762:
88:
31:
4365:
4375:
724:, which was privatised in 1997. Total proved coal reserves in the United Kingdom are estimated at 220 million tonnes, although possible reserves could exceed 1 billion tonnes. UK coal production peaked in 1913 at 287 million tonnes, and has been falling ever since, chiefly due to cleaner energy generation and the loss of heavy industry.
2281:
829:
The UK is a leading world producer and exporter of china clay and ball clay. Both minerals have a very limited occurrence and it is important that adequate reserves are maintained for long term use. The extraction of china clay results in a significant amount of waste — some 9 tonnes are produced for
798:
and fluorspar, with a single site. The industrial minerals sector accounts for a relatively small proportion of Gross Value Added in the UK economy (an estimated ÂŁ788 million). However, it is important to consider where the GVA is created: of the 69 main producing sites in the UK industrial minerals
712:
In 2013, 13 million tonnes of coal were produced in the United
Kingdom, employing 4,000 workers across 30 locations. In the United Kingdom coal is mined from 3 deep mines and 26 surface mines. The majority of coal produced in England comes from underground mines; in Scotland, most coal is mined from
752:
in the world and also expects to produce 1,000 tonnes of tin annually. Wolf
Minerals ceased trading operations on 10 October 2018, as the mine never achieved extraction or financial targets. Despite such losses, the site is still thought to have potential as the site retains large ore deposits and
806:
and sea, the latter to serve export markets, although some rock salt and agricultural dolomite is transported along its coast. Of the total marketable output of industrial minerals of 40 million tonnes (excl. aggregates) it is estimated that over 25% is transferred by rail or ship, a much higher
732:
Metal production in the United
Kingdom has decreased over the past century. Although the United Kingdom has a large variety of important metal ores, little metal is currently being mined due to the effects of globalization: it is cheaper to extract in other countries. For example, although large
736:
The metalliferous sector of the mining industry was worth ÂŁ5 million in 2012, making up a very small part of the sector. It consists mainly of the
Galantas Gold Corporation's gold mine in Cavanacaw, Northern Ireland. Currently an open pit mine, permission was granted for it to extend 400 metres
681:
The United
Kingdom has an estimated 780 million tonnes of proved and probable oil reserves; most of these oil reserves are located on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf in the North Sea off the eastern coast of the United Kingdom. There are also sizable reserves in the North Sea north of the
769:
Many types of industrial minerals are found in the United
Kingdom, especially England. However, the location of individual industrial minerals and their quality fundamentally reflects geology and many are highly restricted in their occurrence. This causes many to coincide with environmentally
793:
The industrial minerals sector in
England generally consists of a small number of large businesses, with production of each mineral being dominated by few companies. Many firms form part of major international groups. However, there are also a number of smaller producers, chiefly industrial
2587:
719:
was the United
Kingdom's largest coal mining company, producing approximately 8.7 million tonnes of coal annually from deep mines and surface mines, and possessed estimated reserves in excess of 200 million tonnes of coal. The firm was the successor of
778:. Carboniferous limestones and the Cretaceous Chalk are the two main limestone resources which are used for cement and industry in England. These rocks also give rise to highly attractive scenery and consequently cause controversies when utilised.
3377:
161:
are mined in the United
Kingdom today, they were once mined in large quantities and utilized for steel and energy production. With large quantities of important minerals available and easily accessible, the country's economy grew rapidly.
733:
reserves of iron and copper ores exist in the United
Kingdom, these ores are now largely imported – copper ore from Chile and North America, and iron ore from China, Brazil and Australia yield higher grades of metals at lower costs.
1755:
3876:
1837:
1557:
853:
situated at Boulby Mine, which is currently the world's only polyhalite producer, recorded its one million tonne target in 2018 and has plans to increase production to three million tonnes per annum by 2025.
781:
The most common minerals extracted are sand and gravel, used in construction and road building. 51% (167 million tonnes) of all the minerals produced in the United Kingdom in 2011 were aggregates. With 80
1445:
Ellis, Richard J.; Scott, Peter W. (October 30, 2004). "Evaluation of hyperspectral remote sensing as a means of environmental monitoring in the St. Austell China clay (kaolin) region, Cornwall, UK".
3382:
2762:
4305:
3530:
1620:
1595:
3126:
1258:
1577:
1625:
4335:
4146:
3101:
3073:
1653:
3389:
165:
In the 20th century, the mineral industry decreased production of coal and metals due to foreign competition. However, the extraction of aggregates and crude oil has increased.
4267:
2144:
2109:
2099:
2602:
2154:
1675:
1232:
1610:
2502:
1817:
4247:
2104:
1665:
1024:
2094:
1522:
4218:
2390:
2201:
1717:
4193:
2166:
1812:
1590:
3026:
802:
The markets for industrial minerals range from localised industries to international trade. Movement of the industrial minerals to market takes place by road,
4230:
4123:
2497:
2276:
4213:
3066:
2442:
2253:
814:
mines in the United Kingdom producing slate for building and architectural purposes, of which the largest is the Delabole Slate Mine on the north coast of
799:
sector, 54 (78%) are located in either remote rural or accessible rural locations. Employment figures for the industrial mineral sector are under 15,000.
3910:
3156:
2452:
2395:
1927:
1870:
676:
644:
4188:
4058:
3680:
2791:
1685:
4240:
4183:
4011:
3500:
3420:
3405:
2437:
2296:
2248:
1658:
3362:
3357:
3208:
2018:
1827:
1269:
649:
As of 2008 the United Kingdom was the tenth largest producer of natural gas in the world. Natural gas reserves are concentrated in three areas:
4378:
4368:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3890:
3825:
3322:
3257:
3059:
2779:
2353:
2082:
2050:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1643:
826:, an absorbent mineral used for spill containment and cleaning supplies. However, production of Fuller's earth ceased in 2005 in the country.
4399:
4277:
4272:
4198:
3473:
2472:
2045:
4173:
4090:
2339:
2161:
1822:
1795:
4262:
4178:
4031:
2512:
2457:
2400:
2319:
2263:
2231:
2065:
1750:
1515:
1006:
988:
4208:
3859:
3847:
3803:
3317:
2487:
2467:
2410:
2375:
2023:
1991:
1955:
1481:
845:. It aims to create 1,000 jobs in an area which lost its previous mining industry. To avoid damaging the sensitive surroundings, the
4320:
4223:
4168:
3947:
3930:
3900:
3665:
3515:
3178:
3173:
2482:
2380:
2035:
2028:
1895:
1860:
1845:
1745:
707:
4156:
3935:
3215:
2567:
2119:
2077:
2001:
1996:
1900:
1778:
1605:
1236:
761:
4310:
4257:
4118:
4063:
3895:
3798:
3277:
3225:
3151:
2630:
2447:
2385:
2311:
2006:
1855:
1802:
1765:
1730:
1704:
4330:
4235:
4141:
3994:
3842:
3830:
3751:
3237:
2577:
2365:
2291:
2139:
2055:
1975:
1935:
1725:
1508:
2186:
4252:
4161:
4100:
4026:
3813:
3793:
3572:
3096:
3082:
3019:
2786:
2592:
2522:
2492:
2462:
2427:
2329:
2301:
2219:
2127:
2011:
1790:
1540:
1388:
1364:
1315:
4315:
4136:
3977:
3957:
3886:
3808:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3342:
3307:
3163:
2905:
2829:
2801:
2747:
2550:
2540:
2477:
2432:
2405:
2258:
2243:
1915:
1850:
1740:
1099:
87:
4151:
4131:
3972:
3835:
3617:
3520:
3230:
3203:
3183:
2796:
2774:
2737:
2719:
2660:
2582:
2572:
2507:
2370:
2334:
2132:
1910:
1549:
1293:
1149:
4350:
4036:
3962:
3168:
2856:
2757:
2597:
1025:"Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2013 - Statistical data sets - GOV.UK"
3982:
3820:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3352:
2992:
2752:
2557:
2530:
2040:
1920:
1185:
2890:
2420:
2060:
1807:
3247:
631:. In addition to the coal being mined on land, large reserves of oil and natural gas are being tapped in the
3655:
3242:
3193:
3035:
2948:
2769:
2704:
2415:
2072:
1050:
4340:
2885:
1950:
1406:
1171:
4095:
4085:
3852:
3700:
3567:
3545:
3478:
3282:
3188:
3040:
2880:
2836:
2699:
2285:
154:
3292:
623:
are all produced in the United Kingdom. Coal is mined from many areas in the United Kingdom from both
4075:
4068:
3723:
3660:
3632:
3607:
3602:
3577:
3535:
3337:
3287:
3116:
2900:
2841:
2694:
2667:
2178:
1454:
654:
30:
3695:
3650:
3642:
3587:
3495:
3430:
3121:
2977:
2895:
2873:
2868:
2851:
2846:
2824:
2714:
2672:
930:
834:
34:
3771:
3761:
3728:
3627:
3597:
3490:
3465:
3425:
2972:
2928:
2709:
2687:
2682:
2650:
2562:
1735:
878:
95:
The United Kingdom has a rich history of mining. Mining of non-ferrous minerals, particularly of
60:
3540:
3510:
2987:
2933:
2535:
1117:
823:
659:
non-associated fields in the Southern Gas Basin, adjacent to the Dutch sector of the North Sea
72:
1010:
992:
4325:
3766:
3715:
3525:
3505:
2982:
2965:
2960:
2943:
2923:
2806:
2742:
2729:
1582:
1462:
1172:"EuroInvestor.co.uk - London Mining - Strategic expansion - Iron Ore Joint Venture in China"
842:
683:
4021:
3942:
3440:
3347:
3312:
3302:
3272:
3146:
2655:
2545:
2236:
2196:
1207:
42:
971:
1458:
4048:
3592:
3332:
3220:
3111:
3106:
2268:
2149:
2087:
1648:
1531:
957:
803:
787:
628:
112:
76:
38:
4393:
3925:
3705:
3483:
3435:
3415:
3327:
2324:
1885:
1783:
1773:
1572:
1567:
905:
775:
745:
741:
131:
4043:
3690:
3562:
2191:
1562:
1338:
1131:
1074:
721:
608:
173:
This data is from the British Geological Survey. Values are in thousands of tonnes
147:
1421:
153:
The widespread availability of coal and iron was a significant factor in Europe's
737:
underground. Lead and silver are still being mined as a by-product of this mine.
3734:
3582:
3557:
3550:
3371:
3198:
3051:
2677:
2607:
612:
420:
52:
17:
1392:
3410:
1466:
846:
819:
691:
108:
146:. These metals were used locally and also transported by ship throughout the
3297:
2955:
2863:
1103:
1100:"UK COAL : Britain's largest coal mining company - Company Information"
790:
is the United Kingdom's largest producer of crushed rock, sand, and gravel.
663:
632:
624:
477:
849:
is transported 36 km (22 mi) underground from the mine. However,
818:. The United Kingdom also has an abundance of specialized minerals such as
1500:
748:(previously Hermerdon Mine) in Devon. It is the fourth-largest reserve of
103:, has been ongoing since the Bronze Age. For example, copper was mined in
4053:
2816:
815:
783:
771:
749:
698:
with estimated recoverable reserves of 480 million barrels of crude oil.
158:
139:
116:
68:
4345:
2642:
833:
In June 2015, the National Parks Authority voted in favour of allowing
716:
505:
3367:
2938:
838:
695:
687:
448:
392:
336:
143:
135:
120:
96:
64:
91:
The entrance to the Bronze Age Copper Mine complex on the Great Orme
4080:
3952:
2915:
811:
760:
364:
157:
of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Although less coal and
150:. Galena was mined from deep mines located in Scotland and Wales.
104:
86:
63:
due to its complex geology. In 2013, there were over 2,000 active
56:
29:
134:. The Romans introduced iron tools and used local slaves to mine
795:
620:
533:
127:
3055:
2628:
1504:
616:
100:
1233:"Ground-breaking marks start of Wolf's tungsten mine project"
1031:. Department of Energy & Climate Change. 22 January 2013
1235:. London Stock Exchange plc. 17 March 2014. Archived from
79:
producing ÂŁ34bn of minerals and employing 36,000 people.
1259:"THE HEMERDON PROJECT (Drakelands Mine) information pack"
850:
607:
The United Kingdom still has large reserves of available
686:, with smaller fields in the North Atlantic. Located in
972:"The later Bronze Age and Iron Age in western Cheshire"
765:
Distribution of Principal Industrial Mineral Workings
111:. Metalworking debris found beneath the ramparts at
1208:"Omagh goldmine underground extension plan approved"
983:
981:
4294:
4111:
4010:
3875:
3868:
3784:
3714:
3641:
3616:
3464:
3453:
3398:
3265:
3256:
3135:
3089:
2914:
2815:
2728:
2641:
2521:
2352:
2310:
2218:
2177:
2118:
1974:
1836:
1764:
1716:
1703:
1636:
1548:
1539:
1482:"North York Moors potash mine gets ÂŁ1.7bn go-ahead"
1294:"How Hemerdon mine lost ÂŁ100m in just three years"
4059:Glasgow International Financial Services District
1365:"Minerals produced in the United Kingdom in 2011"
1345:. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey
1316:"Why Hemerdon tungsten mine could still be saved"
169:Minerals produced in the United Kingdom 2013–2019
142:mineral, from which they refined lead, tin and
107:during approximately 2200–850 BC including the
1051:"The long, slow death of the UK coal industry"
774:and potash, which are essentially confined to
3067:
1516:
8:
1339:"Industrial Minerals - Issues for Planning"
3872:
3461:
3262:
3074:
3060:
3052:
2638:
2625:
2621:
2358:
2224:
1984:
1980:
1713:
1709:
1545:
1523:
1509:
1501:
677:Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom
645:Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom
1186:"The Peak Years of British Copper Mining"
1138:. British Geological Society. March 2010.
694:field is the largest onshore oilfield in
27:Overview of the mining industry in the UK
931:"THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF UNITED KINGDOM"
822:, used in fine china and porcelain; and
175:
3368:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
3308:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
879:"United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook 2013"
862:
1337:Bloodworth, A J; Highley, D E (2004).
7:
4374:
4091:London Platinum and Palladium Market
1188:. Copper Development Association Inc
1152:. Copper Development Association Inc
900:
898:
872:
870:
868:
866:
75:on the continental land mass of the
130:and copper attracted the Romans to
1318:. Plymouth Herald. 11 October 2018
1296:. Plymouth Herald. 12 October 2018
770:sensitive areas. Examples include
123:production during the Bronze Age.
25:
4321:Confederation of British Industry
3516:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
3179:Department for Business and Trade
3174:Competition and Markets Authority
958:"GENERAL HISTORY OF WELSH MINING"
837:to construct the world's largest
708:Coal mining in the United Kingdom
4373:
4364:
4363:
3216:Office for Budget Responsibility
1150:"Early Copper Mining in Britain"
1075:"Surface Coal Mining Statistics"
807:proportion than for aggregates.
740:In 2014, the Australian company
655:United Kingdom Continental Shelf
3152:Governor of the Bank of England
2631:Countries of the United Kingdom
1731:Countries of the United Kingdom
1049:Seddon, Mark (April 10, 2013).
4331:Federation of Small Businesses
1726:Counties of the United Kingdom
1426:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
877:Bide, T.; Brown, T.J. (2014).
1:
4101:Alternative Investment Market
4081:London Interbank Offered Rate
4037:List of UK building societies
3083:Economy of the United Kingdom
1447:Remote Sensing of Environment
1420:Lotha, Gloria (13 Sep 2007).
662:non-associated fields in the
536:(1000 metres cubed or 1000m3)
257:Gas (oil equivalent, onshore)
4400:Mining in the United Kingdom
4316:British Chambers of Commerce
4311:British Bankers' Association
2498:Universal basic income (UBI)
1480:Pidd, Helen (30 June 2015).
1081:. British Geological Society
49:Mining in the United Kingdom
3204:Chancellor of the Exchequer
3184:Financial Conduct Authority
2503:Water supply and sanitation
2202:Weapons of mass destruction
2187:His Majesty's Naval Service
1370:. British Geological Survey
1268:. June 2014. Archived from
1118:"World Coal Institute - UK"
906:"Minerals surveys - GOV.UK"
51:produces a wide variety of
4416:
4351:UK Payments Administration
3303:New Imperialism 1830s–1945
3127:Government-owned companies
2598:Stereotypes of the British
1407:"Slate Mining In Cornwall"
1007:"BP NSI | Wytch Farm"
929:Newman, Harold R. (1994).
705:
674:
642:
4359:
3426:National champions policy
3421:Recessions and recoveries
3338:1979 Winter of Discontent
3273:1659–1849 Navigation Acts
3248:UK Trade & Investment
3157:Monetary Policy Committee
3013:
2763:First Minister and deputy
2637:
2624:
2620:
2361:
2227:
1987:
1983:
1712:
1467:10.1016/j.rse.2004.07.004
753:valuable infrastructure.
653:associated fields in the
3363:2009 bank rescue package
3358:2008 bank rescue package
3323:1929–39 Great Depression
3194:HM Revenue & Customs
3102:Employee-owned companies
2391:Environmental inequality
1132:"Mineral Profile - Coal"
3531:List of counties by GVA
3313:1873–79 Long Depression
3278:Agricultural Revolution
3243:UK Statistics Authority
1422:"Fuller's earth | clay"
1266:www.wolfminerals.com.au
73:offshore drilling sites
4341:Institute of Directors
4306:Business organisations
4231:Science and technology
4124:International students
3836:Working Time Directive
3209:Debt Management Office
2277:Science and technology
766:
283:Sand and gravel (land)
92:
45:
4336:Industry trade groups
4096:London Stock Exchange
4086:London Metal Exchange
3853:Trades Union Congress
3546:East London Tech City
3390:Cost-of-living crisis
3328:1948–52 Marshall Plan
3283:Industrial Revolution
2254:Free trade agreements
764:
155:Industrial Revolution
90:
33:
4130:Entertainment &
3353:Late-2000s recession
3348:1992 Black Wednesday
3288:Financial Revolution
3117:FTSE Fledgling Index
2603:World Heritage Sites
2396:Environmental issues
2100:Female party leaders
1741:Overseas territories
1389:"Tarmac at a glance"
830:each tonne of clay.
3826:Equal opportunities
3431:Economic liberalism
3333:1974 Three-Day Week
3318:1926 general strike
3122:FTSE SmallCap Index
1459:2004RSEnv..93..118E
835:Sirius Minerals plc
757:Industrial minerals
744:started to re-open
61:industrial minerals
35:Kellingley Colliery
4241:Telecommunications
3406:Economic geography
2297:Telecommunications
2249:Economic geography
2105:Political scandals
1736:Crown Dependencies
767:
93:
46:
4387:
4386:
4290:
4289:
4069:Lloyd's of London
3780:
3779:
3752:Industrialisation
3666:Industrialisation
3449:
3448:
3378:COVID-19 pandemic
3298:1815–46 Corn Laws
3049:
3048:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2616:
2615:
2348:
2347:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2095:Political parties
2019:Foreign relations
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1699:
1698:
1676:Mass surveillance
1654:Foreign relations
1587:Second World War
989:"www.eia.doe.gov"
938:minerals.usgs.gov
600:
599:
37:on the border of
16:(Redirected from
4407:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4326:Co-operatives UK
3916:Hydroelectricity
3891:Renewable energy
3873:
3757:Renewable energy
3738:
3686:Renewable energy
3474:Atlantic Gateway
3462:
3293:Panic of 1796–97
3263:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3029:
3022:
2730:Northern Ireland
2639:
2626:
2622:
2359:
2272:
2225:
2083:House of Commons
2051:Local government
1985:
1981:
1891:Renewable energy
1876:hydroelectricity
1714:
1710:
1546:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1453:(1–2): 118–130.
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1391:. Archived from
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1102:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1009:. Archived from
1003:
997:
996:
991:. Archived from
985:
976:
975:
968:
962:
961:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
935:
926:
920:
919:
917:
916:
902:
893:
892:
890:
889:
874:
843:North York Moors
713:open-pit mines.
684:Shetland Islands
176:
21:
18:Mining in the UK
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4355:
4298:
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4286:
4194:Pharmaceuticals
4107:
4022:Baltic Exchange
4013:
4006:
3878:
3864:
3786:
3776:
3732:
3710:
3637:
3619:
3612:
3457:
3455:
3445:
3441:Nationalisation
3394:
3252:
3147:Bank of England
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3032:
3025:
3018:
2997:
2910:
2811:
2724:
2633:
2612:
2517:
2473:Public holidays
2453:Life expectancy
2344:
2306:
2286:London Exchange
2282:Stock exchanges
2270:
2269:Pound sterling
2237:Bank of England
2206:
2197:Royal Air Force
2173:
2114:
2046:Law enforcement
1962:
1871:hydraulic frac.
1832:
1813:Lakes and lochs
1760:
1756:Former colonies
1695:
1691:Women's history
1666:Law enforcement
1632:
1578:First World War
1535:
1529:
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876:
875:
864:
860:
810:There are many
759:
746:Drakelands Mine
730:
710:
704:
679:
673:
647:
641:
605:
171:
138:, an important
119:is evidence of
85:
43:North Yorkshire
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4413:
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4174:Legal services
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4054:Euronext.liffe
4051:
4046:
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4039:
4034:
4024:
4018:
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4008:
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3221:Pound sterling
3218:
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3206:
3196:
3191:
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3176:
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3166:
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3141:
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3132:
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3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:FTSE 250 Index
3109:
3107:FTSE 100 Index
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3047:
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3038:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2949:First Minister
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:First Minister
2854:
2849:
2839:
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2833:
2832:
2821:
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2169:
2162:Prime Minister
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2110:Shadow Cabinet
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2088:House of Lords
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1718:Administrative
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1532:United Kingdom
1530:
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1505:
1498:
1497:
1472:
1437:
1412:
1398:
1395:on 2009-02-21.
1380:
1356:
1329:
1307:
1285:
1250:
1239:on 6 July 2015
1224:
1214:. 11 June 2015
1199:
1177:
1163:
1141:
1123:
1109:
1106:on 2008-10-21.
1091:
1066:
1041:
1016:
1013:on 2008-12-29.
998:
995:on 2009-04-12.
977:
963:
949:
921:
894:
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856:
824:Fuller's earth
776:National Parks
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706:Main article:
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4179:Manufacturing
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4032:List of banks
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3484:Big City Plan
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3436:Privatisation
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3416:Gold standard
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3343:1986 Big Bang
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3266:Chronological
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3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Co-operatives
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
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3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2994:
2991:
2989:
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2899:
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2800:
2798:
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2778:
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2727:
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2708:
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2698:
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2649:
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2640:
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2609:
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2569:
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2559:
2556:
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2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:Welfare state
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Mental health
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Ethnic groups
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
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2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Bus transport
2323:
2321:
2320:Air transport
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2264:Manufacturing
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
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2233:
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2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
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2190:
2188:
2185:
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2182:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Civil service
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:republicanism
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:North Sea oil
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
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1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
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1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1784:Great Britain
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:British Isles
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
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1723:
1721:
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1715:
1711:
1708:
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1692:
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1679:
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1664:
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1652:
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1641:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Edwardian era
1571:
1569:
1568:Victorian era
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1275:on 2015-03-01
1271:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1136:www.bgs.ac.uk
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1079:www.bgs.ac.uk
1076:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
984:
982:
978:
973:
967:
964:
959:
953:
950:
939:
932:
925:
922:
911:
907:
901:
899:
895:
884:
883:www.bgs.ac.uk
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
863:
857:
855:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
805:
800:
797:
791:
789:
785:
779:
777:
773:
763:
756:
754:
751:
747:
743:
742:Wolf Minerals
738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
718:
714:
709:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
665:
661:
658:
656:
652:
651:
650:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
629:surface mines
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
595:
593:
591:
588:
586:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
569:
566:
564:
562:
559:
556:
555:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
338:
334:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
231:Oil (onshore)
230:
229:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
168:
166:
163:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
89:
83:Brief history
82:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4248:Supermarkets
4214:Construction
4209:Architecture
4044:Canary Wharf
3999:
3877:Resource and
3860:Unemployment
3831:Minimum wage
3794:Billionaires
3691:Silicon Glen
3563:M11 Corridor
2891:Homelessness
2705:Homelessness
2488:Social class
2468:Prostitution
2411:Homelessness
2192:British Army
2024:Human rights
2012:By-elections
1992:Constitution
1940:
1563:Georgian era
1489:. Retrieved
1486:The Guardian
1485:
1475:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1401:
1393:the original
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1342:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1265:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1180:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1104:the original
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1055:The Guardian
1054:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1011:the original
1001:
993:the original
966:
952:
941:. Retrieved
937:
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:
886:. Retrieved
882:
841:mine on the
832:
828:
809:
801:
794:carbonates,
792:
780:
768:
739:
735:
731:
722:British Coal
715:
711:
680:
648:
609:fossil fuels
606:
603:Fossil fuels
451:(china clay)
172:
164:
152:
148:Roman Empire
125:
94:
53:fossil fuels
48:
47:
4224:Real estate
3948:Agriculture
3735:Cardiff Bay
3724:Agriculture
3681:Oil and gas
3656:Agriculture
3583:Silicon Fen
3558:M4 corridor
3551:London Plan
3372:Growth deal
3199:HM Treasury
3169:Company law
3138:governance,
2978:Health care
2886:Health care
2792:Health care
2700:Health care
2608:Anglosphere
2483:Social care
2438:Immigration
2381:Drug policy
2145:Departments
2073:Nationality
1846:Agriculture
1779:terminology
1746:City status
1617:Since 1979
796:silica sand
639:Natural gas
613:Natural gas
579:Silver (kg)
421:Silica sand
4278:High-speed
4273:Inter-city
4189:Automotive
4169:Healthcare
4157:Television
4147:Newspapers
3991:Materials
3906:Geothermal
3879:production
3821:Labour law
3804:Demography
3787:and labour
3568:Manchester
3479:Birmingham
3411:Free trade
3140:regulation
2944:Government
2852:Government
2847:Parliament
2563:Literature
2443:Innovation
2376:Demography
2271:(currency)
2120:Government
2078:Parliament
2002:Devolution
1997:Corruption
1932:Materials
1866:geothermal
1550:Chronology
1491:2015-07-05
1431:2015-07-06
1374:2014-01-02
1322:24 January
1300:24 January
1279:2015-07-05
1218:2015-07-06
1192:9 November
1156:9 November
1085:2015-07-08
1060:2015-07-08
1035:2015-07-08
1029:www.gov.uk
943:2015-07-05
915:2015-07-05
910:www.gov.uk
888:2015-07-05
858:References
847:polyhalite
820:china clay
692:Wytch Farm
625:deep mines
109:Great Orme
4295:Trade and
4258:Transport
4205:Property
4184:Aerospace
4119:Education
4064:Insurance
4012:Financial
3896:Biodiesel
3772:Transport
3701:Transport
3661:Edinburgh
3633:Transport
3608:Wiltshire
3603:Transport
3578:Sheffield
3536:Liverpool
3399:Recurrent
3226:Banknotes
3136:Currency,
3090:Companies
2973:Education
2929:Geography
2881:Education
2837:Geography
2787:Education
2758:Executive
2743:Geography
2695:Education
2668:Geography
2448:Languages
2386:Education
2312:Transport
2150:Ministers
2036:Judiciary
2007:Elections
1947:Wildlife
1856:biodiesel
1838:Resources
1828:Volcanoes
1818:Mountains
1803:Coastline
1705:Geography
1659:1814–1919
1621:political
1606:political
1558:Formation
1343:bgs.ac.uk
772:fluorspar
664:Irish Sea
633:North Sea
557:Gold (kg)
478:Ball clay
4394:Category
4369:Category
4297:business
4263:Aviation
4236:Internet
4142:Gambling
4049:The City
4014:services
3995:Forestry
3978:Scottish
3969:Fishing
3911:Fracking
3843:Pensions
3651:Aberdeen
3643:Scotland
3618:Northern
3588:Somerset
3496:Cornwall
3456:regions,
3454:Nations,
3238:Taxation
3036:Category
2988:Religion
2934:Politics
2901:Religion
2842:Politics
2830:timeline
2817:Scotland
2802:Religion
2753:Assembly
2748:Politics
2715:Religion
2673:Politics
2661:timeline
2578:Religion
2558:Identity
2421:Scotland
2366:Cannabis
2292:Taxation
2179:Military
2061:monarchs
2056:Monarchy
1976:Politics
1936:forestry
1916:Scottish
1907:Fishing
1766:Physical
1686:Taxation
1681:Military
1671:Maritime
1644:Economic
1637:By topic
1602:Postwar
1596:military
1591:civilian
1583:Interwar
1212:BBC News
816:Cornwall
784:quarries
750:tungsten
335:Natural
159:iron ore
140:lead ore
117:Cheshire
69:quarries
4379:Commons
4346:Make UK
4253:Tourism
4219:Housing
4199:Exports
4162:Theatre
4027:Banking
3973:English
3869:Sectors
3814:Poverty
3767:Tourism
3762:Swansea
3747:History
3742:Fishing
3729:Cardiff
3696:Tourism
3676:History
3671:Fishing
3628:Belfast
3620:Ireland
3598:Tourism
3573:Reading
3521:Fishing
3501:Croydon
3491:Bristol
3466:England
3258:History
3231:Coinage
3020:Outline
2993:Symbols
2983:Culture
2966:tourism
2961:Economy
2924:History
2906:Symbols
2896:Culture
2874:tourism
2869:Economy
2825:History
2807:Symbols
2797:Culture
2780:tourism
2775:Economy
2738:History
2720:Symbols
2710:Culture
2688:tourism
2683:Economy
2651:History
2643:England
2593:Theatre
2588:Symbols
2546:Cuisine
2523:Culture
2493:Suicide
2463:Poverty
2428:Housing
2416:England
2354:Society
2330:Driving
2302:Tourism
2220:Economy
2128:Cabinet
1928:Hunting
1911:English
1808:Geology
1791:Climate
1541:History
1455:Bibcode
717:UK Coal
506:Barytes
304:48,700
179:Mineral
132:Britain
126:Later,
4137:Cinema
4000:Mining
3921:Marine
3887:Energy
3809:Income
3785:People
3731:
3706:Whisky
3541:London
3511:Dorset
3458:cities
3383:Impact
3164:Budget
3041:Portal
2939:Senedd
2656:social
2541:Cinema
2536:Anthem
2478:Racism
2433:Hunger
2406:Health
2259:Income
2244:Budget
1941:mining
1881:marine
1851:Energy
1823:Rivers
1796:change
1649:Empire
1626:social
1611:social
1349:7 July
1243:5 July
851:ICL UK
839:potash
788:Tarmac
728:Metals
696:Europe
690:, the
688:Dorset
619:, and
449:Kaolin
443:4,443
393:Potash
359:1,600
337:gypsum
330:4,529
301:52,065
298:50,143
295:51,231
292:51,053
289:46,832
286:43,379
208:40,089
144:silver
136:galena
121:bronze
97:copper
71:, and
59:, and
57:metals
4152:Radio
4132:Media
4112:Other
3983:Welsh
3953:Cider
3931:Solar
3716:Wales
3526:Leeds
3506:Devon
3189:Gilts
3027:Index
2916:Wales
2583:Sport
2573:Music
2568:Media
2508:Waste
2371:Crime
2335:Roads
2232:Banks
1956:flora
1951:fauna
1921:Welsh
1896:solar
1751:Towns
1368:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
812:slate
539:1,254
460:1,014
457:1,090
454:1,110
440:4,863
437:5,051
434:4,251
431:3,822
428:3,984
425:3,961
365:Slate
356:1,400
353:1,300
350:1,600
347:1,800
344:1,100
327:4,606
324:5,544
321:4,694
318:4,552
315:6,806
312:6,464
237:1,014
234:1,003
214:2,784
211:3,685
200:2019
105:Wales
65:mines
4268:Rail
3963:Beer
3958:Wine
3943:Food
3936:Wind
3901:Coal
2551:Wine
2167:list
2155:list
2133:list
2029:LGBT
1901:wind
1861:coal
1351:2015
1324:2019
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1245:2015
1194:2022
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534:Peat
500:738
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387:160
278:366
252:832
205:Coal
197:2018
194:2017
191:2016
188:2015
185:2014
182:2013
128:lead
99:and
41:and
39:West
4076:LCH
2956:Law
2864:Law
2770:Law
2678:Law
2531:Art
2041:Law
1463:doi
671:Oil
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528:50
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466:970
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400:576
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275:236
272:179
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