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108:
66:
42:
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419:
In India and
Bangladesh, the western hoolock gibbon is found where the canopy is contiguous, broad-leaved, wet evergreen and mixed evergreen forests, including dipterocarp forests and often in mountainous terrain. The species is an important seed disperser; its diet includes mostly ripe fruits, with
399:
Like other gibbons, hoolock gibbon pairs produce a loud, elaborate song, usually as a duet from the forest canopy, in which younger individuals of the family group may join. The song includes an introductory sequence, an organising sequence, and a great call sequence, with the male also contributing
420:
some flowers, leaves, and shoots. The western hoolock gibbon also feeds on non-plant items such as silkworms, ants, and various other insect species. During the monsoon season of northeast India, insects are recorded to be this species' second preferred food item, behind
482:
Since the 1980s, western hoolock gibbon numbers are estimated to have dropped from more than 100,000 (Assam alone was estimated to have around 80,000 in the early 1970s) to less than 5,000 individuals (a decline of more than 90%). In 2009 it was considered to be one of
498:
There are multiple conservation agencies that work to protect the western hoolock gibbon's habitat. A few organizations that help to fund the protection of their habitats are World Land Trust and Gibbon
Conservation Alliance.
985:; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Long, Yongcheng; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009).
1027:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation. pp. 1–40.
450:
Numerous threats exist for western hoolock gibbons in the wild, and they are now entirely dependent on human action for their survival. Threats include habitat encroachment by humans, forest clearance for
1019:
994:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92.
896:
912:"Habitat Characteristics and Their Effects on the Density of Groups of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India"
1582:
406:
1738:
375:
A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon,
372:. A larger evolutionary distance was later found to exist between these three species and the white-handed gibbons than between bonobos and chimpanzees.
484:
1703:
1117:
1662:
1517:
250:
1543:
405:
1748:
1032:
999:
796:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1569:
70:
1713:
1718:
1348:
404:
1548:
817:"Diet and feeding ecology of the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in a tropical forest fragment of Northeast India"
1402:
1384:
1110:
475:
438:
387:
356:. This genus was argued to contain two and later three distinct species, which were previously thought to be subspecies:
1366:
1204:
787:
Kakati, Kashmira; Alfred, J. R. B.; Sati, J. P. (2013). "Hoolock gibbon". In
Johnsingh, A. J. T.; Manjrekar, N. (eds.).
606:"Description of a Species of Orang, from the North-Eastern Province of British East India, Lately the Kingdom of Assam"
1723:
1375:
1587:
910:
Ray, Parimal
Chandra; Kumar, Awadhesh; Devi, Ashalata; Krishna, Murali C.; Khan, M. L.; Brockelman, W. Y. (2015).
1728:
107:
1300:
1103:
368:
1680:
508:
1434:
1291:
362:
1049:
1621:
1393:
890:
222:
1231:
1018:; Schwitzer, C.; Rylands, A.B.; Taylor, L.A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A.; Wallis, J., eds. (2012).
1504:
1472:
1357:
421:
433:
1222:
1213:
1015:
982:
557:
55:
1095:
939:
852:
746:
705:
625:
488:
464:
410:
Western hoolock gibbons calling from the rainforest canopy in Dampa Tiger
Reserve, Mizoram, India
262:
102:
1626:
986:
1608:
1491:
1258:
1028:
995:
931:
844:
836:
792:
666:
249:
1613:
1708:
923:
828:
736:
697:
658:
617:
552:
1561:
871:
470:
17:
1595:
1249:
1074:
725:"Gibbon (Hylobatidae) species identification recommended for rescue or breeding centers"
1273:
1240:
460:
329:
239:
199:
1697:
1556:
1418:
911:
816:
543:
534:
75:
856:
750:
605:
1496:
1195:
943:
709:
685:
645:
Groves, C. P. (1967). "Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (
346:
341:
41:
487:, though it has been dropped from the later editions of the list, and is rated as
1653:
1574:
1530:
1466:
301:
741:
724:
382:
1186:
1166:
927:
832:
701:
321:
169:
1457:
935:
872:"Feeding on Non-Plant Food Items by Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock Hoolock)"
840:
1177:
764:
Choudhury, A. U. (2013). "Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon
313:
119:
848:
579:
1600:
957:
670:
1647:
1483:
1451:
1339:
1160:
1154:
1148:
770:
The
Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India
139:
1675:
1667:
1522:
1324:
1315:
630:
352:
325:
309:
293:
159:
815:
Borah, Mrigakhi; Devi, Ashalata; Kumar, Awadhesh (11 September 2017).
662:
463:
cultivation), hunting for food and "medicine", capture for trade, and
1535:
1142:
1127:
297:
189:
179:
149:
129:
1428:
1021:
Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most
Endangered Primates 2012–2014
988:
Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most
Endangered Primates 2008–2010
621:
688:(2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)".
469:
432:
402:
381:
317:
305:
92:
86:
791:. Vol. 1. Hyderabad: Universities Press. pp. 332–354.
492:
1509:
1432:
1099:
452:
474:
Male
Western hillock gibbon hanging from lower branches at
49:
A female in the foreground, and a male in the background
870:
Borah; Mrigakhi; Asglata, Devi; Awadhesh, Kumar (2014).
344:
stated that hoolock gibbons do not belong in the genus
430:
a fruit bearing tree in the same genus of jack fruit.
400:
to the latter (unlike in some other gibbon species).
1637:
1441:
1337:
1313:
1271:
1175:
610:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
533:Brockelman, W.; Molur, S.; Geissmann, T. (2019).
558:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39876A17968083.en
1111:
8:
895:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
885:(10): 1657–660 – via Current Science.
1429:
1118:
1104:
1096:
248:
64:
40:
31:
1075:"Gibbon Conservation Alliance - Projects"
740:
629:
556:
520:
888:
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524:
7:
1681:E029BD9F-339F-4791-A907-BE95628F16FB
916:International Journal of Primatology
810:
808:
386:Western hoolock gibbon in canopy at
1739:Species endangered by the pet trade
544:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
350:, and placed them in a new genus,
25:
437:Female Western hoolock gibbon at
1704:IUCN Red List endangered species
1349:Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon (
106:
1403:Southern white-cheeked gibbon (
1385:Northern white-cheeked gibbon (
485:the 25 most endangered primates
1367:Eastern black crested gibbon (
1205:Bornean white-bearded gibbon (
1:
1376:Hainan black crested gibbon (
476:Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary
455:cultivation, the practice of
439:Hoollangapar Gibbon Sanctuary
388:Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary
257:Western hoolock gibbon range
1749:Taxa named by Richard Harlan
879:Current Science (Bangalore)
18:Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon
1770:
1301:Skywalker hoolock gibbon (
1079:www.gibbonconservation.org
742:10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.103
304:. The species is found in
1754:Endangered Fauna of China
1744:Mammals described in 1834
1415:
1137:
1126:Extant species of family
958:"Western Hoolock Gibbon,
928:10.1007/s10764-015-9834-4
833:10.1007/s10329-017-0627-6
702:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4
268:
261:
256:
247:
228:
221:
103:Scientific classification
101:
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1734:Endangered fauna of Asia
1292:Eastern hoolock gibbon (
1283:Western hoolock gibbon (
1050:"WESTERN HOOLOCK GIBBON"
768:from North East India".
723:Mootnick, A. R. (2006).
647:Hylobates hoolock harlan
604:Harlan, Richard (1834).
1394:Yellow-cheeked gibbon (
509:Lawachara National Park
35:Western hoolock gibbon
1714:Primates of South Asia
1358:Black crested gibbon (
684:Mootnick, A. R. &
479:
442:
411:
391:
284:western hoolock gibbon
1719:Mammals of Bangladesh
1622:Paleobiology Database
1223:Eastern grey gibbon (
1214:Western grey gibbon (
789:Mammals of South Asia
551:: e.T39876A17968083.
473:
436:
409:
385:
580:"Appendices | CITES"
651:Folia Primatologica
56:Conservation status
1724:Mammals of Myanmar
480:
465:forest degradation
443:
412:
392:
1691:
1690:
1609:Open Tree of Life
1435:Taxon identifiers
1426:
1425:
1250:Pileated gibbon (
1232:Müller's gibbon (
1131:
1034:978-1-934151-69-3
1016:Mittermeier, R.A.
1001:978-1-934151-34-1
983:Mittermeier, R.A.
798:978-81-7371-590-7
663:10.1159/000155125
407:
377:H. h. mishmiensis
280:
279:
96:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1761:
1729:Mammals of India
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1500:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1430:
1259:Kloss's gibbon (
1241:Silvery gibbon (
1129:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:World Land Trust
1045:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1012:
1006:
1005:
993:
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761:
755:
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744:
720:
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713:
690:Int. J. Primatol
681:
675:
674:
657:(3–4): 276–283.
642:
636:
635:
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601:
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594:
592:
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576:
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569:
567:
565:
560:
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415:Habitat and Diet
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68:
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32:
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1596:Observation.org
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1534:
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1490:
1482:
1480:
1473:Hoolock hoolock
1471:
1470:
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1455:
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1443:Hoolock hoolock
1437:
1427:
1422:
1411:
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1309:
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1024:
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960:Hoolock hoolock
956:
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868:
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813:
806:
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766:Hoolock hoolock
763:
762:
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729:Primate Conserv
722:
721:
717:
683:
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639:
622:10.2307/1004829
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537:Hoolock hoolock
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289:Hoolock hoolock
273:
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214:H. hoolock
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28:
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15:
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11:
5:
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1659:
1643:
1641:
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1634:
1632:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1478:
1463:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:S. syndactylus
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1196:Agile gibbon (
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1066:
1040:
1033:
1007:
1000:
974:
949:
922:(3): 445–459.
902:
862:
804:
797:
779:
756:
715:
696:(4): 971–976.
676:
637:
596:
571:
519:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
504:
501:
461:slash-and-burn
447:
444:
416:
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336:Classification
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330:Chindwin River
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27:Species of ape
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3:
2:
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1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
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1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1639:Simia hoolock
1636:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
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1554:
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1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
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1440:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1396:N. gabriellae
1392:
1390:
1388:
1387:N. leucogenys
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1351:N. annamensis
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1294:H. leuconedys
1290:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
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1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1207:H. albibarbis
1203:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1182:
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1179:
1174:
1168:
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1030:
1023:
1022:
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984:
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623:
619:
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394:
389:
384:
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373:
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365:
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363:H. leuconedys
359:
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340:Mootnick and
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331:
327:
323:
319:
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311:
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271:Simia hoolock
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223:Binomial name
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1360:N. concolor
1303:H. tianxing
1252:H. pileatus
1234:H. muelleri
1225:H. funereus
1084:11 December
1059:11 December
735:: 103–138.
564:19 November
422:Artocarpus
369:H. tianxing
302:Hylobatidae
190:Hylobatidae
180:Simiiformes
1698:Categories
1369:N. nasutus
1285:H. hoolock
1261:H. klossii
1216:H. abbotti
1167:Haplorhini
1165:Suborder:
589:14 January
515:References
489:endangered
358:H. hoolock
322:Bangladesh
170:Haplorhini
166:Suborder:
89:Appendix I
71:Endangered
1654:Q26959560
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1198:H. agilis
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1161:Primates
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76:IUCN 3.1
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626:JSTOR
318:India
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1663:GBIF
1583:NCBI
1557:IUCN
1544:ITIS
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