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302:"ministerium of North America." They successfully adopted a common liturgy to be used in North America. This meeting has become "the most important event in the history of North American Lutheranism". Attendees came from Philadelphia, New Hanover, Providence, Germantown, Tulpehocken, Lancaster, Upper Milford, and Saccum congregations.
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the Dutch
Reformed model and by Muhlenberg's Pietism and did not insist on strict adherence to the Lutheran Confessions. During these early years, there were both German and Swedish pastors in the Ministerium. Members of the Ministerium could be found in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and even the Carolinas.
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The
Ministerium remained a relatively informal association until a constitution was drafted and agreed upon in 1781. Along with a formal constitution, it adopted the name of the "German Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of North America". The churches of the ministerium followed a polity influenced by
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in the 1860s. Yet this was not the biggest challenge to
Lutheran unity in the middle of the 19th century. As the importance of the Lutheran Confessions grew among American Lutherans, Samuel Schmucker, who was once seen as confessionally conservative, found himself on the outside of the consensus of
293:. A tension between pious and orthodox religious interpretations was present in Europe and North American Lutherans. The conference intentionally excluded congregations critical of pious interpretation. A conference was assembled but was disrupted by the orthodox Swedish preacher Rev. Nyburg of the
344:
The
General Synod served largely in an advisory function—each church body within the Synod retained its constitution and independence. The primary role of the Synod was to facilitate cooperation among the various church bodies. It was under the auspices of the General Synod, with the leadership of
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In the following decades, the
Ministerium became less concerned with its relationship with the Reformed church. It saw a significant increase in Lutheran identity and the importance of the Lutheran Confessions. Thus, in 1853, the Ministerium rejoined other Lutherans in the General Synod. However,
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Despite its role in establishing the
General Synod, the Pennsylvania Ministerium withdrew from the inter-Lutheran organization in 1823. There was a close relationship within the Ministerium between Lutheran and Reformed congregations, and many felt that the General Synod might jeopardize that
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Five years later, a conference was again assembled. At
Muhlenberg's request, Lutheran pastors met in Philadelphia on August 26, 1748, for the first Church Conference. Six pastors and lay representatives from ten congregations attended the meeting, where they agreed to work together as the
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It is unclear whether the
Ministerium members intended this to be a permanent break or a temporary protest, but it became permanent when the officials at the next Gathering of the General Synod refused to admit delegates from the Ministerium. The Ministerium then found itself on its own.
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The
Pennsylvania Ministerium remained an independent Lutheran church body in the years following. However, the Ministerium sought to maintain a relationship with the General Synod, including continuing to send its ministerial students to the General Synod's seminary in Gettysburg.
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Muhlenberg's influence went beyond those congregations he served; he organized other
Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania so that they might work in cooperation. Such was his influence that Muhlenberg became regarded to be "the patriarch of the Lutheran church in North America".
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colony. Tension around this conference extended beyond Pennsylvania. Open remarks from William C. Berkenmeyer against John C. Hartwick of New York were published in a booklet. His Swedish colleagues in Delaware criticized Carl M. Wrangel for having pietistic leanings.
423:, a Lutheran church body noted for its progressive politics and utter disregard for the Lutheran Confessions, was admitted to the General Synod, the leadership of the Ministerium had seen enough. At the 1864 gathering of the General Synod, at which the
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In 1818, the Pennsylvania Ministerium began talks of organizing the various Lutheran church bodies in America so that they could "stand in some or another in closer connection with one another". At a meeting in
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474:. This event, while marking a watershed of unity among American Lutherans, also marked the end of the Pennsylvania Ministerium. The ULCA would later join with other American Lutherans to form the
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ed. E. Clifford Nelson (Philadelphia:Fortress Press, 1980) pp. 372–373. Meuser especially addresses the role that the anniversary of the Reformation played in the foundation of the ULCA.
324:. Mindful of this and other Lutheran church bodies founded in North America, in 1792, the group in Philadelphia renamed itself "The Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States".
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The fifteenth Church Conference of 1762, led by Muhlenberg, was held at St Michael's Church, Philadelphia. Four Swedish and ten German preachers represented area congregations.
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The Pennsylvania Ministerium remained a constituent church of the General Council from 1867 to 1917. In 1918, following the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the
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In 1864, unhappy with the direction of the General Synod and its seminary at Gettysburg, the Ministerium established a new seminary in Philadelphia, later known as the
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were admitted, the delegates from the Ministerium left in protest. The General Synod later passed a resolution affirming and strengthening their commitment to the
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relationship. In addition, many in the Ministerium were wary of a centralized organization and the control that it might exert over individual congregations.
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341:") was founded. At the outset, this group consisted of the Pennsylvania Ministerium, along with the New York Ministerium and the Maryland-Virginia Synod.
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Documentary history of the Evangelical Lutheran ministerium of Pennsylvania and adjacent states: Proceedings of the annual conventions from 1748 to 1821
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320:(second son of the earlier patriarch) organized the growing number of Lutheran congregations and clergy in the state of New York into the
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and came to the Philadelphia region in significant numbers. By 1683, the German population was large enough to form communities such as
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was not enough to cause the Pennsylvania Ministerium to leave the General Synod, but it was a foretaste of things to come. When the
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in the colonies. A conference was proposed to create a closer union between the area congregations' preachers, elders, and deacons.
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to head it. This was followed, in 1867, with the Ministerium being joined by 13 other church bodies in a more conservative and
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412:, and sought to establish a distinctly American Lutheranism that was more at home with other Protestants in the country.
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Lutheranism, the Ministerium continued to influence the church politics of Lutherans in America into the 20th century.
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563:. Board of Publication of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America. 1898. p.
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other Lutherans. In 1855, Schmucker, along with two other theologians from the Gettysburg seminary, penned the
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The Pennsylvania Ministerium, also referred to as the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, was the source of the first
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This document downplayed the importance of the Confessions, suggesting an edited "American Recension" of the
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346:
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One Great Cloud of Witnesses: You and Your Congregation in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,
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settlers began arriving in North America in the mid-17th century. They were particularly attracted by
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was founded at a Church Conference of Lutheran clergy on August 26, 1748. The group was known as the
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232:. The Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church was completed in 1700. Colonization extended to present-day
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in Germany sent 24 clergy members to minister in the colonies in 1742. Among those sent was
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German Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States (1792–1918)
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466:, the three Lutheran church bodies of eastern America (the General Synod, the
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175:"German Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States"
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By the mid-18th century, there was a growing need for well-trained Lutheran
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Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America
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German Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of North America (1748–1792)
391:, which contains the documents known as the "Lutheran Confessions"
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246:'s promise of religious freedom in what was then the colonial
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tribe, meaning "pleasant place". These Swedish settlers were
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Evangelical Lutheran Church in America predecessor churches
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ed. E. Clifford Nelson (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980)
795:
ed. E. Clifford Nelson (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980)
337:, in October 1820, the General Synod (formally titled the "
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churches, the General Synod was split on the issue of the
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in America. Because of its unique place in the history of
171:"German Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of North America"
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An 1803 hymnal published by the Pennsylvania Ministerium
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Lutheran denominations established in the 18th century
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colony, established residences in what would become
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764:Fred W. Meuser, "Facing the Twentieth Century" in
684:; both schools are currently affiliated with the
470:, and the General Council) reunited to form the
373:this renewed relationship would be short-lived.
798:Tappert, Theodore, "The Church's Infancy" in
478:in 1962; that body, in turn, helped form the
440:Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia
8:
864:Religious organizations established in 1748
671:Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg
755:(Minneapolis:Fortress Press, 2002) p. 192.
633:(Minneapolis:Fortress Press, 2002) p. 175.
611:(Minneapolis:Fortress Press, 2002) p. 175.
40:
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859:Lutheran denominations in North America
779:"Key to ELCA Predecessor Church Bodies"
501:(Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997) pp. 38–40
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686:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
480:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
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208:settlers, colonizing north along the
173:until 1792, when it adopted the name
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46:Seal of the Pennsylvania Ministerium
834:1748 establishments in Pennsylvania
517:Queen Village Neighbors Association
791:, "The Early National Period," in
25:
472:United Lutheran Church in America
458:United Lutheran Church in America
254:, which is now a neighborhood in
131:United Lutheran Church in America
800:The Lutherans in North America,
793:The Lutherans in North America,
766:The Lutherans in North America,
1:
27:American Lutheran church body
406:Definite Synodical Platform.
161:. With the encouragement of
676:September 27, 2013, at the
590:Nelson, Clifford E (1975).
417:Definite Synodical Platform
18:Ministerium of Pennsylvania
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813:"Pennsylvania Ministerium"
781:, retrieved July 10, 2007.
592:Lutherans in North America
513:"History of Queen Village"
476:Lutheran Church in America
450:organization known as the
444:Charles Porterfield Krauth
200:Lutherans in North America
753:A History of Lutheranism,
631:A History of Lutheranism,
609:A History of Lutheranism,
468:United Synod of the South
291:Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
163:Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
103:Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
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844:18th-century Lutheranism
669:See the websites of the
359:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
248:Province of Pennsylvania
151:Pennsylvania Ministerium
35:Pennsylvania Ministerium
322:Ministerium of New York
318:Frederick A. Muhlenberg
724:Anderson, pp. 217–227.
715:Anderson, pp. 217, 221
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347:Samuel Simon Schmucker
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78:(1820–1823; 1853–1864)
742:Anderson, pp. 232–233
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839:1748 in Christianity
817:Concordia University
335:Hagerstown, Maryland
262:Ministerium founding
220:, at a place called
789:Anderson, H. George
541:Tappert, pp. 21–31.
429:Augsburg Confession
410:Augsburg Confession
287:University of Halle
682:Gettysburg College
523:on October 6, 2014
497:See Lowell Almen,
401:American Civil War
393:
349:, that a Lutheran
285:foundation at the
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697:Anderson, p. 122.
660:Anderson, p. 116.
594:. Fortress Press.
511:Sitarski, Steve.
165:(1711–1787), the
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116:Philadelphia
93:Pennsylvania
91:In and near
72:Associations
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464:Reformation
167:Ministerium
127:Merged into
105:(1711–1787)
83:(1867–1918)
62:Orientation
828:Categories
527:October 1,
486:References
397:Protestant
295:New Sweden
252:Germantown
214:New Sweden
56:Protestant
482:in 1988.
425:Frankeans
316:In 1784,
230:Lutherans
212:from the
204:In 1638,
674:Archived
351:seminary
182:Lutheran
155:Lutheran
66:Lutheran
355:college
283:Pietist
234:Trenton
222:Wiccaco
206:Swedish
195:History
185:liturgy
99:Founder
276:clergy
240:German
226:Lenape
133:(1918)
122:, U.S.
110:Origin
88:Region
680:and
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