1069:). Each ministerial cabinet consists of around ten to twenty members, who are political appointees. Cabinet members assist the minister in running a ministry. Members of ministerial cabinets are powerful figures within the government and work in both the political and administrative spheres. The hierarchy in each ministerial cabinet is determined by the minister. Working groups consisting of representatives from several ministries are commonplace. It is the duty of the prime minister to oversee these inter-ministry meetings and to ensure that government work is done effectively and efficiently. All ministerial cabinet decisions must be co-signed by the prime minister. Any decree must also seek the prime minister's advice as well.
927:
They are appointed by the president of the
Republic. While the president is constitutionally free to appoint whomever they like, in practice, they must nominate a candidate that reflects the will of the majority of the National Assembly, as the government relies on the confidence of the French Parliament. After being nominated to lead a government, the prime minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the president. The president can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance:
229:
79:
6164:
5648:
5637:
747:
109:
6176:
971:) are junior ministers. This is the lowest rank in the French ministerial hierarchy. Secretaries work directly under a minister, or sometimes directly under the prime minister. While the Council of Ministers does not include secretaries of state as members, secretaries may attend meetings of the Council if their portfolio is up for discussion.
1052:. In the third part, usually, either one minister will give a presentation about some reform or project that they are directing, or the president will ask for advice on some subject from the ministers. In addition, the minister of foreign affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues.
1090:. Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers. The ministry also calculates the state budget for the coming year. The parliament must vote on all applications of finance law.
1047:
Meetings of the
Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace. They are presided over by the president of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers. These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council
1035:
All bills and some decrees must be approved by the
Council of Ministers. Furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of the government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the
1098:
Members of the French government cannot occupy any parliamentary office or position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity. These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable
926:
All members of the French government are appointed by the president of the
Republic on the advice of the prime minister. Members of the government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the prime minister is the head of government.
1012:) is established by the Constitution. It is composed only of the senior ministers, though some secretaries of state may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers is chaired by the president, unlike the government, but is still led by the prime minister, who was officially titled as the
1119:. If the government decides to launch an armed operation with a duration of longer than four months, it must first consult parliament and request an authorization. The prime minister may convene parliament for extraordinary sessions, or add additional sitting days to the legislative calendar.
1099:
them to focus on their governmental work. Thus, a member of the
National Assembly or the Senate who is appointed to the government must resign his or her seat in order to serve as a minister or as the prime minister. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are
1077:
The government is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French
Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law"
1103:, such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. While the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being the leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post.
1060:
Most government work, however, is done elsewhere. Much of it is done by each individual ministry, under the direction of the minister responsible for that ministry. Ministers each have their own staff, called a "ministerial cabinet"
1106:
The government is responsible to the French
Parliament. In particular, the government must assume responsibility for its actions before the National Assembly, and the National Assembly can dismiss the government with a
5105:
2892:
3127:
5537:
1728:
2110:
1659:
1459:
1448:
1644:
1604:
1216:
1190:
5098:
1850:
1835:
1322:
2885:
1048:
deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the
Council discusses individual decisions by each minister regarding the appointment of senior
5024:
3120:
5091:
1830:
364:
1721:
2103:
1426:
1289:
256:
2878:
3959:
3113:
1470:
993:
1870:
1579:
1152:
696:
1757:
1714:
5271:
2096:
1919:
5542:
5532:
2911:
1959:
1614:
1162:
784:
1969:
1914:
1889:
1801:
1752:
1544:
5641:
5552:
2033:
1609:
1180:
1175:
1112:
544:
380:
5684:
5607:
4072:
1654:
1211:
5168:
4969:
1589:
1249:
6213:
5901:
1584:
1198:
2018:
1949:
5547:
5488:
5158:
3543:
1944:
1860:
3952:
3669:
1993:
1929:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1013:
942:) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. It is an honorary rank, granted to some Ministers as a sign of prestige.
5582:
5567:
3599:
3285:
1974:
5562:
5498:
1954:
1894:
914:
650:
433:
5617:
5266:
3433:
1998:
448:
5597:
5592:
5572:
5397:
1840:
1772:
1629:
1599:
1594:
1403:
1157:
1142:
733:
525:
391:
309:
5651:
5587:
5119:
4556:
3945:
3913:
3806:
3619:
2043:
1964:
1899:
1855:
1680:
1649:
1206:
954:
777:
627:
535:
515:
485:
3249:
5622:
3872:
3644:
3167:
2038:
2013:
1939:
1924:
1537:
632:
411:
5557:
5314:
5002:
4805:
3213:
2178:
2130:
2067:
2008:
705:
144:
1111:. The government cannot function during the tenure of acting (interim) president, as that position is granted either to the
675:
1261:
6218:
6208:
5961:
5815:
5677:
5468:
4936:
3887:
3839:
3731:
3726:
3474:
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2301:
2173:
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1865:
1821:
1685:
685:
642:
416:
359:
5577:
5133:
5058:
4991:
4810:
4536:
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2003:
1934:
1909:
1639:
1624:
1619:
1185:
1147:
757:
284:
2433:
2281:
670:
6044:
5602:
5483:
5364:
5244:
5063:
4958:
4067:
3844:
3691:
2630:
2324:
2256:
2155:
1904:
1690:
1634:
1167:
770:
690:
663:
421:
210:
2349:
2241:
2208:
1845:
319:
294:
2824:
2569:
2213:
6180:
5516:
5478:
5309:
5068:
4947:
3849:
3811:
3536:
3490:
2839:
2829:
2794:
2784:
2769:
2658:
2625:
2592:
2471:
2150:
2072:
2028:
2023:
1530:
901:
582:
480:
355:
154:
3203:
2844:
2789:
2764:
2746:
2703:
2683:
2663:
2653:
2620:
2574:
2529:
2461:
2193:
680:
6069:
6021:
5611:
5035:
4227:
4016:
3791:
3485:
3079:
2927:
2849:
2814:
2774:
2708:
2688:
2678:
2615:
2564:
2544:
2501:
2496:
2443:
2405:
2236:
2198:
2077:
1791:
3382:
3198:
3188:
3157:
3094:
3003:
2968:
2922:
2799:
2779:
2741:
2698:
2693:
2668:
2648:
2554:
2539:
2519:
2481:
2395:
2390:
2372:
2319:
2291:
2276:
2266:
2218:
2183:
6168:
6064:
5873:
5820:
5670:
5463:
5013:
4446:
4252:
3761:
3721:
3701:
3681:
3584:
3387:
3377:
3234:
3193:
3183:
3013:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2963:
2809:
2804:
2736:
2673:
2549:
2534:
2491:
2476:
2410:
2354:
2339:
2309:
2271:
2251:
1695:
1675:
1565:
843:
426:
304:
124:
3418:
3316:
3301:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3064:
3059:
3018:
2998:
2973:
2937:
2854:
2834:
2718:
2610:
2559:
2524:
2466:
2428:
2344:
2334:
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3413:
3367:
3306:
3296:
3270:
3260:
3146:
3069:
3038:
3008:
2859:
2819:
2438:
2400:
2329:
2286:
2188:
5765:
5354:
5294:
5219:
4511:
4036:
3877:
3696:
3459:
3423:
3362:
3275:
3265:
3023:
2713:
2486:
2203:
1108:
637:
475:
242:
2942:
5800:
4305:
4242:
4237:
3897:
3882:
3867:
3829:
3776:
3771:
3746:
3604:
3454:
3336:
3105:
2902:
1984:
1029:
981:
858:
835:
728:
3392:
3341:
3089:
3084:
2088:
30:
This article is about the collective executive of France. For the entire governing system of France, see
5913:
5856:
5750:
5735:
5359:
5319:
5183:
5148:
5115:
4918:
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4152:
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3711:
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3564:
3529:
3331:
3137:
2870:
2120:
1743:
1025:
851:
622:
601:
249:
95:
3311:
3074:
5083:
3178:
3033:
3028:
2978:
2932:
5896:
5414:
5349:
5249:
4551:
4212:
3892:
3834:
3796:
3786:
3766:
3756:
3741:
3736:
3716:
3686:
3654:
3614:
3464:
2053:
1116:
6149:
5918:
5906:
5863:
5473:
5431:
5385:
5299:
5239:
4980:
4596:
4421:
4300:
4295:
4232:
4217:
3781:
3706:
3676:
2602:
2511:
2453:
2364:
2165:
1782:
1037:
897:
870:
615:
490:
466:
404:
368:
279:
134:
984:, the government directs and decides the policy of the nation. In practice, the government writes
862:
6114:
5453:
5441:
5436:
5392:
5342:
5199:
5178:
5173:
4707:
4526:
4451:
4222:
4011:
4001:
3510:
3449:
3444:
1128:
1087:
960:
847:
723:
520:
219:
67:
35:
31:
1482:
6016:
5996:
5941:
5493:
5448:
5424:
5407:
5304:
5289:
5259:
5254:
5204:
4872:
4835:
4766:
4717:
4591:
4320:
4031:
3495:
3372:
3326:
3321:
1437:
1409:
1399:
1301:
931:
909:
456:
384:
348:
228:
175:
857:
The
Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the
6076:
5923:
5891:
5868:
5704:
5458:
5419:
5380:
4882:
4737:
4426:
4406:
4340:
4310:
4285:
4247:
4026:
3505:
3500:
2640:
1767:
1762:
1371:
591:
530:
510:
335:
78:
6139:
6129:
6086:
6036:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5846:
5841:
5785:
5775:
5714:
5709:
5402:
5337:
5209:
4722:
4476:
4456:
4411:
4197:
1079:
1062:
1017:
1005:
964:
946:
935:
830:
814:
802:
505:
375:
290:
17:
2420:
953:) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. They lead government
6124:
6093:
6081:
6049:
5991:
5956:
5951:
5883:
5745:
5740:
5693:
5214:
5153:
5143:
5138:
4892:
4887:
4771:
4541:
4466:
4370:
4335:
3986:
2952:
2584:
2382:
2228:
2142:
1375:
1138:
The names of ministries change often in France. This is a list of current ministries:
6202:
6134:
6059:
6011:
5836:
5795:
5790:
5770:
5760:
4913:
4521:
4380:
4172:
4102:
4006:
2756:
2134:
1880:
1337:
1049:
874:
751:
553:
315:
1706:
6119:
6054:
6006:
6001:
5933:
5810:
5805:
4923:
4732:
4637:
4501:
4330:
4315:
4041:
1100:
1041:
3048:
1212:
Ministry of the Civil
Service, Simplification and Transformation of Public Action
5971:
5946:
5780:
5730:
4897:
4830:
4647:
4566:
4350:
4325:
4275:
4187:
4147:
4142:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4092:
4087:
2728:
905:
1036:
government is responsible for national defense, and directs the actions of the
6144:
6026:
5966:
5755:
4652:
4581:
4471:
4390:
4375:
4355:
4167:
4137:
4127:
4097:
3972:
985:
573:
563:
558:
4856:
4776:
4695:
4670:
4632:
4561:
4436:
4345:
4280:
4205:
4192:
4177:
4162:
4132:
4112:
1413:
1362:
A. Dutheillet de Lamothe (December 1965). "Ministerial Cabinets in France".
500:
992:. All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the
900:
following the recommendation of the prime minister, are responsible to the
3937:
1236:
4820:
4576:
4431:
4365:
4290:
4257:
4157:
4046:
3968:
1393:
1040:. The workings of the government of France are based on the principle of
880:
The government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state (
3521:
6109:
5163:
4862:
4627:
4586:
4531:
4506:
4360:
4182:
4082:
1522:
568:
495:
1181:
Ministry of Ecological Transition, Energy, Climate and Risk Prevention
4867:
4702:
4657:
3996:
3991:
989:
839:
114:
1172:
Ministry of Solidarity, Autonomy and Equality between Women and Men
5662:
1471:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title IV, Articles 28 and 29)
866:
179:
1163:
Ministry of Partnership with the Territories and Decentralization
5851:
892:), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (
5666:
5087:
3941:
3928:
3525:
3109:
2874:
2092:
1710:
1526:
877:, although the officeholder is not a member of the government.
4663:
1512:
3924:
1387:
1385:
1438:
https://franceintheus.org/IMG/pdf/legislative_elections.pdf
1427:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 23)
1290:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 20)
988:
to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues
896:). All members of the government, who are appointed by the
1615:
Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities
1460:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 35)
1449:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 49)
1323:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 9)
1250:
Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 8)
912:. Cases of ministerial misconduct are tried before the
1207:
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forestry
190:
6102:
6035:
5932:
5882:
5829:
5723:
5525:
5509:
5373:
5328:
5280:
5228:
5192:
5126:
5047:
4906:
4848:
4789:
4750:
4683:
4609:
4485:
4399:
4268:
4055:
3979:
3906:
3858:
3820:
3557:
3473:
3432:
3401:
3350:
3284:
3248:
3212:
3166:
3145:
3047:
2951:
2910:
2755:
2727:
2639:
2601:
2583:
2510:
2452:
2419:
2381:
2363:
2300:
2227:
2164:
2141:
2052:
1983:
1879:
1820:
1781:
1742:
1668:
1572:
1560:
257:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
185:
171:
160:
150:
140:
130:
120:
102:
90:
85:
45:
1660:Gender Equality, Diversity and Equal Opportunities
1392:Laver, Michael; Shepsle, Kenneth A., eds. (1994).
5174:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
1395:Cabinet ministers and parliamentary government
1302:"A short guide to the French political system"
1237:"The State budget | Agence France Trésor"
5678:
5099:
5025:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
3953:
3537:
3121:
2886:
2104:
1722:
1538:
1176:Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry
1158:Ministry of Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs
778:
8:
1203:Ministry of Sports, Youth and Community Life
884:), followed in protocol order by ministers (
823:
56:
34:. For the current government of France, see
27:Body exerting the executive power in France
5685:
5671:
5663:
5220:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
5106:
5092:
5084:
5051:
4793:
4754:
4687:
4615:
4489:
3960:
3946:
3938:
3925:
3544:
3530:
3522:
3128:
3114:
3106:
2893:
2879:
2871:
2111:
2097:
2089:
2034:Last cabinet of the French Second Republic
1729:
1715:
1707:
1545:
1531:
1523:
1398:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
785:
771:
205:
1645:Higher Education, Research and Innovation
1605:Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion
1357:
1355:
982:Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
869:. The meetings are presided over by the
861:in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the
831:[ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃dəlaʁepyblikfʁɑ̃sɛːz]
1332:
1330:
1228:
1153:Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
1101:allowed to keep local elected positions
825:Gouvernement de la République française
217:
58:Gouvernement de la République française
1217:Ministry of Higher Education, Research
697:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
42:
1285:
1283:
1195:Ministry of Housing and Urban Renewal
1168:Ministry of Health and Access to Care
1014:president of the Council of Ministers
829:
813:
7:
6175:
1585:National Education, Youth and Sports
1115:or the prime minister, compromising
850:, as well as both senior and junior
5179:Speaker / President of the assembly
1268:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2014
1262:"France: The role of the president"
5267:International development minister
1376:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1965.tb01658.x
1022:président du Conseil des ministres
25:
5642:Government ministers by portfolio
5398:Ministry of Education and Culture
1737:Governments of France (1792–1870)
1655:Public Transformation and Service
820:Government of the French Republic
392:Congress of the French Parliament
48:Government of the French Republic
6174:
6163:
6162:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5635:
1900:First ministry of Louis-Philippe
915:Cour de Justice de la République
745:
434:Cour de Justice de la République
227:
107:
77:
4970:Social and political philosophy
1483:"Composition of the Government"
6214:Government ministers of France
5315:Ministry of trade and industry
4806:Political history of the world
2131:Government of National Defense
2068:Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III
1812:Provisional Government of 1815
1797:Provisional Government of 1814
1199:Ministry of National Education
1191:Ministry of Labour, Employment
706:Politics of the European Union
1:
5962:Needle and syringe programmes
5816:Universal access to education
5469:Ministry of religious affairs
2063:Third cabinet of Napoleon III
1086:), which is equivalent to an
686:France and the United Nations
4811:History of political thought
1955:Transitional cabinet of 1839
6045:Publicly funded health care
5484:Ministry of social security
5365:Ministry of water resources
5245:Ministry of foreign affairs
5114:Common types of government
6235:
5517:Minister without portfolio
5479:Ministry of social affairs
5310:Ministry of infrastructure
1890:Paris Municipal Commission
1758:Committee of Public Safety
1580:Europe and Foreign Affairs
1126:
1004:The Council of Ministers (
815:[ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃fʁɑ̃sɛ]
536:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
29:
18:Minister of State (France)
6158:
6070:National health insurance
6022:Supervised injection site
5700:
5631:
5568:Communications ministries
5054:
4796:
4757:
4690:
4618:
4492:
4017:National unity government
3935:
2128:
922:Composition and formation
76:
65:
54:
6065:Single-payer health care
5874:Universal basic services
5821:Universal basic services
5563:Climate change ministers
5464:Ministry of home affairs
4447:Environmental regulation
4253:Representative democracy
1143:Ministry of the Interior
842:. It is composed of the
449:Administrative divisions
209:This article is part of
125:Prime Minister of France
5766:Public good (economics)
5652:Ministries by portfolio
5623:Public works ministries
5355:Ministry of electricity
5295:Ministry of the economy
5169:Office of the president
4512:Uncodified constitution
4037:Administrative division
1266:Encyclopædia Britannica
1113:president of the Senate
888:), ministers delegate (
481:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
5588:Environment ministries
5558:Agriculture ministries
5553:Presidents of assembly
5548:Deputy prime ministers
3600:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2912:Provisional Government
2903:French Fourth Republic
1994:Provisional Government
1573:Ministerial portfolios
1340:. Government of France
1338:"How Government works"
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5736:Free-culture movement
5583:Environment ministers
5489:Minister for Veterans
5360:Ministry of Petroleum
5320:Ministry of transport
5159:Deputy First Minister
5149:Deputy prime minister
5003:aspects of capitalism
4919:History of philosophy
4417:Unemployment benefits
4153:Military dictatorship
3552:Governments of Europe
3138:French Fifth Republic
2121:French Third Republic
1635:Solidarity and Health
1610:Ecological Transition
1364:Public Administration
1010:Conseil des ministres
807:Gouvernement français
6219:Government of France
6209:European governments
5578:Education ministries
5415:Information minister
5350:Environment minister
5250:Immigration minister
4937:Political ideologies
4213:Parliamentary system
1999:Executive Commission
1895:Provisional Ministry
1650:Agriculture and Food
1554:Government of France
1117:separation of powers
1094:Separation of powers
1000:Council of Ministers
961:Secretaries of state
799:Government of France
476:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
467:Metropolitan regions
145:Council of Ministers
6150:Public viewing area
5919:Public water system
5907:Municipal broadband
5864:Public broadcasting
5474:Ministry of science
5432:Ministry of justice
5425:Ministry of housing
5386:Ministry of culture
5300:Ministry of finance
5240:Ministry of defence
5059:Forms of government
4992:Conservatism navbox
4597:Legislative council
4422:National healthcare
4296:Christian democracy
4218:Presidential system
4073:Countries by system
3821:States with limited
3136:Governments of the
2901:Governments of the
2603:Alexandre Millerand
2365:Jean Casimir-Perier
2166:Patrice de MacMahon
2119:Governments of the
1753:National Convention
1590:Economy and Finance
1186:Ministry of Culture
1148:Ministry of Justice
1067:Cabinet ministériel
1038:French Armed Forces
871:president of France
491:Centre-Val de Loire
135:President of France
6115:Government auction
5801:Public procurement
5618:Interior ministers
5499:Minister for women
5454:Ministry of sports
5442:Ministry of labour
5437:Minister of labour
5408:Ministry of health
5393:Education minister
5343:Ministry of energy
5200:Secretary of state
5064:Types of democracy
4959:Political spectrum
4572:Legislative bodies
4527:Head of government
4452:Banking regulation
4012:Federal government
4002:Central government
2044:Louis Napoleon (2)
2039:Louis Napoleon (1)
1561:Head of government
1129:Barnier government
1123:Current government
1088:appropriation bill
994:government gazette
969:secrétaires d'État
932:Ministers of state
894:secrétaires d'État
890:ministres délégués
848:head of government
818:), officially the
734:Political scandals
521:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
422:Court of Cassation
220:Politics of France
69:Central government
36:Barnier government
32:Politics of France
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1304:. 19 October 2014
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902:National Assembly
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664:Foreign relations
651:Political parties
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3140:(1958–present)
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2209:de Broglie III
2206:
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2143:Adolphe Thiers
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2016:
2011:
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1996:
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1978:
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1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
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1932:
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1910:Casimir Perier
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1744:First Republic
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1566:Prime Minister
1564:
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1505:External links
1503:
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1370:(4): 365–475.
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844:prime minister
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718:Related topics
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427:Court of Audit
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385:Gérard Larcher
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305:Prime Minister
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250:Fifth Republic
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151:Responsible to
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96:Fifth Republic
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6135:Public sector
6133:
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6060:Job guarantee
6058:
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6025:
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6015:
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6012:Public toilet
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:Public school
6000:
5998:
5995:
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5988:
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5897:Oil & gas
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5837:Civil service
5835:
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5809:
5807:
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5796:Public rights
5794:
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5791:Public policy
5789:
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5779:
5777:
5774:
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5771:Public health
5769:
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5764:
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5761:Public domain
5759:
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5612:mental health
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5233:public safety
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4914:Human history
4912:
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4909:
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4522:Head of state
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4408:
4405:
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4398:
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4389:
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4384:
4382:
4381:Progressivism
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
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4228:Collaborative
4226:
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4211:
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4199:
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4184:
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4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Republicanism
4171:
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4159:
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4119:
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4106:
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4103:Confederation
4101:
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4007:Unitary state
4005:
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4000:
3998:
3995:
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3990:
3988:
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3873:Faroe Islands
3871:
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3845:South Ossetia
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3692:Liechtenstein
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3225:Chaban-Delmas
3223:
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3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
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3159:
3158:De Gaulle III
3156:
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3148:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
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3108:
3096:
3095:De Gaulle III
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
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3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
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3068:
3066:
3065:Mendès France
3063:
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2851:
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2828:
2826:
2825:Chautemps III
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
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2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
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2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:Albert Lebrun
2754:
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2570:Clemenceau II
2568:
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2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
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2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:de Rochebouët
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:de Broglie II
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:Paris Commune
2132:
2127:
2123:(1870 – 1940)
2122:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:Second Empire
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
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1989:
1986:
1982:
1976:
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1968:
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1963:
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1948:
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1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
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1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:July Monarchy
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Richelieu (2)
1849:
1847:
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1836:Richelieu (1)
1834:
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1773:Paris Commune
1771:
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1405:0-521-43246-4
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1133:
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1120:
1118:
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1093:
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1070:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
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1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:) during the
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
970:
966:
962:
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948:
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933:
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929:
928:
921:
919:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
875:head of state
872:
868:
864:
863:Élysée Palace
860:
855:
853:
849:
846:, who is the
845:
841:
837:
834:), exercises
832:
826:
821:
816:
808:
804:
800:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
768:
766:
765:
759:
756:
755:
753:
743:
742:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
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721:
715:
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707:
704:
703:
698:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
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672:
669:
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665:
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648:
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639:
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634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
612:
611:
604:
603:
599:
598:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
580:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:French Guiana
552:
551:
547:
546:
542:
541:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Île-de-France
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
464:
463:
459:
458:
454:
453:
450:
445:
444:
436:
435:
430:
428:
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420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
370:
366:
363:
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
350:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:Gabriel Attal
314:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
268:
267:
259:
258:
253:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:Constitutions
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
226:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
207:
196:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:299.7 billion
163:
161:Annual budget
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:
71:
64:
59:
53:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6179:
6167:
6120:Public float
6055:Job creation
6007:Public space
5934:Public works
5811:Public value
5806:Public trust
5039:}}
5033:{{
5028:}}
5022:{{
5017:}}
5011:{{
5006:}}
5000:{{
4995:}}
4989:{{
4984:}}
4978:{{
4973:}}
4967:{{
4962:}}
4956:{{
4951:}}
4945:{{
4940:}}
4934:{{
4928:
4924:Civilization
4877:
4855:
4825:
4815:
4800:
4761:
4733:Civil rights
4727:
4712:
4694:
4662:
4642:
4638:Town meeting
4622:
4571:
4546:
4516:
4502:Constitution
4496:
4461:
4441:
4385:
4331:Distributism
4316:Conservatism
4301:Collectivism
4269:Philosophies
4243:Cosmopolitan
4238:Conservative
4204:
4077:
4068:Govt systems
4062:
4042:Municipality
4021:
3850:Transnistria
3812:Vatican City
3639:
3478:(since 2017)
3388:Raffarin III
3194:Pompidou III
3014:Queuille III
2928:De Gaulle II
2840:Daladier III
2830:Chautemps IV
2795:Doumergue II
2785:Chautemps II
2770:Paul-Boncour
2659:Painlevé III
2626:Poincaré III
2593:Millerand II
2472:Clemenceau I
2421:Émile Loubet
2174:de Broglie I
1807:Hundred Days
1783:First Empire
1595:Armed Forces
1553:
1492:17 September
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1466:
1455:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1394:
1367:
1363:
1342:. Retrieved
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1296:
1270:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1245:
1231:
1137:
1105:
1097:
1076:
1059:
1046:
1042:collegiality
1034:
1003:
979:
925:
913:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
859:Constitution
856:
819:
806:
798:
796:
729:Human rights
628:Presidential
600:
581:
543:
465:
455:
432:
329:
328:
303:
278:
271:
255:
172:Headquarters
131:Appointed by
40:
5972:Public bank
5947:Free clinic
5781:Public land
5731:Common good
5281:Economics /
4898:World Court
4831:Magna Carta
4648:Legislation
4610:Governance
4567:Legislature
4442:Regulation:
4351:Familialism
4326:Corporatism
4306:Communalism
4276:Agrarianism
4188:Technocracy
4148:Meritocracy
4143:Kleptocracy
4123:Ergatocracy
4118:Electocracy
4108:Colonialism
4093:Bureaucracy
4088:Aristocracy
3888:Isle of Man
3823:recognition
3792:Switzerland
3727:Netherlands
3491:Philippe II
3437:(2012–2017)
3406:(2007–2012)
3383:Raffarin II
3355:(1995–2007)
3289:(1981–1995)
3253:(1974–1981)
3240:Messmer III
3217:(1969–1974)
3199:Pompidou IV
3189:Pompidou II
3171:(1959–1969)
3150:(1958–1959)
3052:(1954–1958)
3004:Queuille II
2999:Bidault III
2969:Ramadier II
2956:(1947–1954)
2923:De Gaulle I
2915:(1944–1946)
2905:(1946–1958)
2845:Daladier IV
2790:Daladier II
2765:Herriot III
2747:Tardieu III
2729:Paul Doumer
2704:Chautemps I
2684:Poincaré IV
2664:Briand VIII
2654:Painlevé II
2621:Poincaré II
2575:Millerand I
2530:Doumergue I
2462:Rouvier III
2383:Félix Faure
2302:Sadi Carnot
2229:Jules Grévy
2194:Dufaure III
1822:Restoration
1746:(1792–1804)
1681:Information
1518:(in French)
945:Ministers (
906:lower house
633:Legislative
623:Referendums
602:Departments
349:Legislature
199:(in French)
91:Established
6203:Categories
6145:Public use
6027:Urban park
5967:Public art
5756:Public bad
5533:Presidents
5229:Defence /
5127:Leadership
5120:ministries
5048:Categories
4981:liberalism
4929:Templates:
4826:Documents:
4801:Overviews:
4653:Regulation
4582:Parliament
4486:Components
4472:Sanitation
4462:Municipal:
4391:John Locke
4376:Liberalism
4356:Fanaticism
4168:Plutocracy
4138:Geniocracy
4128:Federalism
4098:Capitalism
3973:government
3930:Government
3762:San Marino
3722:Montenegro
3702:Luxembourg
3682:Kazakhstan
3585:Azerbaijan
3486:Philippe I
3450:Ayrault II
3424:Fillon III
3378:Raffarin I
3307:Mauroy III
3286:Mitterrand
3235:Messmer II
3184:Pompidou I
2994:Bidault II
2989:Queuille I
2984:Schuman II
2964:Ramadier I
2850:Daladier V
2815:Sarraut II
2775:Daladier I
2709:Tardieu II
2689:Poincaré V
2679:Herriot II
2616:Briand VII
2565:Painlevé I
2545:Viviani II
2502:Briand III
2497:Poincaré I
2444:Rouvier II
2406:Brisson II
2237:Waddington
2199:Dufaure IV
2156:Dufaure II
2014:Barrot (2)
2009:Barrot (1)
1965:Thiers (2)
1940:Thiers (1)
1935:de Broglie
1831:Talleyrand
1344:6 December
1308:5 December
1272:6 December
1223:References
1134:Ministries
1056:Ministries
955:ministries
811:pronounced
564:Martinique
559:Guadeloupe
360:Membership
330:Government
141:Main organ
5134:President
5116:ministers
4857:Diplomacy
4777:Sociology
4708:Campaigns
4696:Elections
4671:Precedent
4643:Outcomes:
4633:Committee
4612:processes
4562:Judiciary
4537:President
4497:Documents
4437:Espionage
4400:Functions
4346:Extremism
4281:Anarchism
4233:Consensus
4223:Cellular
4206:Democracy
4193:Theocracy
4178:Socialism
4163:Oligarchy
4133:Feudalism
4113:Communism
3980:Overviews
3878:Gibraltar
3697:Lithuania
3465:Cazeneuve
3445:Ayrault I
3419:Fillon II
3337:Bérégovoy
3327:Rocard II
3317:Chirac II
3302:Mauroy II
3276:Barre III
3230:Messmer I
3168:De Gaulle
3060:Laniel II
3019:Pleven II
2974:Schuman I
2938:Bidault I
2800:Flandin I
2780:Sarraut I
2742:Laval III
2699:Tardieu I
2694:Briand XI
2669:Briand IX
2649:Herriot I
2555:Briand VI
2540:Viviani I
2520:Briand IV
2482:Briand II
2396:Bourgeois
2391:Ribot III
2373:Dupuy III
2320:Tirard II
2292:Rouvier I
2277:Brisson I
2267:Fallières
2219:Dufaure V
2184:de Cissey
2151:Dufaure I
2056:(1852–70)
2004:Cavaignac
1987:(1848–52)
1970:Soult (3)
1960:Soult (2)
1915:Soult (1)
1883:(1830–48)
1871:Mortemart
1861:Martignac
1841:Dessolles
1824:(1814–30)
1785:(1804–14)
976:Functions
951:Ministres
898:president
886:ministres
852:ministers
643:Municipal
616:Elections
526:Occitania
501:Grand Est
405:Judiciary
381:President
365:President
280:President
272:Executive
6169:Category
6103:See also
5724:Concepts
5184:Minister
4821:Suffrage
4751:Academic
4684:Politics
4623:Process:
4592:Assembly
4577:Congress
4557:Ministry
4432:Military
4366:Feminism
4291:Centrism
4258:Republic
4158:Monarchy
4078:Systems:
4047:Township
3969:Politics
3898:Svalbard
3883:Guernsey
3830:Abkhazia
3777:Slovenia
3772:Slovakia
3747:Portugal
3605:Bulgaria
3460:Valls II
3434:Hollande
3414:Fillon I
3393:Villepin
3368:Juppé II
3342:Balladur
3322:Rocard I
3297:Mauroy I
3271:Barre II
3261:Chirac I
3214:Pompidou
3090:Pflimlin
3085:Gaillard
3070:Faure II
3039:Laniel I
3009:Pleven I
2943:Blum III
2810:Laval IV
2805:Bouisson
2737:Laval II
2674:Briand X
2550:Briand V
2535:Ribot IV
2477:Briand I
2411:Dupuy IV
2355:Dupuy II
2340:Ribot II
2310:Tirard I
2272:Ferry II
2252:Gambetta
2073:Ollivier
2019:Hautpoul
1950:Molé (2)
1945:Molé (1)
1905:Laffitte
1866:Polignac
1792:Napoleon
1630:Overseas
1600:Interior
1414:29669008
724:Centrism
676:Americas
516:Normandy
486:Brittany
211:a series
86:Overview
6181:Commons
6110:Commons
5164:Premier
4907:Related
4863:Embassy
4816:Reforms
4790:History
4728:Issues:
4713:Groups:
4628:Hearing
4587:Council
4552:Cabinet
4547:Bodies:
4532:Monarch
4507:Charter
4361:Fascism
4183:Statism
4083:Anarchy
4056:Systems
4022:Levels:
3802:Ukraine
3752:Romania
3712:Moldova
3670:Ireland
3665:Iceland
3660:Hungary
3650:Germany
3645:Georgia
3635:Finland
3630:Estonia
3625:Denmark
3610:Croatia
3595:Belgium
3590:Belarus
3580:Austria
3575:Armenia
3570:Andorra
3565:Albania
3511:Barnier
3455:Valls I
3403:Sarkozy
3363:Juppé I
3332:Cresson
3266:Barre I
3024:Faure I
2855:Reynaud
2835:Blum II
2719:Laval I
2611:Leygues
2560:Ribot V
2525:Barthou
2492:Sarrien
2467:Sarrien
2429:Dupuy V
2345:Dupuy I
2335:Ribot I
2315:Floquet
2262:Duclerc
2247:Ferry I
2029:Faucher
1930:Mortier
1856:Villèle
1846:Decazes
1625:Culture
1620:Justice
990:decrees
908:of the
574:Réunion
569:Mayotte
496:Corsica
457:Regions
186:Website
5640:
5374:Social
5272:Europe
5193:Titles
4878:World:
4868:Treaty
4703:Voting
4658:Zoning
4517:Roles:
4063:Lists:
3997:Empire
3992:Nation
3893:Jersey
3835:Kosovo
3797:Turkey
3787:Sweden
3767:Serbia
3757:Russia
3742:Poland
3737:Norway
3717:Monaco
3687:Latvia
3655:Greece
3640:France
3615:Cyprus
3496:Castex
3475:Macron
3373:Jospin
3352:Chirac
3312:Fabius
3075:Mollet
2953:Auriol
2860:Pétain
2820:Blum I
2439:Combes
2401:Méline
2330:Loubet
2287:Goblet
2189:Buffet
1975:Guizot
1920:Gérard
1691:Police
1412:
1402:
1080:French
1073:Budget
1063:French
1018:French
1006:French
965:French
947:French
936:French
904:, the
873:, the
840:France
803:French
671:Africa
638:Senate
376:Senate
121:Leader
112:
5526:Lists
5510:Other
3987:State
3868:Åland
3782:Spain
3707:Malta
3677:Italy
3506:Attal
3501:Borne
3179:Debré
3034:Mayer
3029:Pinay
2979:Marie
2933:Gouin
2714:Steeg
2487:Monis
2204:Simon
1925:Maret
1026:Third
986:bills
867:Paris
336:Attal
193:.gouv
180:Paris
103:State
5118:and
3971:and
3147:Coty
3049:Coty
1686:Navy
1494:2021
1410:OCLC
1400:ISBN
1346:2014
1310:2014
1274:2014
1028:and
854:.
797:The
681:Asia
320:LREM
310:list
295:LREM
285:list
191:info
4664:Law
1696:War
1676:Air
1640:Sea
1372:doi
865:in
838:in
195:.fr
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2133:–
1485:.
1408:.
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1366:.
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