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1852:Β«8. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ) Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²) Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.Β»
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542:. The subsidiary was originally envisioned as an executive agency to command all Soviet space activities, but in practice it functioned more as a marketing and coordinating body. Glavkosmos became the prime authority for implementing cooperative agreements with foreign bodies, with activities including commercial utilization of Soviet systems and approving foreign cosmonauts to fly aboard Soviet spacecraft.
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competitors, which had their programs run under single coordinating agencies, the executive architecture of the Soviet space program was multi-centered; several internally competing design bureaus, technical councils, ministry staffs, and expert commissions all held more influence over the program
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Many subsidiaries of the
Ministry of General Machine-Building served as primary organizations in the management of the Soviet space program; the ministry controlled roughly 1200 factories and employed between 1 million and 1.5 million people at its peak. However, contrary to its
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reform movement of the late 1980s, Glavkosmos began offering commercial services for global customers, aiming primarily at competing with United States launchers. Its first commercial offering was presented at the Space
Commerce '88 trade show in
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as well as design details such that the KVD-1 could be built indigenously in India. Russia backed out of the agreement in 1993 after the United States objected to the deal and imposed sanctions on the grounds that the deal was a violation of the
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1871:. Β«Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ "Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ" ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°.Β»
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was therefore a new development. The
Ministry of General Machine-Building was dissolved on 14 November 1991. The Russian Space Agency was formed as its successor on 25 February 1992 by a decree of President
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724:" award was approved on 1 September 1955 by order no. 134 and awarded until 1957. The "Best Innovator" award was given out in the 1970s, and the "Best Inventor" award was offered until 1991.
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The
Ministry of General Machine-Building had five ministers during its existence, one having been from its first incarnation and the remaining four from its second incarnation:
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Volf, D. Evolution of the Apollo-Soyuz Test
Project: The Effects of the βThirdβ on the Interplay Between Cooperation and Competition. Minerva 59, 399β418 (2021).
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were subordinated to the ministry. The ministry was dissolved on 10 May 1957 and its functions were transferred, possibly for purposes of secrecy.
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365:, who had held the post of Minister of Agricultural Engineering from June 1946 to March 1951, was appointed Minister of General Machine-Building.
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Rzymanek, Jerzy (1988). Elsztein, PaweΕ (ed.). "Oferta handlowa GΕawkosmosu – ZSRR" [Glavkosmos' commercial offer – USSR].
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354:. The ministry was the first in the Soviet Union to specifically focus on rocketry. Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service
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1907:"25 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 1992 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ β Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ (Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ)"
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missile was produced simultaneously at four enterprises within the ministry. In 1977, the ministry received its own trade union.
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The final project of the ministry before its liquidation was a 1991 US$ 120 million agreement between
Glavkosmos and
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than political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the Soviet Union into the
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from 1955 to 1957 and from 1965 to 1991. The ministry supervised the research, development, and production of
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was the general designer of rocket technology. The ministry was put in charge of space technology as well as
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began deployment in
October 1987; its development had started in January 1969 with an order from Afanasyev.
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During its existence, the
Ministry of General Machine-Building offered three awards. The "Excellence in
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sent a memo to the chairperson of the
Military-Industrial Commission, recommending negotiations with
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1393:Π Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π‘ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°
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to develop reusable spacecraft was managed jointly by the
Ministry of General Machine-Building and
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The Ministry of General Machine-Building was reestablished on 2 March 1965, as a successor to the
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satellites. Other offerings included the sales of Okean-O1 satellites or the use of space on the
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The first rendition of the Ministry of General Machine-Building was created by a decree of the
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1609:(in Polish). Vol. 5, no. 159. Polskie Towarzystwo Astronautyczne. p. 12, 14.
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962:"2 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 1955 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Β«ΠΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Β»"
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On 26 February 1985, the Ministry of General Machine-Building issued an order that formed
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system began at the ministry in 1976. The ministry contributed to the construction of the
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855:(1926β1981 (printed version) ed.). Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. December 1973.
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launchers for between US$ 12 million and US$ 18 million. Glavkosmos also featured
1202:"Π£ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΡΡΠ΅Π²"
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469:. These negotiations were approved the next month and eventually led to the 1975
411:(known as NITI-40 until 1966). Many of these were headed by academicians such as
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1981:
1581:"Glavcosmos (Russian Federation), CIVIL SPACE ORGANISATIONS - NATIONAL AGENCIES"
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554:, Switzerland. Most notably, it featured the sales of the following launchers:
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for microgravity experiments on the Foton satellites in 1989, 1990, and 1991.
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space station. During the conference several contracts were signed, including
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1959:"Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company"
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641:. Despite various disputes about the program between the two ministries,
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1982:ΠΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ: Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
986:ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
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The first Soviet organization dedicated to rocket technology was the
399:, except solid-fueled missiles; these instead were developed by the
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Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945β1974
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on Proton, a contract with Payload Systems Inc. for experiments in
2104:"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1964-1991"
2078:"Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1917-1964"
1227:"ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ"
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with a payload of up to 20 tons to Low Earth orbit or 2 tons to
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1030:ΠΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊ ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²: Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΒ»
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for payloads of up to 4 tons to Low Earth orbit; a family of
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and spacecraft. An organization with a similar purpose, the
1799:"ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ Β«Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ»"
697:, who previously had worked with designing Mars landers at
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for three satellite launches for undisclosed customers, an
594:
rockets with the successfully completed launches of Indian
2028:"ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ"
2527:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
1774:"ΠΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΠ»Π΅Π³ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²"
1277:
2053:"ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ"
1010:ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²: Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π ΠΠ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
350:
on 2 April 1955, with the active participation of the
1117:
Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture
339:, the responsibility of which was transferred to the
2713:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
1313:"Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR (MOM)"
481:
missile system, which began deployment in 1985. The
461:
In April 1970, Minister of General Machine-Building
403:, which from 1966 was under the jurisdiction of the
2881:
Ministry of General Machine-Building (Soviet Union)
2736:
2728:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
2700:
2332:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
2211:
2163:
227:
217:
203:
195:
185:
169:
130:
116:
77:
72:
2492:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
409:Research Institute of Machine-Building Technology
319:, which became the prototypes of missiles in the
245:Research Institute of Machine-Building Technology
2718:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
2171:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
18:Ministry of General Machine Building of the USSR
570:for between US$ 25 million and US$ 30 million;
1090:"ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ’Π£ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°"
874:
872:
2141:
1843:Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡ 13 ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ 2015 Π³. N 215-Π€Π
1747:Subramanian, T. S. (28 April β 11 May 2001).
1472:"Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΠΠ Π Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° Π‘Π¨Π?"
926:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
906:
904:
887:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
36:
8:
2532:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
2247:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
1932:Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus".
1114:Andrews, James T.; Siddiqi, Asif A. (2011).
1062:"ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Β«ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β»"
30:
1416:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2667:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
2487:Installation and Special Construction Work
2148:
2134:
2126:
658:engines for use as the third stage of the
341:Peopleβs Commissariat of Aviation Industry
315:. The laboratory researched and developed
54:
2607:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
2472:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
2003:"ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ"
578:rockets in configurations for Low Earth,
2823:Standards and Product Quality Management
2157:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
1934:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
1668:Subramanian, T. S. (March 17β31, 2001).
1252:"ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠΠ’)"
928:, NASA History Div. pp. 6β14, 892.
797:People's Commissariat of Mortar Armament
2901:1965 establishments in the Soviet Union
2891:1955 establishments in the Soviet Union
2542:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
2537:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
2322:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
1722:"The long road to cryogenic technology"
1170:
1168:
1050:Π€ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²
841:
809:
708:In 2013, when the Russian space sector
660:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
352:Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
265:ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
38:ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
27:Government ministry of the Soviet Union
1862:ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ "Π ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡ"
1298:from the original on 13 February 2017.
1176:"General Machinebuilding - Background"
1148:"Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ"
558:, with a payload of up to 100 tons to
401:Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
337:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
333:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
29:
2562:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
2237:Installation and Special Construction
1497:"History - Milestones of development"
1307:
1305:
1084:
1082:
654:, which included the transfer of two
123:State Committee on Defense Technology
7:
2723:Construction in the Southern Regions
2517:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
2377:Electrical Power and Electrification
2317:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
1913:from the original on 20 October 2020
1338:ΠΡΡΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ.
257:Ministry of General Machine-Building
210:Minister of General Machine-Building
31:Ministry of General Machine-Building
2708:Construction in the Eastern Regions
2267:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
1936:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer.
1319:from the original on 2 October 2023
1182:from the original on 3 October 2023
822:Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo
788:Ministry of Medium Machine Building
397:intercontinental ballistic missiles
2682:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
2547:Manufacture of Communication Media
1120:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
879:Chertok, Boris (31 January 2005).
348:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
25:
2886:Space program of the Soviet Union
2227:Agricultural Products Procurement
665:Missile Technology Control Regime
327:, which became the prototypes of
2297:Communication Equipment Industry
818:Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
45:
2672:Tool and Tool Building Industry
2059:from the original on 2016-07-01
2034:from the original on 2016-07-01
2009:from the original on 2016-07-01
1780:from the original on 2016-06-10
1697:. justthe80.com. Archived from
1529:from the original on 2016-03-09
1523:"ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΒ»"
1364:from the original on 2016-05-24
1233:from the original on 2016-08-07
1208:from the original on 2016-05-07
1154:from the original on 2016-06-10
1068:from the original on 2016-06-17
968:from the original on 2016-06-10
942:from the original on 2006-10-08
777:(17 July 1989 β 24 August 1991)
450:. The ministry reported to the
391:was made Deputy Minister while
2906:Ministries established in 1965
2896:Ministries established in 1955
2312:Construction of Heavy Industry
1720:Raj, N Gopal (21 April 2011).
1431:Π‘ Β«Π’ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΒ» Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ
1278:"ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠ Β«Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΒ»"
764:(26 March 1988 β 17 July 1989)
758:(8 April 1983 β 26 March 1988)
521:combat railway missile complex
483:combat railway missile complex
452:Military-Industrial Commission
222:Military-Industrial Commission
1:
2577:Mineral Fertilizer Production
2337:Construction of Tool-Machines
2307:Construction of Fuel Industry
1695:"Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS)"
752:(2 March 1965 β 8 April 1983)
639:Ministry of Aviation Industry
2327:Construction of Power Plants
2272:Cellulose and Paper Industry
1957:Messier, Doug (2013-08-30).
1882:"Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ N 215-Π€Π"
746:(2 April 1955 β 10 May 1957)
405:Ministry of Defense Industry
2257:Building Materials Industry
911:Siddiqi, Asif Azam (2000).
737:Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin
356:Pyotr Nikolaevich Goremykin
2922:
2417:Foreign Economic Relations
503:on a mobile launcher at a
2855:Timber and Paper Industry
2612:Power and Electrification
2387:Electrotechnical Industry
1553:. Springer. p. 277.
1453:. ΠΠ, 14 September 2007.
852:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
825:
817:
790:, the Soviet ministry of
325:liquid-propellant rockets
53:
44:
37:
35:
2783:Labour and Social Issues
2462:Housing and Architecture
2442:General Machine-Building
2392:Environmental Protection
1867:26 December 2022 at the
1848:26 December 2022 at the
1654:13 November 2015 at the
1648:Β«ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΒ»
1630:. Π Π, 14 November 2008.
1585:Jane's Information Group
1258:. 7 June 2011. p. 4
889:. pp. 9β10, 164β165
848:Gas-Dynamic Laboratory,
321:Katyusha rocket launcher
317:solid-propellant rockets
2617:Pulp and Paper Industry
2567:Medium Machine-Building
2552:Meat and Dairy Industry
2482:Industrial Construction
624:protein crystallization
380:on Defense Technology.
309:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
2860:Transport Construction
2818:Science and Technology
2687:Transport Construction
2592:Nuclear Power Industry
2587:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
2467:Heavy Machine Building
2372:Electrical Engineering
1547:Harvey, Brian (2001).
580:geostationary transfer
535:
512:
382:Leonid Ivanovich Gusev
277:government ministry of
153:; 32 years ago
139:; 67 years ago
100:; 59 years ago
86:; 69 years ago
2652:Technical Cultivation
2432:Fruits and Vegetables
1749:"The cryogenic quest"
1437:4 August 2016 at the
885:(Volume 1 ed.).
722:Socialist Competition
710:was being reorganized
518:
498:
473:mission. Work on the
311:, founded in 1921 by
151:14 November 1991
2850:Television and Radio
2602:Oil and Gas Industry
2382:Electronics Industry
2232:Agriculture and Food
2183:Presidential Council
1829:28 June 2016 at the
1823:ΠΠΎΠ»Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±Π΅Π· ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°
1701:on February 23, 2014
1282:Π€ΠΠ£Π Β«ΠΠΠ Β«Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΒ»
1256:ΠΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° "ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ"
1036:16 July 2019 at the
618:for a launch of the
297:Soviet space program
204:Minister responsible
177:Russian Space Agency
2701:Regional ministries
2110:on 28 November 2017
2084:on 28 November 2017
1988:2 June 2016 at the
1457:31 May 2016 at the
1399:31 May 2016 at the
1016:2 June 2016 at the
996:30 May 2016 at the
824:, or RKA (Russian:
716:Departmental awards
568:geostationary orbit
199:1,000,000β1,500,000
32:
2813:State of Emergency
2768:Defense Technology
2748:Building Materials
2692:Urban Construction
2402:Ferrous Metallurgy
2188:Federation Council
1634:5 May 2016 at the
1343:9 May 2016 at the
882:Rockets and People
686:Russian Federation
536:
513:
505:Victory Day parade
313:Nikolai Tikhomirov
285:ballistic missiles
170:Superseding agency
2868:
2867:
2427:Forestry Industry
2262:Chemical Industry
2252:Aviation Industry
1943:978-0-387-71354-0
1127:978-0-8229-7746-9
433:Mikhail Ryazansky
393:Vladimir Chelomey
271:), also known as
253:
252:
98:2 March 1965
84:2 April 1955
16:(Redirected from
2913:
2793:People's Control
2738:State Committees
2657:Textile Industry
2557:Medical Industry
2522:Machine Building
2497:Internal Affairs
2477:Higher Education
2412:Fishing Industry
2357:Defense Industry
2198:Security Council
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:. Archived from
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
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2080:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
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2065:
2064:
2049:
2043:
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2018:
2017:
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1853:
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1801:. Archived from
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1728:. Chennai, India
1717:
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1680:
1670:"The GSLV Quest"
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1474:. Archived from
1468:
1462:
1451:Π Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π₯Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²
1448:
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1007:
1001:
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922:Washington, D.C.
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876:
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866:
846:
829:
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792:nuclear industry
776:
762:Vitaly Doguzhiev
750:Sergey Afanasyev
745:
532:Saint Petersburg
529:
491:
463:Sergey Afanasyev
441:
425:Nikolay Pilyugin
421:Valentin Glushko
390:
364:
161:
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137:10 May 1957
117:Preceding agency
108:
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2871:
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2869:
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2741:and commissions
2740:
2732:
2696:
2662:Timber Industry
2632:Rubber Industry
2572:Merchant Marine
2397:Foreign Affairs
2215:
2207:
2159:
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1996:
1990:Wayback Machine
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
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1650:, ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ.
1646:
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1628:Π‘Π±ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
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849:
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832:
815:
811:
806:
784:
770:
739:
730:
718:
606:satellites and
560:Low Earth orbit
523:
485:
448:Viktor Litvinov
435:
429:Vladimir Barmin
384:
378:State Committee
358:
305:
289:launch vehicles
249:
213:
181:
165:
157:
155:
152:
143:
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138:
126:
112:
109:(reestablished)
104:
102:
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90:
88:
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73:Agency overview
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2833:State Security
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2753:Cinematography
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2677:Internal Trade
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2649:
2647:State Security
2644:
2639:
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2622:Radio Industry
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2502:Iron and Steel
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2277:Civil Aviation
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2095:
2069:
2044:
2019:
1994:
1974:
1949:
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1815:
1790:
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1572:
1559:
1539:
1514:
1488:
1463:
1443:
1423:
1420:on 2010-11-29.
1405:
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729:
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714:
584:Molniya orbits
530:on display in
417:Mikhail Yangel
413:Sergei Korolev
367:Design bureaus
329:Soviet rockets
304:
301:
273:Minobshchemash
251:
250:
248:
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228:Child agencies
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67:Paris Air Show
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2778:Fuel Industry
2776:
2774:
2773:Flight Safety
2771:
2769:
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2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
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2282:Coal Industry
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2193:State Council
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2020:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1964:
1963:Parabolic Arc
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1888:on 2022-12-26
1887:
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1858:
1855:
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1847:
1844:
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1832:
1828:
1825:, zavtra.ru.
1824:
1819:
1816:
1805:on 2016-06-01
1804:
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1562:
1560:1-85233-203-4
1556:
1552:
1551:
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1540:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1478:on 2015-01-23
1477:
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1363:
1359:
1358:"Π ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ·Π΅"
1353:
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1339:
1334:
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1318:
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1123:
1119:
1118:
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1096:on 2017-05-10
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935:9780160613050
931:
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862:9780028800004
858:
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835:
823:
813:
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795:
793:
789:
786:
785:
781:
774:
769:
768:Oleg Shushkin
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:Oleg Baklanov
754:
751:
748:
743:
738:
735:
734:
733:
727:
725:
723:
715:
713:
711:
706:
704:
700:
699:NPO Lavochkin
696:
692:
691:Boris Yeltsin
687:
682:
678:
674:
668:
666:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
645:
640:
636:
635:Buran program
631:
629:
628:Kayser-Threde
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:down payments
609:
605:
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597:
593:
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581:
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573:
569:
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561:
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548:
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507:rehearsal in
506:
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497:
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468:
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453:
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444:Viktor Makeev
439:
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162:(permanently)
150:
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115:
97:
83:
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80:
76:
71:
68:
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57:
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43:
34:
19:
2758:Construction
2637:Shipbuilding
2597:Oil Industry
2441:
2437:Gas Industry
2302:Construction
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2022:
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1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
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1901:
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1876:
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1838:
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1803:the original
1793:
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1768:
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1725:
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1699:the original
1689:
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1673:
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1607:Astronautyka
1606:
1600:
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1575:
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1549:
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1517:
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1500:
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1476:the original
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1352:
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632:
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537:
501:RT-2PM Topol
479:RT-2PM Topol
471:ApolloβSoyuz
460:
375:
345:
306:
281:Soviet Union
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
190:Soviet Union
186:Jurisdiction
65:at the 1989
61:
2642:State Farms
2114:28 November
2088:28 November
1758:13 December
1732:12 December
1679:12 December
1262:18 December
771: [
740: [
695:Yuri Koptev
626:on Mir and
547:perestroika
545:During the
524: [
486: [
436: [
385: [
359: [
287:as well as
148:(initially)
95:(initially)
2875:Categories
2845:Statistics
2808:Metallurgy
2803:Publishing
2582:Metallurgy
2213:Ministries
2063:2016-05-03
2038:2016-05-03
2013:2016-05-03
1968:2013-08-31
1892:2022-12-26
1809:2016-04-29
1784:2016-05-15
1705:January 7,
1591:2009-05-10
1566:2009-05-10
1533:2016-05-15
1501:Glavkosmos
1482:2016-04-29
1368:2016-05-15
1237:2016-05-03
1212:2016-05-03
1158:2016-05-15
1133:2016-01-19
1100:2016-05-03
1072:2016-05-15
972:2016-05-03
836:References
586:; and the
540:Glavkosmos
456:R-12 Dvina
293:satellites
240:Glavkosmos
158:1991-11-14
144:1957-05-10
105:1965-03-02
91:1955-04-02
2788:Logistics
2367:Education
2164:All-Union
1917:10 August
1753:Frontline
1726:The Hindu
1674:Frontline
1615:0004-623X
1414:"Glonass"
816:Russian:
728:Ministers
703:Roscosmos
596:Aryabhata
572:Tsyklon-3
343:in 1944.
196:Employees
131:Dissolved
2838:Chairmen
2627:Railways
2422:Forestry
2287:Commerce
2242:Armament
2203:Premiers
2057:Archived
2032:Archived
2007:Archived
1986:Archived
1911:Archived
1865:Archived
1846:Archived
1827:Archived
1778:Archived
1652:Archived
1632:Archived
1527:Archived
1507:24 March
1455:Archived
1435:Archived
1397:Archived
1362:Archived
1341:Archived
1317:Archived
1296:Archived
1231:Archived
1206:Archived
1180:Archived
1152:Archived
1066:Archived
1034:Archived
1014:Archived
994:Archived
966:Archived
940:Archived
782:See also
677:European
673:American
620:Aussat-2
600:Bhaskara
552:Montreux
369:such as
275:, was a
2763:Defense
2507:Justice
2447:Geology
2407:Finance
2362:Economy
2352:Defense
2347:Culture
1984:, Π ΠΠ.
1012:, Π ΠΠ.
681:Chinese
556:Energia
475:GLONASS
303:History
295:in the
261:Russian
156: (
142: (
103: (
89: (
2798:Prices
2457:Health
2342:Cotton
1940:
1613:
1587:. 2008
1557:
1503:. 2020
1323:31 May
1288:
1186:31 May
1124:
946:22 May
932:
893:29 May
859:
679:, and
616:option
592:Kosmos
588:Vostok
582:, and
564:Proton
534:, 2007
511:, 2008
509:Moscow
446:, and
78:Formed
918:(PDF)
804:Notes
775:]
744:]
656:KVD-1
644:Buran
604:Foton
576:Soyuz
528:]
490:]
440:]
389:]
371:OKB-1
363:]
235:OKB-1
62:Buran
2218:list
2176:list
2116:2017
2090:2017
1938:ISBN
1919:2020
1760:2013
1734:2013
1707:2014
1681:2013
1611:ISSN
1555:ISBN
1509:2021
1325:2024
1286:ISBN
1264:2017
1188:2024
1122:ISBN
948:2022
930:ISBN
895:2022
857:ISBN
652:ISRO
633:The
598:and
519:The
467:NASA
291:and
279:the
255:The
990:ΠΠΈΠ€
826:Π ΠΠ
608:Mir
499:An
269:MOM
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2030:.
2005:.
1961:.
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1724:.
1672:.
1583:.
1525:.
1499:.
1433:.
1395:.
1360:.
1315:.
1304:^
1294:.
1284:.
1280:.
1254:.
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