1518:, Morocco engaged in a crackdown against Islamic extremists, arresting thousands, prosecuting 1,200, and sentencing around 900. Religious minorities not specially recognized by the government, such as Christians and Baháʼís, continue to face obstacles to religious practice. In 2016, a new press code was implemented, removing jail time as a potential punishment for insulting Islam (along with several other types of speech not related to religion), although these acts remain punishable by fines. This change is a reform of a press law implemented in 2002, also during the reign of Mohammed VI. This press code, however, was undermined by further changes to the penal code, which effectively reinstated prison sentences for the charges.
1608:($ 21 to US$ 53) and 6 months to 3 years of prison. Foreigners may instead be expelled from the country. It is not, however, illegal for Muslims to convert voluntarily. It is illegal to criticize Islam on public platforms, punishable by fines of up to 200,000 dirham (~US$ 21,000) and up to two years of prison. Impeding people from worship is also illegal, punishable by fines and imprisonment. Muslims who break their fast in public without a religious exception during Ramadan can also be fined and imprisoned.
1440:, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, which officially recognized Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam as the three religions of Morocco. During this period, intellectuals in the nascent Moroccan nationalist movement tended to advocate for a secular state, favoring the separation of church and state and opposing the influence of religious authorities. The popularity of these tendencies could be attributed first to French republican ideals such as
1326:, which was replaced by a policy of forced conversion. Following a seventh month grace period, most of the Jews and Christians in Morocco were forced to convert to Islam on pain of death, or fled the country. Many cases of Jews and Christians choosing to die as martyrs were recorded. Converts were further treated with suspicion, and were forced to wear identifying clothing.
1884:
1648:
establish churches. Christian citizens stated authorities made phone or house calls several times a year to demonstrate they had lists of members of
Christian networks and monitored Christian activities. Foreigners attended religious services without restriction at places of worship belonging to officially recognized churches.
1596:
residents before they can become guardians of abandoned or orphaned children. Guardianship entails the caretaking of a child, which may last until the child reaches 18, but does not allow changing the child's name or inheritance rights, and requires maintaining the child's birth religion, according to orphanage directors.
1647:
Some
Christian citizens have reported authorities pressured Christian converts to renounce their faith by informing the converts’ friends, relatives, and employers of the individuals’ conversion, although there were no reported instances of this practice in 2019. Christian citizens are not allowed to
1394:
Many of the sultans of the
Alaouite dynasty appointed non-Muslims to positions of power, although as a consequence of various power struggles and succession crises, non-Muslims who were awarded with high appointments by one sultan were sometimes later singled out for punishment by his successor. The
1595:
administer the courts for personal status matters for all other religious groups. According to the law, a Muslim man may marry a
Christian or Jewish woman; a Muslim woman may not marry a man of another religion unless he converts to Islam. Non-Muslims must formally convert to Islam and be permanent
1478:
Mohammed V would become the first king of independent
Morocco following negotiations with France, establishing the country as a constitutional monarchy. A constitution was drafted during his reign, although it would not be ratified until 1962, after his death. This constitution re-established Islam
1668:
Muslim citizens often study at private
Christian and private Jewish schools, reportedly primarily because these schools maintained a reputation for offering superior education. According to school administrators, Muslim students constitute a significant portion of the students at Jewish schools in
1643:
Foreign clergy said they discouraged the country's
Christian citizens from attending their churches out of fear they could be criminally charged with proselytism. Some Christian citizens reported authorities pressured Christian converts to renounce their faith. On several occasions, the government
1660:
By law, all publicly funded educational institutions must teach Sunni Islam in accordance with the teachings and traditions of the Maliki-Ashari school of
Islamic jurisprudence. Foreign-run and privately funded schools have the choice of teaching Islamic or of not including religious instruction
1288:
The
Almoravid dynasty which came to power in the 11th century imposed stricter interpretations of Islamic law on its territories, comprising the western parts of modern Morocco, as well as the southern half of Iberia. While their rule was mostly free of major abuses against religious minorities,
1086:
of
Morocco, although other anti-Jewish laws were successfully passed. Following independence in 1956, Morocco established a constitution which re-established Islam as a state religion, and nominally provides for the freedom of religion, although as mentioned above, discrimination against certain
1032:
are freely able to practice their religious beliefs, taking into account both government policies and societal attitudes toward religious groups. The constitution declares that Islam is the religion of the state, with the state guaranteeing freedom of thought, expression, and assembly. The state
1562:
oversees the content of sermons in mosques, Islamic religious education, and the dissemination of Islamic religious material by the broadcast media, actions it says are intended to combat violent extremism. The government restricts the distribution of non-Islamic religious materials, as well as
1248:
While Christianity would largely disappear from the region over the following century, this has been attributed to a combination of social and economic pressure, as well as the waning prestige and influence of the Christian Church in the region, rather than to persecution. Meanwhile, the Jewish
1044:
are the only religions recognized by the Moroccan constitution as native to the country, with all other religions being considered "foreign". While foreigners can generally practice their religion in peace, citizens who practice "foreign religions" face obstacles from the government and social
1081:
instituted harsh religious rule, and forced all non-Muslims to convert on pain of death. Later dynasties reinstated policies of religious tolerance, allowing Jews and Christians to return to the country, although these later dynasties were also sometimes marked by the persecution of religious
1162:
Christian leaders estimate there are between 2,000 and 6,000 Christian citizens distributed throughout the country, although some leaders state there may be as many as 38,000. Foreign-resident Christian leaders estimate the foreign-resident Christian population numbers at least 30,000
1651:
Some religious minority groups, such as the Baháʼí community, practiced their religion without formal registration. In October 2017 media reported that authorities prevented the Baháʼí community from publicly celebrating the bicentennial of the birth of the faith's founder.
1395:
position of town consul in Morocco was held almost exclusively by Jewish merchants until 1875. Towards the end of this era, European powers extended "protection" to Jewish communities in Morocco, and then used this as a pretext to interfere in Moroccan politics. During the
1379:
The Saadi dynasty reimposed heavy taxes against non-Muslims, but also continued to appoint non-Muslims to positions of authority in Morocco. Local rulers, as well as general Arab society, were not always as tolerant, at times subjecting non-Muslims to harsh humiliations.
1538:
community in Morocco as an integral component of Moroccan society. The Protestant and Catholic Churches, whose existence as foreign-resident churches predates the country's independence in 1956, maintain a special status recognized by the government since independence.
1550:, which become legally binding only through endorsement by the king in a royal decree and subsequent confirmation by parliamentary legislation. If the king or parliament decline to ratify a decision of the Ulema, the decision remains nonbinding and unenforced.
1072:
in the 11th and 12th centuries, the region experienced a period of significant religious tolerance; Jews and Christians were required to pay special taxes, but otherwise were allowed to practice their religions in peace, allowing for the flourishing of a
1685:
Shia Muslims report that in some areas, particularly in large cities in the north, they did not hide their faith from family, friends, or neighbors, but that many avoided disclosing their religious affiliation in areas where their numbers were smaller.
1465:, technically still the sultan of Morocco under the French protectorate. However, some Nazi race laws were still implemented despite Mohammed's protests, and he was forced to sign certain laws barring Jews from certain schools and government positions.
1681:
Members of the Baháʼí Faith are generally open about their faith with family, friends, and neighbors, but feared extremist elements in society would try to do them harm, leading them to ask local police for protection at their gatherings.
1700:
have had difficulty finding employment in the private sector and with the army and police. When they did obtain employment, women report employers either encouraged or required them to remove their headscarves during working hours.
1082:
minorities, either by the government or by violent mobs. During World War II, Morocco fell under the Nazi-backed Vichy Regime, which attempted to deport the Jewish population to concentration camps. This attempt was blocked by
1611:
A limited number of Arabic translations of the Bible were available for sale in a few bookshops for use in university religion courses. Authorities confiscated Bibles they believed were intended for use in proselytizing.
1574:
Religious organizations for faiths other than Sunni Islam and Judaism are required to register with the government as associations in order to operate and own land. Shia Muslim groups are prevented from registering, and
1664:
The constitution also establishes that public television stations must dedicate five percent of their programming to Islamic religious content, and that they must broadcast the calls to prayer five times a day.
1631:
According to human rights organizations and local Christian leaders, the government has detained and questioned some Christian citizens about their beliefs and contacts with other Christians. Christian and
1677:
Some Christian, Baháʼí, and Shia Muslims report societal, familial, and cultural pressure on account of their faith. Citizens have been arrested during Ramadan for eating in public during fasting hours.
1223:
in 698 c.e., the Muslim states controlling territories that roughly correspond to present day Morocco had relatively tolerant attitudes toward their Christian and Jewish subjects, who were considered "
1636:
Muslim citizens stated fears of government harassment led to their decision to hold religious meetings in members’ homes. Christian citizens are not allowed to establish churches. In a 2023 report by
1352:, during which almost the entire Jewish community of Fez was killed. During the reign of the Wattasid dynasty which followed, the Jewish population recovered significantly, as refugees fleeing the
1319:
school, which had been preferred by the Almoravids. In the 12th century, laws were passed banning all non-Zahirite religious texts; by the end of the century, such books were ordered to be burned.
1143:
Shia Muslim leaders estimate there are tens of thousands of Shia citizens, with the largest proportion in the north. In addition, there are an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 foreign-resident Shia from
1037:. The government plays an active role in determining and policing religious practice for Muslims, and disrespecting Islam in public can carry punishments in the forms of fines and imprisonment.
1479:
as the state religion of Morocco, while also according Judaism a privileged status as an integral part of Moroccan society and nominally granting the freedom of religion to people in Morocco.
1348:. Members of minority religions, particularly Jews, were appointed to high-ranking official posts in Morocco during this period. The end of the dynasty's rule, however, was punctuated by the
1194:, 38% of citizens self-identified as "religious", 44% as "somewhat religious", and 13% as "not religious", with younger age cohorts displaying significantly lower levels of religiosity.
1171:, many of whom are lifelong residents of the country whose families have resided and worked there for generations but do not hold Moroccan citizenship. There is a small foreign-resident
1644:
has expelled foreign individuals accused of proselytism as “a threat to public order,” rather than prosecuting them under provisions of the law that prohibit “undermining the faith.”
1307:
The Almohad Caliphate represented a significant departure from prior religious policy, both in terms of Islamic law and the treatment of religious minorities. In matters of law, the
834:
1057:
face discrimination from the government, as do some Christian groups. In 2022 there were no Shia mosques in the country or any mosques of Submitters dedicated to God Alone.
1534:, and also grants freedom of thought, expression, assembly, and the right for everyone to "practice their religious affairs". The constitution also specifically recognizes the
1289:
social hostility against them increased. Additionally, some explicitly anti-Jewish laws were enacted, such as a ban preventing Jews from living in the new Almoravid capital of
199:
1510:
has generally been described as more liberal than his predecessor, and has enacted reforms to improve the country's human rights record. Among these is the introduction of
1587:
A separate set of laws and special courts govern personal status matters for Jews, including functions such as marriage, inheritance, and other personal status matters.
214:
2513:
2474:
720:
257:
253:
1941:
The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (December, 1960), pp. 379–397
700:
1904:
2154:
Miller, Susan Gilson; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438–1912)".
1253:(founded in 789), and experienced a golden age, which would last until roughly the 11th century. In 1033 as part of a broader military conflict, there was a
804:
1012:
966:
863:
769:
734:
637:
2037:
Adang, "The Spread of Zahirism in al-Andalus in the Post-Caliphal Period: The evidence from the biographical dictionaries," pg. 297–346. Taken from
567:
498:
369:
301:
150:
1591:
authorities administer Jewish family courts. Muslim judges trained in the country's Maliki-Ashʿari Sunni interpretation of the relevant aspects of
2571:
1102:
1159:
Muslim community estimate their numbers at 700 while leaders of the Baháʼí community estimate there are 350–400 members throughout the country.
592:
557:
434:
364:
310:
2386:
2208:
2125:
1436:
As the 19th century drew to a close, Morocco fell further under the control of European powers, particularly France and Spain. Following the
1262:
858:
1410:
passed a royal decree granting equal rights to Jews. This decree, however, was largely ignored by local authorities. The following sultan,
2434:
710:
479:
404:
234:
179:
1241:, the Moroccan region was divided into several Berber states, some of which maintained Islam as a state religion, while others founded
2240:
449:
424:
319:
209:
2070:
1966:
1930:
868:
774:
587:
527:
484:
464:
389:
334:
329:
224:
194:
92:
1257:
by invaders of the Banu Ifran tribe, with thousands killed and many sold into slavery. The rule of the early Muslim dynasties in
1190:
According to BBC Arabic, as of 2019 15% of the population identifies as nonreligious, an increase of 10% over 2013. According to
1128:
According to Jewish community leaders in 2019, there are an estimated 3,000 to 3,500 Jews, approximately 2,500 of whom reside in
846:
743:
454:
444:
379:
1427:
1054:
1005:
809:
646:
622:
617:
542:
469:
429:
409:
399:
349:
296:
276:
244:
189:
174:
814:
1423:
1214:
1065:
959:
690:
655:
632:
602:
577:
572:
547:
537:
532:
522:
517:
512:
507:
489:
414:
324:
281:
184:
159:
141:
77:
2489:
2448:
1183:, and Rabat urban areas, but small numbers of foreign Christians are present throughout the country. Many are migrants from
2402:
915:
685:
680:
675:
627:
612:
607:
597:
562:
552:
474:
459:
439:
359:
344:
339:
291:
286:
271:
266:
164:
2576:
1807:
1790:
1616:
1546:, a group headed and appointed by the king with representatives from all regions of the country, is authorized to issue
759:
725:
715:
705:
660:
582:
419:
384:
374:
354:
239:
219:
169:
1877:
1623:
but did not make it illegal to wear them (an exception is required for police and armyofficers and some news-readers).
1396:
976:
779:
695:
670:
665:
394:
204:
2012:
1543:
1908:
2530:
2362:
2256:
1725:
1499:
community in Morocco faced sharp persecution, with several Baháʼí sentenced to prison or executed for their faith.
1074:
998:
97:
880:
824:
1730:
1515:
1511:
1322:
The Almohads abolished the practice of preferential treatment for "people of the book", ending the practice of
971:
829:
819:
52:
2284:
1982:
1720:
1527:
1492:
1172:
1640:, Morocco was ranked as one of the 30 countries in the world where it is most dangerous to be a Christian.
2139:
Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain
1834:
1693:
in safety. They said they were able to visit religious sites regularly and to hold annual commemorations.
1507:
1407:
1357:
947:
910:
895:
17:
1462:
1431:
1176:
1083:
885:
796:
1576:
1496:
1050:
1344:
The Marinid dynasty which followed the Almohad Caliphate represented a return to previous policies of
1958:
1952:
1488:
1441:
1349:
920:
889:
57:
2554:
2376:
1710:
1637:
1411:
1353:
1345:
1096:
1061:
932:
67:
32:
2101:
1579:
and Christian groups have forgone registration due to the belief that they would not be approved.
2453:
2340:
2179:
1242:
1237:
who did not profess Abrahamic religions, however, were forced to convert to Islam. Following the
1224:
1203:
1184:
954:
873:
122:
2507:
2468:
2382:
2332:
2236:
2204:
2171:
2142:
2121:
2066:
1962:
1926:
1495:
While these decades were primarily known for their political repression, during the 1960s the
1302:
1283:
1266:
1254:
1078:
1069:
62:
2324:
2163:
1715:
1389:
1339:
1315:
schools were given preference, and the caliphs of the Almohad Caliphate were hostile to the
841:
82:
2039:
Ideas, Images and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam
1122:
1605:
1604:
The criminal code prohibits proselytization to Muslims, punishable by fines of 200 to 500
1535:
1335:
1164:
988:
2120:, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010 First print edition:
905:
2050:
1191:
853:
112:
2565:
2344:
2058:
1888:
1458:
1437:
1374:
1238:
1168:
764:
127:
117:
87:
2430:
1454:
1450:
1250:
1118:
942:
937:
925:
900:
1661:
within the school's curriculum. Private Jewish schools are able to teach Judaism.
1179:
community in Casablanca. Most foreign-resident Christians live in the Casablanca,
2198:
1109:
Muslim. Other groups making up the remaining 1 percent of the population include
2081:
1881:
United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
1812:
United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor"
1106:
2328:
1633:
1568:
1312:
1258:
1245:
which mixed elements of Islamic, polytheistic, and Jewish religious practice.
1129:
1110:
1046:
72:
2336:
2175:
2062:
1690:
1487:
Following the establishment of an independent Moroccan state by his father,
1290:
1156:
1137:
102:
1446:, and later to the influence of Marxism in Moroccan nationalist politics.
2013:
Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict
1531:
1457:, which attempted to deport Jews to concentration camps as part of the
1234:
1227:", although they were required to pay a special religious tax known as
1220:
1180:
1144:
1041:
1029:
47:
2183:
1592:
1564:
1400:
1316:
1308:
2312:
2167:
2057:, pg. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3.
2488:
Goldstein, Eric | 350 Fifth; York, 34th Floor | New (2017-05-04).
1990:
1697:
1620:
1588:
1547:
1229:
1148:
1133:
1034:
1887:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1878:
US State Dept 2017 International Religious Freedom Report Morocco
2200:
Jews of Arab and Islamic countries: history, problems, solutions
1514:
concerning divorce (as opposed to religious law). Following the
1152:
1114:
2490:"The Red Lines Stay Red | Morocco's Reforms of its Speech Laws"
1105:
estimates in 2022, more than 99 percent of the population was
1689:
Jewish citizens report that they live and attend services at
2028:. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2014.
2403:"Divinity School Members Protest Verdict on Baha'i (sic)"
1627:
Treatment of "foreign" religious groups by the government
1249:
community expanded, particularly in the then-new city of
2102:
Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest
1140:
Jewish communities each have approximately 75 members.
1060:
Historically, Morocco has oscillated between periods of
1399:
of 1859, Jewish communities in Morocco were subject to
2429:
Text used in this cited section originally came from:
1414:, continued his predecessors' policies of tolerance.
2531:"Morocco: Scrap Prison Terms for Nonviolent Speech"
2449:"Moroccans and Women: Two Rallies – New York Times"
1925:, pp. 33–34, 42; Cambridge University Press, 1987.
1810:
International Religious Freedom Report Morocco 2019
1261:and the Maghreb comprised what is referred to as a
2235:. The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 79–80.
2156:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1563:Islamic materials it deemed inconsistent with the
2233:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book
1987:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
1053:as well as Submitters to God Alone or members of
2381:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165.
1530:establishes that Islam is the state religion of
1175:community in Rabat and a small foreign-resident
2555:Open Doors 2023 Watchlist, Retrieved 2023-07-05
1491:presided over a repressive regime known as the
2313:"Secularism in the Moroccan Amazigh Discourse"
2100:Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. "
1923:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
1087:minority groups continues to the present day.
1905:"Office of the President – Bethel University"
1265:, which would continue until the rise of the
1006:
8:
2409:. The Harvard Crimson, Inc. January 18, 1963
1619:banned the sale, manufacture, and import of
2512:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2473:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2425:
2423:
2112:
2110:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1560:Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs
1554:Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs
1330:Marinid and Wattasid dynasties (1248–1549)
1013:
999:
146:
28:
18:Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs
2118:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
2104:." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33–51
2026:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
770:Female genital mutilation laws by country
2447:Published: March 13, 2000 (2000-03-13).
1542:According to the constitution, only the
1384:Independent Alaouite Morocco (1666–1880)
1028:refers to the extent to which people in
1741:
751:
733:
645:
497:
309:
252:
149:
31:
2505:
2466:
2096:
2094:
2041:. Ed. Sebastian Gunther, Leiden: 2005.
1983:"The Jewish Community of Fez, Morocco"
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1791:"US State Dept 2022 report on Morocco"
2525:
2523:
2306:
2304:
2285:"Morocco Virtual Jewish History Tour"
2279:
2277:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
7:
2317:The Journal of North African Studies
2141:, Princeton University Press, 2009,
1899:
1897:
1802:
1800:
2435:Library of Congress Country Studies
2375:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013-04-15).
2203:. Shengold Publishers. p. 75.
25:
1816:United States Department of State
775:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
93:Catholic priests in public office
1882:
1209:Early Islamic Morocco (698–1060)
2055:The Arabic Linguistic Tradition
1957:. Lerner Publications. p.
1954:Jewish communities of the world
1428:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
1055:United Submitters International
2572:Freedom of religion by country
1424:French protectorate in Morocco
1219:Following the invasion of the
1215:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1066:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1026:Freedom of religion in Morocco
960:Christian countercult movement
869:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
78:Separation of church and state
1:
2116:M.J. Viguera, "Almohads". In
2086:Refutation of the Grammarians
2084:, Introduction to Ibn Mada's
1418:European dominion (1912–1956)
1297:Almohad Caliphate (1147–1248)
1278:Almoravid dynasty (1060–1147)
864:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
805:Traditional African religions
2289:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2261:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2024:M.J. Viguera. "Almoravids."
1696:In the past, women who wear
1461:. This order was blocked by
1453:, Morocco was controlled by
1273:Berber dynasties (1060–1549)
1263:golden age of Jewish culture
760:Apostasy in Islam by country
2378:A History of Modern Morocco
2359:A History of Modern Morocco
2311:Ben-Layashi, Samir (2007).
1469:Independence (1956–present)
1049:Muslims and members of the
780:Religious male circumcision
2593:
2363:Cambridge University Press
2197:Haddad, Heskel M. (1984).
2015:, Brill, 1994, pp.113–116.
1835:Middle East Online website
1726:Catholic Church in Morocco
1503:Mohammed VI (1999–present)
1421:
1387:
1372:
1364:Arab dynasties (1549–1830)
1333:
1300:
1281:
1212:
1201:
1094:
1064:and intolerance. From the
2329:10.1080/13629380701201741
2231:Stillman, Norman (1998).
1369:Saadi dynasty (1549–1659)
1068:in 698 through the reign
1045:pressure. In particular,
765:Blasphemy laws by country
1731:Protestantism in Morocco
1617:Ministry of the Interior
1516:2003 Casablanca bombings
200:Central African Republic
53:Religious discrimination
1721:Christianity in Morocco
1571:school of Sunni Islam.
1528:constitution of Morocco
1255:massacre of Jews in Fez
1033:religion of Morocco is
955:New religious movements
701:Palestinian territories
1583:Personal status courts
1474:Mohammed V (1956–1961)
1358:Portuguese Inquisition
948:Religious antisemitism
2357:Susan Gilson Miller,
2088:, pg. 6. Cairo, 1947.
1615:In January 2017, the
1544:High Council of Ulema
1483:Hassan II (1961–1999)
1432:First Moroccan Crisis
797:Religious persecution
2365:, 2013), pp. 142–43.
1921:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.
1397:Spanish-Moroccan War
1360:settled in Morocco.
1350:1465 Moroccan revolt
58:Religious censorship
2577:Religion in Morocco
2407:The Harvard Crimson
1951:Beker, Avi (1998).
1711:Religion in Morocco
1346:religious tolerance
1243:syncretic religions
1097:Religion in Morocco
1062:religious tolerance
68:Religious pluralism
33:Freedom of religion
2535:Human Rights Watch
2494:Human Rights Watch
2454:The New York Times
1673:Societal attitudes
1225:people of the book
1204:History of Morocco
1185:sub-Saharan Africa
123:Confessional state
2388:978-0-521-81070-8
2210:978-0-88400-100-3
2126:978-90-04-17678-2
1303:Almohad Caliphate
1284:Almoravid dynasty
1267:Almohad Caliphate
1155:. Leaders of the
1079:Almohad Caliphate
1075:Jewish Golden Age
1070:Almoravid dynasty
1023:
1022:
859:Jehovah's Witness
835:post–Cold War era
787:
786:
142:Status by country
63:Religious liberty
16:(Redirected from
2584:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2527:
2518:
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2511:
2503:
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2500:
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2464:
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2444:
2438:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2399:
2393:
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2355:
2349:
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2308:
2299:
2298:
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2281:
2272:
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2269:
2267:
2253:
2247:
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2228:
2222:
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2219:
2217:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1901:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1716:Islam in Morocco
1390:Alaouite dynasty
1340:Wattasid dynasty
1173:Russian Orthodox
1077:. The following
1040:Sunni Islam and
1015:
1008:
1001:
147:
83:Anti-clericalism
29:
21:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2562:
2561:
2560:
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2549:
2540:
2538:
2529:
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2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:Morocco profile
2428:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1993:on 12 June 2018
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1883:
1875:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1743:
1739:
1707:
1675:
1658:
1629:
1606:Moroccan dirham
1602:
1585:
1556:
1524:
1522:Legal framework
1505:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1434:
1420:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1342:
1336:Marinid dynasty
1332:
1305:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1165:Roman Catholics
1099:
1093:
1019:
989:Religion portal
983:
982:
981:
847:Catholic Church
799:
789:
788:
593:North Macedonia
558:Northern Cyprus
365:Northern Cyprus
144:
134:
133:
132:
108:
107:
98:Confessionalism
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2519:
2480:
2439:
2419:
2394:
2387:
2367:
2350:
2323:(2): 153–171.
2300:
2273:
2248:
2242:978-0827601987
2241:
2223:
2209:
2189:
2168:10.2307/991758
2162:(3): 310–327.
2146:
2130:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2051:Kees Versteegh
2043:
2030:
2017:
2004:
1974:
1967:
1943:
1934:
1914:
1911:on 2007-02-02.
1893:
1838:
1827:
1796:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1674:
1671:
1657:
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1628:
1625:
1601:
1598:
1584:
1581:
1555:
1552:
1523:
1520:
1504:
1501:
1493:Years of Lead.
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1419:
1416:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1331:
1328:
1298:
1295:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1192:Arab Barometer
1177:Greek Orthodox
1092:
1089:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
992:
991:
985:
984:
980:
979:
977:Zoroastrianism
974:
969:
964:
963:
962:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
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903:
893:
883:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
839:
838:
837:
822:
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812:
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800:
795:
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790:
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783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
746:
738:
737:
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
650:
649:
643:
642:
641:
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638:United Kingdom
635:
630:
625:
620:
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610:
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477:
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437:
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417:
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402:
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372:
367:
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314:
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284:
279:
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269:
261:
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172:
167:
162:
154:
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145:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
113:State religion
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2589:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2551:
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2536:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
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2420:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2368:
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2326:
2322:
2318:
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2307:
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2301:
2290:
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2280:
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2274:
2262:
2258:
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2249:
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2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:9780415157575
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:Norman Roth,
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1968:0-8225-1934-8
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:9780521337670
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:public domain
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1836:
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1828:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1786:
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1772:
1770:
1768:
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1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:Open Doors UK
1635:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1582:
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1572:
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1509:
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1482:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:Agadir Crisis
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:Saadi dynasty
1368:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:Berber Revolt
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
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1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:US Government
1101:According to
1098:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
994:
993:
990:
987:
986:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
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949:
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936:
935:
934:
931:
927:
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922:
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912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
875:
874:Protestantism
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
830:Christophobia
828:
827:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
793:
792:
781:
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773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
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758:
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745:
742:
741:
740:
739:
736:
732:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
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669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
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653:
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631:
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619:
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609:
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586:
584:
581:
579:
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569:
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561:
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541:
539:
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531:
529:
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524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
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503:
500:
496:
491:
488:
486:
483:
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478:
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338:
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331:
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317:
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308:
303:
302:United States
300:
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293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:South America
255:
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243:
241:
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236:
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168:
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163:
161:
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157:
156:
155:
152:
148:
143:
138:
137:
129:
128:Atheist state
126:
124:
121:
119:
118:Secular state
116:
114:
111:
110:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:School prayer
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
38:
37:
34:
30:
27:
19:
2550:
2539:. Retrieved
2537:. 2017-05-04
2534:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2458:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2411:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2377:
2370:
2358:
2353:
2320:
2316:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2232:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2199:
2192:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2143:pp. 121–122.
2138:
2137:Ross Brann,
2133:
2117:
2085:
2077:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1977:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1922:
1917:
1909:the original
1876:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1809:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:Casablanca.
1667:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:Restrictions
1586:
1577:Baháʼí Faith
1573:
1559:
1557:
1541:
1525:
1506:
1497:Baháʼí Faith
1486:
1477:
1455:Vichy France
1451:World War II
1448:
1442:
1435:
1405:
1393:
1378:
1343:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1287:
1247:
1228:
1218:
1189:
1161:
1142:
1127:
1119:Shia Muslims
1100:
1091:Demographics
1059:
1051:Baháʼí Faith
1039:
1025:
1024:
943:Anti-Judaism
938:Antisemitism
926:Islamophobia
825:Christianity
815:Baháʼí Faith
711:Saudi Arabia
480:Turkmenistan
235:South Africa
229:
180:Burkina Faso
26:
2082:Shawqi Daif
1508:Mohammed VI
1408:Muhammad IV
1169:Protestants
1167:and 10,000
967:Neopaganism
890:Hinduphobia
842:Catholicism
647:Middle East
450:South Korea
435:Philippines
425:North Korea
320:Afghanistan
2566:Categories
2541:2019-06-22
2499:2019-06-22
2460:2013-11-22
2413:2012-02-16
2294:2019-06-21
1821:2020-07-01
1737:References
1691:synagogues
1589:Rabbinical
1558:Morocco's
1463:Mohammed V
1422:See also:
1388:See also:
1373:See also:
1334:See also:
1301:See also:
1282:See also:
1259:al-Andalus
1213:See also:
1202:See also:
1130:Casablanca
1111:Christians
1095:See also:
1084:Mohammed V
881:Falun Gong
588:Montenegro
528:Azerbaijan
485:Uzbekistan
465:Tajikistan
390:Kazakhstan
335:Bangladesh
330:Azerbaijan
225:Mauritania
195:Cape Verde
73:Secularism
2433:from the
2345:143728476
2337:1362-9387
2176:0037-9808
2063:Routledge
1656:Education
1512:civil law
1489:Hassan II
1459:Holocaust
1406:In 1864,
1291:Marrakesh
1138:Marrakech
972:Rastafari
911:Ahmadiyya
854:Mormonism
744:Australia
618:Slovakia
455:Sri Lanka
445:Singapore
380:Indonesia
103:Theocracy
2508:cite web
2469:cite web
2437:project.
2257:"Sa'dis"
2216:23 April
2065:, 1997.
2059:New York
1705:See also
1412:Hassan I
886:Hinduism
820:Buddhism
623:Slovenia
543:Bulgaria
470:Thailand
430:Pakistan
410:Mongolia
405:Maldives
400:Malaysia
350:Cambodia
297:Paraguay
277:Colombia
245:Tanzania
215:DR Congo
190:Cameroon
175:Botswana
41:Concepts
2266:2 April
1997:23 June
1569:Ashʿari
1532:Morocco
1449:During
1443:laïcité
1401:pogroms
1354:Spanish
1313:Ashʿari
1235:Berbers
1221:Maghreb
1198:History
1181:Tangier
1145:Lebanon
1123:Baháʼís
1042:Judaism
1030:Morocco
933:Judaism
916:Alevism
888: (
810:Atheism
752:Topical
735:Oceania
691:Lebanon
656:Bahrain
633:Ukraine
603:Romania
578:Hungary
573:Germany
568:Georgia
548:Croatia
538:Belgium
533:Belarus
523:Austria
518:Armenia
513:Andorra
508:Albania
490:Vietnam
415:Myanmar
370:Georgia
325:Armenia
282:Ecuador
230:Morocco
210:Comoros
185:Burundi
160:Algeria
48:Laicism
2385:
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2335:
2239:
2207:
2184:991758
2182:
2174:
2128:, 2114
2124:
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1698:hijabs
1621:burqas
1593:sharia
1565:Maliki
1548:fatwas
1536:Jewish
1430:, and
1317:Maliki
1309:Zahiri
1157:Ahmadi
1151:, and
1132:. The
1121:, and
686:Kuwait
681:Jordan
676:Israel
628:Turkey
613:Serbia
608:Russia
598:Norway
563:France
553:Cyprus
499:Europe
475:Turkey
460:Taiwan
440:Russia
360:Cyprus
345:Brunei
340:Bhutan
292:Panama
287:Guyana
272:Canada
267:Brazil
165:Angola
151:Africa
2341:S2CID
2180:JSTOR
1324:jizya
1230:jizya
1149:Syria
1134:Rabat
1107:Sunni
1035:Islam
921:Sufis
906:Shi'a
901:Sunni
896:Islam
726:Yemen
716:Syria
706:Qatar
661:Egypt
583:Italy
420:Nepal
385:Japan
375:India
355:China
254:North
240:Sudan
220:Egypt
170:Benin
2514:link
2475:link
2383:ISBN
2333:ISSN
2268:2018
2237:ISBN
2218:2012
2205:ISBN
2172:ISSN
2122:ISBN
2067:ISBN
1999:2016
1963:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1634:Shia
1526:The
1356:and
1338:and
1311:and
1153:Iraq
1136:and
1115:Jews
1047:Shia
696:Oman
671:Iraq
666:Iran
395:Laos
311:Asia
256:and
205:Chad
2325:doi
2164:doi
1959:203
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