2357:. In 1056 the empress dowager died. In 1061 Yizong eliminated Mocang Epang and married Lady Liang, formerly the wife of Epang's son. Yizong appointed Lady Liang's brother, Liang Yimai, as palace minister. This would start two generations of Liang dominance in Xia. During Yizong's reign, he attempted to enact more Chinese forms of governance by replacing Tangut rites with Chinese court ritual and dress, which was opposed by the Liang faction that favored Tangut forms. At the same time, Song and Xia emissaries regularly exchanged insults. The emperor supported sinification through the import of Chinese books, revived the use of his Chinese surname Li and other Chinese protocols, and pursued accommodation with the Song dynasty in border disputes and opening of trade. However, these diplomatic overtures were squandered by arrogant Song representatives who insulted the Xia envoy. The Liang clan was reportedly of Han Chinese ancestry, albeit assimilated into Tangut culture, but their faction would later lead the opposition to the pro-Chinese policy. The Han Chinese empresses of the Liang clan, Paul Forage notes, were more aggressive in their stance against the Song dynasty than the emperors they were representing.
2291:) with over 100,000 troops. The prefect of Yanzhou, Fan Yong, gave contradictory orders to his military deputy, Liu Ping, making him move his forces (9,000) in random directions until they were defeated by Xia forces (50,000) at Sanchuan Pass. Liu Ping was taken captive. Despite the defenders' mediocre performance, Jingzong was forced to lift the siege and retreat to a ring of forts overlooking Yanzhou, when heavy winter snows set in. A Song army of 30,000 returned later that winter under the command of Ren Fu. They were ambushed at Haoshuichuan and annihilated. Despite such victories, Jingzong failed to make any headway against Song fortifications, garrisoned by 200,000 troops on rotation from the capital, and remained unable to seize any territory. In 1042, Jingzong advanced south and surrounded the fort of Dingchuan. The defending commander Ge Huaimin lost his nerve and decided to run, abandoning his troops to be slaughtered. Again, Jingzong failed to gain significant territory. Half his soldiers had died from attrition and after two years, Xia could no longer support his military endeavors. Tangut forces began suffering small defeats, being turned back by Song forces at
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the death of half the invasion force. Wang bribed Tong to keep the number of casualties a secret from the emperor. The next year, Liu Fa and Liu
Chongwu took a walled Tangut city called Rendequan. Another 100,000 troops were sent against Zangdihe and succeeded in taking the fortress. The Xia made a successful counterattack in the winter of 1116–1117. Despite piling casualties on the Song side, Tong was adamant about eradicating the Xia once and for all. He gave orders for Liu Fa to lead 200,000 into the heart of the Xia empire, aiming straight at the capital region. It quickly became apparent that this was a suicide mission. The Song army was met outside the city by an even larger Tangut army led by the Xia prince, Chage. The Tangut army surrounded the Song forces, killing half of them, with the remaining falling back during the night. The Tanguts pursued the Song and defeated them again the next day. Liu was beheaded. A ceasefire was called in 1119 and Huizong issued an apology to Xia.
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Chongzong's brother, Chage, was given command of the Tangut army, which he led to many victories against the Song. A state school was established with 300 students supported by government stipends. A "civilian" faction arose under the leadership of the imperial Prince
Weiming Renzhong, who often denounced Chage for corruption and abuse of power. Chongzong shuffled appointments to play the two factions against each other. In 1105, Chongzong married a Liao princess, who along with her son, apparently died of heartbreak in 1125 when the Khitan emperor was captured by the Jurchens. In 1138, the penultimate year of his reign, Chongzong took the daughter of Ren Dejing as his empress.
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Zhenrong, and Yuan prefectures, (3) 50,000 opposite Fuyan circuit and Lin and Fu prefectures, (4) 30,000 to deal with the Xifan and Huige to the west, and (5) 50,000 in the eastern skirtlands of Helan
Mountains, 50,000 at Ling, and 70,000 spread between Xing prefecture and Xingqing fu, or superior prefecture. Altogether Yuanhao had as many as 370,000 men under arms. These were mounted forces, which had been stretched thin by hard warfare and probably excessive use of non-warrior horsemen impressed to fill the army. He maintained a six-unit bodyguard of 5,000 and his elite cavalry force, Iron Cavalry (
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2248:, of the Great Xia with his capital at Xingqing in modern Yinchuan. Jingzong expanded the bureaucratic apparatus mirroring Chinese institutional practices. A Secretariat (Zhongshu sheng), Bureau of Military Affairs (Shumi yuan), Finance Office (San si), Censorate (Yushi tai), and 16 bureaus (shiliu si) under the supervision of a chancellor (shangshu ling) were created. Jingzong enacted a head shaving decree that ordered all his countrymen to shave the top of their heads so that if within three days, someone had not followed his order, they were allowed to be killed.
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1984:), however this did not resolve the Tangut problem. In 820 the Tanguts were subjected to the tyranny of a local governor, Tian Jin. They retaliated by joining the Tibetans in raids on Tang garrisons. Sporadic conflict with the Tanguts lasted until the 840s when they rose in open revolt against the Tang, but the rebellion was suppressed. Eventually the Tang court was able to mollify the Tanguts by admonishing their frontier generals and replacing them with more disciplined ones. The Tanguts also fought against the Uyghurs after the collapse of the
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who planned to kill the emperor on the eve of the wedding. The plot leaked and
Wangrong as well as four other Yeli conspirators were executed. The Yeli empress was demoted and Lady Moyi was installed in her place. Another concubine, Lady Mocang, bore the emperor a male child in 1047, named Liangzuo, who was raised by his uncle, Mocang Epang. The disinherited heir apparent stabbed Jingzong in the nose and fled to Mocang Epang's residence where he was arrested and executed. Jingzong died the next day on 19 January 1048 at the age of 44.
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2549:. His mother, the new Empress Dowager Liang, the younger sister of Liang Qipu, ruled as regent. The Song dynasty continued to campaign against the Xia in 1091 and 1093. In 1094, Rende Baozhuang and Weiming Awu slew Liang Qipu and exterminated his clan. In 1096 the Song stopped paying tribute to the Xia and the next year, launched an "advance and fortify" campaign centered on guarding key locations along river valleys and mountains to erode the Xia position. From 1097 to 1099, the Song army constructed 40 fortifications across the
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2461:. Liu's vanguard attacked the town's gate before the defenders had a chance to close it, dealing several hundred casualties, and seizing more than 1,000 cattle before retreating. Liu wanted Gao Zunyu to help him take Lingzhou, but Gao refused. Then Liu suggested they take the Xia capital instead, to which Gao also refused, and instead took it as a slight that he could not take Lingzhou. Gao relayed his version of events to the Song court, then had Liu removed from command, merging the two forces.
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1965:. After the Tang reasserted their authority, a descendant of Tuoba Chici, Tuoba Chaoguang, was put in charge of the loyal Tanguts. The Yeli, Bali, and Bozhou clans continued to side with the Tibetans, however the Tanguts also came under Tibetan predation, and frontier settlements continued switching between Tang and Tibetan control for many years. In 806, the Acting Minister of Works, Du You, admitted that they treated the Tanguts badly:
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antagonistic policy towards the
Jurchen Jin was unpopular at court, as was cooperating with the Mongols. A certain Asha Gambu emerged as an outspoken proponent of anti-Mongol policy. In the winter of 1217–1218, the Mongols called on Western Xia to provide them troops for campaigns further west, but they refused to comply. No immediate retaliation occurred since Genghis left for the west in 1219 and left
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discarding with Tangut ritual in favor of
Chinese ceremonies. A year later a plot by Huizong and his concubine, Li Qing, to turn over the Xia's southern territory to the Song was uncovered. Li Qing was executed and Huizong was imprisoned. The emperor's loyalists immediately rallied their forces to oppose Liang rule while Yimai tried to in vain to summon them with the imperial silver
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3115:, which held a well-fortified garrison of 150,000, and attempted to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River. The dike they built broke and flooded the Mongol camp, forcing them to withdraw. In 1210, Xiangzong agreed to submit to Mongol rule, and demonstrated his loyalty by giving a daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and paying a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles.
2488:. The Xia sent out cavalry to prevent Song relief attempts. The defending commander, Xu Xi, deployed his troops outside the town gates but refused to attack the enemy troops while they forded the river. Then he refused to let his troops in when the Tangut Iron Hawk cavalry attacked, decimating the defending army. With the capture of Yongle, the Song lost 17,300 troops.
2573:. However, after the Advance and Fortify campaign of 1097–1099, Xia forces were no longer able to defeat Song positions. Failing to take major cities, the Tangut forces went on a rampage, killing tens of thousands of local civilians. The next year, Chongzong made peace with the Song, but was unable to clearly demarcate their borders, leading to another war in 1113.
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2109:, with a Sogdian governor, An Congjin. An Congjin besieged Xiazhou with 50,000 soldiers, but the Tanguts mounted a successful defensive by rallying the tribes and stripping the countryside of any resources. The Later Tang army was forced to retreat after three months. Despite Later Tang aggression, Yichao made peace with them by sending 50 horses as an offering.
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3194:, Genghis was injured in 1225 during a horse hunt when his horse bolted from under him. Genghis then tried to offer Western Xia the chance to willingly submit, but Asha Gambhu mocked the Mongols and challenged them to battle. Genghis pledged to avenge this insult. Genghis ordered his generals to systematically destroy cities and garrisons as they went.
2116:. Yixing discovered a plot by his brother, Yimin, to overthrow him in 943. Yimin fled to Chinese territory, but was returned to Xiazhou for execution. Over 200 clan members were implicated in the plot, resulting in a purge of the core ranks. Yimin's post was taken by a loyal official, Renyu. Not long afterward, Renyu was killed by the Yemu
2553:. In 1098, the Empress Regent Liang sent a 100,000 strong army to recapture Pingxia. The Tangut army was completely defeated in their attempt to dislodge the Song from their high ground position, and their generals Weiming Amai and Meiledubu were both captured. Empress Dowager Liang died in 1099, apparently poisoned by assassins from the
3424:, was printed in Hangchow and completed in 1302, and about a hundred copies were distributed to monasteries in the former Tangut region. Many fragments of books in Tangut and Chinese were discovered at the beginning of this century, including two editions of the Diamond sutra printed in 1016 and 1189, and two bilingual glossaries, the
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defensive position, but he refused, and led a contingent of shield warriors with two ranks of crossbowmen and cavalry behind, with himself leading at the front with two shields. The battle lasted for several hours before the Xia forces retreated, suffering 2,700 casualties. Afterwards, Liu captured a large supply of
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in
Western Xia led to the spread of some sexually related customs. Before they could marry men of their own ethnicity when they reached 30 years old, Uighur women in Shaanxi in the 12th century had children after having relations with multiple ethnic Han men, with her desirability as a wife enhancing
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In August 1227, Genghis died of uncertain causes, and, in order not to jeopardize the ongoing campaign, his death was kept a secret. In
September 1227, Emperor Mo surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed. The Mongols then pillaged the capital, slaughtered the city's population, plundered
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was receptive of these gestures, but Jiqian returned to raiding Song territory the next year. In April 996, Taizong sent troops to suppress Jiqian, who raided
Lingzhou in May and again in November 997. For a brief period after 998, Jiqian accepted Song suzerainty, until the fall of 1001 when he began
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at the Xia border. In the early summer of 1123, Dashi was captured by the Jin and forced to lead them to
Tianzuo's camp, where the entire imperial family except for Tianzuo and one son were captured. Tianzuo sought refuge with Chongzong, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings
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Toward the end of the war, Jingzong took the intended bride of his son, Lady Moyi, as his concubine. Jingzong's designated heir, Ninglingge, was the son of the Yeli empress, whose uncle Yeli Wangrong was concerned about the development. Ninglingge was thus arranged to marry the daughter of Wangrong,
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in 1172 and would not reopen them until 1197. They accused the Tanguts of trading worthless gems and jades for their silk. Tangut border raids increased during this period until the Jurchens reopened one market in 1181. In 1191 some Tangut herdsmen strayed into Jurchen territory and was chased away
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was completed during his reign. In 1189, the 50th anniversary of Renzong's accession, 100,000 copies of the "Sutra on the visualization of the Maitreya Bodhisattva's ascent and rebirth in Tushita Heaven" (Guan Mile pusa shang sheng Toushuai tian jing) was printed and distributed in both Chinese and
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Domestically the reign of Chongzong saw a formal consolidation of the relationship between the imperial court and the great clans, whose positions were assured in legal documents. After his mother's death in 1099, Chongzong stripped the Rende clan of its military power. Rende Baozhuang was demoted.
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dispatched Tong Guan to evict the Tanguts. In 1115, 150,000 troops under the command of Liu Fa penetrated deep into Xia territory and slaughtered the Tangut garrison at Gugulong. Meanwhile, Wang Hou and Liu Chongwu attacked the newly built Tangut fortress of Zangdihe. The siege ended in failure and
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In the summer of 1081, the five Song armies invaded Western Xia. Chong E defeated a Xia army, killing 8,000. In October, Li Xian took Lanzhou. On 15 October, Liu Changzuo's 50,000-strong army met a Xia force of 30,000 led by the Empress Regent Liang's brother. Liu's commanders advised him to take a
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ruler, Dongzhan. These events occurred under the regency of the Empress Dowager Liang and her brother, Liang Yimai. Huizong was married to one of Yimai's daughters to ensure the continued control of the Liang over the imperial Weiming clan. In 1080 Huizong rebelled against his mother's dominance by
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In recent years, corrupt frontier generals have repeatedly harassed and mistreated . Some profited from their fine horses; some seized their sons and daughters. Some accepted their local products as bribes, and some imposed corvée on them. Having suffered so much hardship, the Tanguts rebelled and
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forces destroyed several fortified settlements. Song forces were surrounded for three days before cavalry reinforcements arrived. Yizong was wounded by a crossbow and forced to retreat. Tangut forces attempted another raid later on but failed, and a night attack by Song forces scattered the Tangut
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By 1043, there were several hundred thousand trained local archer and crossbow militiamen in Shaanxi, and their archery skills were now generally effective. Crucial to defense (or offense) was the use of local non-Chinese allies to screen Song from the monetary costs and social costs of full-scale
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territory and although the Tanguts refused to provide him with refuge, and he raided their territory, Temüjin used this as pretext to raid Western Xia. The resulting attack in 1205 caused one local Tangut noble to defect to the Mongols, the plundering of several fortified settlements, and loss of
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Kerui died in 978 and was succeeded by Jiyun. Jiyun ruled for only a year before dying in 980. His son was still an infant, so Jiyun's brother, Jipeng, assumed leadership. Jipeng did not go through the traditional channel of acquiring consent from the elders, which caused dissent among the Tangut
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Since ancient times we have fought using both infantry and cavalry. Although we have the Iron Hawks that can charge on the plains and the Trekker infantry that can fight in the hills, if we happen to encounter some new tactic our cavalry will have difficulty deploying. If we encounter , then our
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and in 1214, supported a rebellion against the Jurchens. In 1216, Western Xia provided auxiliary troops to the Mongols for an attack on Jin territory. The Tanguts also invited the Song dynasty to join them in attacking the Jin, but nothing came of this except an aborted joint action in 1220. The
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On 8 December, Gao Zunyu decided to attack Lingzhou, only to realize he had forgotten to bring any siege equipment, and there were not enough trees around for their construction. Gao took out his frustration on Liu Changzuo, who he tried to have executed. Liu's troops were on the verge of mutiny
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and slaughtered its inhabitants. At this point Wang became concerned that he would run out of supplies and quarreled with Chong E over provisions. He also forbade his troops from cooking their meals because he feared it would alert Xia raiders of their position. His troops became ill from their
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Beyond establishing a Chinese-style central government for the militarized kingdom (which included sixteen bureaus), he also designated eighteen military control commissions spread among five military zones: (1) 70,000 soldiers to deal with the Liao, (2) 50,000 assigned to deal with Huan, Qing,
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The government-sponsored state religion was a blend of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism and Chinese Mahayana Buddhism with a Sino-Nepalese artistic style. The scholar-official class engaged in the study of Confucian classics, Taoist texts, and Buddhist sermons, while the Emperor portrayed himself as a
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In March 1083, Xia forces attacked Lanzhou. The defending commander, Wang Wenyu, led a small contingent out at night and made a surprise attack on the Xia encampment, forcing them to retreat. The Tanguts made two more attempts to take Lanzhou in April and May but failed on both accounts. Their
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the next year. Along with Yinzhou, Jiqian captured large amounts of supply, allowing him to increase his following. In 986, Jiqian submitted to the Khitans and in 989, Jiqian married into Khitan nobility. Jiqian also made symbolic obeisance to the Song, but the Song remained unconvinced of his
1923:. In 584-5 Tuoba Ningzong led the first group of Tanguts to submit to the Sui. In 628-629 another group under the leadership of Xifeng Bulai surrendered to the Tang. After the Tuyuhun were defeated in 635, the Tanguts under Tuoba Chici also surrendered. The 340,000 Tanguts were divided into 32
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In 1034 Li Yuanhao (Emperor Jingzong) introduced and decreed a new custom for Western Xia subjects to shave their heads, leaving a fringe covering the forehead and temples, ostensibly to distinguish them from neighbouring countries. Clothing was regulated for different classes of official and
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died in 1048, a council of elders selected his cousin as the new ruler. Mocang Epang objected on grounds of primogeniture and put forth his nephew, the son of Jingzong and Lady Mocang, as candidate. No dissent was forthcoming, so the two-year-old Liangzuo became emperor, posthumously known as
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to settle in the in-between areas were paying off. The fan generally and the Qiang specifically were siding with the Song much more than with the Xia at this point. By now, also, there were enough forts and walled cities to limit Yuanhao’s maneuverability and to improve mutual support against
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in early 1226, the Mongols began a steady advance southward. Asha, commander of the Western Xia troops, could not afford to meet the Mongols as it would involve an exhausting westward march from the capital through 500 kilometers of desert, so the Mongols steadily advanced from city to city.
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After the deaths of Renzhong and Chage in 1156, Ren Dejing rose through the ranks and became very powerful. In 1160 he obtained the noble title of Chu, the first Chinese to do so in the Tangut state. Ren tried to have the schools shut down and called them useless Chinese institutions wasting
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The war ended in 1085 with the death of Emperor Shenzong in April. In exchange for 100 Chinese prisoners, the Song returned four of the six captured towns. Hostilities between the Song and Xia would flare up again five years later, and conflict would continue sporadically until the Song lost
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invaded Western Xia with a force of 100,000 in 1044. Liao forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Jingzong's defenders. According to Song spies, there was a succession of carts bearing Liao dead across the desert. Having exhausted his
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In response, the Song dynasty offered to bestow ranks on the Tanguts, which Jingzong rejected. The Song then cut off border trade and put a bounty on his head. The Xia's chief military leader, Weiming Shanyu, also fled to seek asylum with the Song, however he was executed at
2152:, did not agree to this and refused to submit to Song administration. Jiqian led a group of bandit holdouts and resisted Song control. In 984, the Song attacked his camp and captured his mother and wife, but he narrowly escaped. He rebounded from this defeat by capturing
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before Fan Chuncui, a Circuit judge, convinced Gao to reconcile with Liu. On 21 December, Xia forces breached the dikes along the Yellow River and flooded the camps of the two besieging Song armies, forcing them to retreat. Xia harassment turned the retreat into a rout.
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were instituted, although Tangut records do discuss using them for selection of officials. The Tangut law code only discusses inheritance of office and rank. In 1148 an Inner Academy was established and staffed with renowned scholars. Renzong also greatly patronized
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surname of Weiming (Tangut: Nweimi) for his clan. He levied all able bodied men between 15 and 60 years of age, providing him with a 150,000 strong army. By 1036, he had annexed both the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom and the Guiyi Circuit to his west. In the same year, the
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also failed. After multiple defeats, the Xia offered peace demands to the Song, which they refused. In January 1084, Xia forces made a last attempt to take Lanzhou. The siege lasted for 10 days before the Tangut army ran out of supplies and was forced to retreat.
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In 1103, the Song annexed Tsongkha and spent the following year weeding out native resistance. The expansion of Song territory threatened the Xia's southern border, resulting in Tangut incursions in 1104 and 1105. Eventually the Xia launched an all out attack on
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to the west and invaded Western Xia. After defeating an army led by Gao Lianghui outside Wulahai, Genghis captured the city and pushed up along the Yellow River, capturing several garrisons and defeating another imperial army. The Mongols besieged the capital,
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A system of writing its language, based on Chinese and Khitan, was created in 1036, and many Chinese books were translated and then printed in this script. Gifts and exchanges of books were arranged with the Sung court from time to time; Buddhist
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In 1140 a group of Khitan exiles led by Xiao Heda rebelled. The Xia forces under Ren Dejing crushed them. Renzong wanted to reward Ren with a palace appointment but his councilor, Weiming Renzhong, convinced him to keep him as a field commander.
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Tibetans, Uyghurs, Han, and Tanguts served as officials in Western Xia. It is unclear how distinct the different ethnic groups were in the Xia state as intermarriage was never prohibited. Tangut, Chinese and Tibetan were all official languages.
3276:, Western Xia is little known to anyone other than experts in the field due to Genghis Khan's policy calling for their complete eradication. He states that "There is a case to be made that this was the first ever recorded example of attempted
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Huizong was returned to his throne in 1083. Liang Yimai died in 1085 and his son, Liang Qipu, succeeded his position as chief minister. The Empress Dowager Liang also died later that year. In 1086 Huizong passed away at the age of 26.
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Seeing the infighting breaking out in the Xia, the Song decided to go on the offensive. In 1081, the Song dynasty launched a five-pronged attack on the Xia. After initial victories, Song forces failed to take the capital of Xia,
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In 1144 Renzong decreed the establishment of schools throughout the country and a secondary school opened for imperial scions aged seven to fifteen. A Superior School of Chinese Learning was opened the following year and
2128:. The sources are not clear on the event. In 948 Yixing requested permission to cross the border and attack the Yemu Qiang but was refused. Instead Yixing attacked a neighboring circuit under encouragement from the rebel
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Genghis reached the Western Xia capital in 1227, laid siege to the city, and launched several offensives against the Jin to prevent them from sending reinforcements to Western Xia, with one force reaching as a far as
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was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry, chariots, archery, shields, artillery (cannons carried on the back of camels), and amphibious troops for combat on land and water.
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fled in two groups to the west. One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Xia where they set up a short lived Xi dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops. The other group, led by
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were donated no fewer than six times and some of them were translated and printed. After the Mongol conquest of Tangut and China, a Tangut edition of the Tripitaka in the Hsi-hsia script, in more than 3620
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After their defeat in 1210, Western Xia attacked the Jin dynasty in response to their refusal to aid them against the Mongols. The following year, the Mongols joined Western Xia and began a 23-year-long
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1763:("White High Great Xia State"), was also used. Chinese and Japanese scholars commonly interpret the first two words as "upper reaches of the White River", which was possibly referring to the
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in 1227. Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed, so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in China and the West. Today the
1724:. They made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, which was characterized as "shining and sparkling". Their extensive stance among the other empires of the
2989:, but they refused his overtures. Ren started construction of fortifications along the Jin border. In 1170 Ren pressured Renzong to grant him the eastern half of the realm as well as for
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From 1165 to 1170, Ren Dejing tried to establish his own semi-autonomous realm, and in the process meddled in the affairs of the Zhuanglang tribes, who lived in the border region of the
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took advantage of the Song's dire predicaments by increasing annual tribute payments by 100,000 units of silk and silver (each). The Song appealed to the Liao for help, and as a result,
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prefectures under the control of Tangut chieftains appointed as prefects. Another wave of Tanguts entered Tang territory in 692, adding as many as 200,000 persons to the population in
1908:, but the Tang forces double crossed them in a surprise attack and seized thousands of livestock. In retaliation, the Tanguts attacked the Tang and killed thousands of their soldiers.
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By the end of 1081, only Chong E remained in active command. In September 1082, the Xia counterattacked with a 300,000 strong army, laying siege to Yongle, a fortress town west of
3252:, the Jin capital. The siege lasted for six months before Genghis offered terms of surrender. During the peace negotiations, Genghis continued his military operations around the
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region, whose home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan. According to Chinese records, which called them the Dangxiang, the Tanguts were descended from the Western
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elites. The Tangut prefect of Suizhou challenged Jipeng's succession. In 982 Jipeng fled to the Song court and surrendered control of Dingnan Jiedushi. His brother or cousin,
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The Western Xia had two elite military units, the Iron Hawks (tie yaozi), a 3,000 strong heavy cavalry unit, and Trekker infantry (bubazi), mountain infantry. The brother of
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History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting
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by a Jin patrol. They them ambushed and killed the pursuing patrol officer. Renzong refused to extradite the herdsmen and assured the Jurchens that they would be punished.
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resources, Jingzong made peace with the Song, who recognized him as the ruler of Xia lands and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 250,000 units of silk, silver, and tea.
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fled. They either sent envoys to contact the Uighurs or cooperated with the Tibetans to raid our borders. These are the consequences of deeds. We must discipline them.
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in 1224 and the peace agreement was finalized in the fall of 1225. The Tanguts continued to defy the Mongols by refusing to send a hostage prince to the Mongol court.
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uncooked food, started to starve, and came under attack by enemy cavalry anyway. Wang was ordered to withdraw while Chong E covered his retreat. Wang lost 20,000 men.
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in northern Shaanxi. In the 760s, the military commander, Ashina Sijian, harassed six Tangut tribes and took their camels and horses. The Tanguts fled west across the
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and provided commentary to it in the Tangut language. Upon his death, Renzong honored him by having his portrait displayed in all the Confucian temples and schools.
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and successfully repelled invading forces. In 962 Yixing offered horses as tribute to the Song dynasty. Yixing died in 967 and was succeeded by his son, Kerui.
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1789:), which means the "State of Ten Thousand Secrets". "Western Xia" or "Xi Xia" is the state's Chinese name. "Western" refers to its location to the west of the
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450 years after the destruction of the Tangut empire, the "Kingdom of Tenduc or Tangut" was still shown on some European maps as China's northwestern neighbor
2018:
in 880, Sigong led a Chinese-Tangut army to assist Tang forces in driving out the rebels. For his service, he was granted in 881 control of Xiazhou, Youzhou,
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was disseminated for use in the Tangut government and translations of Chinese and Tibetan works began at once. The script's creation is attributed to
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Qin, Wenzhong , Zhou Haitao and Qin Ling (1998). "Xixia jun shi ti yu yu ke xue ji shu 西夏军事体育与科学技术." Ningxia Daxue Xuebao 《宁夏大学学报》 79 (2): 48-50.
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The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages
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6447:, ed. (1995). The Cambridge History of China: Vol. VI: Alien Regimes & Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg. 214.
2576:
In 1113, the Xia started building fortifications in disputed territory with the Song, and took the Qingtang region. Incensed at this provocation,
99:
4543:
2085:, who was murdered by his officer Gao Zongyi in 909. Gao Zongyi was himself murdered by soldiers of Dingnan and was replaced by Yichang's uncle,
7153:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
1187:
3351:
infantry will be scattered. The problem is our troops can only fight according to convention and are unable to adapt to changes during battle.
3188:
in 1221, Genghis prepared his armies to punish Western Xia. In 1225, Genghis attacked with a force of approximately 180,000. According to the
1840:
7901:
7492:
7296:
7189:
7024:
6980:
6947:
6897:
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6843:
6752:
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6609:
6570:
1487:
1904:, however they were betrayed by the Sui forces, who took the chance to loot the Tanguts. In 635, they were requested to serve as guides for
1771:(1994) proposed the translation "the Kingdom of the Great Xia of the White and Lofty", and suggested that the name refers to a peak in the
2042:. After the Huang Chao rebellion's defeat in 883, Sigong was granted the dynastic surname Li and enfeoffed as "Duke of Xia". In 878, the
4952:
Zhao, Yanlong (2005). "Qian tan xi xia gong wen wen feng yu gong wen zai ti 浅谈西夏公文文风与公文载体." Xibei min zu yan jiu 西北民族研究 45(2): 78-84.
1529:
691:
4587:
2963:
resources on parasitic scholars. It is unknown how the emperor responded but the schools were not closed. In 1161 the emperor opened a
7662:
7379:
6197:
5941:
3120:
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to grant him investiture. In the summer of that year, Renzong's men secretly rounded up Ren Dejing and his adherents, executing them.
681:
2441:, and remained on the defensive for the next three years. Xia counterattacks also experienced initial success before failing to take
1358:
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7404:
7341:
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6181:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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to take care of the westernmost cities, while the main force under Genghis moved east into the heart of the Western Xia and took
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surrendered to the Tanguts. Yuanhao invaded the Qinghai region as well but was repelled by the newly risen Tibetan kingdom of
497:
472:
458:
444:
430:
416:
402:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7791:
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6331:
5933:
4511:
4241:
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3651:
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3298:, in some instances becoming local rulers. A small Western Xia state was established in Tibet along the upper reaches of the
3040:
3034:
2927:
2542:
2413:
1550:
1502:
225:
7413:
Nie, Lina (January 2015), "A Grand Strategy or a Military Operation? A Reconsideration of the Liangzhou Campaign of 1081",
3365:. Dating to the early 13th century, it was a primitive yet large (weighing 108 kg) bronze cannon shooting iron balls.
3025:
7584:, vol. 6: Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153,
4501:
3863:
3558:
3209:, which was spared destruction upon its capture due to it being the hometown of Genghis's commander Chagaan. After taking
3190:
2417:
2354:
1524:
1450:
1385:
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Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)
2257:
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2157:
intentions. Jipeng was sent by the Song to destroy Jiqian, but he was defeated in battle on 6 May 994, and fled back to
2078:
1460:
7722:
4943:(2005). Xixia tong shi 西夏通史. Beijing and Yinchuan , Ren min chu ban she 人民出版社; Ningxia ren min chu ban she 宁夏人民出版社.
2870:
2360:
In 1064, Yizong raided the Song dynasty. In the fall of 1066, he mounted two more raids and in September, an attack on
1794:
1733:
1269:
573:
7856:
7736:
6440:
4931:
Bian, Ren (2005). Xixia: xiaoshi zai lishi jiyi zhong de guodu 《西夏: 消逝在历史记忆中的国度》. Beijing , Waiwen Chubanshe 外文出版社.
3330:
3154:
in charge of North China. In 1223, Muqali died. At the same time, Shenzong abdicated to his son, Dewang, posthumously
1646:
that existed from 1038 to 1227. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over modern-day northwestern China, including parts of
1512:
650:
4226:
3471:
gained prominence as rulers invited Tibetan monks to hold the distinctive office of state preceptor. The practice of
2937:
In 1142-3 famine and earthquake caused unrest in Xiazhou. Renzong responded with tax remissions and relief measures.
3221:, the second-largest city in Western Xia, which surrendered without resistance. In autumn 1226, Genghis crossed the
7080:
3346:, Chage, mentioned that Trekker infantry had difficulty fighting Mighty-Arm bows, a type of Song dynasty crossbow:
2137:
2125:
2094:
2090:
1957:
and started working for the Tibetans as guides on raiding expeditions. In 764, the Tanguts joined the Tibetans and
1517:
4245:
4230:
3484:
The economy of the empire mainly consisted of agriculture, pastoralism, and trade (especially with Central Asia).
1060:
1050:
1018:
7715:
6185:
6056:
4191:
3813:
3241:
2117:
2081:, which awarded the Dingnan rulers with honorary titles. Sijian died in 908 and was succeeded by his adopted son
1886:
1543:
1480:
1445:
714:
624:
530:
237:
3229:, a mere 30 kilometers from the capital. At this point, Xianzong died, leaving his relative, Xian, posthumously
1832:
region until the 19th century. The Tanguts called themselves Minag, transcribed in Chinese as Mianyao or Miyao.
7637:
Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)
6313:
5043:
5034:
4420:
2446:
2421:
2378:
2374:
2324:
2101:, perhaps to aid the Later Liang in fighting the Shatuo. In 924 Renfu was enfeoffed as "Prince of Shuofang" by
2019:
863:
534:
7871:
7866:
4722:
3399:
2887:
2757:
2577:
2162:
1849:
37:"Xi Xia" and "Xixia" redirect here. For the Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia, see
3322:
2269:) of 3,000. It was a fearful concentration of military might overlaying a relatively shallow economic base.
941:
7806:
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and the Song dynasty. At the same time he expanded Tangut territory to the west. In 1028, he sent his son
1868:
1802:
1780:
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1750:
1492:
1470:
1455:
660:
252:
42:
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6354:
3166:
1465:
882:
176:
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6312:(1998). "The Uighurs, the Kyrgyz and the Tangut (Eighth to the Thirteenth Century)". In Asimov, M. S.;
2057:
3253:
2089:, who was a popular officer in the army. In 910 Dingnan came under a monthlong siege by the forces of
7851:
7527:
4742:
2946:
1702:
1507:
720:
449:
31:
3260:, rejected a peace offer from the Jin, and prepared to invade them near their border with the Song.
3103:, refused to cooperate and declared that it was to their advantage that enemies attack one another.
2161:. Jiqian sent tribute on 9 September as well as his younger brother on 1 October to the Song court.
111:
7786:
7202:
Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796
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3362:
3335:
3096:
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2611:
1946:
1809:
1678:
672:
372:
366:
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3071:. In the same year, Huanzong was deposed in a coup by his cousin Anquan, who installed himself as
7543:
7140:
6539:"Fan and Han: The Origins and Uses of a Conceptual Dichotomy in Mid-Imperial China, ca. 500-1200"
6444:
4667:
3432:(+ 1190). Apparently many books in their native tongue were also printed under the Tangut rulers.
2677:
1821:
1643:
655:
7771:
4922:
Wang, Tianshun (1993). Xixia Zhan Shi 《西夏战史》. Yinchuan , Ningxia ren min chu ban she 宁夏人民出版社.
3498:
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2133:
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but was able to repel the invasion with the aid of Later Liang. In 922 Renfu sent 500 horses to
1997:
4783:
7694:
7658:
7640:
7621:
7585:
7559:
7488:
7470:
7441:
7433:
7400:
7375:
7367:
7337:
7323:
7292:
7230:
7206:
7185:
7167:
7105:
7084:
7020:
6995:
6976:
6943:
6893:
6887:
6866:
6839:
6833:
6812:
6789:
6748:
6721:
6659:
6653:
6632:
6605:
6599:
6566:
6560:
6409:
6362:
6327:
6264:
6193:
6175:
6064:
5997:
5937:
5880:
4827:
4795:
4409:
3273:
3095:, before withdrawing in the spring of 1208. The Tanguts tried to form a united front with the
2666:
2506:
2469:
2158:
1934:
1403:
726:
6860:
4848:
4821:
3244:
led a 300,000 strong army against the Mongols and was defeated. The Mongols sacked Lingzhou.
3088:
7535:
7422:
6939:
6358:
6309:
5993:
4863:
4849:"Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino-Tangut Relations, 960-1127"
4727:
4388:
3830:
3472:
3468:
3467:
was the most widespread form of Buddhism practiced. However, around the mid-twelfth century
3464:
2942:
2837:
2304:
war. By mid-1042, the accumulated efforts of men like Fan Zhongyan and others to entice the
2260:
with the Song dynasty which resulted in several victories at great cost to the Xia economy.
2136:
rebelled, causing the Tanguts significant difficulty. Honorary titles were given out by the
2031:
1985:
1860:
1579:
1082:
640:
632:
407:
145:
3385:
2996:
Wo Daochong succeeded Ren Dejing as chief minister. A Confucian scholar, he translated the
7829:
7820:
7602:, vol. 5: The Sung dynasty and its Predecessors, 907–1279, Cambridge University Press
4446:
4399:
4324:
3514:
3295:
3222:
3202:
3138:
was the first person in the imperial family to pass the palace examinations and receive a
2377:
to escalate the conflict. The next year, the Song commander Chong E attacked and captured
2027:
1772:
1694:
524:
140:
7620:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press.
3272:
The destruction of Western Xia during the second campaign was nearly total. According to
3264:
the imperial tombs to the west, and completed the annihilation of the Western Xia state.
2420:. Huizong's reign began with an inconclusive war with the Song dynasty in 1070–1071 over
2166:
raiding again. Jiqian died on 6 January 1004 from an arrow wound. His son and successor,
1937:. In 721–722, Tuoba Sitai, a descendant of Tuoba Chici, aided the Tang in putting down a
1599:
7531:
7099:
6973:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
6769:
6322:. Vol. 4: Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Paris:
4896:
2521:
7388:
5876:
4704:
4650:
4456:
4364:
4306:
3403:
2964:
2795:
2695:
2655:
2622:
2594:
2153:
2035:
2023:
1768:
1717:
1671:
1667:
1475:
984:
901:
6655:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
3398:
The kingdom developed a Tangut script to write its own Tangut language, a now extinct
1988:
because they both wanted to monopolize the horse trade which passed through Lingzhou.
1980:
In 814 the Tang appointed a Commissioner for Pacifying the Tanguts to Youzhou (modern
7845:
7825:
7781:
7074:
6968:
6698:
4752:
4732:
4490:
3100:
3068:
3010:
2883:
2878:
2815:
2768:
2550:
2530:
2465:
2230:
2225:
2210:
2187:
2132:, but retreated upon encountering an imperial force. In 952 the Yeji people north of
2074:
1864:
1709:
1698:
1690:
1639:
774:
741:
538:
490:
435:
295:
3833:
in Chinese and Tangut, although not all the Tangut versions of era names are known.
3302:
while other Western Xia populations settled in what are now the modern provinces of
2340:
6932:
6862:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
6835:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
6601:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
6562:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
4690:
4646:
4642:
4334:
3311:
3299:
3218:
3092:
3064:
2874:
2826:
2786:
2777:
2717:
2554:
2485:
2320:
2234:
2198:
2183:
2141:
2140:
to appease local commanders, including Yixing. In 960 Dingnan came under attack by
2121:
1954:
1950:
1890:
1790:
1779:, and to the Tibetans as Minyak. Another name the Tanguts used for their state was
1764:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1349:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1243:
1224:
1214:
1202:
1140:
854:
844:
821:
606:
562:
554:
477:
463:
269:
171:
2537:"By imperial command, a pass to burn the horses" (i.e. to ride with great urgency)
2373:
and launched another attack on Qingzhou in December but withdrew after threats by
7464:
7327:
7220:
7200:
6914:
6806:
6715:
6680:
6626:
6399:
6348:
6317:
6254:
6179:
6048:
5983:
5870:
1757:, 'white', 'high', 'great', 'summer', 'kingdom'. The corresponding Chinese name,
7226:
7182:
The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium
4757:
4737:
4712:
4574:
4215:
3509:
3210:
3178:
2804:
2392:
2253:
2129:
2047:
2011:
2007:
1981:
1962:
1925:
1897:
1798:
1686:
1584:
1440:
1127:
971:
961:
951:
929:
916:
750:
595:
7438:
Essays on T'ang Society: The Interplay of Social, Political and Economic Forces
2914:
4680:
3123:. In the same year Xiangzong's nephew Zunxu seized power in a coup and became
3084:
3048:
2735:
2424:. In 1072 Huizong's sister was married to Linbuzhi (Rinpoche), the son of the
2202:
2102:
2082:
2015:
1008:
797:
4799:
1911:
By the 650s, the Tanguts had left their homeland to escape pressure from the
6405:
4940:
4551:
3286:." However, some members of the Western Xia royal clan emigrated to western
3282:
3051:
and his conflict with Western Xia is known about Huanzong's reign. In 1203,
2982:
2955:
2644:
2292:
2218:
2194:
2167:
2149:
2113:
2106:
2070:
2066:
2003:
1713:
550:
421:
265:
4645:
from Western Xia around the mid-12th century. Found in Xinhua Xiang (新华乡);
2384:
Yizong died in January 1068, presumably from his wounds, at the age of 20.
2288:
1801:) is a historical name for the region that originated from the 5th-century
1775:
named the "White and Lofty Mother". The region was known to the Tanguts as
77:
64:
7426:
6808:
Kings, khans, and other rulers of early Central Asia: chronological tables
2120:, who departed for Chinese territory. In 944 Yixing may have attacked the
7691:
Bóyáng bǎn Tōngjiàn Jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代
6189:
6060:
4569:
4374:
4296:
3454:
commoners. Dress seemed to be influenced by Tibetan and Uighur clothing.
3310:. In China, remnants of the Western Xia persisted into the middle of the
3277:
3185:
3146:
3112:
2998:
2986:
2951:
2570:
2438:
2425:
2370:
2221:, and soon after his father died, leaving him ruler of the Tangut state.
2214:
2086:
1942:
1938:
1912:
1682:
1663:
161:
126:
7144:
7128:
7547:
7063:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
4867:
4354:
4344:
3287:
3249:
3206:
3198:
3107:
3056:
3052:
3006:
2633:
2602:
2566:
2502:
2442:
2365:
2098:
2051:
2039:
1958:
1920:
1901:
1878:
1874:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1151:
1002:
996:
17:
7728:
7120:
The Formation of Tangut Statehood as Seen by Chinese Historiographers
6774:. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. pp.
6543:
Political Strategies of Identity Building in Non-Han Empires in China
6323:
5989:
4782:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).
4534:
4479:
3257:
3226:
3151:
3139:
2848:
2557:. At the same time, the Tanguts were also involved in a war with the
2493:
2458:
2454:
2296:
2043:
1930:
1916:
1753:, which word by word denotes 'white', 'high', 'kingdom', 'great', or
1589:
362:
166:
38:
7539:
7307:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
6515:
3055:
was defeated by Temüjin. Toghrul's son, Nilqa Senggum, fled through
2170:, proved to be more amicable towards the Song than his predecessor.
1812:
dated to 735, which is transcribed in Chinese as Tangwu or Tangute (
1674:, measuring about 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles).
6771:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
6538:
3463:
Buddhist king and patron of Lamas. Early in the kingdom's history,
1949:
in the 750s, the Tanguts had become the primary local power in the
1797:(1115–1234) dynasties, as well as the Song. "Xia" (pointing to the
7098:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),
6516:"Tangut and Horpa languages: some shared morphosyntactic features"
4578:
3497:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3329:
3321:
3307:
3303:
3291:
3165:
3024:
2913:
2905:
2746:
2726:
2526:
2520:
2430:
2403:
2391:
2339:
2278:
2177:
2056:
1882:
1839:
1829:
1651:
6791:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
3083:
In 1207, Genghis led another raid into Western Xia, invading the
1745:
The full title of the Western Xia as named by their own state is
2891:
from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124.
2864:
The Western Xia and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.
2558:
2287:
In the winter of 1039–1040, Jingzong laid siege to Yanzhou (now
1825:
558:
7732:
7556:
Cambridge History of China, Sui and T'ang China 589-906, Part I
6859:
Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).
6832:
Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).
6598:
Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).
6559:
Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994).
2105:. When Renfu died in 933, Later Tang tried to replace his son,
7609:
Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War
4209:
3106:
In the autumn of 1209, Genghis received the submission of the
1633:
2970:
In 1161-2 the Tanguts briefly occupied territory of both the
2959:
Tangut, and 50,000 copies of other sutras were also printed.
6768:
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1883).
6030:
6028:
6015:
6013:
5911:
5909:
5837:
5835:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5671:
5669:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5234:
5232:
5017:
5015:
4823:
The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China
3361:
A remarkable Xia weapon was discovered in 1980, namely the
2396:
Bronze Xia seals bearing the Tangut seal script characters
2283:
Painting of a warrior from a late Western Xia tomb in Gansu
1824:). Tangut was used a common name for certain tribes in the
5476:
5474:
5063:
5061:
3067:, ruler of all Mongols, marking the official start of the
1808:
The name Tangut is derived from a form first found in the
7485:
Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤
7289:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
4981:
4979:
2445:
multiple times. In 1085, the war ended with the death of
7352:
Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-1044
2237:
and work on it likely began during the reign of Deming.
2217:. In 1032, Yuanhao annexed the Tibetan confederation of
2182:
Western Xia painting on silk depicting the Daoist deity
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5420:
5418:
4909:
4907:
4905:
2898:
Chongzong died at the age of 56 in the summer of 1139.
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5369:
5367:
4883:
Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-44
6541:. In Fiaschetti, Francesca; Schneider, Julia (eds.).
6158:
6156:
2464:
By November, the Xia had abandoned the middle of the
1754:
1685:); another major Xia city and archaeological site is
104:
Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)
7101:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
6934:
Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500
6350:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4899:
2000 ff. © Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved: 13 July 2017.
2112:
Yichao died in 935 and was succeeded by his brother
2065:
Sigong died in 886 and was succeeded by his brother
1368:
1290:
1170:
1103:
1033:
907:
7657:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
7271:
The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2
7245:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492
358:
344:
335:
324:
319:
305:
292:
279:
262:
248:
231:
219:
207:
193:
185:
154:
133:
121:
52:
7469:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
6931:
2930:. His mother was the Chinese concubine, Lady Cao.
2541:The three-year-old Qianshun succeeded his father,
7673:HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRE-DYNASTIC KHITAN
6401:The Territories of the People's Republic of China
4856:The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced
3829:Each Western Xia emperor established one or more
2077:, which pushed the Tanguts into an alliance with
7526:(4), London and Stanford University Press: 501,
7262:Chingis Kan's Conquest of Tibet, Myth or Reality
7004:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
6604:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182.
6565:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–155.
4581:, China, from the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty
2985:valley. He also tried to enlist the help of the
1915:and migrated eastward, to what are now parts of
7205:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press,
6865:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii–.
5958:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
5864:
5862:
3412:
3348:
3145:Shenzong appeased the Mongols by attacking the
2301:
2262:
1967:
6628:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
5985:Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road
3099:against the Mongols, but the usurper monarch,
3039:The 17-year-old Chunyou succeeded his father,
2922:The 16-year-old Renxiao succeeded his father,
7897:States and territories disestablished in 1227
7744:
7518:Stein, R. A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization",
6838:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 818–.
6658:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–.
6545:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 24.
6398:Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David, eds. (2002).
4897:Chinese History - Western Xia Empire Economy.
4784:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
3816:
3791:
3778:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3546:
3538:
3530:
2224:Upon his father's death, Yuanhao adopted the
2002:In 873, the senior Tangut leader at Xiazhou,
1784:
1758:
1708:The Western Xia occupied the area around the
1551:
82:
69:
57:
8:
7693:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī,
7487:, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī,
6938:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p.
6811:. In Kommission bei E.J. Brill. p. 68.
3476:if she had been with a large number of men.
30:For other dynasties with the same name, see
7675:, Institute for Asian and African Studies 7
7558:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press,
7329:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
6717:China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary
4244:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3005:The Jurchens closed down border markets in
2457:at the town of Mingsha, and headed towards
2412:The seven-year-old Bingchang, posthumously
2240:In 1038, Yuanhao declared himself emperor (
2050:attacked the Tanguts but was repelled by a
2034:, also known as Xiasui, centered on modern
331:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi)
7892:States and territories established in 1038
7751:
7737:
7729:
7618:Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition
7360:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
7166:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge,
7076:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
3197:Genghis divided his army and sent general
3029:The Tangut Emperor and a boy, 13th century
1906:Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun
1558:
1544:
1374:
1369:
1291:
1176:
1171:
1104:
1039:
1034:
908:
619:
110:
98:
49:
6381:
6295:
6240:
6212:
6147:
6083:
6034:
6019:
5915:
5901:Mongol hiigeed Eurasiin diplomat shashtir
5853:
5841:
5826:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5465:
5448:
5436:
5397:
5346:
5262:
5238:
5223:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5139:
5127:
5091:
5079:
5021:
4555:made of grey pottery, Western Xia dynasty
4264:Learn how and when to remove this message
3217:In August 1226, Mongol troops approached
3075:. Huanzong died much later in captivity.
3063:In 1206, Temüjin was formally proclaimed
1716:, the most important trade route between
7440:, Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill,
6319:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
4826:. Harvard University Press. p. 50.
4275:
3835:
3505:
2945:were built throughout the land. In 1147
1889:people, and occupied the steppes around
545:
307:• Destruction by the Mongol Empire
7655:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
6889:Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine
6682:Tanguts and the Tangut State of Ta Hsia
6554:
6552:
6492:
5385:
5274:
5211:
5006:
4985:
4970:
4774:
4523:
3017:Renzong died in 1193 at the age of 70.
2967:to compile the Xia historical records.
2472:. On 20 November, Wang Zhongzheng took
1624:
1604:
631:
535:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
334:
323:
318:
6480:
5660:
5641:
5617:
5600:
5588:
5559:
5492:
3929:Tiāncì Lǐshèng Guóqìng 天賜禮盛國慶 (Tangut
2073:'s independent regime allied with the
27:Dynasty in northwest China (1038–1227)
7639:, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES,
7580:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao",
6720:. London: Curzon Press. p. 351.
6585:
5872:The Mongol Conquests in World History
5424:
5373:
5358:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5250:
5199:
2954:learning. The majority of the Tangut
2244:or Blue Son of Heaven), posthumously
1873:The Tanguts originally came from the
1689:. Western Xia was annihilated by the
343:
339:
304:
291:
278:
261:
257:
230:
218:
206:
202:
192:
7:
7222:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World
7054:Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan
6468:
6456:
6385:
6095:
5480:
5409:
5187:
5115:
5103:
5067:
4641:Printed text using pottery (argile)
4242:adding citations to reliable sources
3233:, to deal with the Mongol invasion.
2030:. Together the territory was called
7862:Former countries in Chinese history
7574:Science and Civilization in China 5
7393:Science & Civilisation in China
7045:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
6919:. Mongolia Society. pp. 25–26.
6428:
6283:
6236:
6224:
6162:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6107:
5969:
5629:
5571:
4537:, Western Xia dynasty, 12th century
4167:
4150:
4125:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4072:
4055:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3889:
3885:
3280:. It was certainly very successful
2534:
2397:
2010:and declared himself prefect. When
1746:
1638:to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a
7269:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964),
7252:Kepping, Ksenia Borisovna (1994),
7129:"The Sino-Tangut War of 1081-1085"
6652:Michal Biran (15 September 2005).
6625:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
5930:Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire
2408:Impression of the "commander" seal
2197:sent tribute missions to both the
326:
25:
7163:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
7013:The Woman Who Discovered Printing
4788:Journal of World-Systems Research
4605:Wooden figure of a Tangut soldier
2873:took the Southern Capital of the
7104:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin,
7034:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987),
6892:. Pen and Sword. pp. 149–.
6747:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 195.
6347:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2012).
4820:Kuhn, Dieter (15 October 2011).
4718:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
4697:
4683:
4658:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4586:
4560:
4542:
4526:
4214:
3494:Western Xia emperors family tree
3344:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia
3225:, and in November laid siege to
3127:. Xiangzong died a month later.
3073:Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia
2924:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia
2593:
2586:
2547:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia
1893:and the mountains to its south.
639:
515:
495:
470:
456:
442:
428:
414:
400:
76:
63:
7907:1220s disestablishments in Asia
7155:, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
7061:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005),
6504:Leffman, et al. (2005), p. 988.
3430:Fan Han Ho Shih Chang Chung Chu
3175:Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia
3156:Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia
3136:Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia
3125:Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia
3045:Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia
2350:Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia
2246:Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia
1896:In 608, the Tanguts helped the
1701:are extinct, only fragments of
1677:The capital of Western Xia was
7792:Western Xia rulers family tree
7777:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
7600:The Cambridge History of China
7582:The Cambridge History of China
7512:A Crisis in the Literati State
7501:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012),
7399:, Cambridge University Press,
7318:, Library of Arabic Literature
7314:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2014),
7291:, Cambridge University Press,
7011:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008),
6975:, Princeton University Press,
6930:Luc Kwanten (1 January 1979).
6631:. Facts On File. p. 590.
5934:University of Washington Press
4593:Concubines of the Tangut ruler
4512:Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
3884:Fúshèng Chéngdào 福聖承道 (Tangut
3091:, the main garrison along the
3041:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia
3035:Mongol conquest of Western Xia
2928:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia
2543:Emperor Huizong of Western Xia
2414:Emperor Huizong of Western Xia
1618:
1594:
1498:Science and technology history
281:• Dynasty established by
83:
70:
1:
7653:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),
7635:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000),
7456:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
7436:; L. Smith, Bardwell (1976),
7254:The Name of the Tangut Empire
6886:Chris Peers (31 March 2015).
6714:Dillon, Michael, ed. (1998).
6053:China at War: An Encyclopedia
4913:Stein (1972), pp. 70–71.
3191:Secret History of the Mongols
3047:. Little besides the rise of
2910:Western Xia coin c. 1149-1169
2418:Emperor Yizong of Western Xia
2355:Emperor Yizong of Western Xia
2344:Western Xia explosive caltrop
1961:in supporting the Tang rebel
868:
827:
803:
780:
756:
697:
7902:1030s establishments in Asia
7616:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015).
7611:, University of Hawaii Press
7415:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
7374:, Harvard University Press,
7350:McGrath, Michael C. (2008),
7309:, Cambridge University Press
7180:Graff, David Andrew (2016),
7038:, Princeton University Press
4748:One Hundred and Eight Stupas
4671:written in the Tangut script
4293:Xingzhou (Xingqing, Ducheng)
3982:Tiānyòu Mín'ān 天祐民安 (Tangut
3970:Tiānyí Zhìpíng 天儀治平 (Tangut
3953:Tiān'ān Lǐdìng 天安禮定 (Tangut
3855:Tiānshòu Lǐfǎ Yánzuò 天授禮法延祚
3231:Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia
2974:and Song dynasty during the
1751:/*phiow¹-bjij²-lhjij-lhjij²/
605:) in the northwest; and the
7572:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1985),
7362:, Columbia University Press
7122:, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
6514:Beaudouin, Mathieu (2023).
4567:A painting of the Buddhist
3177:began peace talks with the
3043:, as emperor, posthumously
2926:, as emperor, posthumously
2545:, as emperor, posthumously
1634:
194:
7923:
7721:宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web):
7714:宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web):
7510:Smith, Paul Jakov (2015),
7264:, Journal of Asian History
7081:Cambridge University Press
6805:Karl-Heinz Golzio (1984).
3491:
3446:
3426:Hsi-Hsia Tzu Shu Yun Thung
3032:
2369:army. Yizong regrouped at
1995:
1858:
1847:
294:• Subjugation by the
36:
29:
7815:
7767:
7598:Twitchett, Denis (2009),
7505:, Oxford University Press
7151:Golden, Peter B. (1992),
7002:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
6913:Mongolia Society (2002).
6679:Dunnell, Ruth W. (1983).
6308:Sinor, D.; Shimin, Geng;
6186:Santa Barbara, California
6057:Santa Barbara, California
6051:. In Li, Xiaobing (ed.).
6047:Emmons, James B. (2012).
5982:Kessler, Adam T. (2012).
5928:Rossabi, William (2009).
4472:
4380:
4289:
4135:
4065:
3964:
3915:
3862:
3817:
3792:
3779:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3242:Emperor Mo of Western Xia
1785:
1759:
1644:imperial dynasty of China
1613:
1583:
1372:
1294:
1174:
1107:
1037:
911:
379:
354:
340:
315:
258:
244:
203:
109:
97:
92:
58:
7520:The Geographical Journal
7372:Imperial China: 900–1800
7358:Millward, James (2009),
7287:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
7280:The Rough Guide to China
7160:Graff, David A. (2002),
7133:Journal of Asian History
7127:Forage, Paul C. (1991),
6741:Rossabi, Morris (2014).
6520:Language and Linguistics
4885:. In Wyatt. p. 153.
4206:Administrative divisions
3402:probably related to the
2447:Emperor Shenzong of Song
2416:, succeeded his father,
2375:Emperor Yingzong of Song
2325:Emperor Xingzong of Liao
2061:Xixia stone inscriptions
594:) and the Western Liao (
585:Western Xia in turquoise
583:) in the northeast; the
7723:文化频道 (Cultural Channel)
7680:Xue, Zongzheng (1992),
7671:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005),
7607:Wang, Zhenping (2013),
7466:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
7454:Rong, Xinjiang (2013),
7316:Two Arabic Travel Books
7278:Leffman, David (2005),
7219:de Hartog, Leo (2004),
7118:Ferenczy, Mary (1984),
7071:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
6685:. Princeton University.
6537:Yang, Shao-yun (2014).
4723:History of Central Asia
3876:Tiānyòu Chuíshèng 天祐垂聖
3170:Western Xia mail armour
2888:Emperor Tianzuo of Liao
2578:Emperor Huizong of Song
2492:simultaneous attack on
2163:Emperor Taizong of Song
1850:Timeline of the Tanguts
1747:L1572 L1890 L2937 L4456
7802:Fashion in Western Xia
7797:Western Xia mausoleums
7554:Twitchett, D. (1979),
7463:Shaban, M. A. (1979),
7243:Haywood, John (1998),
7079:, Cambridge, England:
7052:Dorje, Gyurme (1999),
6990:Asimov, M. S. (1998),
6794:. 1883. pp. 463–.
6253:Lange, Brenda (2003).
4847:Bowman, Rocco (2014).
3503:
3449:Fashion in Western Xia
3440:
3400:Tibeto-Burman language
3390:
3382:
3359:
3339:
3327:
3171:
3030:
2991:Emperor Shizong of Jin
2919:
2911:
2538:
2409:
2401:
2345:
2317:
2284:
2277:
2209:. Two years later the
2207:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2191:
2062:
1978:
1869:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
1845:
617:
523:This article contains
253:Post-classical history
43:Xixia (disambiguation)
7887:13th century in China
7882:12th century in China
7877:11th century in China
7716:西夏研究 (Xixia Research)
7427:10.1353/sys.2015.0010
7305:Lorge, Peter (2015),
7260:Kwanten, Luc (1974),
7199:Guy, R. Kent (2010),
7056:, Footprint Handbooks
7043:Bregel, Yuri (2003),
7017:Yale University Press
6355:Stamford, Connecticut
5869:May, Timothy (2012).
4997:Dorje (1999), p. 444.
4331:Liangzhou (Xiliangfu)
4166:Guāngdìng 光定 (Tangut
4149:Huángjiàn 皇建 (Tangut
4095:Tiānshèng 天盛 (Tangut
3501:
3492:Further information:
3389:Tangut printing block
3388:
3376:
3333:
3325:
3169:
3079:Xiangzong (1206–1211)
3028:
2947:imperial examinations
2917:
2909:
2524:
2517:Chongzong (1086–1139)
2407:
2400:(ɣu sjwi) "commander"
2395:
2343:
2282:
2181:
2060:
1945:. By the time of the
1859:Further information:
1843:
1628:), also known as the
1363:(mainland, 1912–1949)
563:Southern Song dynasty
549:
177:Chinese folk religion
134:Common languages
41:. For locations, see
7483:Sima, Guang (2015),
7247:, Barnes & Noble
4881:McGrath, Michael C.
4743:List of Tangut books
4238:improve this section
4124:Tiānqìng 天慶 (Tangut
4018:Yōngníng 雍寧 (Tangut
4006:Zhēnguān 貞觀 (Tangut
3338:, early 13th century
3294:, and even possibly
3162:Xianzong (1223–1226)
3131:Shenzong (1211–1223)
3121:campaign against Jin
3021:Huanzong (1193–1206)
2877:, and the remaining
2861:class=notpageimage|
2256:. What ensued was a
2186:, discovered in the
2174:Jingzong (1038–1048)
450:Gansu Uyghur Kingdom
264:• Rebellion by
32:Xia (disambiguation)
7787:Western Xia coinage
7532:1972GeogJ.138..501W
6471:, pp. 256–257.
6406:Europa Publications
6261:Infobase Publishing
6110:, pp. 212–213.
6098:, pp. 255–256.
5483:, pp. 187–188.
5009:, pp. 359–361.
4533:A clay head of the
4341:Ganzhou (Xuanhuafu)
4107:Qiányòu 乾祐 (Tangut
4083:Rénqìng 人慶 (Tangut
4042:Zhèngdé 正德 (Tangut
3994:Yǒng'ān 永安 (Tangut
3868:Yánsì Níngguó 延嗣寧國
3363:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3336:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3097:Jurchen Jin dynasty
2972:Jurchen Jin dynasty
2902:Renzong (1139–1193)
2871:Jürchen Jin dynasty
2388:Huizong (1068–1086)
1947:An Lushan Rebellion
1810:Orkhon inscriptions
1712:, a stretch of the
1670:, and southernmost
616:) in the southwest.
373:Western Xia coinage
116:Western Xia in 1150
7857:Dynasties of China
7689:Yuan, Shu (2001),
7397:The Gunpowder Epic
7334:St. Martin's Press
6744:A History of China
6431:, p. 116–117.
6176:Tucker, Spencer C.
5817:, p. 201-202.
5793:, p. 200-201.
5781:, p. 204-205.
5738:, p. 197-198.
5726:, p. 149-151.
5714:, p. 620-621.
5702:, p. 619-620.
5690:, p. 548-551.
5507:, p. 343-344.
5202:, p. 243-244.
5166:, p. 165-167.
5154:, p. 164-165.
5118:, p. 227-228.
5082:, p. 157-159.
5070:, p. 226-227.
4895:Chinaknowledge.de
4868:10.5070/H321025689
4668:Golden Light Sutra
4430:North of Jingbian
4071:Daqing 大慶 (Tangut
4030:Yuándé 元德 (Tangut
3504:
3428:(+ 1132), and the
3391:
3383:
3381:with Tangut script
3340:
3328:
3172:
3031:
2920:
2918:Praying Tangut man
2912:
2539:
2410:
2402:
2364:was launched. The
2346:
2336:Yizong (1048–1068)
2314:Michael C. McGrath
2285:
2274:Michael C. McGrath
2192:
2063:
1846:
1608:), officially the
1378:
1188:Five Dynasties and
1180:
1115:Southern dynasties
1043:
942:Chu–Han Contention
618:
7839:
7838:
7494:978-957-32-0876-1
7298:978-0-521-60954-8
7191:978-0-415-46034-7
7026:978-0-300-12728-7
7015:, Great Britain:
7006:, Basil Blackwell
6996:UNESCO Publishing
6982:978-0-691-13597-7
6949:978-0-8122-7750-0
6916:Occasional papers
6899:978-1-4738-5382-9
6872:978-0-521-24331-5
6845:978-0-521-24331-5
6754:978-1-57718-113-2
6665:978-0-521-84226-6
6638:978-0-8160-4671-3
6611:978-0-521-24331-5
6572:978-0-521-24331-5
6495:, pp. 53–54.
6259:. New York City:
5956:Jack Weatherford
5531:, p. 46-470.
4517:
4516:
4410:Otog Front Banner
4316:East of Yinchuan
4274:
4273:
4266:
4203:
4202:
3941:Dà'ān 大安 (Tangut
3827:
3826:
3692:Emperor Zhāojiǎn
3630:Emperor Shèngwén
3599:Emperor Kāngjìng
3568:Emperor Zhāoyīng
3437:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
3326:Mace, Western Xia
2943:Confucian temples
2531:Tangut characters
2507:Jingkang incident
2124:on behalf of the
2026:, and later also
1781:/khjɨ-dwuu-lhjij/
1749:reconstructed as
1703:Tangut literature
1568:
1567:
1525:Transport history
1451:Education history
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1404:Republic of China
1386:People's Republic
1359:Republic of China
1338:
1337:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1167:
1166:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1031:
1030:
934:(206 BC – 220 AD)
864:Spring and Autumn
727:Liao civilization
598:) in lime green (
539:Tangut characters
531:rendering support
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
483:
482:
233:• 1226–1227
221:• 1139–1193
209:• 1038–1048
125:Xingqing (modern
16:(Redirected from
7914:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7730:
7703:
7685:
7676:
7667:
7649:
7631:
7612:
7603:
7594:
7576:
7568:
7550:
7514:
7506:
7497:
7479:
7459:
7450:
7429:
7409:
7384:
7363:
7354:
7346:
7332:, New York, NY:
7319:
7310:
7301:
7283:
7274:
7265:
7256:
7248:
7239:
7225:, New York, NY:
7215:
7194:
7176:
7156:
7147:
7123:
7114:
7093:
7066:
7057:
7048:
7039:
7029:
7007:
6998:
6985:
6954:
6953:
6937:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6445:Twitchett, Denis
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6395:
6389:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6359:Cengage Learning
6353:(3rd ed.).
6344:
6338:
6337:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6250:
6244:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6151:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6023:
6017:
6008:
6007:
5994:Brill Publishers
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5904:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5879:. p. 1211.
5866:
5857:
5856:, p. 205-7.
5851:
5845:
5839:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5664:
5658:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5469:
5463:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5035:Waugh, Daniel C.
5031:
5025:
5019:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4853:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4779:
4728:History of China
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4662:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4564:
4546:
4530:
4285:Modern location
4276:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4218:
4210:
4169:
4152:
4127:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4057:
4054:Dàdé 大德 (Tangut
4045:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3891:
3887:
3836:
3820:
3819:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3758:
3754:Emperor Yīngwén
3751:
3750:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3665:
3661:Emperor Shèngdé
3658:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3533:
3506:
3473:Tantric Buddhism
3469:Tibetan Buddhism
3465:Chinese Buddhism
3438:
3357:
3254:Liupan mountains
3184:After defeating
2855:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2561:to their north.
2536:
2399:
2315:
2275:
2032:Dingnan Jiedushi
1992:Dingnan Jiedushi
1986:Uyghur Khaganate
1976:
1861:Dingnan Jiedushi
1844:Tangut officials
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1666:, and southwest
1637:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1488:Military history
1446:Economic history
1434:Related articles
1411:
1393:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1331:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1275:
1262:
1249:
1230:
1220:
1208:
1195:
1177:
1172:
1156:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1105:
1088:
1083:Sixteen Kingdoms
1066:
1056:
1040:
1035:
1024:
990:
977:
967:
957:
947:
935:
922:
909:
887:
879:
877:
873:
870:
860:
850:
838:
836:
832:
829:
814:
812:
808:
805:
791:
789:
785:
782:
767:
765:
761:
758:
708:
706:
702:
699:
643:
633:History of China
620:
615:
613:
604:
602:
593:
591:
582:
580:
571:
569:
537: instead of
519:
518:
499:
498:
487:
486:
474:
473:
460:
459:
446:
445:
432:
431:
418:
417:
408:Dingnan Jiedushi
404:
403:
397:
396:
381:
380:
328:
283:Emperor Jingzong
214:Emperor Jingzong
114:
102:
86:
85:
80:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
50:
21:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7830:Tangut numerals
7821:Tangut language
7811:
7763:
7757:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7688:
7679:
7670:
7665:
7652:
7647:
7634:
7628:
7615:
7606:
7597:
7592:
7579:
7571:
7566:
7553:
7540:10.2307/1795516
7517:
7509:
7500:
7495:
7482:
7477:
7462:
7453:
7448:
7432:
7412:
7407:
7395:, vol. 7:
7389:Needham, Joseph
7387:
7382:
7366:
7357:
7349:
7344:
7322:
7313:
7304:
7299:
7286:
7277:
7268:
7259:
7251:
7242:
7237:
7218:
7213:
7198:
7192:
7179:
7174:
7159:
7150:
7126:
7117:
7112:
7097:
7091:
7069:
7060:
7051:
7042:
7033:
7027:
7010:
7001:
6989:
6983:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6900:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6755:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6558:
6557:
6550:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6455:
6451:
6441:Franke, Herbert
6439:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6408:. p. 215.
6397:
6396:
6392:
6384:, p. 137;
6380:
6376:
6369:
6361:. p. 199.
6346:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6326:. p. 214.
6314:Bosworth, C. E.
6310:Kychanov, Y. I.
6307:
6306:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6235:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6192:. p. 276.
6174:
6173:
6169:
6161:
6154:
6146:, p. 214;
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6063:. p. 139.
6046:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5968:
5964:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5936:. p. 156.
5927:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5907:
5903:, vol.II, p.204
5898:
5894:
5887:
5868:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5667:
5659:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5558:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5472:
5464:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4639:
4630:
4627:
4618:
4615:
4606:
4603:
4594:
4591:
4582:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4447:Dingbian County
4325:Yongning County
4270:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4235:
4219:
4208:
3723:Emperor Jìngmù
3515:Posthumous Name
3496:
3490:
3482:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3396:
3371:
3358:
3355:
3320:
3296:Northeast India
3270:
3239:
3223:Helan Mountains
3164:
3133:
3081:
3037:
3023:
2904:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2519:
2390:
2338:
2316:
2313:
2276:
2273:
2205:to conquer the
2176:
2000:
1994:
1977:
1974:
1941:-led revolt in
1871:
1857:
1852:
1838:
1793:(916–1125) and
1773:Helan Mountains
1743:
1695:Tangut language
1662:, northeastern
1632:, and known as
1564:
1535:
1534:
1530:Women's history
1436:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1014:
988:
980:
975:
965:
956:(202 BC – 9 AD)
955:
945:
933:
925:
920:
905:
904:
893:
892:
885:
875:
871:
866:
858:
848:
834:
830:
825:
817:
810:
806:
801:
787:
783:
778:
770:
763:
759:
754:
745:
744:
733:
732:
704:
700:
695:
687:
676:
675:
611:
610:
609:in dark green (
600:
599:
589:
588:
578:
577:
567:
566:
544:
543:
542:
529:Without proper
520:
516:
496:
471:
457:
443:
429:
415:
401:
369:
347:
308:
298:
285:
272:
234:
226:Emperor Renzong
222:
210:
181:
150:
117:
105:
88:
75:
62:
55:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7920:
7918:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7872:Tangut history
7869:
7867:Former empires
7864:
7859:
7854:
7844:
7843:
7837:
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7804:
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7758:
7756:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7719:
7710:
7709:External links
7707:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7686:
7682:Turkic peoples
7677:
7668:
7664:978-0810860537
7663:
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7604:
7595:
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7498:
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7451:
7446:
7434:Perry, John C.
7430:
7421:(1): 371–385,
7410:
7405:
7385:
7381:978-0674012127
7380:
7364:
7355:
7347:
7342:
7320:
7311:
7302:
7297:
7284:
7282:, Rough Guides
7275:
7266:
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6999:
6987:
6981:
6969:Andrade, Tonio
6964:
6962:
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6851:
6844:
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6617:
6610:
6590:
6588:, p. 169.
6578:
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6529:
6506:
6497:
6485:
6473:
6461:
6459:, p. 256.
6449:
6433:
6421:
6414:
6390:
6388:, p. 256.
6382:de Hartog 2004
6374:
6367:
6339:
6332:
6300:
6298:, p. 137.
6296:de Hartog 2004
6288:
6286:, p. 238.
6276:
6269:
6263:. p. 71.
6245:
6243:, p. 137.
6241:de Hartog 2004
6229:
6227:, p. 219.
6217:
6215:, p. 135.
6213:de Hartog 2004
6205:
6199:978-1851096725
6198:
6178:, ed. (2010).
6167:
6165:, p. 214.
6152:
6150:, p. 134.
6148:de Hartog 2004
6136:
6134:, p. 213.
6124:
6122:, p. 212.
6112:
6100:
6088:
6086:, p. 211.
6084:Twitchett 1994
6076:
6069:
6049:"Genghis Khan"
6039:
6037:, p. 210.
6035:Twitchett 1994
6024:
6022:, p. 208.
6020:Twitchett 1994
6009:
6002:
5996:. p. 91.
5974:
5972:, p. 133.
5962:
5949:
5943:978-9622178359
5942:
5920:
5918:, p. 207.
5916:Twitchett 1994
5905:
5892:
5885:
5877:Reaktion Books
5858:
5854:Twitchett 1994
5846:
5844:, p. 205.
5842:Twitchett 1994
5831:
5829:, p. 204.
5827:Twitchett 1994
5819:
5815:Twitchett 1994
5807:
5805:, p. 201.
5803:Twitchett 1994
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5791:Twitchett 1994
5783:
5779:Twitchett 1994
5771:
5769:, p. 200.
5767:Twitchett 1994
5759:
5757:, p. 199.
5755:Twitchett 1994
5740:
5736:Twitchett 1994
5728:
5724:Twitchett 1994
5716:
5712:Twitchett 2009
5704:
5700:Twitchett 2009
5692:
5688:Twitchett 2009
5680:
5678:, p. 194.
5676:Twitchett 1994
5665:
5646:
5634:
5632:, p. 376.
5622:
5605:
5593:
5576:
5574:, p. 374.
5564:
5545:
5543:, p. 193.
5541:Twitchett 1994
5533:
5529:Twitchett 2009
5521:
5519:, p. 469.
5517:Twitchett 2009
5509:
5505:Twitchett 2009
5497:
5485:
5470:
5468:, p. 192.
5466:Twitchett 1994
5453:
5451:, p. 191.
5449:Twitchett 1994
5441:
5439:, p. 190.
5437:Twitchett 1994
5429:
5427:, p. 126.
5414:
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5402:
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5398:Twitchett 1994
5390:
5388:, p. 168.
5378:
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5349:, p. 314.
5347:Twitchett 2009
5339:
5327:
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5279:
5277:, p. 156.
5267:
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5263:Twitchett 1994
5255:
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5239:Twitchett 1994
5228:
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5224:Twitchett 1994
5216:
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5180:
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5176:Twitchett 1994
5168:
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5156:
5152:Twitchett 1994
5144:
5142:, p. 163.
5140:Twitchett 1994
5132:
5130:, p. 162.
5128:Twitchett 1994
5120:
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5106:, p. 277.
5096:
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5092:Twitchett 1994
5084:
5080:Twitchett 1994
5072:
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5044:washington.edu
5026:
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5022:Twitchett 1994
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3377:Fragment of a
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1993:
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1972:
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705: 2000 BC
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661:Historiography
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6171:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6077:
6072:
6070:9781598844153
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6003:9789004218598
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5886:9781861899712
5882:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5663:, p. 18.
5662:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5644:, p. 17.
5643:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5620:, p. 16.
5619:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5603:, p. 15.
5602:
5597:
5594:
5591:, p. 10.
5590:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5376:, p. 91.
5375:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5361:, p. 80.
5360:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5337:, p. 79.
5336:
5331:
5328:
5325:, p. 86.
5324:
5319:
5316:
5313:, p. 78.
5312:
5307:
5304:
5301:, p. 77.
5300:
5295:
5292:
5289:, p. 76.
5288:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5253:, p. 73.
5252:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5038:"The Tanguts"
5036:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4833:9780674062023
4829:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4813:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Tangut people
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:Hongfo Pagoda
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:Southwest of
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:Southwest of
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4387:Northwest of
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4268:
4265:
4257:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4223:This section
4221:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3607:Lǐ Bǐngcháng
3606:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:Personal Name
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3101:Wanyan Yongji
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:Mongol Empire
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2976:Jin–Song Wars
2973:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:In 1122, the
2862:
2854:
2843:
2832:
2821:
2810:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2752:
2741:
2730:
2721:
2719:KHITAN EMPIRE
2712:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:Ordos plateau
2548:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:Ordos plateau
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2258:prolonged war
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:Tangut script
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:Guiyi Circuit
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2188:Hongfo Pagoda
2185:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1998:Song–Xia wars
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:Guiyi Circuit
1862:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Hexi Corridor
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:unique script
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:Tangut Empire
1627:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Naval history
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:Music history
1474:
1472:
1471:Media history
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Legal history
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1410:1949–present)
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1225:Southern Song
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:Northern Song
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
993:
987:
986:
982:
981:
974:
973:
969:
964:
963:
959:
954:
953:
949:
944:
943:
939:
938:
932:
931:
927:
926:
919:
918:
914:
913:
910:
903:
897:
896:
884:
881:
876: 476 BC
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
852:
849:(1046–771 BC)
847:
846:
842:
841:
835: 256 BC
824:
823:
819:
818:
800:
799:
795:
794:
777:
776:
772:
771:
753:
752:
748:
747:
743:
737:
736:
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
716:
712:
711:
694:
693:
689:
688:
684:
683:
679:
678:
674:
668:
667:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
646:
642:
638:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:
608:
597:
586:
575:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
526:
494:
492:
491:Mongol Empire
489:
488:
485:
479:
476:
469:
468:
465:
462:
455:
454:
451:
448:
441:
440:
437:
436:Guiyi Circuit
434:
427:
426:
423:
420:
413:
412:
409:
406:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
374:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
330:
314:
310:
300:
297:
296:Mongol Empire
287:
284:
274:
271:
267:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
227:
224:
215:
212:
198:
196:
188:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
153:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
113:
108:
101:
96:
91:
79:
66:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7759:
7690:
7681:
7672:
7654:
7636:
7617:
7608:
7599:
7581:
7573:
7555:
7523:
7519:
7511:
7502:
7484:
7465:
7455:
7447:90-04-047611
7437:
7418:
7414:
7396:
7392:
7371:
7359:
7351:
7328:
7315:
7306:
7288:
7279:
7270:
7261:
7253:
7244:
7221:
7201:
7181:
7162:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7119:
7100:
7094:(paperback).
7075:
7062:
7053:
7044:
7035:
7030:(alk. paper)
7012:
7003:
6991:
6972:
6933:
6925:
6915:
6908:
6888:
6881:
6861:
6854:
6834:
6827:
6807:
6800:
6790:
6784:
6770:
6763:
6743:
6736:
6716:
6709:
6699:
6692:
6681:
6674:
6654:
6647:
6627:
6620:
6600:
6593:
6581:
6561:
6542:
6532:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6500:
6493:Andrade 2016
6488:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6436:
6424:
6400:
6393:
6377:
6349:
6342:
6318:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6256:Genghis Khan
6255:
6248:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6180:
6170:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6052:
6042:
5984:
5977:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5929:
5923:
5900:
5895:
5871:
5849:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5762:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5695:
5683:
5637:
5625:
5596:
5567:
5562:, p. 9.
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5444:
5432:
5405:
5393:
5386:McGrath 2008
5381:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5306:
5294:
5282:
5275:McGrath 2008
5270:
5258:
5246:
5219:
5212:McGrath 2008
5207:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5048:. Retrieved
5041:
5029:
5007:Kepping 1994
5002:
4993:
4986:Kepping 1994
4971:Kepping 1994
4966:
4957:
4948:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4891:
4882:
4876:
4859:
4855:
4842:
4822:
4815:
4805:16 September
4803:. Retrieved
4791:
4787:
4777:
4691:China portal
4666:
4643:movable type
4629:Tangut bride
4617:Tangut women
4568:
4550:
4260:
4251:
4236:Please help
4224:
4183:Qiándìng 乾定
4141:Yìngtiān 應天
3931:𘀗𗙀𗅲𗯿𗂧𗴴
3828:
3808:
3803:
3785:
3638:Lǐ Qiánshùn
3576:Lǐ Liàngzuò
3545:Lǐ Yuánhào
3522:Reign Dates
3483:
3461:
3452:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3397:
3360:
3349:
3341:
3312:Ming dynasty
3300:Yalong River
3281:
3271:
3262:
3246:
3240:
3216:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3173:
3144:
3134:
3117:
3105:
3093:Yellow River
3087:and sacking
3082:
3065:Genghis Khan
3062:
3038:
3016:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2969:
2961:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2921:
2897:
2893:
2875:Liao dynasty
2868:
2708:
2697:
2686:
2657:
2646:
2635:
2575:
2563:
2555:Liao dynasty
2540:
2525:Western Xia
2511:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2463:
2451:
2435:
2411:
2383:
2359:
2347:
2330:
2321:Liao dynasty
2318:
2305:
2302:
2286:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2235:Yeli Renrong
2223:
2199:Liao dynasty
2193:
2146:
2142:Northern Han
2122:Liao dynasty
2111:
2064:
2004:Tuoba Sigong
2001:
1979:
1968:
1955:Yellow River
1951:Ordos region
1924:
1910:
1895:
1891:Qinghai Lake
1872:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1765:Yellow River
1744:
1722:Central Asia
1707:
1676:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1593:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1466:LGBT history
1402:
1384:
1357:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1242:
1223:
1213:
1201:
1190:Ten Kingdoms
1186:
1139:
1126:
1113:Northern and
1111:
1081:
1059:
1049:
1017:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:(220–280 AD)
983:
970:
960:
950:
946:(206–202 BC)
940:
928:
921:(221–207 BC)
915:
886:(475–221 BC)
859:(771–256 BC)
855:Eastern Zhou
853:
845:Western Zhou
843:
820:
796:
773:
749:
725:
719:
713:
690:
680:
607:Dali Kingdom
584:
555:Central Asia
522:
478:Song dynasty
464:Liao dynasty
390:Succeeded by
389:
384:
370:
367:copper coins
346:• peak
270:Song dynasty
268:against the
172:Confucianism
47:
7852:Western Xia
7760:Western Xia
7684:, 中国社会科学出版社
7368:Mote, F. W.
7273:, Macmillan
7227:I.B. Tauris
7139:(1): 1–28,
6481:Forage 1991
5932:. Seattle:
5661:Forage 1991
5642:Forage 1991
5618:Forage 1991
5601:Forage 1991
5589:Forage 1991
5560:Forage 1991
5493:Forage 1991
4758:Tangutology
4738:Khara-Khoto
4713:Eastern Xia
4575:Yulin Caves
4573:, from the
4196:Bǎoqìng 寶慶
3921:Qiándào 乾道
3908:Gǒnghuà 拱化
3700:Lǐ Chúnyòu
3669:Lǐ Rénxiào
3510:Temple Name
3404:Horpa taxon
3290:, northern
3268:Destruction
3211:Khara-Khoto
3179:Jurchen Jin
3060:livestock.
2130:Li Shouzhen
2079:Later Liang
2048:Li Guochang
2006:, occupied
1982:Otog Banner
1963:Pugu Huaien
1900:defeat the
1898:Sui dynasty
1799:Xia dynasty
1687:Khara-Khoto
1658:, northern
1572:Western Xia
1513:Discoveries
1508:Cartography
1503:Archaeology
1441:Art history
1330:(1644–1912)
1317:(1368–1644)
1304:(1271–1368)
1274:(1115–1234)
1261:(1038–1227)
1257:Western Xia
1229:(1127–1279)
1061:Eastern Jin
1051:Western Jin
976:(25–220 AD)
972:Eastern Han
952:Western Han
831: 1046
811: 1046
807: 1250
784: 1600
760: 2070
701: 8500
682:Paleolithic
673:Prehistoric
596:Qara Khitai
574:Jin dynasty
565:in orange (
385:Preceded by
7846:Categories
7646:0892641371
7591:0521243319
7236:1860649726
7173:0415239559
6687:, page 228
6586:Tsien 1985
6404:. London:
6333:9231034677
5875:. London:
5425:Smith 2015
5374:Smith 2015
5359:Smith 2015
5335:Smith 2015
5323:Smith 2015
5311:Smith 2015
5299:Smith 2015
5287:Smith 2015
5251:Smith 2015
5200:Lorge 2015
4941:Li, Fanwen
4794:(2): 222.
4764:References
4647:Wuwei City
4476:Xiningzhou
4453:Nanweizhou
4282:Prefecture
4254:March 2024
4199:1226–1227
4186:1223–1226
4173:1211–1223
4156:1210–1211
4144:1206–1209
4131:1194–1206
4114:1170–1193
4102:1149–1169
4090:1144–1148
4078:1140–1143
4061:1135–1139
4049:1127–1134
4037:1119–1127
4025:1114–1118
4013:1101–1113
4001:1098–1100
3989:1090–1097
3977:1086–1089
3948:1075–1085
3936:1070–1074
3924:1068–1069
3911:1063–1067
3903:1057–1062
3895:1053–1056
3879:1050–1052
3858:1038–1048
3823:1226–1227
3798:1223–1226
3790:Lǐ Déwàng
3770:1211–1223
3739:1206–1211
3731:Lǐ Ānquán
3708:1193–1206
3677:1139–1193
3646:1086–1139
3615:1067–1086
3584:1048–1067
3553:1038–1048
3447:See also:
3085:Ordos Loop
2884:Yelü Dashi
2613:KARAKHANID
2529:with four
2103:Later Tang
2046:chieftain
2016:Huang Chao
1996:See also:
1848:See also:
1777:/mjɨ-njaa/
1755:𗴂𗹭𘜶𗴲𗂧
1654:, eastern
1600:Wade–Giles
1518:Inventions
1248:(916–1125)
1219:(960–1127)
1207:(960–1279)
874: – c.
872: 770
833: – c.
809: – c.
798:Late Shang
786: – c.
762: – c.
703: – c.
336:Population
186:Government
7817:Language
7324:Man, John
6469:Mote 2003
6457:Mote 2003
6386:Mote 2003
6096:Mote 2003
5481:Mote 2003
5410:Mote 2003
5188:Mote 2003
5116:Wang 2013
5104:Wang 2013
5068:Wang 2013
4800:1076-156X
4769:Citations
4552:kalavinka
4549:A winged
4508:Jishizhou
4489:South of
4438:Hengshan
4225:does not
4137:Xiāngzōng
3966:Chóngzōng
3900:Duǒdū 奲都
3762:Lǐ Zūnxū
3714:Xiāngzōng
3621:Chóngzōng
3283:ethnocide
3219:Liangzhou
3113:Zhongxing
2983:Tao River
2956:Tripitaka
2886:, joined
2839:SULTANATE
2761:CHALUKYAS
2737:GHAZNAVID
2670:CALIPHATE
2647:Pechenegs
2509:of 1127.
2468:, losing
2219:Xiliangfu
2138:Later Han
2126:Later Jin
2071:Li Keyong
2069:. In 905
1828:-Kokonor-
1822:Mongolian
1714:Silk Road
1610:Great Xia
1194:(907–979)
1155:(690–705)
1145:(618–907)
1132:(581–618)
1119:(420–589)
1087:(304–439)
1065:(317–420)
1055:(266–316)
1023:(266–420)
966:(9–23 AD)
692:Neolithic
656:Dynasties
576:in grey (
551:East Asia
422:Xiliangfu
350:3,000,000
266:Li Jiqian
155:Religion
93:1038–1227
54:Great Xia
7807:Baisigou
7391:(1986),
7370:(2003),
7326:(2004),
7145:41930788
7073:(1999),
6971:(2016),
6429:Man 2004
6316:(eds.).
6284:Man 2004
6237:Man 2004
6225:Man 2004
6190:ABC-CLIO
6163:Man 2004
6144:Man 2004
6132:Man 2004
6120:Man 2004
6108:Man 2004
6061:ABC-CLIO
5970:Man 2004
5630:Nie 2015
5572:Nie 2015
5050:24 March
4677:See also
4570:manjusri
4467:Jingyuan
4421:Hengshan
4419:East of
4400:Jingbian
4395:Hongzhou
4384:Lingzhou
4375:Dunhuang
4321:Yongzhou
4313:Huaizhou
4303:Dingzhou
4297:Yinchuan
4179:Xiànzōng
4162:Shénzōng
4120:Huánzōng
3984:𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴
3972:𘓺𗫸𗁣𘇚
3955:𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯
3851:Jǐngzōng
3842:Era Name
3831:era name
3776:Xiànzōng
3745:Shénzōng
3683:Huánzōng
3528:Jǐngzōng
3458:Religion
3435:—
3394:Language
3354:—
3318:Military
3278:genocide
3274:John Man
3186:Khwarazm
3147:Jurchens
3142:degree.
2999:Analects
2987:Jurchens
2952:Buddhist
2571:Qingtang
2535:𗿢𗯼𘆝𗪊
2533:reading
2459:Lingzhou
2439:Xingqing
2426:Tsongkha
2371:Qingtang
2362:Qingzhou
2312:—
2272:—
2215:Tsongkha
2134:Qingzhou
2028:Jingbian
2014:fell to
2012:Chang'an
1973:—
1943:Shuofang
1931:Lingzhou
1913:Tibetans
1814:Tangghut
1705:remain.
1697:and its
1683:Yinchuan
1681:(modern
1679:Xingqing
1664:Xinjiang
1605:Hsi Hsia
1481:Timeline
1408:(Taiwan,
1388:of China
902:Imperial
651:Timeline
625:a series
623:Part of
359:Currency
189:Monarchy
162:Buddhism
127:Yinchuan
7548:1795516
7528:Bibcode
7458:, Brill
7065:, Brill
7047:, Brill
6961:Sources
5899:J. Bor
4520:Gallery
4502:Hualong
4497:Kuozhou
4463:Huizhou
4443:Yanzhou
4435:Shizhou
4427:Xiazhou
4416:Yinzhou
4406:Youzhou
4389:Wuzhong
4371:Shazhou
4361:Guazhou
4355:Jiuquan
4345:Zhangye
4246:removed
4231:sources
4192:Lǐ Xiàn
4067:Rénzōng
3917:Huìzōng
3839:Emperor
3814:Lǐ Xiàn
3652:Rénzōng
3590:Huìzōng
3480:Economy
3369:Culture
3288:Sichuan
3250:Kaifeng
3207:Ganzhou
3199:Subutai
3108:Uyghurs
3089:Wulahai
3053:Toghrul
3049:Temüjin
3007:Lanzhou
2879:Khitans
2830:DYNASTY
2759:WESTERN
2698:Jurchen
2679:GEORGIA
2668:FATIMID
2658:Kyrgyzs
2615:KHANATE
2567:Lanzhou
2505:in the
2503:Kaifeng
2494:Linzhou
2474:Youzhou
2470:Xiazhou
2443:Lanzhou
2422:Suizhou
2379:Suizhou
2297:Linzhou
2293:Weizhou
2254:Youzhou
2203:Yuanhao
2190:in 1990
2159:Xiazhou
2154:Yinzhou
2099:Luoyang
2083:Yichang
2075:Khitans
2052:Tuyuhun
2040:Shaanxi
2024:Yinzhou
2020:Suizhou
2008:Youzhou
1959:Uyghurs
1939:Sogdian
1935:Xiazhou
1921:Shaanxi
1902:Tuyuhun
1879:Sichuan
1875:Qinghai
1855:Origins
1836:History
1818:Tangɣud
1769:Kepping
1691:Mongols
1660:Shaanxi
1656:Qinghai
1648:Ningxia
1635:Mi-nyak
1625:Ta Hsia
1580:Chinese
1574:or the
1152:Wu Zhou
742:Ancient
721:Yangtze
572:); the
240:(final)
238:Li Xian
195:Emperor
146:Chinese
122:Capital
7762:topics
7697:
7661:
7643:
7624:
7588:
7562:
7546:
7491:
7473:
7444:
7403:
7378:
7340:
7295:
7233:
7209:
7188:
7170:
7143:
7108:
7087:
7023:
6979:
6946:
6896:
6869:
6842:
6815:
6751:
6724:
6697:洪, 皓.
6662:
6635:
6608:
6569:
6412:
6365:
6330:
6324:UNESCO
6267:
6196:
6067:
6000:
5990:Leiden
5960:, p.85
5940:
5883:
5042:depts.
4862:: 11.
4830:
4798:
4535:Buddha
4486:Lezhou
4480:Xining
4473:Other
4381:Henan
4351:Suzhou
4279:Region
3864:Yìzōng
3845:Dates
3559:Yìzōng
3488:Rulers
3417:sutras
3258:Guyuan
3227:Lingwu
3203:Suzhou
3152:Muqali
3140:jinshi
3057:Tangut
2841:OF RUM
2819:EMPIRE
2817:SELJUK
2808:EMPIRE
2797:MALAYU
2750:EMPIRE
2739:EMPIRE
2709:Kimeks
2688:XI XIA
2636:Cumans
2624:KIEVAN
2455:millet
2366:Tangut
2348:After
2289:Yan'an
2226:Tangut
2195:Deming
2168:Deming
2150:Jiqian
2114:Yixing
2107:Yichao
2067:Sijian
2044:Shatuo
1975:Du You
1917:Shanxi
1867:, and
1732:, and
1640:Tangut
1619:Dà Xià
1602::
1595:Xī Xià
1592::
1590:pinyin
1582::
1576:Xi Xia
1350:Modern
1006:, and
724:, and
715:Yellow
627:on the
614:
612:
603:
601:
592:
590:
581:
579:
570:
568:
561:: the
557:in AD
525:Tangut
363:Barter
199:
167:Taoism
141:Tangut
39:Xi Qia
18:Minyak
7544:JSTOR
7141:JSTOR
4852:(PDF)
4579:Gansu
4335:Wuwei
4290:Hexi
3960:1086
3871:1049
3443:Dress
3422:chüan
3379:stele
3356:Chage
3308:Hebei
3304:Henan
3292:Tibet
3256:near
3011:Baoan
2788:KHMER
2770:PAGAN
2748:CHOLA
2728:QOCHO
2527:paiza
2486:Mizhi
2431:paiza
2267:tieqi
2242:wu zu
2118:Qiang
2087:Renfu
2036:Yulin
1887:Qiang
1883:Tibet
1830:Gansu
1820:) in
1760:白高大夏國
1652:Gansu
1642:-led
775:Shang
527:text.
325:1100
71:白高大夏國
7695:ISBN
7659:ISBN
7641:ISBN
7622:ISBN
7586:ISBN
7560:ISBN
7489:ISBN
7471:ISBN
7442:ISBN
7401:ISBN
7376:ISBN
7338:ISBN
7293:ISBN
7231:ISBN
7207:ISBN
7186:ISBN
7168:ISBN
7106:ISBN
7085:ISBN
7021:ISBN
6977:ISBN
6944:ISBN
6894:ISBN
6867:ISBN
6840:ISBN
6813:ISBN
6749:ISBN
6722:ISBN
6700:松漠紀聞
6660:ISBN
6633:ISBN
6606:ISBN
6567:ISBN
6526:(4).
6443:and
6410:ISBN
6363:ISBN
6328:ISBN
6265:ISBN
6194:ISBN
6065:ISBN
5998:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5881:ISBN
5052:2023
4828:ISBN
4807:2016
4796:ISSN
4665:The
4491:Ledu
4229:any
4227:cite
4168:𗪚𗏴
4151:𘓺𘚪
4126:𘓺𘅝
4109:𘀗𘑨
4097:𘓺𘃸
4085:𗸦𘅝
4073:𘜶𘅝
4056:𘜶𗣼
4044:𗣼𘇚
4032:𗣼𗪟
4020:𗖠𗪚
4008:𗣼𘝯
3996:𗦷𗪚
3943:𘜶𗵐
3890:𗣼𗧯
3886:𗼃𗼕
3809:None
3804:None
3786:None
3757:英文皇帝
3726:敬慕皇帝
3695:昭簡皇帝
3664:聖德皇帝
3633:聖文皇帝
3602:康靖皇帝
3571:昭英皇帝
3540:武烈皇帝
3334:The
3306:and
3205:and
3009:and
2852:RYEO
2828:SONG
2806:PALA
2779:DALI
2626:RUS'
2604:1100
2569:and
2559:Zubu
2398:𗥦𗖅
2319:The
2309:him.
2295:and
2093:and
1933:and
1926:jimi
1919:and
1826:Amdo
1791:Liao
1741:Name
1730:Song
1726:Liao
1720:and
1570:The
1326:Qing
1313:Ming
1300:Yuan
1244:Liao
1203:Song
1141:Tang
822:Zhou
559:1142
553:and
371:See
327:est.
320:Area
311:1227
301:1210
288:1038
84:大白高國
7536:doi
7524:138
7423:doi
6940:123
6776:463
4864:doi
4577:of
4240:by
3888:or
3793:李德旺
3765:李遵頊
3734:李安全
3703:李純佑
3672:李仁孝
3641:李乾順
3610:李秉常
3579:李諒祚
3548:李元昊
2850:GO-
2306:fan
2095:Jin
1795:Jin
1786:萬祕國
1734:Jin
1270:Jin
1128:Sui
1019:Jin
1003:Shu
997:Wei
962:Xin
930:Han
917:Qin
813:BC)
751:Xia
275:984
7848::
7542:,
7534:,
7522:,
7419:45
7417:,
7336:,
7229:,
7137:25
7135:,
7131:,
7083:,
7019:,
6994:,
6942:.
6778:–.
6551:^
6524:24
6522:.
6518:.
6357::
6239:;
6188::
6184:.
6155:^
6059::
6055:.
6027:^
6012:^
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5988:.
5908:^
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5743:^
5668:^
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4058:)
4046:)
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4022:)
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