3521:
224:
1308:. These personalities and associated outlets act as both producers of counterfactual theories, as well as hubs around which individuals with similar beliefs rally. The damage that these ecosystems and the theories that they spawn can inflict on digital evidence is not based on the quality of the dis/misinformation that they produce but rather on the quantity.
31:
563:
that "There was no fact finding or reporting by me for the piece. I did not travel to Syria, so I cannot corroborate account" and that
Muhawesh refused to remove her name from the byline because "this is an existential issue for MintPress and an issue of credibility as this will appear as though we
256:
After posting her own work on a blog, in 2011 she decided to launch her own news site. Muhawesh said she believed that "our media has failed us very miserably" and that "We are in a crucial time in
American history where most Americans don't know what's going on in the world around them." She spoke
851:
accompanied the story, entitled "How an
American Anthropologist Tied to US Regime-Change Proxies Became the MSM's Man in Nicaragua", with a photo of Luciak beside an armed soldier labelled as an opposition figure, when it was in fact a government-supporting
549:
published a statement from Gavlak saying that "despite my repeated requests, made directly and through legal counsel, they have not been willing to issue a retraction stating that I was not the author. Yahya
Ababneh is the sole reporter and author of the
634:
and other "alternative 'news' organizations" of "never publish the international human rights organizations' reports about the regime's crimes. Instead, they post interviews with Assad, polls that claim most
Syrians support him, articles on rebel or
3292:
305:
was originally funded by angel investors when I was first putting the company together over a year ago, but that route fell through last year as I restructured the business plan." She added: "I am the sole investor of
2384:
1672:
2492:
664:
Award (organized by the
Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees), a financial award of an unknown amount, along with other websites which "routinely promote pro-Assad conspiracy theories".
2728:
2528:
3487:
570:
added an editor's note at the top of the article stating
Ababneh was the sole reporter on the ground in Syria, while Gavlak assisted in researching and writing the article. It said that Gavlak was a
3456:
3284:
2344:
2090:
2765:
2312:
2868:
2451:
2123:
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in 2013 described the site as having "an agenda that lines up, from its sympathy with the Syrian regime to its hostility to Sunni Saudi Arabia, with that of the
Islamic Republic of Iran."
3010:
2620:
708:
590:
published a statement by
Muhawesh saying soon after the article was published, Gavlak retracted her involvement due to pressure from third parties, which Gavlak believed was prompted by
2697:
3258:
601:
Following the publication of the article, Gavlak stated she has been suspended from the AP. The story continues to be cited by conspiracy websites and supporters of the Assad regime.
358:
1943:
1127:
2589:
2157:
3431:
1869:
1731:
1599:
1836:
800:. The White Helmets has been the target of disinformation campaigns perpetrated by pro-Assad and pro-Russian groups. Such disinformation increased dramatically following the
3220:
2835:
2370:
1767:
1101:
3556:
2195:
380:, we will pause monetization of content that exploits, dismisses, or condones the war." According to Scheer, these restrictions included "any pieces that question the
2946:
2474:
772:, noted that it would be physically impossible for a private company to control the aquifer due to its large size. Coca-Cola and Nestlé also refuted the allegations.
3348:
3576:
1645:
2558:
859:
The false story nevertheless went viral, Luciak went into hiding, was eventually captured by state forces, threatened with torture and deported from the country.
475:
3043:
2977:
2280:
3546:
2656:
2720:
3195:
2520:
1798:
3479:
3446:
2334:
2080:
2788:
3541:
1181:
2751:
2302:
3561:
2054:
1329:
1252:
761:, a major South American water reserve. The site additionally made the false claim that the alleged deal was being negotiated by Brazilian president
275:
said it was a for-profit "regular news organization," with an initial business plan where advertising revenues would exceed costs after three years.
2858:
2443:
292:
said was "unfortunate for a journalism operation fighting alongside people seeking transparency. The site's 'About Us' page is similarly skinny."
2113:
1219:
3000:
2612:
689:, one of the world's largest pilgrimages, in Iraq. But they are not specifically marching against ISIL, nor has there been a 'media blackout.'"
1294:
These grassroots communities are particularly evident on
Twitter, where they coalesce around individual personalities like right-wing activist
2679:
286:
operations until 2015. The editor had investors, who Muhawesh claimed were "retired businesspeople", but she would not name them, a situation
3147:
1552:
1471:
1394:
3248:
2420:
1907:
1566:
578:(AP) in Jordan for a decade. A note at the bottom of the story says: "Some information in this article could not be independently verified.
3571:
1074:
3285:"NUJ cancels event with Canary editor after reports targeting Guardian freelancer covering protests in Nicaragua lead to his deportation"
1933:
1485:
1118:
2581:
1451:
2149:
1008:
3107:
1859:
1721:
820:
630:
published a citizen op-ed by Terry Burke, an activist for the Committee in Solidarity with the People of Syria, in which she accused
343:
s money came from. He reported that emails to them went unanswered, their phone was disconnected, and the original office address in
3601:
3586:
3551:
1639:
1589:
1536:
1281:
463:
1826:
1047:
3187:
2903:
2042:
793:
405:
194:
3596:
3591:
3536:
528:
The story alleged that Saudi Arabia had supplied the rebels with chemical weapons, which the rebels then accidentally set off;
3405:
2825:
1759:
1091:
3383:
3161:
2184:
2938:
2551:"Statement By Dale Gavlak On The Mint Press Article 'Syrians In Ghouta Claim Saudi-Supplied Rebels Behind Chemical Attack'"
1154:
3344:
2406:
1017:
351:
listed 20 of its writers, Lambert wrote it did not indicate where the money was "coming from to pay any of these people".
1625:
1418:
1344:
700:
2915:
2550:
3581:
3566:
3033:
2969:
2270:
1631:
1176:
910:
2646:
1247:"Digital Integrity: Exploring Digital Evidence Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies for Open Source Researchers"
1065:"Syria rolls out the red carpet for influencers and friendly foreigners, while local reporters face death and prison"
768:
The site offered no evidence to support their claims and only provided vague statements. Experts, like law professor
2247:
677:
article entitled "Media Blackout As Millions Of Muslims March Against ISIS In Iraq" became a top trending story on
242:
2799:
1790:
2479:
2085:
831:
785:
712:
704:
583:
467:
451:
1171:
2081:"Fringe right-wing media and conspiracy theorists spread antisemitic disinformation about the Pandora Papers"
1690:
3068:; Arif, Ahmer; Wilson, Tom; Koevering, Katherine Van; Yefimova, Katya; Scarnecchia, Daniel (June 15, 2018).
1261:
1119:"Bernie Sanders Consults With Foreign Policy Expert Who Called Israel 'Predatory' and 'Detrimental' to U.S."
187:, a claim pushed by the Russian and Syrian governments and rejected by much of the international community.
2027:
522:
417:
172:
164:
58:
3318:
3139:
2380:
801:
479:
439:
325:
Muhawesh in 2015 said her funding comes "from donations, sponsorships, grants and ad revenue," and that
1211:
1447:
Tracking Russia's Digital Deception - Analysis of the Kremlin's Information Operations on Social Media
3005:
1386:
1149:
409:
1004:"Demographics of an International Influence Operation Affecting Facebook Users in the United States"
2366:
2226:
2180:
906:
613:
535:
377:
344:
125:. It was founded and edited by Mnar Adley and was launched in January 2012, and also publishes the
2892:"Reframing Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Western Media through a Cultural Translation: A Framing Analysis"
1377:; Itani, Faysal; Nimmo, Ben; Sheldon, Michael; Tsurkov, Elizabeth; Waters, Nick (September 2018).
609:
3212:
3099:
2410:
2239:
1899:
1726:
1594:
1558:
1528:
1501:
1400:
1334:
1039:
559:
539:
498:
198:
2752:"Reporter says story on Minnesota website linking Syrian rebels to chemical weapons wasn't hers"
1965:
Guarino, Stefano; Pierri, Francesco; Di Giovanni, Marco; Celestini, Alessandro (March 1, 2021).
1531:. In Thomson, Robert; Bisgin, Halil; Dancy, Christopher; Hyder, Ayaz; Hussain, Muhammad (eds.).
1064:
3451:
3425:
3153:
3143:
3091:
2689:
2484:
2231:
2118:
2046:
2008:
1990:
1682:
1635:
1548:
1477:
1467:
1445:
1410:
1390:
1273:
1031:
447:
184:
180:
119:
1674:
Different Spirals of Sameness: A Study of Content Sharing in Mainstream and Alternative Media
3204:
3081:
2907:
1998:
1982:
1540:
1459:
1265:
1021:
920:
797:
769:
575:
546:
3001:"No, Coca-Cola and Nestle are not going to privatize South America's largest water reserve"
314:' offices closed in 2014. Since then, the website encourages donations from the public via
3069:
1513:
758:
486:
435:
136:
3520:
1246:
197:, a Syrian volunteer organization. The site has been accused of regularly publishing pro-
129:
podcast. The site covers political, economic, foreign affairs and environmental issues.
1145:"Long-defunct New York Herald did not publish critical cartoon about Pakistan judiciary"
2275:
2003:
1966:
1717:
1677:. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.
1668:
1298:, and around platforms with uncritical pro-Kremlin and pro-Assad editorial lines, like
1003:
924:
875:
871:
805:
530:
401:
369:
202:
3070:"Ecosystem or Echo-System? Exploring Content Sharing across Alternative Media Domains"
223:
3530:
3216:
3183:
3129:
3065:
3038:
2642:
1929:
1831:
1562:
1374:
1043:
999:
902:
887:
781:
754:
726:
643:
636:
591:
514:
455:
365:
297:
3103:
3319:"A Journalist Has Been Deported From Nicaragua After Being Doxxed By An Online Mob"
3253:
2830:
2415:
1967:"Information disorders during the COVID-19 infodemic: The case of Italian Facebook"
1300:
974:
949:
937:
867:
840:
762:
626:
595:
421:
408:
candidates. Additionally, the site's content had a clear focus on Israel and how "'
319:
160:
156:
122:
43:
30:
3480:"Retraction and Apology to Our Readers for Mint Press Article on Syria Gas Attack"
3135:
We Are Bellingcat : Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News
3375:
3133:
2613:"EXCLUSIVE: Syrians In Ghouta Claim Saudi-Supplied Rebels Behind Chemical Attack"
1544:
1463:
2756:
2684:
2114:"Effort to stem online extremism accidentally pushed people toward an anarchist"
1986:
1864:
1621:
1144:
1096:
964:
story that Syrian rebels were responsible for the Ghouta sarin attacks of 2013.
954:
932:
928:
883:
661:
431:
3447:"Royal Oak synagogue ethnic intimidation suspect won't represent self in court"
2303:"How a Little-Known Pro-Kremlin Analyst Became a Philippine Expert Overnight -"
3157:
3086:
2863:
2651:
2521:"Reporter Denies Writing Article That Linked Syrian Rebels to Chemical Attack"
2375:
2307:
1686:
1481:
1414:
1405:
1378:
1339:
1324:
1069:
879:
853:
652:
443:
3095:
2911:
2693:
2488:
2444:"These Are the 5 Craziest Conspiracy Theories About Syria's Chemical Attacks"
2235:
2050:
1994:
1277:
1035:
729:, nor did a "media blackout" prevent news agencies from covering the event."
241:
was founded by Mnar Muhawesh (now Adley), a broadcast journalism graduate of
2761:
1455:
746:
250:
246:
212:
2891:
2371:"Fooling the Nation: Extremism and the Pro-Russia Disinformation Ecosystem"
2012:
1529:"Twitter is the Megaphone of Cross-platform Messaging on the White Helmets"
1269:
792:
was part of a core cluster of websites amplifying disinformation about the
750:
612:, the chief U.N. weapons inspector in Syria remarked, "They are famous for
1026:
960:
In September 2013, Antiwar.com apologized for linking to and reprinting a
400:
as a "typical left-of-center" web outlet that reported on matters such as
3208:
3188:"Cross-Platform Disinformation Campaigns: Lessons Learned and Next Steps"
2150:"Facebook Trending Promoted A Misleading Story About A Muslim Pilgrimage"
1978:
1295:
943:
898:
830:
published a "lengthy, insinuation-infused attack" on the photojournalist
725:
article as inaccurate: "The pilgrimage was not a massive protest against
685:
countered, "This week has seen millions of Shiite Muslims participate in
678:
288:
3074:
Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media
2243:
2221:
2859:"Pro-Assad Lobby Group Rewards Bloggers On Both The Left And The Right"
2339:
1934:"No such thing as dissent in the age of big tech | Scheer Intelligence"
1122:
686:
494:
315:
1627:
Authoritarian Apprehensions: Ideology, Judgment, and Mourning in Syria
1244:
Fiorella, Giancarlo; Godart, Charlotte; Waters, Nick (July 14, 2021).
2335:"EXCLUSIVE: Russian disinformation system influences PH social media"
718:
518:
336:
wrote an article following up on Burke's challenge to find out where
231:
152:
140:
2721:"Official Statement On Dale Gavlak's Involvement In Syria Exclusive"
2582:"Tevlin: If Syria story is true, why is Minnesota news site hiding?"
1722:"The 'Echo Chamber' of Syrian Chemical Weapons Conspiracy Theorists"
909:, in order to undermine United States support to Ukraine during the
230:
founder Mnar Adley in an interview with British rapper and activist
2999:
Daudin, Guillaume Daudin; Weymes-McElderry, Sophie (July 4, 2018).
1527:
Horawalavithana, Sameera; Ng, Kin Wai; Iamnitchi, Adriana (2020).
1430:
1356:
594:. The statement also claimed that Abadneh was being threatened by
413:
266:
176:
148:
2939:"FACT CHECK: Millions of Muslims March Against the Islamic State"
2475:"Syrian rebels and chemical weapons: a disinformation operation?"
1860:"Counterpoint: Don't bash watchdogs in Syria's 'information war'"
1590:"The Pro-Russian Attempt to Link the Buffalo Shooting to Ukraine"
1938:
1678:
381:
262:
144:
3514:
639:
abuses, and stories that blame the U.S. for Syria's uprising."
586:
cited the article in future statements. On September 21, 2013,
582:
will continue to provide further information and updates." The
835:
513:
article attributed to Dale Gavlak and Yahya Ababneh said that
485:
The site ran numerous stories sympathetic to Syrian president
193:
was a major media domain that spread disinformation about the
3249:"Nicaragua deports reporter who covered anti-Ortega protests"
466:," and the site has published fake authors attributed to the
1535:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12268. Cham:
681:, which prompted criticism that the article was misleading.
554:
piece." Gavlak also said the report had not been verified.
808:'s conspiracy theories about the White Helmets appeared on
72:
1760:"Who is MintPress and why are they doing all this hiring?"
412:' was abetting the humiliation and slaughter of innocent
2970:"Islam, ISIS & Buzzfeed: What You're Not Being Told"
2271:"A Russian Disinformation Operation Tried to Recruit Me"
1172:"Dereliction of Duty? The Left and the Syrian Civil War"
1092:"Ukrainian mayor, heralded by many, is ultranationalist"
2826:"Media beyond the mainstream: Syria's information wars"
359:
Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees
282:
s anonymous investors were originally intended to fund
205:
website by media studies and disinformation scholars.
1454:
Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics. Vol. 142.
261:, citing uninformed public debates around issues like
521:, Syria alleged that rebels were responsible for the
384:
narrative on Ukraine into the content it describes".
301:, Muhawesh said she restructured the business plan: "
2680:"Assad Regime Wages PR Campaign to Discredit Rebels"
2222:"Quels dangers pour la démocratie américaine ?"
1827:"The Inside Story of One Website's Defense of Assad"
215:, where it operated one office location until 2014.
3034:"Coke and Nestlé Aren't Buying The Guarani Aquifer"
1373:Andriukaitis, Lukas; Beals, Emma; Brookie, Graham;
890:are listed as regular contributors to the website.
420:antisemitic conspiracy theories, including ones on
97:
89:
81:
67:
57:
49:
37:
1245:
347:, "haven't been valid in well over a year". While
329:was opposed to U.S. intervention in foreign wars.
3412:. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021
3370:
3368:
3366:
534:magazine described it as one of the most "crazy"
3430:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2611:Gavlak, Dale; Abadneh, Yahya (August 29, 2013).
3312:
3310:
2647:"A History of Sarin Use in the Syrian Conflict"
2183:; Eib, C Shawn; Ronzaud, LĂ©a (September 2020).
2112:Chabria, Anita; Halper, Evan (March 30, 2021).
2079:Cuffe, Danil; Simon, Chloe (November 4, 2021).
1825:Gray, Rosie; Testa, Jessica (October 1, 2013).
3278:
3276:
1444:Schafer, Bret (2019). SultÄnescu, Dan (ed.).
711:suspended from his job as a professor at the
8:
3196:Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review
2143:
2141:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1117:Sommer, Allison Kaplan (February 29, 2016).
470:, the Russian military intelligence agency.
265:'s nuclear capabilities, or intervention in
21:
1205:
1203:
1201:
897:staff writer, admitted to spray-painting a
3519:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
20:
3345:"Grayzone, Grifters and the Cult of Tank"
3085:
2750:Prothero, Mitchell (September 22, 2013).
2514:
2512:
2510:
2002:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1533:Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling
1404:
1338:
1330:German Marshall Fund of the United States
1253:Journal of International Criminal Justice
1025:
901:and the word "Azov" (in reference to the
796:, a volunteer organization formed during
574:correspondent who had freelanced for the
538:about chemical weapons attacks in Syria.
416:". The site publishes disinformation and
167:perspective. In one contentious article,
3243:
3241:
3032:Spencer, Saranac Hale (March 16, 2018).
847:According to journalist Joshua Collins,
222:
3557:Internet properties established in 2012
2896:Society and Culture in the Muslim World
2871:from the original on September 30, 2019
1839:from the original on September 30, 2019
1789:McKeone Peterson, Liz (November 2012).
1667:Horne, Benjamin D.; NĂžrregaard, Jeppe;
987:
709:Sandy Hook shooting conspiracy theorist
695:said the article had been sourced from
505:Coverage of the Ghouta chemical attacks
245:. She began her career as an intern at
3577:Far-left politics in the United States
3490:from the original on February 12, 2020
3423:
2731:from the original on November 22, 2019
2623:from the original on December 27, 2019
2561:from the original on December 28, 2019
2531:from the original on December 28, 2019
2495:from the original on February 14, 2019
2269:Silverman, Jacob (September 7, 2020).
2160:from the original on November 25, 2016
2148:Silverman, Craig (November 24, 2016).
1801:from the original on December 28, 2019
1509:
1499:
1323:Rudolph, Josh; Morley, Thomas (2020).
1239:
1237:
765:and has reached an "advanced" stage.
3386:from the original on October 15, 2019
3013:from the original on October 25, 2022
2980:from the original on October 26, 2019
2949:from the original on January 16, 2022
2857:Davis, Charles (September 30, 2019).
2719:Muhawesh, Mnar (September 21, 2013).
2678:Reuter, Christoph (October 7, 2013).
2519:Mackey, Robert (September 21, 2013).
1712:
1710:
1708:
1284:from the original on November 5, 2021
1077:from the original on November 9, 2022
1050:from the original on October 29, 2022
919:frequently partners with the outlets
493:attracts communities, including some
489:. The false information published by
357:received $ 10,000 in grants from the
7:
3547:Alternative journalism organizations
3343:Joshua Collins (February 10, 2020).
3317:Stefano, Mark Di (October 2, 2018).
2968:Muhawesh, Mnar (December 23, 2016).
2890:Rahimi, Mahboobeh (September 2019).
1898:Lambert, Brian (November 11, 2015).
1368:
1366:
1325:"Media Outlets with Foreign Funding"
1318:
1316:
1063:El Amine, Rayan (November 4, 2022).
3478:Garris, Eric (September 20, 2013).
3110:from the original on April 18, 2022
3046:from the original on April 12, 2022
2918:from the original on August 4, 2023
2838:from the original on March 15, 2022
2768:from the original on March 13, 2016
2411:"Alternative media's useful idiots"
2347:from the original on March 31, 2022
2250:from the original on April 26, 2022
2201:from the original on March 30, 2022
2093:from the original on March 14, 2022
1858:Muhawesh, Mnar (November 8, 2015).
1693:from the original on August 4, 2023
1569:from the original on April 19, 2022
1452:NATO Science for Peace and Security
1184:from the original on April 17, 2022
1104:from the original on March 19, 2022
3295:from the original on June 15, 2022
3283:Mayhew, Freddy (October 5, 2018).
3186:; Wilson, Tom (January 14, 2020).
2700:from the original on April 7, 2022
2473:Murphy, Dan (September 23, 2013).
2442:Groll, Elias (September 4, 2013).
2387:from the original on July 19, 2021
2315:from the original on June 25, 2022
2283:from the original on April 6, 2022
2126:from the original on April 2, 2022
1758:Brauer, David (January 18, 2012).
1421:from the original on April 4, 2022
1347:from the original on April 4, 2022
1222:from the original on June 24, 2019
1210:Binkovitz, Leah (March 28, 2012).
1170:Sandlin, Evan (October 30, 2016).
1130:from the original on April 9, 2022
1009:Journal of Online Trust and Safety
863:Frequent contributors and partners
542:found no evidence for the claims.
509:On August 29, 2013, an unverified
497:users, that support Assad and the
442:, and is listed as a "partner" of
430:has reposted content from Russian
14:
3542:Anti-Zionism in the United States
3459:from the original on May 19, 2023
3351:from the original on June 8, 2022
3261:from the original on June 9, 2022
3226:from the original on May 24, 2022
3164:from the original on May 13, 2023
2824:Burke, Terry (October 27, 2015).
2659:from the original on May 29, 2022
2592:from the original on June 1, 2019
2454:from the original on May 26, 2019
2423:from the original on July 4, 2022
2060:from the original on July 2, 2022
1946:from the original on May 22, 2022
1910:from the original on June 1, 2019
1872:from the original on June 1, 2019
1791:"Maple Grove Young Entrepreneurs"
1770:from the original on June 1, 2019
1734:from the original on May 26, 2022
1648:from the original on May 13, 2023
1602:from the original on May 24, 2022
1537:Springer International Publishing
1488:from the original on July 2, 2022
1143:Mirza, Wasi Anjum (May 3, 2022).
332:Soon afterward, Brian Lambert of
3562:Russian propaganda organizations
3445:McConnell, Mike (May 16, 2023).
2787:Winfield, Gwyn (February 2014).
2043:Transformative Studies Institute
1971:Online Social Networks and Media
1157:from the original on May 3, 2022
844:, implying he was anti-regime.
253:and as a freelance journalist.
151:. It opposes the governments of
29:
2937:Evon, Dan (November 29, 2016).
2580:Tevlin, Jon (October 1, 2013).
1900:"The mystery of MintPress News"
624:In October 2015, the Minnesota
482:government was "illegitimate".
372:informed publishers, including
2028:"Looking Left at Antisemitism"
893:In 2023, Randi Lucile Nord, a
201:, and has been described as a
16:American far-left news website
1:
2904:Allameh Tabataba'i University
2185:"IRA Again: Unlucky Thirteen"
1090:Adler, Ben (March 15, 2022).
1018:Stanford Internet Observatory
821:2018â2022 Nicaraguan protests
715:on charges of antisemitism.
464:Russian web of disinformation
1588:York, Chris (May 24, 2022).
1545:10.1007/978-3-030-61255-9_23
1464:10.3233/978-1-61499-943-0-84
998:Beers, Andrew; Wilson, Tom;
721:described the claims in the
3572:American political websites
1987:10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100124
1632:University of Chicago Press
1177:Los Angeles Review of Books
911:Russian invasion of Ukraine
834:, a freelance reporter for
476:Russia's invasion of Crimea
3618:
2026:Sunshine, Spencer (2019).
1216:Columbia Journalism Review
404:and "bizarre" comments by
243:St. Cloud State University
135:supports Syrian president
3406:"Randi Nord's profile at
3087:10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15009
2480:Christian Science Monitor
2086:Media Matters for America
2035:Journal of Social Justice
480:Ukraine's post-revolution
139:, and the governments of
28:
3602:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
3587:Antisemitic publications
3552:Media bias controversies
2912:10.22054/scmw.2019.10140
832:Carl David Goette-Luciak
786:University of Washington
713:University of Lethbridge
669:Arbaeen pilgrimage claim
584:Russian Foreign Ministry
452:Internet Research Agency
2230:(in French) (106): 81.
2220:Quessard, Maud (2020).
1262:Oxford University Press
697:American Herald Tribune
523:chemical weapons attack
517:and local residents in
392:The initial release of
257:of her aspirations for
3597:Pro-Russian propaganda
3592:Anti-Western sentiment
3537:American news websites
3376:"MintPress News Staff"
2557:. September 20, 2013.
1002:(September 20, 2022).
699:, a website edited by
235:
173:Ghouta chemical attack
3140:Bloomsbury Publishing
2645:(September 6, 2017).
2381:Duke University Press
1027:10.54501/jots.v1i4.55
886:, and the cartoonist
802:Douma chemical attack
745:falsely claimed that
604:When asked about the
557:Gavlak also told the
545:On September 20, the
226:
3382:. December 4, 2014.
3347:. Muros Invisibles.
3209:10.37016/mr-2020-002
2369:(November 8, 2019).
2367:Ross, Alexander Reid
2343:. January 22, 2019.
2311:. February 8, 2019.
1795:Maple Grove Magazine
1720:(November 4, 2021).
1539:. pp. 238â239.
1387:The Atlantic Council
1270:10.1093/jicj/mqab022
1150:Agence France-Presse
905:) on a synagogue in
819:In 2018, during the
733:stood by its story.
673:In November 2016, a
410:American imperialism
376:, that, "Due to the
211:is headquartered in
3257:. October 2, 2018.
2805:on October 19, 2017
1906:. Minneapolis, MN.
1766:. Minneapolis, MN.
907:Royal Oak, Michigan
614:1001 Arabian Nights
536:conspiracy theories
345:Plymouth, Minnesota
295:In a 2013 email to
249:television station
219:History and funding
183:rather than by the
179:was perpetrated by
25:
3582:Fake news websites
3567:Conspiracist media
2525:The New York Times
1727:New Lines Magazine
1595:New Lines Magazine
1458:. pp. 84â96.
1389:. pp. 56â74.
994:Multiple sources:
620:Pro-Assad coverage
540:Human Rights Watch
499:Russian government
236:
199:Russian propaganda
171:asserted that the
3452:The Oakland Press
3149:978-1-63557-730-3
2407:Bloodworth, James
2181:François, Camille
2119:Los Angeles Times
1671:(April 2, 2019).
1554:978-3-030-61255-9
1473:978-1-61499-943-0
1396:978-1-61977-565-7
1212:"Mint Press News"
929:Media Roots Radio
660:has received the
396:was described by
185:Syrian government
118:) is an American
105:
104:
50:Available in
3609:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3515:Official website
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
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3429:
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3333:
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3271:
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3268:
3266:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3192:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3138:. New York, NY:
3126:
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3119:
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3115:
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3056:
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2845:
2843:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2798:. Archived from
2793:
2789:"Modern Warfare"
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2747:
2741:
2740:
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2628:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2555:Brown Moses Blog
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2516:
2505:
2504:
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2500:
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2017:
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1507:
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1497:
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1428:
1426:
1408:
1379:"Disinformation"
1370:
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1055:
1029:
992:
921:Project Censored
798:Syrian Civil War
770:Gabriel Eckstein
576:Associated Press
547:Brown Moses Blog
462:as part of the "
454:. A report from
342:
281:
77:
74:
33:
26:
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3182:
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3167:
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3150:
3142:. p. 119.
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2020:
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1932:(May 5, 2022).
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1737:
1735:
1718:Whitaker, Brian
1716:
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1696:
1694:
1681:. p. 261.
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1397:
1383:Breaking Ghouta
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817:
810:MintPress News.
780:A study led by
778:
759:Guarani Aquifer
739:
737:Guarani Aquifer
671:
622:
580:Mint Press News
552:Mint Press News
525:on August 21.
507:
487:Bashar al-Assad
390:
340:
279:
221:
163:events from an
137:Bashar al-Assad
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3184:Starbird, Kate
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1634:. p. 89.
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925:Free Speech TV
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876:Max Blumenthal
872:Vanessa Beeley
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572:MintPress News
560:New York Times
531:Foreign Policy
506:
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491:MintPress News
472:MintPress News
460:MintPress News
448:fake news site
428:MintPress News
402:climate change
394:MintPress News
389:
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378:war in Ukraine
374:MintPress News
370:Google AdSense
368:reported that
355:MintPress News
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203:conspiratorial
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2834:. Minnesota.
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2760:. Minnesota.
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2588:. Minnesota.
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1868:. Minnesota.
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