles Times
287:memory inhibition
139:short-term memory
16:(Redirected from
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1638:Emotional issues
1613:
1612:
1611:. Wordpress.com.
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1583:Practical Ethics
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1567:(2007): 317–320.
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317:lateral amygdala
291:repressed memory
257:depolymerization
249:dendritic spines
178:Current research
143:long-term memory
98:diphtheria toxin
72:, among others.
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238:methamphetamine
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165:semantic memory
161:episodic memory
154:Explicit memory
150:Implicit memory
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59:reconsolidation
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1301:on 2012-02-25.
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918:Psychiatry.org
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502:Philip K. Dick
474:, some of the
467:The Invincible
403:
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251:at excitatory
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79:Recent history
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419:Total Recall
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350:, a type of
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1393:27 November
1366:27 November
1223:27 November
1076:27 November
1064:Jain, K K.
1011:(7): 1806.
898:10 November
236:Recovering
1622:Categories
1470:2024-02-19
814:2013-12-10
520:References
498:Lois Lowry
402:In fiction
196:anesthesia
1248:CiteSeerX
782:CiteSeerX
673:CiteSeerX
493:The Giver
461:Dollhouse
215:Midazolam
211:Triazolam
1609:TED Blog
1494:Archived
1464:Archived
1441:Archived
1416:27 April
1334:17342174
1199:20822498
1164:23766473
1156:11301237
1113:10845078
1051:Archived
968:Archived
945:Archived
922:Archived
864:25722657
804:22122417
755:39399936
747:22997340
695:19286560
641:24012327
581:23690586
506:Paycheck
452:, NBC's
443:Futurama
253:synapses
219:Diazepam
204:rohypnol
86:amygdala
45:Overview
35:memories
18:Mindwipe
1628:Amnesia
1437:Science
1342:1835412
1270:5070242
1121:8499962
1013:Bibcode
855:4338436
727:Bibcode
719:Science
703:1257448
665:Bibcode
657:Science
632:4023488
572:3677482
549:Bibcode
413:Telefon
242:relapse
200:alcohol
192:Amnesia
55:neurons
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455:Heroes
393:Ethics
261:myosin
141:, and
107:energy
1338:S2CID
1299:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1117:S2CID
751:S2CID
699:S2CID
486:) by
259:or a
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1590:2013
1515:ISBN
1418:2019
1395:2013
1368:2013
1330:PMID
1225:2013
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1152:PMID
1109:PMID
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900:2023
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