1764:, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and methane. Those archaea and bacteria can degrade the naphtha, which was considered as waste during the procedure of refining oil. Both of those degraded products are useful. Aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons and methane can be used as fuel in the humans' daily lives. In other words, these methanogens improve the coefficient of utilization. Moreover, these methanogens change the structure of the tailings pond and help the pore water efflux to be reused for processing oil sands. Because the archaea and bacteria metabolize and release bubbles within the tailings, the pore water can go through the soil easily. Since they accelerate the densification of mature fine tailings, the tailings ponds are enabled to settle the solids more quickly so that the tailings can be reclaimed earlier. Moreover, the water released from the tailings can be used in the procedure of refining oil. Reducing the demand of water can also protect the environment from drought.
1601:
tailings pond the solids and liquids separate. In paste tailings the percent of solids in the tailings slurry is increased through the use of paste thickeners to produce a product where the minimal separation of water and solids occurs and the material is deposited into a storage area as a paste (with a consistency somewhat like toothpaste). Paste tailings has the advantage that more water is recycled in the processing plant and therefore the process is more water efficient than conventional tailings and there is a lower potential for seepage. However the cost of the thickening is generally higher than for conventional tailings and the pumping costs for the paste are also normally higher than for conventional tailings as positive displacement pumps are normally required to transport the tailings from the processing plant to the storage area. Paste tailings are used in several locations around the world including
Sunrise Dam in Western Australia and Bulyanhulu Gold Mine in Tanzania.
1584:(meaning separation) of solids from the water. The pond is generally impounded with a dam, and known as tailings impoundments or tailings dams. It was estimated in 2000 that there were about 3,500 active tailings impoundments in the world. The ponded water is of some benefit as it minimizes fine tailings from being transported by wind into populated areas where the toxic chemicals could be potentially hazardous to human health; however, it is also harmful to the environment. Tailing ponds are often somewhat dangerous because they attract wildlife such as waterfowl or caribou as they appear to be a natural pond, but they can be highly toxic and harmful to the health of these animals. Tailings ponds are used to store the waste made from separating minerals from rocks, or the slurry produced from tar sands mining. Tailings are sometimes mixed with other materials such as
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filled with the tailings. Exhausted open pit mines may be refilled with tailings. In all instances, due consideration must be made to contamination of the underlying water table, amongst other issues. Dewatering is an important part of pond storage, as the tailings are added to the storage facility the water is removed – usually by draining into decant tower structures. The water removed can thus be reused in the processing cycle. Once a storage facility is filled and completed, the surface can be covered with topsoil and revegetation commenced. However, unless a non-permeable capping method is used, water that infiltrates into the storage facility will have to be continually pumped out into the future.
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in terms of a reduction in the potential seepage rates, space used, leaves the tailings in a dense and stable arrangement and eliminates the long-term liability that ponds leave after mining is finished. However although there are potential merits to dry stacked tailings these systems are often cost prohibitive due to increased capital cost to purchase and install the filter systems and the increase in operating costs (generally associated electricity consumption and consumables such as filter cloth) of such systems.
1208:
1564:. Traditionally, the only option for tailings storage was to contain the tailings slurry with locally available earthen materials. This slurry is a dilute stream of the tailings solids within water that was sent to the tailings storage area. The modern tailings designer has a range of tailings products to choose from depending upon how much water is removed from the slurry prior to discharge. It is increasingly common for tailings storage facilities to require special barriers like
4468:
1623:. A common term for this is HDPF – High Density Paste Fill. HDPF is a more expensive method of tailings disposal than pond storage, however it has many other benefits – not just environmental but it can significantly increase the stability of underground excavations by providing a means for ground stress to be transmitted across voids – rather than having to pass around them – which can cause mining induced seismic events like that suffered previously at the
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1546:. Because of concerns about these sediments in the water and other issues, tailings ponds came into use. The sustainability challenge in the management of tailings and waste rock is to dispose of material, such that it is inert or, if not, stable and contained, to minimise water and energy inputs and the surface footprint of wastes and to move toward finding alternate uses.
55:
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1522:. In 2015, the iron ore tailings dam failure at the Germano mine complex in Minas Gerais, Brazil, was the country's biggest environmental disaster. The dam breach caused the death of 19 people due to flooding of tailings slime downstream and affected some 400 km of the Doce river system with toxic effluence and out into the Atlantic Ocean.
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Paste tailings is a modification to the conventional methods of disposal of tailings (pond storage). Conventional tailings slurries are composed of a low percent of solids and relatively high water content (normally ranging from 20% to 60% solids for most hard rock mining) and when deposited into the
1357:
compounds, including the iron oxides which give its red colour. Over 97% of the alumina produced globally is through the Bayer process; for every tonne (2,200 lb) of alumina produced, approximately 1 to 1.5 tonnes (2,200 to 3,300 lb) of red mud are also produced; the global average is 1.23.
1712:
Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal. Research at the
Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on
1609:
Tailings do not have to be stored in ponds or sent as slurries into oceans, rivers or streams. There is a growing use of the practice of dewatering tailings using vacuum or pressure filters so the tailings can then be stacked. This saves water which potentially reduces the impacts on the environment
1470:
The fraction of tailings to ore can range from 90 to 98% for some copper ores to 20–50% of the other (less valuable) minerals. The rejected minerals and rocks liberated through mining and processing have the potential to damage the environment by releasing toxic metals (arsenic and mercury being two
1679:
Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine
Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD
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While disposal into exhausted open pits is generally a straightforward operation, disposal into underground voids is more complex. A common modern approach is to mix a certain quantity of tailings with waste aggregate and cement, creating a product that can be used to backfill underground voids and
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to contain liquid tailings slurries and prevent impact to the surrounding environment. The removal of water not only can create a better storage system in some cases (e.g. dry stacking, see below) but can also assist in water recovery which is a major issue as many mines are in arid regions. In a
1703:
for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the
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There are many different subsets of this method, including valley impoundments, ring dikes, in-pit impoundments, and specially dug pits. The most common is the valley pond, which takes advantage of the natural topographical depression in the ground. Large earthen dams may be constructed and then
1455:, Canada, requires not only the submission of a closure plan before the start of mining activity, but also the deposit of a financial guarantee equal to 100% of the estimated rehabilitation costs. Tailings dams are often the most significant environmental liability for a mining project.
1680:
is used, the depth of discharge is often comparatively shallow, and extensive damage to the seafloor can result due to covering by the tailings product. If the density and temperature of the tailings product is not controlled, it may travel long distances, or even float to the surface.
1431:. The runoff can create both surface and groundwater contamination. The piles also create a fire hazard, with the potential to spontaneously ignite. Because most coal refuse harbors toxic components, it is not easily reclaimed by replanting with plants like beach grasses.
4067:
1412:. For every tonne of hard coal generated by mining, 400 kg (880 lb) of waste material remains, which includes some lost coal that is partially economically recoverable. Coal refuse is distinct from the byproducts of burning coal, such as
1713:
the surface in generic-looking waste dumps or stockpiles. This would allow the current use of riverine disposal to cease. Considerable work remains to be done. However, co-disposal has been successfully implemented by several designers including
2735:
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metals can precipitate and stabilise. Pollutants become less bioavailable and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion.
1635:
Usually called RTD – Riverine
Tailings Disposal. In most environments, not a particularly environmentally sound practice, it has seen significant utilisation in the past, leading to such spectacular environmental damage as done by the
1200:(FeS), which are rejected from the sought-after ores of copper and nickel, as well as coal. Although harmless underground, these minerals are reactive toward air in the presence of microorganisms, which if not properly managed lead to
1975:
Nehdi, Moncef; Tariq, Amjad "Stabilization of sulphidic mine tailings for prevention of metal release and acid drainage using cementitious materials: a review" Journal of
Environmental Engineering and Science (2007), 6(4), 423–436.
1446:
Early mining operations often did not take adequate steps to make tailings areas environmentally safe after closure. Modern mines, particularly those in jurisdictions with well-developed mining regulations and those operated by
1534:. The Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management recommends that "a human rights due diligence process is required to identify and address those that are most at risk from a tailings facility or its potential failure."
1478:, leading to the need for permanent monitoring and treatment of water passing through the tailings dam; the cost of mine cleanup has typically been 10 times that of mining industry estimates when acid drainage was involved.
1772:
As mining techniques and the price of minerals improve, it is not unusual for tailings to be reprocessed using new methods, or more thoroughly with old methods, to recover additional minerals. Extensive tailings dumps of
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1994 description of tailings impoundments, however, the U.S. EPA stated that dewatering methods may be prohibitively expensive except in special circumstances. Subaqueous storage of tailings has also been used.
1138:
There are a wide range of methods for recovering economic value, containing or otherwise mitigating the impacts of tailings. However, internationally, these practices are poor, sometimes violating human rights.
1379:
Less commonly, this material is also known as bauxite tailings, red sludge, or alumina refinery residues. Increasingly, the name processed bauxite is being adopted, especially when used in cement applications.
774:
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1135:, toxic emissions and bird death, tailing piles and ponds have received more scrutiny, especially in developed countries, but the first UN-level standard for tailing management was only established 2020.
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Annual production of alumina in 2023 was over 142 million tonnes (310 billion pounds) resulting in the generation of approximately 170 million tonnes (370 billion pounds) of red mud.
2540:
1365:, if not stored properly, it can pose a significant environmental hazard. As a result, significant effort is being invested in finding better methods for safe storage and dealing with it such as
2388:
1188:
The effluent from the tailings from the mining of sulfidic minerals has been described as "the largest environmental liability of the mining industry". These tailings contain large amounts of
1278:. Making provision for the approximately 70 million tonnes (150 billion pounds) that is produced annually is one of the most significant problems for the aluminium mining industry.
2444:
Franks, DM, Boger, DV, CĂ´te, CM, Mulligan, DR. 2011. Sustainable
Development Principles for the Disposal of Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes. Resources Policy. Vol. 36. No. 2. pp 114–122
1088:, which pulverizes the rock containing the ore and then relies on chemical reactions to concentrate the sought-after material. In the latter, the extraction of minerals from ore requires
1725:
During extraction of the oil from oil sand, tailings consisting of water, silt, clays and other solvents are also created. This solid will become mature fine tailings by gravity. Foght
1408:(also described as coal waste, rock, slag, coal tailings, waste material, rock bank, culm, boney, or gob) is the material left over from coal mining, usually as tailings piles or
4124:
4060:
1263:, extraction of the uranium content may be economically lucrative even absent other incentives, such as reducing the harm the radioactive heavy metals do to the environment.
2518:
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per milliliter in the tailings pond, based on conventional most probable number methods. Foght set up an experiment with two tailings ponds and an analysis of the
1671:, all on New Guinea. This method is used in these cases due to seismic activity and landslide dangers which make other disposal methods impractical and dangerous.
1427:
Piles of coal refuse can have significant negative environmental consequences, including the leaching of iron, manganese, and aluminum residues into waterways and
958:
2176:
Kowalska, Arlena, et al., "VLF mapping and resistivity imaging of contaminated quaternary formations near to 'Panewniki' coal waste disposal (Southern Poland)."
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for the production of phosphate fertilizers. In addition to being useless and abundant, phosphogypsum is radioactive due to the presence of naturally occurring
1993:
Tayibi, Hanan; Choura, Mohamed; LĂłpez, FĂ©lix A.; Alguacil, Francisco J.; LĂłpez-Delgado, Aurora (2009). "Environmental Impact and
Management of Phosphogypsum".
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major culprits), by acid drainage (usually by microbial action on sulfide ores), or by damaging aquatic wildlife that rely on clear water (vs suspensions).
1756:
Siddique (2006, 2007) states that methanogens in the tailings pond live and reproduce by anaerobic degradation, which will lower the molecular weight from
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2389:"Carbon Dioxide Fixation within Mine Wastes of Ultramafic-Hosted Ore Deposits: Examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile Deposits, Canada"
2185:
1560:
Bounded by impoundments (an impoundment is a dam), these dams typically use "local materials" including the tailings themselves, and may be considered
1092:, i.e., grinding the ore into fine particles to facilitate extraction of the target element(s). Because of this comminution, tailings consist of a
3291:
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The greatest danger of tailings ponds is dam failure, with the most publicized failure in the U.S. being the failure of a coal slurry dam in the
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2309:
2037:
Ayres, R. U., Holmberg, J., Andersson, B., "Materials and the global environment: Waste mining in the 21st century", MRS Bull. 2001, 26, 477.
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A machine called the PET4K Processing Plant has been used in a variety of countries for the past 20 years to remediate contaminated tailings.
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companies, often include the rehabilitation and proper closure of tailings areas in their costs and activities. For example, the
Province of
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217:
1077:, which is the waste rock or other material that overlies an ore or mineral body and is displaced during mining without being processed.
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344:
264:
2574:. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste. Fort Collins, Colorado, US: Balkema. pp. 411–422.
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Holowenko, F.M.; MacKinnon, M.D.; Fedorak, P.M. (2000). "Methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria in oil sands fine tailings waste".
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The UN and business communities developed an international standard for tailings management in 2020 after the critical failure of the
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2545:. Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century 2015. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. P201506036.
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of fine particles, ranging from the size of a grain of sand to a few micrometres. Mine tailings are usually produced from the
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1687:; its waste disposal has been viewed by environmentalists as highly damaging, while the owners claim that it is not harmful.
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https://link-gale-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A311377866/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=f0f488c8
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Historically, tailings were disposed of in the most convenient manner, such as in downstream running water or down
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D. R. Nagaraj "Minerals
Recovery and Processing" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-VCH
1898:"Chemical reactions and conditions of mineral formation at tailings storage facilities of the Russian Far East"
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Gob has about four times as much toxic mercury and more sulfur than typical coal. Culm is the term for waste
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2612:"Phytostabilization of Mine Tailings in Arid and Semiarid Environments—An Emerging Remediation Technology"
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2310:"Water, mining, and waste: an historical and economic perspective on conflict management in South Africa"
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Evans, K., "The
History, Challenges and new developments in the management and use of Bauxite Residue",
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1656:, which led to large-scale civil unrest on the island, and the eventual permanent closing of the mine.
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As of 2005, only three mines operated by international companies continued to use river disposal: The
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Tailings deposits tend to be located in rural areas or near marginalized communities, such as
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1777:/ Boulder in Western Australia were re-processed profitably in the 1990s by KalTails Mining.
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2125:, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, vol. 2, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 63–84,
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1511:. On average, worldwide, there is one big accident involving a tailings dam each year.
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content. These chemicals are especially dangerous when stored in water in ponds behind
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to form a thicker slurry that slows the release of impacted water to the environment.
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Adler, Rebecca A.; Claassen, Marius; Godfrey, Linda; Turton, Anthony R. (July 2007).
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1119:. These ponds are also vulnerable to major breaches or leaks from the dams, causing
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waste are estimated to be produced annually as a consequence of the processing of
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An alternative to conventional tailing management - "dry stack" filtered tailings
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2226:"Importance of Indigenous VAM Fungi for the Reclamation of Coal Refuse Piles"
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1951:"Mining industry releases first standard to improve safety of waste storage"
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2360:"Bill 14: creating a foundation for an innovative mining development model"
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2024:
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2494:"Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management – Global Tailings Review"
1235:. These contain the waste byproducts of the phosphate fertilizer industry.
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Microbial content and metabolic activities in the Syncrude tailings pond.
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2558:
Surface Disposal of Paste Tailings at the Bulyanhulu Gold Mine, Tanzania
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in slurry form, which is a mixture of fine mineral particles and water.
1084:, which uses water and gravity to concentrate the valuable minerals, or
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2015:
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Tailings are likely to be dangerous sources of toxic chemicals such as
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Foght, J.M., Fedorak, P.M., Westlake, D.W.S., and Boerger, H.J. 1985.
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Materials left over from the separation of valuable minerals from ore
2117:
Fecko, P.; Tora, B.; Tod, M. (1 January 2013), Osborne, Dave (ed.),
1981:
1227:
1902:
Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia)
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2933:
2528:. Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration. February 2021.
2200:"The Coal Refuse Dilemma: Burning Coal for Environmental Benefits"
1745:, and the gas released from tailings ponds showed that those were
1418:
1396:
1354:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1226:
1206:
922:
867:
259:
1896:
Zvereva, V. P.; Frolov, K. R.; Lysenko, A. I. (13 October 2021).
4748:
4322:
4299:
4287:
3404:
1714:
1577:
897:
144:
139:
104:
4260:
3439:
2803:
1576:
tailings where the waterborne refuse material is pumped into a
2879:
1499:
of 1972, which killed 125 people; other collapses include the
1070:
2119:"3 - Coal waste: handling, pollution impacts and utilization"
1361:
Due to this high level of production and the material's high
1274:
is a waste product generated in the industrial production of
2775:
2770:
2054:
Annual statistics collected and published by World Aluminium
1131:. Because of these and other environmental concerns such as
2736:"Can African machine produce a promising future in Butte?"
1080:
The extraction of minerals from ore can be done two ways:
1877:
Technical Report: Design and Evaluation of Tailings Dams
1717:
at, for example, the Elkview Mine in British Columbia.
1462:
due to the large exposed surface area of the minerals.
1514:
Other disasters caused by tailings dam failures are,
1337:, now more frequently termed bauxite residue, is an
1065:
the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (
4650:
4622:
4584:
4546:
4475:
4298:
4117:
4086:
3996:
3848:
3645:
3481:
3387:
3350:
3337:
3310:
3257:
3244:
3214:
3176:
3132:
3119:
3052:
3006:
2944:
2862:
2849:
4125:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2464:
2230:Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation
2709:"Kaltails project, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia"
1061:are the materials left over after the process of
2087:
2085:
2083:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
2570:Davies, M. P.; Rice, S. (16–19 January 2001).
2369:
2367:
4272:
3451:
2815:
2123:The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production
1729:(1985) estimated that there are 10 anaerobic
1030:
8:
2542:Bituminous Geomembranes in Mine Construction
2431:10.1002/0471238961.1309140514010701.a01.pub2
2358:Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife,
1239:Between 100 million and 280 million tons of
2556:Theriault, J. A.; Frostiak, J.; Welch, D.,
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2317:The Economics of Peace and Security Journal
2224:Dove, D.; Daniels, W.; Parrish, D. (1990).
1259:. Depending on the price achievable on the
4279:
4265:
4257:
3458:
3444:
3436:
3347:
3254:
3129:
2859:
2822:
2808:
2800:
2375:Trends in the stewardship of tailings dams
1798:International Council on Mining and Metals
1330:that make up the main part of the red mud.
1037:
1023:
927:
53:
31:
2635:
2440:
2438:
2328:
2241:
2014:
1913:
1749:. As the depth increased, the moles of CH
1458:Mine tailings may have economic value in
1683:This method is used by the gold mine on
1369:in order to create useful materials for
4155:High-level radioactive waste management
2585:Association, California Mining (1991).
1855:
1844:Environmental impact of iron ore mining
1474:Tailings ponds can also be a source of
966:
930:
43:
2293:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2286:
1638:Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company
2795:Carbon sequestration in mine tailings
2153:"Waste Coal | Energy Justice Network"
2093:"Waste Coal | Energy Justice Network"
1802:Principles for Responsible Investment
1507:, which destroyed the fishery of the
7:
4170:Sewage regulation and administration
2589:. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis Publishers.
1945:
1943:
1941:
1794:United Nations Environment Programme
1995:Journal of Environmental Management
1572:Tailing ponds are areas of refused
1341:generated during the processing of
265:Radium and radon in the environment
2539:Breul, B.; McIlwraith, R. (2015).
2178:Acta Geodynamica et Geromaterialia
25:
2843:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
2734:Smith, Mike (25 September 2017).
1915:10.17073/2500-0632-2021-3-181-191
1231:Phosphogypsum stack located near
4466:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4150:Extended producer responsibility
3636:
2180:, vol. 9, no. 4, 2012, p. 473+.
1721:Pond reclamation by microbiology
1695:Phytostabilisation is a form of
1516:the 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill
1389:This section is an excerpt from
1326:). The reddish colour is due to
1287:This section is an excerpt from
1004:
992:
3708:Mechanical biological treatment
1614:Storage in underground workings
1520:the Ajka alumina plant accident
85:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
4770:Environmental impact of mining
2766:Atlas of Australian Mine Waste
2707:J.Engels & D.Dixon-Hardy.
2373:TE Martin, MP Davies. (2000).
1792:. The program was convened by
1566:Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
1501:Ok Tedi environmental disaster
1073:. Tailings are different from
954:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
3196:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
2007:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007
1753:released actually decreased.
1488:List of tailings dam failures
425:Electrical resistance heating
2610:Mendez MO, Maier RM (2008).
1648:, or the poisoning from the
1353:. It is composed of various
135:Persistent organic pollutant
59:Air pollution from a factory
4160:History of waste management
2786:Submarine Tailings Disposal
2387:Wilson, Siobhan A. (2009).
1955:Mongabay Environmental News
4796:
3748:fluorescent lamp recycling
2662:AOSTRA J. Res. 1: 139–146.
2413:10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.95
2075:10.1007/s40831-016-00060-x
1625:Beaconsfield Mine Disaster
1553:
1485:
1401:Coal waste in Pennsylvania
1388:
1286:
4464:
4203:
3634:
2837:
1147:Tailings are also called
680:War and environmental law
300:Health effects from noise
150:Volatile organic compound
4458:Waste stabilization pond
4130:China's waste import ban
2922:Underground in soft rock
2917:Underground in hard rock
2790:Mineral Policy Institute
2498:globaltailingsreview.org
1839:Oil sands tailings ponds
1733:and 10 sulfate-reducing
1218:from surface coal mining
305:Marine mammals and sonar
4780:Metallurgical processes
3491:Agricultural wastewater
2616:Environ Health Perspect
2188:. Accessed 7 Aug. 2020.
1814:Coal slurry impoundment
1790:Brumadinho dam disaster
1701:hyperaccumulator plants
1550:Tailings dams and ponds
1121:environmental disasters
780:Freshwater salinization
700:Agricultural wastewater
4215:Environment portal
3893:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3783:water recycling shower
2771:Global Tailings Portal
2463:Jared Diamond (2005).
2243:10.21000/jasmr90010463
1532:indigenous communities
1466:Environmental concerns
1424:
1402:
1331:
1308:
1236:
1219:
1214:in a stream receiving
999:Environment portal
4413:Salt evaporation pond
3583:Municipal solid waste
3563:Industrial wastewater
3250:(by aqueous solution)
3082:Gravity Concentration
2831:Extractive metallurgy
2686:10.1139/cjm-46-10-927
2587:Mine waste management
2198:POWER (1 July 2016).
2182:Gale Academic OneFile
2157:www.energyjustice.net
2097:www.energyjustice.net
1824:Mine closure planning
1422:
1400:
1314:
1298:
1230:
1223:Phosphate rock mining
1210:
1173:terra-cone (terrikon)
1125:Mount Polley disaster
740:Industrial wastewater
508:Municipal solid waste
430:Soil guideline values
4668:Big fish–little pond
4637:Freshwater ecosystem
4571:Puddles on a surface
3778:water heat recycling
3683:Garden waste dumping
3365:Hall–Héroult process
3044:Mechanical screening
2519:"What are Tailings?"
2330:10.15355/epsj.2.2.33
1784:International policy
1460:carbon sequestration
1318:, an aluminium ore (
949:Most polluted cities
601:Overhead power lines
4678:Constructed wetland
4145:Eco-industrial park
3733:appliance recycling
3653:Anaerobic digestion
3598:Post-consumer waste
3496:Biodegradable waste
3087:Magnetic separation
3034:Cyclonic separation
2855:(by physical means)
2840:Metallurgical assay
2405:2009EcGeo.104...95W
2340:on 26 December 2010
2043:10.1557/mrs2001.119
1882:10 May 2013 at the
1654:Bougainville Island
1497:Buffalo Creek Flood
1233:Fort Meade, Florida
1133:groundwater leakage
765:Ocean acidification
675:Unexploded ordnance
596:Advertising clutter
528:Post-consumer waste
473:Foam food container
458:Biodegradable waste
115:Global distillation
4561:Coffee ring effect
4368:Infiltration basin
4348:Facultative lagoon
4190:Waste minimisation
4135:Cleaner production
3800:Reusable packaging
3713:Mechanical sorting
3516:Construction waste
3168:Refractory linings
3039:Gyratory equipment
2851:Mineral processing
2776:Tailings Info site
2715:on 24 January 2010
2067:J. Sustain Metall.
1691:Phytostabilisation
1675:Submarine tailings
1449:responsible mining
1429:acid mine drainage
1425:
1403:
1367:waste valorization
1332:
1309:
1237:
1220:
1216:acid mine drainage
1202:acid mine drainage
1011:Ecology portal
636:Herbicidal warfare
180:Introduced species
120:Indoor air quality
90:Chlorofluorocarbon
4757:
4756:
4698:Pond of Abundance
4632:Aquatic ecosystem
4254:
4253:
4185:Waste legislation
4094:Sanitation worker
4068:London Convention
4004:Bamako Convention
3795:Resource recovery
3763:textile recycling
3758:plastic recycling
3738:battery recycling
3678:Ecological design
3603:Radioactive waste
3433:
3432:
3383:
3382:
3344:
3339:Electrometallurgy
3333:
3332:
3292:Gold chlorination
3251:
3240:
3239:
3126:
3115:
3114:
3077:Jig concentrators
2875:Natural resources
2870:Geological survey
2856:
2674:Can. J. Microbiol
2628:10.1289/ehp.10608
2132:978-1-78242-116-0
1708:Different methods
1631:Riverine tailings
1423:Coal spoil stones
1257:daughter isotopes
1047:
1046:
982:
981:
648:Nuclear holocaust
571:Urban heat island
385:Radioactive waste
170:Biological hazard
80:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
4787:
4470:
4343:Evaporation pond
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4223:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4078:OSPAR Convention
4009:Basel Convention
3820:Waste collection
3810:Sewage treatment
3768:timber recycling
3743:bottle recycling
3723:Reclaimed lumber
3718:Photodegradation
3640:
3558:Industrial waste
3526:Electronic waste
3521:Demolition waste
3501:Biomedical waste
3475:waste management
3460:
3453:
3446:
3437:
3348:
3343:(by electricity)
3342:
3325:Pan amalgamation
3297:Gold cyanidation
3287:In situ leaching
3255:
3249:
3130:
3124:
2885:Economic geology
2860:
2854:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2711:. Archived from
2704:
2698:
2697:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2470:
2460:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2393:Economic Geology
2384:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2333:. Archived from
2332:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2268:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2001:(8): 2377–2386.
1990:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1893:
1887:
1875:US EPA. (1994).
1873:
1829:Mine reclamation
1697:phytoremediation
1339:industrial waste
1272:Bauxite tailings
1198:Iron(II) sulfide
1184:Sulfide minerals
1129:British Columbia
1086:hard rock mining
1039:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
996:
928:
631:Chemical warfare
533:Waste management
493:Industrial waste
468:Electronic waste
453:Advertising mail
435:Phytoremediation
410:Land degradation
350:Depleted uranium
235:Overillumination
185:Invasive species
57:
47:
32:
21:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4646:
4618:
4580:
4542:
4518:Spent fuel pool
4513:Reflecting pool
4483:Anchialine pool
4471:
4462:
4294:
4285:
4255:
4250:
4226:Category: Waste
4207:
4199:
4180:Waste hierarchy
4113:
4104:Waste collector
4082:
4073:Oslo Convention
3992:
3844:
3840:Waste-to-energy
3835:Waste treatment
3805:Right to repair
3703:Landfill mining
3688:Illegal dumping
3641:
3632:
3593:Packaging waste
3588:Open defecation
3548:Hazardous waste
3477:
3464:
3434:
3429:
3379:
3370:Castner process
3341:
3329:
3306:
3248:
3246:Hydrometallurgy
3236:
3210:
3206:IsaKidd process
3172:
3123:
3111:
3062:Froth flotation
3048:
3002:
2940:
2853:
2845:
2833:
2828:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2680:(10): 927–937.
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2462:
2461:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:"Archived copy"
2264:
2263:
2259:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2036:
2032:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:10.1139/S06-060
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1957:. 6 August 2020
1949:
1948:
1939:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1884:Wayback Machine
1874:
1857:
1852:
1810:
1800:(ICMM) and the
1786:
1770:
1752:
1723:
1710:
1693:
1677:
1633:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1562:embankment dams
1558:
1552:
1540:
1538:Storage methods
1528:
1490:
1484:
1468:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1292:
1284:
1269:
1225:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1145:
1043:
1005:
1003:
991:
984:
983:
883:
875:
874:
848:
840:
839:
775:Pharmaceuticals
755:Nonpoint source
695:
685:
684:
653:Nuclear fallout
626:
616:
615:
586:
576:
575:
566:
556:
555:
546:
538:
537:
523:Packaging waste
488:Hazardous waste
448:
440:
439:
400:
390:
389:
360:Nuclear fallout
355:Nuclear fission
335:
325:
324:
290:
280:
279:
255:
247:
246:
220:
218:Electromagnetic
210:
209:
200:
192:
191:
165:
155:
154:
125:Ozone depletion
70:
60:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4731:Water aeration
4728:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Aerated lagoon
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4642:Lake ecosystem
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4403:Retention pond
4400:
4395:
4393:Polishing pond
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Immersion pond
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:Detention pond
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Balancing lake
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4217:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Street sweeper
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3983:United Kingdom
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:tire recycling
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:land recycling
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Biodegradation
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:Surface runoff
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Chemical waste
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Electrowinning
3356:
3354:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Parkes process
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:Flash smelting
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3121:Pyrometallurgy
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Precious metal
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2760:External links
2758:
2755:
2754:
2726:
2699:
2664:
2651:
2602:
2595:
2577:
2562:
2548:
2531:
2510:
2485:
2483:, page 452–458
2477:
2446:
2434:
2418:
2379:
2363:
2351:
2300:
2275:on 20 May 2020
2257:
2236:(1): 463–468.
2216:
2204:POWER Magazine
2190:
2169:
2144:
2131:
2109:
2079:
2058:
2046:
2030:
1985:
1968:
1937:
1908:(3): 181–191.
1888:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1785:
1782:
1769:
1766:
1750:
1722:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1692:
1689:
1676:
1673:
1632:
1629:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:Paste tailings
1594:
1554:Main article:
1551:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1483:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1443:
1440:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1268:
1265:
1261:uranium market
1245:phosphate rock
1224:
1221:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1144:
1141:
1123:, such as the
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1001:
986:
985:
980:
979:
978:
977:
969:
968:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:Law by country
941:
933:
932:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
865:
855:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
815:Surface runoff
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:Eutrophication
712:
707:
702:
696:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:Scorched earth
667:
666:
665:
663:Nuclear winter
660:
658:Nuclear famine
655:
645:
644:
643:
633:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:Bioremediation
412:
407:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
345:Bioremediation
342:
336:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:Transportation
291:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
242:Radio spectrum
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
177:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
110:Global dimming
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4792:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Swimming hole
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Body of water
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Goldfish pond
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Swimming pool
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Infinity pool
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Settling pond
4421:
4419:
4418:Sediment pond
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4290:, pools, and
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4247:
4246:Organizations
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Landfill fire
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:EU directives
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3988:United States
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Waste sorting
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Marine debris
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Patio process
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3302:Bayer process
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Tank leaching
3280:
3278:
3277:Dump leaching
3275:
3273:
3272:Heap leaching
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Zinc smelting
3150:
3148:
3147:Lead smelting
3145:
3143:
3142:Iron smelting
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:Concentration
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:(3): 278–83.
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2596:9780873717465
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2478:9780143036555
2474:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:(1): 95–112.
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:Grasberg mine
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:sedimentation
1580:to allow the
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1509:Ok Tedi River
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:West Virginia
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1476:acid drainage
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:Bayer process
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:Red mud near
1297:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:phosphogypsum
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:leach residue
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:tailings dams
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:placer mining
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
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1002:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
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987:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
965:
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947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
929:
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921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
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904:
901:
899:
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894:
891:
889:
886:
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878:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
843:
836:
833:
831:
830:Water quality
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
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728:
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723:
721:
718:
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713:
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708:
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701:
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689:
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664:
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650:
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646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
606:Traffic signs
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
580:
579:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Nanomaterials
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
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450:
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436:
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428:
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421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Radioactivity
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
329:
328:
321:
320:Soundproofing
318:
316:
315:Noise control
313:
311:
310:Noise barrier
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
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258:
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251:
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243:
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213:
206:
203:
202:
196:
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186:
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138:
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128:
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123:
121:
118:
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111:
108:
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101:
98:
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93:
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88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
69:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Mine tailings
4742:Water Lilies
4741:
4736:Water garden
4716:(M C Escher)
4713:
4663:Bakki shower
4498:Natural pool
4442:
4398:Raceway pond
4328:Cooling pond
4318:Ballast pond
4118:Other topics
4109:Waste picker
4036:incineration
3815:Urban mining
3693:Incineration
3673:Durable good
3618:Sharps waste
3578:Mining waste
3577:
3394:
3352:Electrolysis
3312:Amalgamation
3067:Jameson cell
3024:Hydrocyclone
2747:25 September
2745:. Retrieved
2739:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2702:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2466:
2421:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2320:
2316:
2303:
2277:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2260:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2136:, retrieved
2122:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:
2066:
2061:
2049:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1768:Reprocessing
1755:
1731:heterotrophs
1726:
1724:
1711:
1694:
1685:Lihir Island
1682:
1678:
1669:Porgera mine
1661:Ok Tedi mine
1658:
1634:
1617:
1608:
1605:Dry stacking
1599:
1590:
1571:
1559:
1556:Tailings dam
1541:
1529:
1526:Human rights
1513:
1491:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1426:
1404:
1360:
1333:
1322:department,
1270:
1255:, and their
1238:
1187:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1105:heavy metals
1102:
1079:
1058:
1054:
1048:
918:Point source
863:Heavy metals
825:Urban runoff
810:Sulfur water
785:Septic tanks
641:Agent Orange
551:Space debris
405:Agricultural
270:Volcanic ash
130:Particulates
29:
4688:Hydric soil
4576:Seep puddle
4538:Vernal pool
4523:Stream pool
4508:Plunge pool
4373:Kettle pond
4353:Garden pond
4140:Downcycling
4087:Occupations
4056:waste water
3953:Switzerland
3943:South Korea
3933:New Zealand
3858:Afghanistan
3830:Waste trade
3790:Repurposing
3628:Toxic waste
3608:Scrap metal
3543:Green waste
3506:Brown waste
3483:Major types
3388:Co-products
3222:Calcination
3186:Cupellation
3102:Dry washing
3091:Magnetation
3014:Ore sorting
2979:Pebble mill
2946:Comminution
2471:. Penguin.
2016:10261/45241
1819:Landfarming
1747:methanogens
1735:prokaryotes
1406:Coal refuse
1391:Coal refuse
1328:iron oxides
1143:Terminology
1113:radioactive
1090:comminution
888:Area source
730:Groundwater
483:Green waste
463:Brown waste
447:Solid waste
205:Information
100:Exhaust gas
4764:Categories
4703:Pond liner
4693:Phytotelma
4624:Ecosystems
4594:Beaver dam
4503:Ocean pool
4488:Brine pool
4453:Waste pond
4428:Solar pond
4195:Zero waste
3997:Agreements
3928:Kazakhstan
3883:Bangladesh
3668:Composting
3553:Heat waste
3538:Food waste
3531:by country
3425:Stamp sand
3375:Downs cell
3107:Buddle pit
3097:Rocker box
2954:Stamp mill
2895:Base metal
2863:Extraction
2741:Missoulian
2719:19 October
2526:smenet.org
2069:May 2016.
1850:References
1775:Kalgoorlie
1699:that uses
1646:King River
1505:New Guinea
1486:See also:
1435:anthracite
1410:spoil tips
1363:alkalinity
1349:using the
1212:Yellow boy
1153:culm dumps
1149:mine dumps
1075:overburden
1063:separating
975:By country
967:Categories
858:Pollutants
835:Wastewater
805:Stagnation
750:Monitoring
725:Freshwater
591:Air travel
478:Food waste
420:Defecation
230:Ecological
163:Biological
95:Combustion
35:Part of a
4683:Full pond
4604:Fish pond
4599:Duck pond
4556:Bird bath
4533:Tide pool
4438:Stew pond
4388:Mill pond
4383:Melt pond
4175:Upcycling
4041:landfills
4031:framework
4024:Recycling
4019:batteries
3948:Sri Lanka
3908:Hong Kong
3873:Australia
3850:Countries
3728:Recycling
3646:Processes
3467:Biosolids
3267:Lixiviant
3232:Liquation
3125:(by heat)
2986:Ball mill
2929:Recycling
2781:Extox.net
2279:1 October
2252:2328-8744
1932:243263530
1924:2500-0632
1834:Spoil tip
1762:aliphatic
1586:bentonite
1482:Disasters
1442:Economics
1276:aluminium
1267:Aluminium
903:Garbology
820:Turbidity
770:Oil spill
720:Firewater
705:Biosolids
611:Vandalism
370:Poisoning
365:Plutonium
340:Actinides
333:Radiation
75:Acid rain
46:Pollution
4614:Koi pond
4443:Tailings
4433:Stepwell
4408:Sag pond
4378:Log pond
4358:Ice pond
4338:Dew pond
4308:Ash pond
4236:Journals
4051:vehicles
3973:Thailand
3963:Tanzania
3698:Landfill
3658:Balefill
3395:Tailings
3259:Leaching
3227:Roasting
3178:Refining
3162:ISASMELT
3134:Smelting
2991:Rod mill
2974:SAG mill
2959:Arrastra
2694:11068680
2646:18335091
2503:16 April
2467:Collapse
2289:cite web
2209:2 August
2162:2 August
2138:2 August
2102:2 August
2025:19406560
1961:16 April
1880:Archived
1808:See also
1796:(UNEP),
1743:bacteria
1667:and the
1652:mine on
1642:Tasmania
1375:concrete
1179:Examples
1169:slickens
1109:sulfides
1069:) of an
1055:tailings
959:Treaties
939:Diseases
795:Shipping
760:Nutrient
710:Diseases
275:Wildfire
4744:(Monet)
4708:Ponding
4651:Related
4548:Puddles
4292:puddles
3903:Georgia
3878:Belgium
3868:Armenia
3863:Albania
3420:Red mud
3410:Clinker
3164:furnace
3072:Panning
3029:Trommel
3019:Vanning
2996:IsaMill
2969:AG mill
2964:Crusher
2912:Surface
2890:Mineral
2788:at the
2637:2265025
2401:Bibcode
1758:naphtha
1739:archaea
1650:Panguna
1644:to the
1414:fly ash
1347:alumina
1343:bauxite
1335:Red mud
1320:HĂ©rault
1316:Bauxite
1305:Germany
1289:Red mud
1282:Red mud
1253:thorium
1249:uranium
853:History
735:Hypoxia
564:Thermal
518:Plastic
380:Uranium
254:Natural
199:Digital
175:Genetic
4721:Spring
4714:Puddle
4566:Puddle
4224:
3978:Turkey
3968:Taiwan
3938:Russia
3918:Israel
3888:Brazil
3613:Sewage
3568:Litter
3473:, and
3400:Gangue
3201:Poling
3007:Sizing
2907:Mining
2692:
2644:
2634:
2593:
2475:
2344:19 May
2250:
2129:
2023:
1930:
1922:
1663:, the
1621:stopes
1574:mining
1544:drains
1453:Quebec
1371:cement
1324:France
1196:) and
1190:pyrite
1161:refuse
1157:slimes
1094:slurry
1067:gangue
1051:mining
913:Midden
908:Legacy
893:Debris
847:Topics
800:Sludge
790:Sewage
745:Marine
584:Visual
503:Mining
498:Litter
37:series
4775:Waste
4586:Biome
4476:Pools
4300:Ponds
4288:Ponds
4241:Lists
4231:Index
3958:Syria
3923:Japan
3913:India
3898:Egypt
3471:waste
3215:Other
2934:Scrap
2522:(PDF)
2338:(PDF)
2323:(2).
2313:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
1928:S2CID
1727:et al
1437:coal.
1355:oxide
1345:into
1301:Stade
1171:, or
1059:tails
931:Lists
923:Waste
868:Paint
693:Water
545:Space
288:Noise
260:Ozone
225:Light
4749:Well
4448:Tarn
4323:Beel
4061:WEEE
4046:RoHS
3415:Chat
3405:Slag
2749:2017
2721:2009
2690:PMID
2642:PMID
2591:ISBN
2505:2021
2473:ISBN
2346:2020
2295:link
2281:2012
2248:ISSN
2234:1990
2211:2020
2164:2020
2140:2020
2127:ISBN
2104:2020
2021:PMID
1963:2021
1920:ISSN
1715:AMEC
1578:pond
1518:and
1384:Coal
1373:and
1251:and
1192:(FeS
1111:and
1098:mill
898:Dust
882:Misc
398:Soil
145:Soot
140:Smog
105:Haze
2880:Ore
2682:doi
2632:PMC
2624:doi
2620:116
2427:doi
2409:doi
2397:104
2325:doi
2238:doi
2071:doi
2039:doi
2011:hdl
2003:doi
1978:doi
1910:doi
1760:to
1640:in
1503:in
1127:in
1071:ore
1057:or
1049:In
624:War
68:Air
4766::
3469:,
2738:.
2688:.
2678:46
2676:.
2640:.
2630:.
2618:.
2614:.
2524:.
2496:.
2449:^
2437:^
2407:.
2395:.
2391:.
2366:^
2319:.
2315:.
2291:}}
2287:{{
2246:.
2232:.
2228:.
2202:.
2184:,
2155:.
2121:,
2095:.
2082:^
2019:.
2009:.
1999:90
1997:.
1953:.
1940:^
1926:.
1918:.
1904:.
1900:.
1858:^
1804:.
1741:,
1627:.
1416:.
1377:.
1204:.
1175:.
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1151:,
1107:,
1053:,
39:on
4280:e
4273:t
4266:v
3459:e
3452:t
3445:v
3093:)
3089:(
2823:e
2816:t
2809:v
2751:.
2723:.
2696:.
2684::
2648:.
2626::
2599:.
2507:.
2481:.
2429::
2415:.
2411::
2403::
2377:.
2348:.
2327::
2321:2
2297:)
2283:.
2254:.
2240::
2213:.
2166:.
2106:.
2077:.
2073::
2056:.
2041::
2027:.
2013::
2005::
1980::
1965:.
1934:.
1912::
1906:6
1886:.
1751:4
1393:.
1307:)
1303:(
1291:.
1194:2
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
