612:, or SIGINT. The department was initially composed of the NKGB's 5th Directorate (responsible for wartime communications) and an independent cryptography department, the 2nd Special Department. However, this Directorate was competing with another better-funded communications organization, Department ‘R’, which specialized in radio counterintelligence. The 6th Directorate was dissolved in 1949, and its resources and personnel absorbed into the Special Services Department (GUSS), a cryptanalysis and
141:
3294:
136:
499:’s last years, between 1945 and 1953, more than 750,000 Soviet citizens were arrested and punished. Many of the arrests made by the MGB were founded on flimsy or fabricated evidence, most notably on the "suspicion of espionage" (podozreniye shpionazha, or PSh). Since in many cases it is impossible to prove any espionage activities or even an intention to spy, the case is built on the "suspicion of espionage", making acquittal impossible.
131:
3306:
550:
combat foreign espionage and to study the forms and methods used by foreign intelligence services on the territory of the U.S.S.R. The work it did abroad aimed to organize operational-technical intelligence, i.e., the investigation of the forms, working methods and regulations of the intelligence, counterintelligence, and police and administrative organs of foreign countries.
146:
492:. MGB agents had the power to arrest and sentence opponents upon receiving approval from a higher authority, a clause oft ignored. The OSO (the Special Council of the State Security Ministry) convicted arrestees charged with committing political crimes, including espionage, and could banish them from certain areas, or from the USSR entirely.
481:
responsible for enforcing security regulations, monitoring and censoring information leaving or coming into the country; and supervising the vast majority of Soviet life, including the planting and organizing of agents to track and monitor public opinion and loyalty; as well as ensuring the safety of important government and party officials.
574:
bureaucracy, general administrative agencies, cultural organizations, educational institutions, and even the party apparatus itself. They investigated the political reliability of the entire population of the Soviet Union, with particular attention to the Party and Soviet apparatus, up to the highest leaders of the Party and government.
541:, in an attempt to streamline the intelligence needs of the State. In 1948, the military personnel in KI were returned to the GRU. KI sections dealing with the new East Bloc and Soviet émigrés were returned to the MGB later that year. In 1951, the KI returned to the MGB, as a First Main Directorate of the Ministry of State Security.
549:
The Second Main
Directorate focused on domestic counterintelligence and acted as an internal security and political police force. The goal of this department was to combat foreign intelligence operations within the USSR and its territories. The Second Directorate worked mainly inside the country to
642:
Otherwise known as the Guards
Directorate, they were charged with the personal security of the top party officials. The Division provided personal security to members and alternates of the Presidium of the Central Committee, ministers of the U.S.S.R. and their deputies, secretaries of the Central
633:
Sometimes called the
Seventh Directorate, this section was responsible for providing the tools, techniques, and manpower to accommodate the physical surveillance needs of the MGB. They offered facilities, devices, and methodology to help with the demands of the intelligence departments. They were
573:
The Fifth Main
Directorate evolved out of the Main Secret Political Administration. It was responsible for regulating and repressing real or imagined dissent within the party apparatus and Soviet society. This involved supervising almost every aspect of Soviet life, including the intelligentsia,
599:
Upon the destruction of the Fourth
Directorate as a terrorist group, the department was transitioned into Transportation Security. It was responsible for the preparation and security of mobilization and transport. The department was responsible for counterintelligence and surveillance operations
484:
The MGB, above all else, was a security organization, and as such, was designed for covert and clandestine surveillance and supervision. The intelligence apparatus was able to permeate every level and branch of state administration, with agents planted in collective farms, factories, and local
577:
They secretly supervised the activity of the entire administrative and economic apparatus of the state and all scientific, public, church, and other organizations. The goal was to hunt down "deviations from the general line," "opposition leanings" within the party to ferret out and eliminate
485:
governments, as well as throughout the upper level and rank and file of Soviet bureaucracy. Each department within the government also had their own official supervisor, a "Special
Section" staffed by the MGB to keep tabs on and regulate the employees, and to ensure the absence of disloyalty.
624:
Known as the ‘K’ Division, this organization supervised the economy and ran economic counterintelligence and industrial security. They were concerned with the implementation of security programs and requirements, as well as the supervision and monitoring of the workers, leading them to make
480:
The protection, policing, and supervision of the Soviet Union fell to this new agency, as it was the main agency responsible for the security of the Union. The MGB directed espionage networks at home and abroad, and also organized both domestic and foreign counterintelligence. They were also
529:
was responsible for foreign intelligence. The First Main
Directorate maintained surveillance over the "Soviet colony" (SK—Sovetskaya koloniya), i.e., the personnel of Soviet diplomatic, trade, technical, cultural, and other agencies functioning abroad. It also sought to infiltrate foreign
634:
able to do both outdoor (tailing) and photographic surveillance, as well as being able to tap phone lines, monitor conversations in other rooms through hidden microphones and covertly examining mail. They also had sections devoted to codes, cryptography, and ciphers.
565:. It relied heavily on the Army Special Section to ensure the loyalties of the soldiers and officers. The MGB operatives were used to supervise personnel and daily action, as well as to carry out counterintelligence operations.
595:
dissolved this department in 1946, but kept the main players in a
Special Service group so that they could continue with the same pattern of violence that the Fourth Directorate was known for. The group was dissolved in 1949.
2112:
530:
governmental bodies, businesses, public organizations, sensitive industrial plants, cultural and educational institutions, etc., placing MGB agents in strategic posts for intelligence-gathering and possible covert action.
3345:
383:
2213:
1594:
1754:
2617:
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1559:
1116:
376:
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Committee, and a number of high officeholders specifically listed. The
Division was also responsible for guarding important agencies and installations of the secret police themselves.
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3110:
2610:
1929:
537:(military intelligence) and MGB's 1st Main Directorate were combined into the recently created foreign intelligence agency, the Committee of Information (KI), under the control of
442:—anecdotally derived from a phrase translated as "Death to Spies"—was designed to be a counter-intelligence unit within the Red Army to ensure the loyalty of the army personnel.
3330:
1734:
1679:
591:
At the beginning of the MGB, the Fourth
Directorate was designed as a proto-terrorist force to combat the anti-Soviet underground, nationalist formations, and hostile elements.
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369:
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under Soviet control. It enforced rigid conformity in the satellite states of Eastern Europe and infiltrated and destroyed anticommunist, anti-Soviet, or independent groups.
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3340:
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1799:
473:, as well as enacting a policy of supervision and surveillance to keep control and to prevent disloyalty. After World War II, the MGB was used to bring the newly acquired
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2844:
1410:
3385:
3375:
1639:
1579:
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554:
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The Ministry retained a high level of autonomy and a remarkable amount of freedom of operation within the Soviet system, as the agency was only responsible to the
2035:
1944:
1809:
1071:
2542:
2155:
1664:
1489:
423:, this "Organ of State Security" was re-organized and renamed multiple times. In 1941, the state-security function was separated from the NKVD and became the
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2208:
2045:
174:
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1789:
1759:
1739:
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82:
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1975:
1839:
1774:
1714:
1554:
1539:
1223:
987:
1990:
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1534:
1445:
1359:
355:
94:
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2624:
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1980:
1899:
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2515:
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507:
The general structure of the MGB is much the same as both the organization it came from, the NKGB, and the organization that followed, the
1804:
1654:
1584:
1021:
Leeuw, Karl De., and Jan Bergstra. The History of Information Security: a Comprehensive Handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007, pp. 505-506.
2919:
2585:
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2000:
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1829:
1814:
438:
In 1943, the NKGB was once again made into an independent organization in response to the Soviet occupation of parts of Eastern Europe.
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1499:
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2015:
1985:
1949:
1849:
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1970:
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Parrish, Michael. The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996, pp. 174, 314-318.
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1954:
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720:
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578:"bourgeois nationalism" in the Soviet satellites, i.e., anti-Soviet movements under the guise of nationalism.
1057:
Knight, Amy W. Beria, Stalin's First Lieutenant. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993, pp. 169-171.
513:
The MGB was composed of several departments or directorates with a specific purpose within the organization.
2510:
2025:
1904:
526:
396:
The MGB was just one of many incarnations of the Soviet State Security apparatus. After the revolution, the
42:
984:
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2720:
985:"History of the MGB: The Fourth Directorate." TELUS Internet Services - Member Services. Web. 19 May 2011.
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449:(MVD) and the Ministry for State Security (MGB). The MGB and MVD merged again in 1953, orchestrated by
2552:
445:
Following the end of the war, both the NKVD and the NKGB were converted to ministries and redubbed the
400:
relied on a strong political police or security force to support and control their regime. During the
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2934:
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was concerned with military counterintelligence. It carried out many of the same tasks as
90:
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465:
The MGB essentially inherited the "secret police" function of the old NKVD, conducting
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1125:
884:"KGB | Origins, Functions, Significance, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"
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812:
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77:. The ministry inherited the intelligence and state security responsibilities of the
74:
650:, showing the inherent mistrust and suspicion within the Soviet security apparatus.
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2164:
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took on the mantle of the NKGB/ MGB and, in 1954, broke off from the reformed MVD.
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225:
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Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
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extensive use of the Special Sections within the state and local organizations.
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This department was a short-lived organization designed to collect and process
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A number of the top officials from this department were implicated in the
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419:(NKVD) in 1934. From the mid-1930s and until the creation of the
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416:
248:
200:
78:
2137:
1392:
1098:
747:, the first in the Leo Demidov trilogy, Demidov is an MGB agent
561:, which it absorbed, as it conducted political surveillance of
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2744:
2095:
1267:
1213:
508:
454:
446:
427:(NKGB), only to be reintegrated a few months later during the
420:
350:
58:[mʲɪnʲɪˈsʲtʲerstvəɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)əjbʲɪzɐˈpasnəsʲtʲɪ]
3346:
People's commissariats and ministries of the Soviet Union
1790:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
949:
KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officer's Handbook
817:"Recent Developments in Soviet Public Administration"
47:
1976:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
73:
from 1946 to 1953 which functioned as the country's
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3204:
3124:
3038:
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2440:
2431:
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2320:
2172:
1999:
1991:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
1963:
1595:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
1474:
1426:
1358:
1340:
1317:
1294:
1276:
1258:
1240:
1222:
1169:
97:in 1953, upon which it was merged into an enlarged
27:Main Soviet secret police agency from 1946 to 1953
1755:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
1194:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
925:"KGB." Universitat De València. Web. 19 May 2011.
3013:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1981:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
1434:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
1204:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
2149:
1404:
1110:
946:Mitrokhin, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich (18 June 2002).
377:
35:
8:
3331:Law enforcement agencies of the Soviet Union
1795:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
1510:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
412:(GPU) in 1922 after the fighting was over.
255:(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
3391:Government agencies disestablished in 1953
3381:1953 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3341:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Russia
3044:
2437:
2326:
2156:
2142:
2134:
1930:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
1750:Installation and Special Construction Work
1411:
1397:
1389:
1117:
1103:
1095:
453:, who was then arrested and executed. The
417:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
384:
370:
294:(People's Commissariat for State Security)
79:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
1870:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
1735:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
1350:Department of State Security (Securitate)
1199:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
901:Wolin, Simon; Slusser, Robert M. (1974).
49:Ministerstvo gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti
37:Министерство государственной безопасности
3361:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2086:Standards and Product Quality Management
1420:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
1232:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
1189:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
425:People's Commissariat for State Security
124:
113:
83:People's Commissariat for State Security
3386:Government agencies established in 1946
3376:1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
1805:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
1800:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
1585:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
971:
969:
905:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 133.
774:
2182:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1368:Department of National Security (OZNA)
638:Division for the Protection of Leaders
179:(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)
1825:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
1500:Installation and Special Construction
1373:Directorate for State Security (UDBA)
1151:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
56:
7:
1986:Construction in the Southern Regions
1780:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
1640:Electrical Power and Electrification
1580:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
1327:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
869:
867:
783:"Encyclopedia :: K :: KGB"
267:(Main Directorate of State Security)
3356:Law enforcement in communist states
1971:Construction in the Eastern Regions
1530:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
1286:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
408:were in power, relinquishing it to
230:(Joint State Political Directorate)
1945:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
1810:Manufacture of Communication Media
1214:Committee for State Security (KGB)
545:Second and Third Main Directorates
25:
1490:Agricultural Products Procurement
1378:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
1250:Committee for State Security (DS)
1184:State Political Directorate (GPU)
616:branch of the Central Committee.
600:within their transport programs.
18:Ministry of State Security (USSR)
3305:
3304:
3292:
1560:Communication Equipment Industry
1309:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
1304:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
1209:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
1179:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
668:(14 July 1951 – 9 August 1951) (
662:(18 October 1946 – 14 July 1951)
356:Council of Ministers of the USSR
144:
139:
134:
129:
1935:Tool and Tool Building Industry
1030:Wolin and Slusser, pp. 115-117.
915:Wolin and Slusser, pp. 138-139.
125:
1575:Construction of Heavy Industry
1039:Wolin and Slusser, p. 110-111.
678:(9 August 1951 – 5 March 1953)
360:(Committee for State Security)
336:(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
1:
3371:1946 establishments in Russia
2845:Political abuse of psychiatry
2637:Congress of People's Deputies
1840:Mineral Fertilizer Production
1600:Construction of Tool-Machines
1570:Construction of Fuel Industry
629:Second Special Administration
447:Ministry for Internal Affairs
415:The GPU was then renamed The
206:(State Political Directorate)
3336:Soviet intelligence agencies
1590:Construction of Power Plants
1535:Cellulose and Paper Industry
315:(Ministry of State Security)
99:Ministry of Internal Affairs
71:ministry of the Soviet Union
3008:Academy of Medical Sciences
1520:Building Materials Industry
1080:"Structure of the KGB USSR"
704:Night of the Murdered Poets
410:State Political Directorate
89:from 1946 to 1951, then by
85:(NKGB). The MGB was led by
48:
3412:
1680:Foreign Economic Relations
1012:Wolin and Slusser, p. 136.
975:Wolin and Slusser, p. 166.
936:Wolin and Slusser, p. 168.
32:Ministry of State Security
3286:
3047:
2118:Timber and Paper Industry
1875:Power and Electrification
1650:Electrotechnical Industry
1136:
1048:Wolin and Slusser, p.114.
962:– via Google Books.
66:
36:
2046:Labour and Social Issues
1725:Housing and Architecture
1705:General Machine-Building
1655:Environmental Protection
903:The Soviet Secret Police
224:of the Sovnarkom of the
3396:Intelligence ministries
3299:Soviet Union portal
1880:Pulp and Paper Industry
1830:Medium Machine-Building
1815:Meat and Dairy Industry
1745:Industrial Construction
821:The Journal of Politics
715:Intelligence operations
620:Economic Administration
264:of the NKVD of the USSR
3191:Stalinist architecture
2945:Science and technology
2855:Ideological repression
2783:Soviet Airborne Forces
2721:Destruction battalions
2123:Transport Construction
2081:Science and Technology
1950:Transport Construction
1855:Nuclear Power Industry
1850:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
1730:Heavy Machine Building
1635:Electrical Engineering
569:Fifth Main Directorate
555:Third Main Directorate
527:First Main Directorate
522:First Main Directorate
2973:List of metro systems
2526:Collective leadership
1915:Technical Cultivation
1695:Fruits and Vegetables
1332:Security Service (SB)
758:Eastern Bloc politics
2935:Net material product
2878:Censorship of images
2795:Political repression
2755:Soviet Border Troops
2688:First Deputy Premier
2272:1965 economic reform
2267:Soviet space program
2113:Television and Radio
1865:Oil and Gas Industry
1645:Electronics Industry
1495:Agriculture and Food
1446:Presidential Council
1268:State Security (StB)
614:information security
610:Signals Intelligence
461:Functions of the MGB
116:Chronology of Soviet
3003:Academy of Sciences
2818:Population transfer
2762:Soviet Armed Forces
2625:Congress of Soviets
2606:Presidium/Politburo
2570:Soviet anti-Zionism
2419:West Siberian Plain
2297:Revolutions of 1989
2234:Great Patriotic War
2219:New Economic Policy
1964:Regional ministries
1161:Inner German border
990:14 May 2011 at the
110:
2648:Military Collegium
2516:Capital punishment
2394:Caucasus Mountains
2307:Post-Soviet states
2187:Russian Revolution
2076:State of Emergency
2031:Defense Technology
2011:Building Materials
1955:Urban Construction
1665:Ferrous Metallurgy
1451:Federation Council
890:. 12 January 2024.
888:www.britannica.com
851:– via JSTOR.
793:on 8 November 2017
732:In popular culture
587:Fourth Directorate
539:Vyacheslav Molotov
109:
105:Origins of the MGB
61:), abbreviated as
3318:
3317:
3282:
3281:
3274:Hammer and sickle
3216:and their groups
3214:Soviet dissidents
2993:Communist Academy
2910:Economic planning
2886:
2885:
2779:Soviet Air Forces
2698:Security services
2618:General Secretary
2601:Central Committee
2543:Political parties
2475:Brezhnev Doctrine
2470:Foreign relations
2427:
2426:
2368:Autonomous okrugs
2282:Soviet–Afghan War
2262:Sino-Soviet split
2204:Russian Civil War
2131:
2130:
1690:Forestry Industry
1525:Chemical Industry
1515:Aviation Industry
1386:
1385:
699:Mingrelian affair
654:List of ministers
604:Sixth Directorate
582:Minor Departments
517:Major Departments
490:Central Committee
402:Russian Civil War
394:
393:
152:
151:
118:security agencies
46:
16:(Redirected from
3403:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3045:
2953:
2808:Collectivization
2553:Marxism–Leninism
2438:
2327:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2135:
2056:People's Control
2001:State Committees
1920:Textile Industry
1820:Medical Industry
1785:Machine Building
1760:Internal Affairs
1740:Higher Education
1675:Fishing Industry
1620:Defense Industry
1461:Security Council
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1128:agencies in the
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1086:. Archived from
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
982:
976:
973:
964:
963:
943:
937:
934:
928:
922:
916:
913:
907:
906:
898:
892:
891:
880:
874:
873:Fainsod, p. 711.
871:
862:
861:Fainsod, p. 710.
859:
853:
852:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
789:. Archived from
779:
694:Leningrad affair
471:counterespionage
386:
379:
372:
361:
346:
337:
325:
316:
304:
295:
283:
268:
256:
244:
231:
216:
207:
191:
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161:
148:
143:
138:
133:
126:
111:
108:
68:
60:
55:
51:
41:
39:
38:
21:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3293:
3291:
3278:
3226:
3200:
3120:
3034:
2979:
2951:
2925:Internet domain
2920:Five-year plans
2882:
2849:
2789:
2692:
2654:
2586:Communist Party
2574:
2533:Passport system
2423:
2399:European Russia
2377:
2316:
2257:Khrushchev Thaw
2236:(World War II)
2214:Creation treaty
2168:
2162:
2132:
2127:
2004:and commissions
2003:
1995:
1959:
1925:Timber Industry
1895:Rubber Industry
1835:Merchant Marine
1660:Foreign Affairs
1478:
1470:
1422:
1417:
1387:
1382:
1354:
1336:
1313:
1290:
1272:
1254:
1236:
1218:
1165:
1132:
1123:
1090:on 6 June 2011.
1078:
1067:
1065:Further reading
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
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1002:
998:
992:Wayback Machine
983:
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919:
914:
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882:
881:
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872:
865:
860:
856:
833:10.2307/2126230
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
781:
780:
776:
771:
754:
734:
717:
709:Operation North
685:
683:Major campaigns
676:Semyon Ignatiev
666:Sergei Ogoltsov
660:Viktor Abakumov
656:
640:
631:
622:
606:
593:Viktor Abakumov
589:
584:
571:
547:
524:
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463:
390:
359:
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117:
107:
91:Semyon Ignatiev
87:Viktor Abakumov
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3409:
3407:
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3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2968:Rail transport
2965:
2963:Railway system
2955:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
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2896:
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2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:Deputy Premier
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2666:Heads of state
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2634:
2631:Supreme Soviet
2628:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2548:State ideology
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2495:
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2477:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:Ural Mountains
2411:
2406:
2404:North Caucasus
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
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2178:
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2146:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2096:State Security
2093:
2091:State Planning
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Cinematography
2013:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Internal Trade
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:State Security
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Radio Industry
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Light Industry
1772:
1767:
1765:Iron and Steel
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Grain Products
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
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1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
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1607:
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1597:
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1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:Communications
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:Civil Aviation
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
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1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1393:
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1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1260:Czechoslovakia
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
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1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
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1158:
1153:
1148:
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1114:
1107:
1099:
1093:
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1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
977:
965:
958:
952:. Frank Cass.
938:
929:
917:
908:
893:
875:
863:
854:
827:(4): 679–714.
813:Fainsod, Merle
804:
773:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
760:
753:
750:
749:
748:
733:
730:
729:
728:
726:Cambridge Five
723:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
684:
681:
680:
679:
673:
663:
655:
652:
639:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
605:
602:
588:
585:
583:
580:
570:
567:
546:
543:
523:
520:
518:
515:
504:
501:
462:
459:
451:Lavrenty Beria
392:
391:
389:
388:
381:
374:
366:
363:
362:
347:
339:
338:
326:
318:
317:
305:
297:
296:
284:
272:
271:
270:
269:
245:
233:
232:
217:
209:
208:
192:
182:
181:
162:
154:
153:
150:
149:
122:
121:
106:
103:
95:Stalin's death
34:(Russian:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3408:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Secret police
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
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3329:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Printed media
3169:
3167:
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3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:Cyrillisation
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Working class
3070:
3068:
3067:Soviet people
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Energy policy
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:Supreme Court
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:The Holocaust
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Fuel Industry
2039:
2037:
2036:Flight Safety
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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33:
19:
3351:Eastern Bloc
3290:
3062:Demographics
3052:Antisemitism
2905:Central Bank
2823:Forced labor
2771:Spetsnaz GRU
2739:
2591:organisation
2499:Human rights
2448:Constitution
2331:Subdivisions
2209:Russian SFSR
2165:Soviet Union
2021:Construction
1909:
1900:Shipbuilding
1860:Oil Industry
1700:Gas Industry
1565:Construction
1278:East Germany
1208:
1171:Soviet Union
1146:Iron Curtain
1130:Eastern Bloc
1088:the original
1084:Aventura. ru
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795:. Retrieved
791:the original
786:
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623:
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576:
572:
563:armed forces
552:
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533:In 1947 the
532:
525:
512:
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494:
487:
483:
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475:Eastern Bloc
464:
444:
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433:Soviet Union
414:
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329:
322:
308:
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286:
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237:
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203:of the RSFSR
194:
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114:
62:
31:
29:
3166:Phraseology
3111:Prohibition
3099:Linguistics
3084:Drug policy
3077:1989 census
2998:Cybernetics
2900:Agriculture
2813:Great Purge
2775:Soviet Navy
2767:Soviet Army
2639:(1989–1991)
2633:(1938–1991)
2627:(1922–1936)
2611:Secretariat
2482:Gun control
2389:Caspian Sea
2373:Closed city
2302:Dissolution
2287:Perestroika
2229:Great Purge
1905:State Farms
1156:Berlin Wall
333:of the USSR
312:of the USSR
291:of the USSR
252:of the USSR
81:(NKVD) and
3325:Categories
3206:Opposition
3196:Television
3176:Propaganda
3149:Literature
3023:Naukograds
3018:Sharashkas
2952:(currency)
2930:Inventions
2873:Censorship
2803:Red Terror
2487:Government
2361:Autonomous
2344:Autonomous
2277:Stagnation
2240:Evacuation
2108:Statistics
2071:Metallurgy
2066:Publishing
1845:Metallurgy
1476:Ministries
1360:Yugoslavia
1069:See also:
769:References
398:Bolsheviks
65:(Russian:
3267:Republics
3255:Republics
3243:Republics
3094:Languages
2958:Transport
2840:Holodomor
2733:Militsiya
2671:President
2563:Stalinism
2465:Elections
2339:Republics
2322:Geography
2312:Nostalgia
2224:Stalinism
2051:Logistics
1630:Education
1427:All-Union
849:153394501
741:'s novel
503:Structure
467:espionage
171:Sovnarkom
69:), was a
43:romanized
3310:Category
2863:Religion
2750:Chairmen
2596:Congress
2558:Leninism
2538:Propiska
2433:Politics
2292:Glasnost
2252:Cold War
2192:February
2101:Chairmen
1890:Railways
1685:Forestry
1550:Commerce
1505:Armament
1466:Premiers
1242:Bulgaria
988:Archived
815:(1949).
752:See also
744:Child 44
3231:Symbols
3144:Fashion
3126:Culture
3040:Society
2985:Science
2950:Rouble
2892:Economy
2868:Science
2678:Premier
2659:Offices
2521:Leaders
2441:General
2409:Siberia
2382:Regions
2356:Oblasts
2197:October
2174:History
2026:Defense
1770:Justice
1710:Geology
1670:Finance
1625:Economy
1615:Defense
1610:Culture
1342:Romania
1296:Hungary
1224:Albania
841:2126230
431:of the
354:of the
344:1954–91
323:1953–54
302:1946–53
281:1943–46
242:1941–43
238:1934–41
214:1923–34
199:of the
188:1922–23
173:of the
169:of the
159:1917–22
101:(MVD).
3250:Emblem
3238:Anthem
3186:Sports
3139:Cinema
3134:Ballet
3116:Racism
3089:Family
2579:Bodies
2167:topics
2061:Prices
1720:Health
1605:Cotton
1319:Poland
956:
847:
839:
797:19 May
670:acting
559:SMERSH
497:Stalin
440:SMERSH
404:, the
93:until
3181:Radio
3159:Opera
3154:Music
3057:Crime
2828:Gulag
2706:Cheka
2351:Krais
1141:Gulag
994:>.
845:S2CID
837:JSTOR
763:Stasi
406:Cheka
175:RSFSR
166:Cheka
3262:Flag
3220:List
3028:List
2940:OGAS
2833:List
2716:NKVD
2504:LGBT
2492:List
2458:1977
2453:1936
1481:list
1439:list
954:ISBN
799:2011
553:The
469:and
288:NKGB
277:1941
261:GUGB
249:NKVD
226:USSR
221:OGPU
201:NKVD
54:IPA:
30:The
2745:KGB
2740:MGB
2728:MVD
2711:GPU
2511:Law
829:doi
737:In
535:GRU
509:KGB
495:In
455:KGB
435:.
421:KGB
351:KGB
330:MVD
309:MGB
196:GPU
67:МГБ
63:MGB
3327::
2777:•
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866:^
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