408:
techniques can provide cost-effective tools that can give valuable information about the new mineralization sites. Mapping of the potential mineralized alteration zones is a critical task to enhance mineral exploration in the CED. Previously, such mapping had utilized standard remote-sensing techniques such as image rationing, principal component analysis, and image classifications. Recent study implemented the
Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification, surface structure, aeromagnetic data, and the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to aid for better mapping results of the prospective mineralized alterations in CED. For instances, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification is one of the powerful classification techniques that can be integrated with aeromagnetic data to map the potential gold sites associated within the alteration zone in CED. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) spectral signature data for alteration minerals can be used as an end-member for the SAM classification. To aid in better mapping, the SAM result can be constrained by the structural elements that restrict the mapping to the actual alteration sites. The surface lineation layer from digital remote sensing data and the geophysical information such as total magnetic intensities can be deployed to understand the tectonic regimes in the CED and to detect the structural patterns that control the existence of the gold deposits. For more details please see.
2923:
398:
2933:
2943:
30:
2953:
407:
Alteration zones are considered the most promising areas for mineral exploration in the
Central Eastern Desert (CED). Ancient gold miners in Egypt only targeted the smoky quartz veins that contain large amounts of gold; however, they left the alteration areas untouched. Remote sensing and geophysical
267:
to work hard stones. A staggering amount of gold was found in the tomb of
Tutankhamun, the only ancient Egyptian royal burial site to have been found in a relatively intact state. Ancient texts report the vast quantities of statutory gold, silver and bronze that was used in Egyptian temple ritual,
333:
stated that it was gold rather than military power which sustained the
Egyptian empire and made it the world power throughout the third quarter of the second millennium BCE. Most gold mines in Egypt today were exploited for high-grade gold (15 g/t gold or greater) by the
338:; however, there has been limited exploration that applies modern day techniques where deposits can be viable based on gold grades as low as 0.5 g/t (provided there is sufficient tonnage and readily available infrastructure).
895:
Hasan, E.; Fagin, T.; El Alfy, Z.; Hong, Y. (2016). "Spectral Angle Mapper and aeromagnetic data integration for gold-associated alteration zone mapping: a case study for the
Central Eastern Desert Egypt".
851:
Hasan, E.; Fagin, T.; El Alfy, Z.; Hong, Y. (2016). "Spectral Angle Mapper and aeromagnetic data integration for gold-associated alteration zone mapping: a case study for the
Central Eastern Desert Egypt".
439:
2772:
1805:
191:. The mines in Ancient Egypt were worked by slaves who were made to work under astonishingly difficult conditions and were often beaten if they did not work hard enough. Gold mining started with
1800:
1795:
106:. The quantities produced in 1986 were estimated at 2,048, 1,310, and 1,233 tons, respectively, compared with 2,139, 691, and 883 tons in 1981. In addition, minor amounts of
2327:
1574:
1034:
2196:
446:
1822:
1790:
956:
2651:
2179:
1661:
2663:
682:
1179:
2098:
1832:
1375:
1019:
2987:
2900:
810:
776:
661:
589:
555:
2724:
2378:
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2091:
1765:
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2383:
2123:
2009:
1039:
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2646:
2268:
2145:
1812:
1693:
1620:
1608:
1569:
302:, and her temples, statues or inscriptions were found in many rediscovered mining locations. A major temple to Hathor constructed by
2371:
1900:
1264:
512:
2504:
2167:
1890:
1720:
2863:
2831:
2584:
2310:
1440:
163:
329:, the production of gold steadily increased, and mining became more intensive as new fields were developed. British historian
2432:
2189:
949:
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2719:
2514:
1920:
1445:
1428:
139:
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2499:
2467:
2283:
1915:
1785:
1708:
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2700:
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2332:
2155:
1950:
1817:
1760:
1656:
1531:
1054:
1589:
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2288:
2243:
2174:
2113:
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1730:
1368:
732:"Gold in Ancient Egypt | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
708:"Gold in Ancient Egypt | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
350:
1647:
1290:
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2729:
2494:
2404:
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2349:
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2054:
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1910:
1895:
942:
483:
1337:
1333:
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2875:
2683:
2509:
2305:
2130:
2108:
1775:
1725:
1666:
1625:
1501:
1496:
1462:
1423:
1703:
2804:
2658:
2427:
2162:
2014:
1987:
1972:
1967:
1603:
1329:
1094:
2885:
2814:
2636:
2604:
2298:
2236:
2231:
1945:
1410:
1204:
1194:
999:
606:
358:
354:
134:
deposits. Private sector exploration and exploitation activities so far have been limited. Only recently,
686:
2890:
2782:
2752:
2641:
2621:
2567:
2479:
2118:
2076:
2071:
2049:
1857:
1847:
1632:
1511:
1479:
1361:
1209:
1099:
1044:
1029:
792:
758:
571:
537:
374:
330:
268:
but of these, only a single gold statue of the body of Amun, minus his arms, is known to have survived.
217:
1316:
1307:
1298:
830:
2757:
2707:
2577:
1681:
1671:
1320:
1294:
1269:
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1154:
1139:
1124:
1079:
1074:
1014:
905:
861:
618:
326:
325:
and remained so for the next 1,500 years, with interruptions when the kingdom broke down. During the
200:
366:
2868:
2848:
2668:
2616:
2611:
2550:
2452:
2135:
2066:
2061:
1780:
1144:
479:
2932:
362:
2678:
2589:
2489:
2356:
2184:
2150:
2103:
2081:
1977:
1879:
1750:
1637:
1584:
1244:
1219:
1069:
1064:
1009:
994:
921:
877:
346:
683:"Spotlights on the Exploitation and Use of Minerals and Rocks through the Egyptian Civilization"
370:
2956:
2826:
2688:
2626:
2572:
2533:
2484:
2437:
2422:
2337:
2253:
2140:
2038:
2019:
1852:
1526:
1521:
1452:
1435:
1418:
1229:
1199:
1184:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1114:
1109:
1059:
1004:
979:
806:
772:
768:
762:
657:
634:
585:
581:
575:
551:
311:
299:
236:
176:
146:
Ltd., a mineral exploration company founded in
Australia, started a massive mining project in
135:
45:
34:
802:
796:
547:
541:
2787:
2744:
2714:
2599:
2562:
2344:
2273:
2226:
2215:
1930:
1925:
1905:
1827:
1642:
1543:
1474:
1457:
1398:
1239:
1234:
1174:
1129:
1089:
984:
965:
913:
869:
626:
417:
212:
180:
159:
56:
2777:
2594:
2545:
2447:
2263:
1999:
1982:
1613:
1538:
1214:
1164:
1119:
1104:
1084:
1049:
989:
315:
260:
115:
909:
865:
622:
516:
2926:
2880:
2734:
2673:
2457:
2258:
1770:
1698:
1557:
1491:
1224:
1134:
1024:
731:
707:
378:
271:
188:
81:
72:
630:
138:
with its joint
Venture Partner Thani Dubai and a Canadian listed exploration company,
2971:
2809:
2797:
2792:
2472:
1562:
925:
881:
497:
335:
208:
184:
397:
2936:
2526:
1935:
1594:
307:
287:
204:
917:
873:
94:(US$ 11 million) in 1981. The chief minerals in terms of volume output were
1955:
1686:
1676:
1484:
1469:
401:
322:
256:
172:
168:
142:
have been undertaking exploration in Egypt's
Eastern Desert with some success.
17:
2004:
1962:
638:
2843:
2315:
291:
275:
244:
232:
99:
60:
37:
depicts mines in the Wadi
Hammamat and is the oldest known map of its kind.
29:
475:
1516:
386:
283:
195:
workings in Egypt and was followed by shallow underground vein mining in
192:
143:
107:
95:
377:(mid-6th century onward) in date. Beryl mining ceased in Egypt when the
382:
303:
248:
228:
53:
314:, where turquoise was mined in antiquity, in an expedition led by Sir
1548:
1506:
607:"Gold of the Pharaohs â 6000 years of gold mining in Egypt and Nubia"
295:
264:
252:
240:
225:
147:
131:
111:
76:
934:
183:
dating to about 1160 BCE, shows the route to the gold mines in the
1579:
1384:
396:
342:
279:
196:
49:
1992:
496:
This article incorporates text from the source, which is in the
127:
119:
103:
68:
64:
2402:
2213:
2036:
1877:
1396:
1357:
1353:
938:
605:
Klemm, Dietrich; Klemm, Rosemarie; Murr, Andreas (2001-01-01).
87:
123:
114:(19 tons) were mined in 1986. Preliminary exploration in
656:. Society of Mining Metallurgy and Exploration. p. 2.
831:"Archaeological geology of the world's first emerald mine"
274:
that were extensively mined and worked as well included
685:. Egypt State Information Service. 2005. Archived from
345:
mine in the world is located in the mountain valley of
63:(fourth largest in the world), 50 million tons of
2743:
2415:
1841:
1743:
1409:
1278:
1253:
972:
445:. International Finance Corporation. Archived from
179:, and the earliest map known in the world from the
353:, although most of mining activities date to the
513:"A Gold Mine Worth LE 23 Billion (and counting)"
349:, Eastern Desert. Its mining started during the
48:. Active mining began in Egypt around 3000 BCE.
440:"Mining in Egypt – Unexplored Territory"
321:Egypt became a major gold-producer during the
67:, and an estimated 6.7 million ounces of
1369:
950:
8:
361:. All the other beryl mining sites such as
235:was an advanced technology by the time the
2412:
2399:
2210:
2033:
1874:
1406:
1393:
1376:
1362:
1354:
957:
943:
935:
753:
751:
44:has had a long history that dates back to
824:
822:
203:period. The methods of working included
28:
898:International Journal of Remote Sensing
854:International Journal of Remote Sensing
428:
393:Modern technology and gold exploration
677:
675:
673:
470:
468:
466:
434:
432:
7:
2952:
90:18.7 million) in 1986, up from
59:, including 48 million tons of
2942:
310:; another temple was discovered in
75:. The total real value of minerals
25:
2323:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
798:The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt
764:The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt
611:Journal of African Earth Sciences
577:The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt
543:The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt
306:was found at the copper mines in
272:Precious and semi-precious stones
2951:
2941:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2180:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
1265:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1035:Democratic Republic of the Congo
654:The Chemistry of Gold Extraction
2664:Identification card controversy
164:Stone quarries of ancient Egypt
1570:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
829:Harell, James A. (June 2004).
251:were used for making statues,
1:
918:10.1080/01431161.2016.1165887
874:10.1080/01431161.2016.1165887
631:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00094-X
515:. Egypt Today. Archived from
140:Alexander Nubia International
2988:History of mining by country
2197:Twin towns and sister cities
1709:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
381:discovered superior-quality
2725:Vehicle registration plates
2379:Water supply and sanitation
199:about 1300 BCE, during the
3009:
2993:Mining industry by country
2384:Water resources management
801:. HarperCollins. pp.
767:. HarperCollins. pp.
580:. HarperCollins. pp.
546:. HarperCollins. pp.
511:fer, Cache (August 2006).
157:
118:indicated the presence of
2917:
2411:
2398:
2279:Impact on the environment
2269:Entrepreneurship policies
2222:
2209:
2045:
2032:
1886:
1873:
1405:
1392:
484:Federal Research Division
2050:Administrative divisions
1726:2011 Egyptian revolution
1667:1952 Egyptian revolution
1463:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1020:Central African Republic
476:"A Country Study: Egypt"
211:, a method described by
2254:Egyptian stock exchange
373:are Roman-Byzantine or
2585:International rankings
1590:EgyptianâEthiopian War
652:Marsden, John (2006).
404:
221:written about 60 BCE.
175:can be traced back to
38:
2190:Terrorism and tourism
1648:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1480:Library of Alexandria
1180:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1040:Republic of the Congo
400:
389:in the 16th century.
218:Bibliotheca historica
32:
2901:World Heritage Sites
2720:Units of measurement
2175:Proposed new capital
1921:Environmental issues
1682:United Arab Republic
1575:Muhammad Ali dynasty
110:(313 tons) and
35:Turin mining papyrus
2573:Freedom of religion
2468:Mass sexual assault
1833:Timekeeping devices
1731:2013 Rabaa massacre
1704:EgyptianâLibyan War
1255:States with limited
910:2016IJRS...37.1762H
866:2016IJRS...37.1762H
833:. Geoscience Canada
623:2001JAfES..33..643K
480:Library of Congress
452:on February 1, 2011
341:The earliest known
207:to weaken rocks by
2763:Art (contemporary)
2443:Capital punishment
2333:Telecommunications
2010:Towns and villages
1978:Qattara Depression
1791:Muslim Brotherhood
1761:Cigarette industry
1621:British occupation
1532:Crusader invasions
1502:Rashidun Caliphate
405:
239:were being built.
39:
2983:Industry in Egypt
2965:
2964:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2837:Football stadiums
2768:Botanical gardens
2647:Catholic dioceses
2539:Gender inequality
2463:Human trafficking
2394:
2393:
2328:Tallest buildings
2289:Military industry
2205:
2204:
2146:Political parties
2099:Islamic extremism
2087:Foreign relations
2028:
2027:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1609:French occupation
1527:Fatimid Caliphate
1522:Ikhshidid dynasty
1351:
1350:
1282:other territories
1055:Equatorial Guinea
966:Mining in Africa
812:978-0-06-019434-5
778:978-0-06-019434-5
736:www.metmuseum.org
712:www.metmuseum.org
663:978-0-87335-240-6
591:978-0-06-019434-5
557:978-0-06-019434-5
359:Byzantine periods
336:ancient Egyptians
312:Serabit el-Khadim
224:The technique of
177:predynastic times
136:AngloGold Ashanti
92:EÂŁ60 million
46:predynastic times
16:(Redirected from
3000:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2730:Waste management
2495:Academic grading
2413:
2400:
2372:Railway stations
2350:Cultural tourism
2249:Economic regions
2211:
2034:
1875:
1544:Mamluk Sultanate
1475:Diocese of Egypt
1458:Battle of Actium
1407:
1394:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1343:
1342:(United Kingdom)
1338:Tristan da Cunha
1334:Ascension Island
1326:
1313:
1304:
1280:Dependencies and
973:Sovereign states
959:
952:
945:
936:
930:
929:
904:(8): 1762â1776.
892:
886:
885:
860:(8): 1762â1776.
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
826:
817:
816:
789:
783:
782:
755:
746:
745:
743:
742:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
679:
668:
667:
649:
643:
642:
617:(3â4): 643â659.
602:
596:
595:
568:
562:
561:
534:
528:
527:
525:
524:
508:
502:
494:
492:
491:
472:
461:
460:
458:
457:
451:
444:
436:
418:Economy of Egypt
351:Ptolemaic period
298:was the miner's
213:Diodorus Siculus
181:Ramesside Period
160:History of Egypt
93:
85:
84:102 million
52:has substantial
21:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2978:Mining in Egypt
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2905:
2896:Public holidays
2886:National anthem
2739:
2652:Coptic Churches
2595:Egyptian Arabic
2505:Medical schools
2407:
2390:
2306:Nuclear program
2218:
2201:
2131:Nationality law
2124:Supreme Council
2109:Law enforcement
2041:
2024:
2000:Sinai Peninsula
1983:Red Sea Riviera
1882:
1861:
1837:
1739:
1626:1919 revolution
1614:Revolt of Cairo
1539:Ayyubid dynasty
1517:Tulunid dynasty
1401:
1388:
1382:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1324:
1311:
1302:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1258:
1256:
1249:
968:
963:
933:
894:
893:
889:
850:
849:
845:
836:
834:
828:
827:
820:
813:
791:
790:
786:
779:
757:
756:
749:
740:
738:
730:
729:
725:
716:
714:
706:
705:
701:
692:
690:
681:
680:
671:
664:
651:
650:
646:
604:
603:
599:
592:
570:
569:
565:
558:
536:
535:
531:
522:
520:
510:
509:
505:
489:
487:
486:. December 1993
474:
473:
464:
455:
453:
449:
442:
438:
437:
430:
426:
414:
395:
316:Flinders Petrie
166:
156:
91:
80:
42:Mining in Egypt
23:
22:
18:Mining in Egypt
15:
12:
11:
5:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2832:Football clubs
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Animal welfare
2425:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2311:Power stations
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Egyptian pound
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2163:Prime Minister
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Northern coast
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
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540:(1999-11-03).
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367:Wadi Umm Debaa
300:patron goddess
189:Eastern Desert
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1095:Guinea-Bissau
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793:Johnson, Paul
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759:Johnson, Paul
754:
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689:on 2008-11-20
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572:Johnson, Paul
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544:
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538:Johnson, Paul
533:
530:
519:on 2008-01-17
518:
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507:
504:
501:
499:
498:public domain
485:
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210:
209:thermal shock
206:
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185:Wadi Hammamat
182:
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62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2783:Coat of arms
2753:Architecture
2642:Christianity
2622:Prostitution
2568:Human rights
2527:Abaza family
2515:Universities
2480:Demographics
2433:Billionaires
2293:
2077:Constitution
2072:Conscription
2055:Governorates
1936:Halfaya Pass
1806:1954âpresent
1766:Constitution
1721:2010s Crisis
1633:World War II
1595:Urabi revolt
1512:Islamization
1446:31st Dynasty
1441:27th Dynasty
1330:Saint Helena
1301:
1205:South Africa
1195:Sierra Leone
1000:Burkina Faso
901:
897:
890:
857:
853:
846:
835:. Retrieved
797:
787:
763:
739:. Retrieved
735:
726:
715:. Retrieved
711:
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:the original
653:
647:
614:
610:
600:
576:
566:
542:
532:
521:. Retrieved
517:the original
506:
495:
488:. Retrieved
454:. Retrieved
447:the original
406:
363:Gebel Zabara
340:
331:Paul Johnson
320:
308:Timna valley
288:lapis lazuli
270:
223:
216:
205:fire-setting
167:
41:
40:
26:
2947:WikiProject
2708:Scientology
2578:LGBT rights
2500:Law schools
2284:Lighthouses
2227:Agriculture
1956:Mount Sinai
1916:Earthquakes
1716:Mubarak era
1687:Six-Day War
1677:Suez Crisis
1672:Land reform
1419:Prehistoric
1257:recognition
1210:South Sudan
1100:Ivory Coast
402:Sukari mine
347:Wadi Sikait
327:New Kingdom
323:Old Kingdom
255:for making
201:New Kingdom
173:Upper Egypt
169:Gold mining
2972:Categories
2859:Newspapers
2849:Mass media
2701:Synagogues
2669:Irreligion
2617:Literature
2612:Liberalism
2551:Healthcare
2453:Corruption
2136:Parliament
2067:Corruption
2062:Civil Code
2005:Suez Canal
1963:Nile Delta
1848:Alexandria
1818:Population
1813:Parliament
1781:Healthcare
1662:Nasser era
1436:Achaemenid
1411:Chronology
1312:(Portugal)
1270:Somaliland
1190:Seychelles
1155:Mozambique
1140:Mauritania
1125:Madagascar
1080:The Gambia
1015:Cape Verde
837:2008-03-22
741:2021-05-07
717:2021-05-07
693:2008-03-21
523:2008-03-22
490:2008-03-22
456:2008-03-22
424:References
371:Wadi Gimal
257:sarcophagi
158:See also:
100:phosphates
79:was about
2854:Magazines
2844:Egyptians
2679:Ahmadiyya
2590:Languages
2556:Hospitals
2490:Education
2357:Transport
2316:Aswan Dam
2244:Companies
2185:Terrorism
2151:President
2114:Massacres
2104:Judiciary
2082:Elections
1951:Mountains
1880:Geography
1858:Port Said
1801:1939â1954
1796:1928â1938
1751:Anarchism
1694:Sadat era
1638:Sultanate
1585:Khedivate
1485:Christian
1453:Ptolemaic
1145:Mauritius
926:130031797
882:130031797
639:1464-343X
292:malachite
276:turquoise
245:alabaster
233:limestone
226:quarrying
61:tantalite
57:resources
2927:Category
2891:Olympics
2827:Football
2659:Hinduism
2627:Religion
2534:Feminism
2522:Families
2485:Diaspora
2448:Censuses
2438:Cannabis
2423:Abortion
2367:Airports
2362:Airlines
2338:Internet
2141:Passport
2119:Military
2092:Missions
2039:Politics
2020:Wildlife
1744:By topic
1657:Republic
1492:Sassanid
1336: /
1332: /
1325:(France)
1319: /
1297: /
1293: /
1245:Zimbabwe
1220:Tanzania
1070:Ethiopia
1065:Eswatini
1045:Djibouti
1010:Cameroon
995:Botswana
795:(1999).
761:(1999).
574:(1999).
412:See more
387:Colombia
383:emeralds
284:amethyst
261:dolomite
237:pyramids
193:alluvial
144:Centamin
108:asbestos
96:iron ore
2957:Commons
2876:Museums
2820:regions
2788:Cuisine
2773:Castles
2745:Culture
2715:Smoking
2696:Judaism
2684:Mosques
2563:Housing
2510:Schools
2416:General
2405:Society
2345:Tourism
2274:Fishing
2232:Banking
2216:Economy
1941:Islands
1931:Geology
1926:Fossils
1911:Deserts
1906:Climate
1896:Borders
1842:By city
1828:Saladin
1776:Genetic
1756:Capital
1643:Kingdom
1558:Ottoman
1424:Ancient
1399:History
1321:RĂ©union
1317:Mayotte
1308:Madeira
1303:(Spain)
1299:Melilla
1230:Tunisia
1200:Somalia
1185:Senegal
1170:Nigeria
1160:Namibia
1150:Morocco
1115:Liberia
1110:Lesotho
1060:Eritrea
1030:Comoros
1005:Burundi
980:Algeria
906:Bibcode
862:Bibcode
619:Bibcode
375:Islamic
304:Seti II
265:hammers
249:diorite
229:granite
215:in his
154:History
71:in the
54:mineral
2937:Portal
2778:Cinema
2632:BahĂĄÊŒĂ
2546:Health
2294:Mining
2264:Energy
1988:Rivers
1901:Cities
1823:Postal
1604:Modern
1549:Mamluk
1507:Fustat
1497:Muslim
1429:topics
1387:topics
1340:
1323:
1310:
1240:Zambia
1235:Uganda
1175:Rwanda
1130:Malawi
1090:Guinea
985:Angola
924:
880:
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