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interpreting, the interpreter has to sit in a sound-proof booth where ideally he/she can see the speakers on a monitor and the set. All equipment should be checked before recording begins. In particular, satellite connections have to be double-checked to ensure that the interpreter's voice is not sent back and the interpreter gets to hear only one channel at a time. In the case of interviews recorded outside the studio and some current affairs program, the interpreter interprets what they hear on a TV monitor. Background noise can be a serious problem. The interpreter working for the media has to sound as slick and confident as a television presenter.
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between doctors and patients. When a patient needs
English language service in a Chinese hospital, more often than not the patient will be directed to a staff member in the hospital, who is recognized by his/her colleagues as proficient in English. The actual quality of such service for patients or medical interpretation for communications between doctors speaking different languages is unknown by the interpreting community as interpreters who lack Healthcare background rarely receive accreditation for medical interpretation in the medical community. Interpreters working in the Healthcare setting may be considered
1139:, is the type of interpreting occurring in fields such as legal, health, and federal and local government, social, housing, environmental health, education, and welfare services. In community interpreting, factors exist which determine and affect language and communication production, such as speech's emotional content, hostile or polarized social surroundings, its created stress, the power relationships among participants, and the interpreter's degree of responsibility – in many cases more than extreme; in some cases, even the life of the other person depends upon the interpreter's work.
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highly variable day-to-day stresses that an interpreter must manage, and there is an ongoing conversation in the interpreting field as to how to appropriately prepare students for the challenges of the job. Proposed changes include having a more robust definition of what a qualified interpreter should know, as well as a post-graduate internship structure that would allow new interpreters to work with the benefit of supervision from more experienced interpreters, much like the programs in place in medicine, law enforcement, etc.
1444:(RID), a non-profit organization, is known for its national recognition and certification process. In addition to training requirements and stringent certification testing, RID members must abide by a Code of Professional Conduct, Grievance Process and Continuing Education Requirement. There are many interpreter-training programs in the U.S. The Collegiate Commission on Interpreter Education is the body that accredits Interpreter Preparation Programs. A list of accredited programs can be found on the CCIE web site.
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1046:. To avoid disturbing the participants using the original language, the interpreter speaks to a few people at close proximity with normal voiced delivery at a very low volume, or through electronic equipment without the benefit of a soundproof booth. Typically, no actual whispering is involved as this is difficult to decipher, causes postural fatigue while parties lean in to one another, and straining to be heard at a whisper "can be as bad for your voice as shouting."
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consecutive interpretation of witnesses' testimony, for example, or the simultaneous interpretation of entire proceedings, by electronic means, for one person, or all of the people attending. In a legal context, where ramifications of misinterpretation may be dire, accuracy is paramount. Teams of two or more interpreters, with one actively interpreting and the second monitoring for greater accuracy, may be deployed.
1123:. An escort interpreter's work session may run for days, weeks, or even months, depending on the period of the client's visit. This type of interpreting is often needed in business contexts, during presentations, investor meetings, and business negotiations. As such, an escort interpreter needs to be equipped with some business and financial knowledge in order to best understand and convey messages back and forth.
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and legal and court procedures is required of court interpreters. They are often required to have formal authorization from the state to work in the courts – and then are called certified court interpreters. In many jurisdictions, the interpretation is considered an essential part of the evidence. Incompetent interpretation, or simply failure to swear in the interpreter, can lead to a mistrial.
1490:. Television channels have begun to hire staff simultaneous interpreters. The interpreter renders the press conferences, telephone beepers, interviews and similar live coverage for the viewers. It is more stressful than other types of interpreting as the interpreter has to deal with a wide range of technical problems coupled with the control room's hassle and wrangling during live coverage.
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819:. The notes must be clear and legible in order to not waste time on reading them. Consecutive interpreting of whole thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter has the whole meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used.
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qualification accreditation test that is implemented throughout the country according to uniform standards, in order to assess examinees' bilingual translation or interpretation capability. CATTI was introduced in 2003. In later 2013, translation and interpreting tests of different levels in
English, French, Japanese, Russian, German, Spanish and Arabic were held across the nation.
1466:, and showed her viewpoint upon the Israeli Sign Language interpreters' jobs. A study which was made in Finland found that, in comparison to the foreign language teachers and non-linguistic experts, a high cooperativeness was found to be more characteristic to simultaneous and consecutive interpreters, and Weiss showed it in her video, although she claimed to be comic.
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on-site interpreting when no on-site interpreter is readily available at the location where services are needed. However, it is more commonly used for situations in which all parties who wish to communicate are already speaking to one another via telephone (e.g. telephone applications for insurance or credit cards, or telephone inquiries from consumers to businesses).
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The majority of state court systems utilize a certification exam developed and administered by the
National Center for State Courts. Most non-native speakers of English use the term "sworn interpreter," which is calqued from a civil-law position title common throughout the world. However, there is no
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professional skills. Access to the exam is far easier, but requires proof of the necessary skills. For that, there are private schools that offer preparatory courses. Attending these schools is usually sufficient to prove someone's aptitude. Of course, a university or college degree is accepted, too.
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In the US, depending upon the regulations and standards adhered to per state and venue, court interpreters usually work alone when interpreting consecutively, or as a team, when interpreting simultaneously. In addition to practical mastery of the source and target languages, thorough knowledge of law
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By its very nature, media interpreting has to be conducted in the simultaneous mode. It is provided particularly for live television coverages such as press conferences, live or taped interviews with political figures, musicians, artists, sportsmen or people from the business circle. In this type of
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asserts that computer-generated signing avatars "do not surpass the natural quality and skill provided by appropriately trained and qualified interpreters," and approves their application only "for pre-recorded static customer information, for example, in hotels or train stations". The WFD statement
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Interpreters can be formally trained in postsecondary programs and receive a certificate, associates, bachelors, masters, or doctoral degree. In some circumstances, lay interpreters take an experiential route through churches, families, and social networks. Formal interpreter education practices are
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prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives
Federal funds or other Federal financial assistance. Hospital systems and clinics that are funded by federal programs, such as Medicare, are required by this law to take reasonable steps
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Also referred to as "over-the-phone interpreting", "telephonic interpreting", and "tele-interpreting", telephone interpreting enables interpretation via telephone. Telephone interpreting can be used in community settings as well as conference settings. Telephone interpreting may be used in place of
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A sign language interpreter conveys messages between combinations of spoken and signed languages and manual systems. This may be between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners, or among users of different signed languages and manual systems. This may be done in simultaneous or consecutive modes, or as
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Medical interpreting is a subset of public service interpreting, consisting of communication among healthcare personnel and the patient and their family or among
Healthcare personnel speaking different languages, facilitated by an interpreter, usually formally educated and qualified to provide such
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Consecutive interpreters, in order be accurate, used a specialized system of note-taking which included symbols abbreviations and acronyms. Because they waited until the speaker was finished to provide interpretation, the interpreters then had the difficult task of creating from these notes as much
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Simultaneous interpretation (SI) has the disadvantage that if a person is performing the service the interpreter must do the best they can within the time permitted by the pace of source speech. However they also have the advantages of saving time and not disturbing the natural flow of the speaker.
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When no interpreter is available to interpret directly from source to target, an intermediate interpreter will be inserted in a relay mode, e.g. a Greek source language could be interpreted into
English and then from English to another language. This is also commonly known as double-interpretation.
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For example, in China, there is no mandatory certificate for medical interpreters as of 2012. Most interpretation in hospitals in China is done by doctors, who are proficient in both
Chinese and English (mostly) in his/her specialty. They interpret more in academic settings than for communications
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Signed language interpreters typically refer to this role as a "designated interpreter." It is not a new practice; since the 1960s, deaf professionals and academics such as Robert
Sanderson increasingly sought out and trained specific interpreters to work with on a regular, if not exclusive basis.
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is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not
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There are a number of interpreting and translation associations around the world, including the
National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters, the International Association of Conference Interpreters, the China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters, the Canadian
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Sign language interpreters encounter a number of linguistic, environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors that can have an effect on their ability to provide accurate interpretation. Studies have found that most interpreter training programs do not sufficiently prepare students for the
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Conference interpretation is divided between two markets: institutional and private. International institutions (EU, UN, EPO, et cetera), which hold multilingual meetings, often favor interpreting several foreign languages into the interpreters' mother tongues. Local private markets tend to have
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and began to be more accepted. Experienced consecutive interpreters asserted that the difficulties of listening and speaking at the same time, adjusting for differences in sentence structure between languages, and interpreting the beginning of a sentence before hearing its end, would produce an
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The most recognized interpretation and translation certificate in the People's
Republic of China is the China Accreditation Test for Translation and Interpretation (CATTI). Entrusted by China's Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, it is a translation and interpretation professional
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Also called "in-person" and "face-to-face" or "F2F" interpreting, this traditional method requires the interpreter be physically present. With the growth of remote settings, having interpreters on-site remains crucial in high-stakes medical, legal, and diplomatic situations, and with socially,
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signing, deaf people with nonstandard, emerging, or idiolect language varieties, affinity or cultural groups within the Deaf community, minors, immigrants of a different signed language, users of a minority signed language, participants in medical, carceral, or legal matters, and persons with
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In 1951, when the United Nations expanded its number of working languages to five (English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish), consecutive interpretation became impractical in most cases, and simultaneous interpretation became the most common process for the organization's large meetings.
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gives a short history of modern interpretation and of the transition from its consecutive to simultaneous forms. He explains that during the nineteenth century, interpreters were rarely needed during European diplomatic discussions; these were routinely conducted in French, and all government
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The right to a competent interpreter for anyone who does not understand the language of the court (especially for the accused in a criminal trial) is usually considered a fundamental rule of justice. Therefore, this right is often guaranteed in national constitutions, declarations of rights,
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Judicial, legal, or court interpreting occurs in courts of justice, administrative tribunals, and wherever a legal proceeding is held (i.e., a police station for an interrogation, a conference room for a deposition, or the locale for taking a sworn statement). Legal interpreting can be the
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In the ideal setting for oral language, the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth and speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones.
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Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurred for thousands of years, historical records are limited. Moreover, interpreters and their work have usually not found their way into the history books. One of the reasons for that is the dominance of the
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cognitive or intellectual disabilities. DIs may work in relay teams with hearing interpreters, from a teleprompter, or with another DI to access the source language. DIs are commonly the member of the team visible on camera or on stage at televised, recorded, or public events.
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In order to learn and practice the necessary skills, colleges and universities offer studies in Translation and/or Interpretation Studies, primarily to/from English, but there are also Sign Language Interpretation studies. Admission to higher education, however, is highly
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concedes to such a project only if "deaf people have been involved in advising," and it does not intend to replace human interpreters. Quality and naturalness of movements are closely critiqued by sign-fluent viewers, particularly those who began signing at a younger age.
1595:, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRI and VRS interpretation requires all parties to have the
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of interpreting is quite new. For as long as most scholarly interest was given to professional conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of interpreting in history, and until the 1990s, only a few dozen publications were done on it.
2971:; I do not have friends in the community, just customers; I erased my phone book, to make room for new customers; I will not be spoken to at the end of the interpretations; Let us say I do not have forms; I am madness; I can not stand the interpretation of meetings.
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In Germany, anyone can become and call themselves an interpreter; access to this profession is not regulated, but court interpreters must be sworn in and prove their qualifications, e.g. through a recognized certificate or professional experience of several years.
3230:@FlorikaFink 'We need to "futureproof" our services by strengthening the skills of colleagues to work with new technologies.' #IAMLADP2019EU @EUinterpreters |@EP_Interpreters |@EUCourtPress |@EUCouncil |@UNDGACM_EN|@translatorespic.twitter.com/XMCotLRgrE
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An attempt at consensus about lengths of segments may be reached prior to commencement, depending upon complexity of the subject matter and purpose of the interpretation, though speakers generally face difficulty adjusting to unnatural speech patterns.
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SI can also be accomplished by software where the program can simultaneously listen to incoming speech and speak the associated interpretation. The most common form is extempore SI, where the interpreter does not know the message until they hear it.
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and other support services to interpreters. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she scaled up multilingual interpretation in hybrid meetings via new digital platforms and technologies, which was a "watershed moment" for the interpretation profession.
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was appointed as Director General and the first ever Knowledge Centre on Interpretation was created. She had spoken about the need to "futureproof" services by strengthening the skills of colleagues to work with new technologies as well as how
1575:, who can also interpret as well across principal languages (such as to and from SSL, to and from spoken English), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since
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Conference interpreting refers to interpretation at a conference or large meeting, either simultaneously or consecutively. The advent of multi-lingual meetings has reduced the amount of consecutive interpretation in the last 20 years.
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Consecutive interpretation can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on
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Interpreters may also work as freelance operators in their local, regional and national communities, or may take on contract work under an interpreting business or service. They would typically take on work as described above.
1156:. Depending on country/state-specific requirements, the interpreter is often required to have some knowledge of medical terminology, common procedures, the patient interview and exam process. Medical interpreters are often
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fundamental laws establishing the justice system or by precedents set by the highest courts. However, it is not a constitutionally required procedure (in the United States) that a certified interpreter be present at police
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Specific regions, countries, or even cities will have their own certification standards. In many cases, graduates of a certain caliber university program acts as a de facto certification for conference interpretation.
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With video interpreting, sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, converse with the hearing party and vice versa. Much like
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In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret after the speaker pauses; thus much more time (perhaps double) is needed. Customarily, such an interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker.
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The most common two modes of interpreting are simultaneous interpreting, which is done at the time of the exposure to the source language, and consecutive interpreting, which is done at breaks to this exposure.
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Consecutive interpretation may be the chosen mode when bilingual listeners are present who wish to hear both the original and interpreted speech or where, as in a court setting, a record must be kept of both.
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Relevant institutions from Australia, France, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and other countries as well as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Taiwan have established work ties with CATTI.
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Interpreters were often ethnic and cultural mixtures, women, slaves or members of a "subcaste" (such as the Armenians and Jews in British India), as well as victims of kidnappings, conflict and political
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in 1945. The equipment facilitated large numbers of listeners, and interpretation was offered in French, Russian, German and English. The technology arose in the 1920s and 1930s when American businessman
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and the Kaminker brothers as skilled interpreters, and notes one unusual case in which André Kaminker interpreted a speech by a French diplomat who spoke for two and a half hours without stopping.
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The majority of professional full-time conference interpreters work for phone interpreting agencies, health care institutions, courts, school systems and international organizations like the
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Triple-interpretation may even be needed, particularly where rare languages or dialects are involved. Such interpretation can only be effectively conducted using consecutive interpretation.
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The United Nations employs interpreters at almost all its sites throughout the world. Because it has only six official languages, however, it is a smaller employer than the European Union.
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In Israel, Naama Weiss, a board member of Malach, the Organization of the Israeli Sign Language Interpreters, advertised a video which she produced. It was her paraphrase of the video
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is the only worldwide association of conference interpreters. Founded in 1953, its membership includes more than 2,800 professional conference interpreters, in more than 90 countries.
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In escort interpreting, an interpreter accompanies a person or a delegation on a tour, on a visit, or to a business meeting or interview. An interpreter in this role is called an
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or the European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters (efsli). In Canada, the professional association that recognizes and nationally certifies sign language interpreters is the
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Some countries have more than one national association due to regional or language differences. National associations can become members of the umbrella organizations, the
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bilingual meetings (the local language plus another), and the interpreters work both into and out of their mother tongues. These markets are not mutually exclusive. The
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Simultaneous interpretation using electronic equipment where the interpreter can hear the speaker's voice as well as the interpreter's own voice was introduced at the
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908:. Yvonne Kapp attended a conference with simultaneous interpretation in 1935 in the Soviet Union. As it proved successful, IBM was able to sell the equipment to the
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1599:. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera, in order to zoom in and out, and to point the camera toward the party that is signing.
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Militaries often use interpreters to better communicate with the local population. One notable example is the US military during the war in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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may be an (un)desired revolution in linguistic services. Subsequently, she drove forward the digitalization of the service by introducing features like automatic
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Interpreting services can be delivered in multiple modalities. The most common modality through which interpreting services are provided is on-site interpreting.
659:(meaning 'expounder', 'person explaining what is obscure'), whose semantic roots are not clear. Some scholars take the second part of the word to be derived from
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Those examinees who pass CATTI and obtain translation and interpretation certificates acquire corresponding translation and interpretation professional titles.
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In the United States, language access is a socioeconomic disparity, and language access to federally-funded health services is required by law. Title VI of the
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An interpreter (right) utilizing consecutive interpretation to translate a conversation between an English-speaking interviewer (left) and Spanish-speaking
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Consecutive interpretation, which provides a more fluent result without the need for specialized equipment, continued to be used for smaller discussions.
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diplomats were required to be fluent in this language. Most European government leaders and heads of state could also speak French. Historian
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inferior result. As well, these interpreters, who to that point had been prominent speakers, would now be speaking invisibly from booths.
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of combat, however, it can be very easy to make a mistake in interpreting, particularly with the immense noise and changing locations.
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Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc. Professional Standards Committee (August 1997), "Use of a Certified Deaf Interpreter",
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in the military unit, and with the civilian population. One of the primary forces behind the feeling of an occupation is a lack of
671:(meaning 'price', which fits the meaning of a 'middleman', 'intermediary' or 'commercial go-between'), but others have suggested a
2129:'I would switch about, listening to the speeches in French, in German, in Italian and marvel at this, to me, novel device.' Kapp,
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liaisons for people (regardless of language) who are unfamiliar with or uncomfortable in hospital, clinical, or medical settings.
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activity in which one produces a first and final target-language output on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a
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No worldwide testing or certification agency exists for all types of interpreters. For conference interpretation, there is the
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The hidden side of Babel : unveiling cognition, intelligence and sense through simultaneous interpretation
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Hiltunen S, Mäntyranta H, Määttänen I (2018-08-06). "Cooperativeness – A necessary trait for interpreters?".
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instead of multi-lingual cooperation. In this context, a military interpreter is usually a given job in each
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A community program for identification, training, and utilization of interpreting services for deaf persons
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in areas held by the coalition, Kurdish interpreters were known for being a primary aid in this endeavour.
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2430:"Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan"
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587:, many of which (and with few exceptions) were only incidentally or marginally related to interpreting.
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Bontempo, Karen (2015). "Signed Language Interpreting". In Mikkelson, Holly; Jourdenais, Renée (eds.).
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interpretation services. In some situations, medical employees who are multilingual may participate
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as half an hour of free-flowing sentences closely matching the speaker's meaning. Palazchenko cites
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3342:: The Hidden Side of Babel: Unveiling Cognition, Intelligence and Sense. 2006, ISBN 987-21049-1-3
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Quandt, Lorna; Willis, Athena; Schwenk, Melody; Weeks, Kaitlyln; Ferster, Ruthie (February 2022).
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During inactive military operations, the most common goal of military interpreters is to increase
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This article is about interpreting natural languages. For interpreting programming languages, see
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1455:(AVLIC). Under AVLIC holds several affiliate chapters representing a specified region of Canada.
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1258:'s resurgence. If interpreters are not present inside war zones, it becomes extremely common for
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attributes the growing need for interpretation after World War I to the fact that U.S. President
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over the spoken word (in the sense that those who have left written texts are more likely to be
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towards ensuring equitable access to health services for limited English proficient patients.
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Computer-assisted simultaneous interpreting A cognitive-experimental study on terminology
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European Commission (2018-04-20). "Summary of SCIC-Universities Conference 2018" (PDF).
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Level 1 translator or interpreter – associate professor of translation or interpretation
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Facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages
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Sanderson, Robert G. (1966). "Twinkling fingers bridge a gap". In Jones, Ray L. (ed.).
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Inghilleri, Moira (14 April 2009). Bielsa, Esperanza; Hughes, Christopher W. (eds.).
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IAMLADP: Directors General of Interpretation and Translation discuss multilingualism
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Interpreting is an ancient human activity which predates the invention of writing.
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The archives of the International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research
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2543:"Wartime Interpreting: Exploring the Experiences of Interpreters and Translators"
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Media interpreting has gained more visibility and presence especially after the
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3616:
3505:
Global Insights into Public Service Interpreting: Theory, Practice and Training
2609:
Ingram, Robert M. (1974). "A Communication Model of the Interpreting Process."
3282:
3081:
2968:
2917:
1425:
1271:
584:
395:
3657:
3207:
2992:
2687:
Legacies and legends: History of Interpreter Education from 1800–21st Century
2527:
2493:
1792:
Senior translator or interpreter – professor of translation or interpretation
3590:
2246:
2156:
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
1615:
where interpreters simultaneously interpret debates between the 24 official
1321:
944:
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
568:
557:
545:
512:
236:
3183:
3100:
2862:
2853:
2754:
2661:
2483:
2260:
3637:
3199:
2954:
1844:
languages, including German Sign Language, yet primarily to/from German.
1487:
1313:
1220:
1196:
1011:
672:
636:
580:
3001:
2445:
1063:
Interpreting booths at a conference by the World Trade Organization 2017
2922:
2429:
1801:
Level 3 translator or interpreter – assistant translator or interpreter
1255:
1251:
1157:
713: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
537:
528:
520:
516:
231:
2461:"Interpreters and Translators in the War Zone: Narrated and Narrators"
1254:
areas of the country, which in turn was one of the main causes of the
3318:(in German). Bundesverband der Dolmetscher/innen und Ăśbersetzer/innen
2315:. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. p. 26. Archived from
1584:
1356:
1348:
1243:
985:
After World War II, simultaneous interpretation came into use at the
640:
576:
553:
390:
385:
1440:
have national- and some states have state-level certifications. The
3586:
AIIC (International Association of Conference Interpreters) website
2337:
Hauser, Peter C.; Finch, Karen L.; Hauser, Angela B., eds. (2008).
2313:"Confessions and Culture: The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity"
1587:, different from the aural version of the same principal language.
1242:, and the primary recruitment from northern Afghanistan, primarily
3023:
Weiss reaction on December 22, 2018, was that her video was comic.
2460:
1980:
1978:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1832:. Unlike a bachelor's or master's degree, this certificate merely
1606:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1329:
1306:
1183:
1058:
1042:
Whispered interpretation is known in the trade by the French term
1025:
963:, had not been developed, so consecutive interpretation was used.
927:
875:
852:
789:
651:
572:
506:
3524:
Conference Interpreting in China: Practice, Training and Research
3419:
De Paris à Nuremberg: Naissance de l'interprétation de conférence
1320:
and dangerous. It is, however, necessary when different-language
3543:
The Rise of Conference Interpreting in China: Insiders' Accounts
1549:
1286:
1278:
3362:
The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation: The Nuremberg Trial
1266:, or to produce animosity and distrust, forming the basis of a
1246:, led to a feeling of the United States and Tajik forces as an
932:
Simultaneous interpreter's station (Televic Conference) at the
3065:"Assessing the deaf user perspective on sign language avatars"
2339:
Deaf professionals and designated interpreters: A new paradigm
1708:
1641:
The world's largest employer of interpreters is currently the
905:
682:
2785:
2509:"The Contextual over the Referential in Military Translation"
1798:
Level 2 translator or interpreter – translator or interpreter
1285:(Kurdistan Regional Government), during the fighting against
563:
Our knowledge of the past of interpreting tends to come from
2411:"Civil Rights Requirements Title VI of the Civil Rights Act"
2731:
Comprehensive Guide to Sign Language Interpreting in Europe
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1199:
context, carrying out interpretation usually either during
1074:
International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC)
2550:(Re)visiting Ethics and Ideology in Situations of Conflict
2214:"Computer-assisted preparation in conference interpreting"
2007:
2005:
1697:
Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council, the
1188:
A US military interpreter sits with Afghan army soldiers,
3461:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1404:
Two sign language interpreters working for a school, 2007
1368:
Linguistics and translations in the Austro-Hungarian Army
1036:
Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema
3600:
3251:
Knowledge Centre on Interpretation - European Commission
1099:. This has been especially controversial in cases where
619:
languages denoting an interpreter can be traced back to
552:
of interpreters, who were sometimes treated unfairly by
3402:(Revised ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
3184:"Artificial Intelligence – the (un)desired revolution?"
2814:
1733:
1433:
largely the product of twentieth-century developments.
3115:"Remote Interpreting: Feeling Our Way into the Future"
2158:(Pennsylvania University Press, 1997), pp. 32–33.
2102:"The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment"
1238:, the use of American soldiers that did not speak the
924:
The progressive shift from consecutive to simultaneous
3605:
3440:. Salamanca, Spain: Ediciones Universidad Salamanca.
1453:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
1281:
and have been largely effective, particularly in the
1262:
from the civilian population and a military force to
904:
developed simultaneous interpretation equipment with
3642:(1st ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: EvoluciĂłn.
3585:
3265:
100 Years of Conference Interpreting : A Legacy
1770:
International Association of Conference Interpreters
1289:. Military interpreters were the primary drivers in
1507:intellectually, or emotionally vulnerable clients.
1328:. Misunderstandings in this context are most often
3347:Between the Signs. How to take notes without words
2409:Rights (OCR), Office for Civil (15 January 2009).
2366:. San Fernando Valley State College. pp. 1–4.
1347:Military interpreters are also used within single
37:"Interpreter" redirects here. For other uses, see
3042:WFD AND WASLI STATEMENT ON USE OF SIGNING AVATARS
2599:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 112–128.
2485:Globalization, Political Violence and Translation
1984:
1938:
1865:List of translators and interpreters associations
1840:Furthermore, the State Examination is offered in
1724:deal primarily with China and do not represent a
1412:Interpreters may be hearing, hard of hearing, or
1396:interpreter at a press conference in Taipei, 2007
3457:AIIC History Group. "Naissance d'une profession"
883:at dock listening to simultaneous interpretation
3038:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
2522:(8). Canadian Center of Science and Education.
1449:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1207:. Interpretation is one of the main factors in
3484:Takeda, Kayoko; Baigorri-JalĂłn, JesĂşs (2016).
3421:. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press.
2841:The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
2835:Dean, Robyn, Robert Q Pollard (January 2001).
2705:Commission On Collegiate Interpreter Education
2379:"Queens Hospitals Learn Many Ways to Say 'Ah'"
2341:. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
1103:with no English skills are accused of crimes.
1010:has emerged, with dedicated tools integrating
630:
624:
3562:The Routledge Handbook of Korean Interpreting
3438:Interpreters at the United Nations: A History
2572:"On the ethics of translators' interventions"
2191:Interpreters at the United Nations. A history
2025:"Consecutive and Simultaneous Interpretering"
1722:The examples and perspective in this section
1670:The European Union's other institutions (the
1030:Interpreter (left) next to Swedish filmmaker
457:
8:
3310:
3308:
3306:
2875:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2088:"The History of Simultaneous Interpretation"
1827:
1826:Some states offer a State Examination title
1277:Military interpreters are commonly found in
3541:Zhang, Irene A.; Moratto, Riccardo (2023).
3522:Moratto, Riccardo; Zhang, Irene A. (2023).
3486:New Insights in the History of Interpreting
2488:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 207–221.
1699:Institute of Translation & Interpreting
1312:The fundamental act of interpreting during
1250:. This feeling was most common in majority
831:exclusively, in judicial and medical work.
666:
660:
654:
3398:Woodsworth, Judith; Delisle, Jean (2012).
3295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2642:Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc
2055:"Note-Taking for Consecutive Interpreting"
2011:
1996:
1969:
1957:
1919:
1740:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
464:
450:
43:
3560:Moratto, Riccardo; Lim, Hyang-Ok (2023).
3267:. Newcastle upon Tyne. pp. 284–288.
3090:
3080:
3000:
2852:
2611:Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf 7:3
2259:
2229:
1756:Learn how and when to remove this message
1332:, the most common misinterpretations are
773:Learn how and when to remove this message
527:Research into the various aspects of the
2638:"Find ASL Interpreter Education Program"
3628:
3612:
3601:Association of Language Companies (USA)
2662:"Approved Courses for BSL Interpreters"
2286:"Voice care: Sorting fact from fiction"
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
1907:
1894:common law country that uses this term.
1876:
336:
305:
259:
203:
157:
71:
55:
3503:Moratto, Riccardo; Li, Defeng (2022).
3288:
2868:
2597:The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting
2290:UT Southwestern Medical Center MedBlog
1678:) have smaller interpreting services.
1424:people who use either close vision or
416:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
3488:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2985:International Journal of Bilingualism
2074:
1628:United Nations Interpretation Service
1442:Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
1409:sight translation from printed text.
1384:Machine translation of sign languages
1324:are fighting together with no common
914:United Nations Interpretation Service
912:, where it is now widely used in the
623:, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root
273:Internationalization and localization
7:
3460:. Geneva: AIIC. 2013. Archived from
3228:Interpreters, E. U. (2019-05-27). ".
3182:Fink-Hooijer, Florika (2017-01-11).
1366:For an historical example, see also
711:adding citations to reliable sources
2950:"So-Low Sign Language Interpreters"
2916:Itay Zvolon-Marzipan (2018-10-23).
2926:(in Hebrew). Length 3:25 minutes.
2548:, in Valero-Garcés, Carmen (ed.),
2254:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2194:. Universidad de Salamanca; 2004.
639:via an etymological sideline from
406:Books and magazines on translation
25:
2967:Do not touch my shoulder; I know
2471:(2) – via www.academia.edu.
1195:Interpreters are often used in a
857:Alan Gordon-Finlay trialling the
3615:
3591:Pakistan Interpretation Services
3381:Introducing Interpreting Studies
2958:(in Hebrew). Length 3:38 minutes
2465:Translation and Violent Conflict
1713:
1583:with their own construction and
1008:computer-assisted interpretation
687:
579:, along with a variety of other
63:
2930:from the original on 2021-11-17
2377:Kilgannon, Corey (2005-04-15).
1829:Staatlich geprĂĽfter Dolmetscher
1647:languages of the European Union
1617:languages of the European Union
1305:. Likewise managing to produce
698:needs additional citations for
3436:Baigorri Jalon, Jesus (2004).
3417:Baigorri-JalĂłn, JesĂşs (2004).
3364:. University of Ottawa Press.
3263:Kilian G. Seeber, ed. (2021).
2218:Translation & Interpreting
2029:www.conference-interpreters.ca
1420:interpreters or DIs work with
438:Kural translations by language
411:Bible translations by language
186:Dynamic and formal equivalence
1:
2434:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
2106:Infinity Translation Services
1985:Woodsworth & Delisle 2012
1939:Woodsworth & Delisle 2012
1004:computer-assisted translation
866:
515:explaining the outcome of an
426:List of most translated works
227:Translation management system
3034:World Federation of the Deaf
2689:. Interpreting Consolidated.
2311:Einesman, Floralynn (1999).
1540:Interpretation services via
1471:World Federation of the Deaf
1264:spiral into an open conflict
1016:automated speech recognition
631:
625:
523:, who acts as an interpreter
39:Interpreter (disambiguation)
3400:Translators through History
3383:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
2507:Musallam Al-Ma'ani (2015).
2231:10.12807/ti.109202.2017.a02
2171:. London: Faber and Faber.
1736:, discuss the issue on the
1611:Interpreting booths in the
1564:(FSL) to spoken French and
1392:The hostess (in red) and a
1166:Allied Health Professionals
1002:Stemming from the field of
955:and British Prime Minister
849:Simultaneous interpretation
650:, however, is derived from
635:also gave rise to the term
3693:
3379:Pöchhacker, Franz (2016).
2948:Naama Weiss (2018-12-18).
2755:"Current National Members"
2496:– via Springer Link.
2167:Nicolson, Harold (2009) .
1573:sign language interpreters
1529:
1514:
1438:Sign Language interpreters
1377:
1355:. Common examples include
1083:
846:
36:
29:
3360:Gaiba, Francesca (1998).
3082:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.730917
2516:English Language Teaching
1676:European Court of Justice
1568:(SSL) to spoken Spanish.
1542:video remote interpreting
1536:Video remote interpreting
934:European Court of Justice
872:- ILO Historical Archives
722:"Language interpretation"
3345:Farwick, Judith (2018).
2993:10.1177/1367006918790808
2892:"About the organization"
2494:10.1057/9780230235410_11
1240:languages of Afghanistan
1173:Civil Rights Act of 1964
401:Journalistic translation
3677:Language interpretation
3636:Bertone, Laura (2006).
3253:. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
3236:. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
3069:Frontiers in Psychology
2625:Standard Practice Paper
2541:Capelli, Paolo (2014),
1660:artificial intelligence
1363:in the military force.
1152:as members of internal
597:Indo-European languages
283:Video game localization
191:Contrastive linguistics
32:Interpreter (computing)
3245:Sarno, Ivano (2019). "
2685:Ball, Carolyn (2013).
2552:, University of Alcalá
2428:Brasher, Ryan (2011).
2261:10.5281/zenodo.7143055
2212:Fantinuoli, C (2017).
2188:JesĂşs Baigorri JalĂłn.
2133:, Verso, 2003, p. 170.
1828:
1619:
1593:telephone interpreting
1558:speech-impaired (mute)
1517:Telephone interpreting
1436:In the United States,
1405:
1397:
1232:mutual intelligibility
1201:active military combat
1192:
1137:community interpreting
1064:
1039:
936:
884:
873:
826:On occasion, document
807:
667:
661:
655:
524:
366:Telephone interpreting
252:Multimedia translation
3200:10.1515/les-2017-0020
2729:de Wit, Maya (2016).
2701:"Accredited Programs"
2570:Pym, Anthony (2009).
1610:
1566:Spanish Sign Language
1403:
1391:
1326:intermediate language
1187:
1180:Military interpreting
1121:escorting interpreter
1062:
1029:
931:
900:and British engineer
879:
856:
801:
511:A painting showing a
510:
298:Software localization
278:Language localization
181:Translation criticism
110:Linguistic validation
2854:10.1093/deafed/6.1.1
2459:Baker, Mona (2010).
1734:improve this section
1655:Florika Fink-Hooijer
1562:French Sign Language
1283:Kurdish held regions
1219:of the military and
1205:noncombat operations
881:Nuremberg defendants
707:improve this article
293:Website localization
3170:European Commission
3044:(Report). p. 2
2987:: 136700691879080.
2918:"So-Low Haifa 2018"
2053:Mazzei, Cristiano.
1860:Literal translation
1672:European Parliament
1649:and some others in
1643:European Commission
1613:European Parliament
1597:necessary equipment
1546:video relay service
1532:Video relay service
360:Video relay service
217:Machine translation
176:Translation project
166:Translation studies
2807:"Welcome to AVLIC"
2448:– via JSTOR.
2384:The New York Times
1854:Interpreting notes
1664:speech recognition
1620:
1406:
1398:
1236:War in Afghanistan
1193:
1117:escort interpreter
1111:Escort interpreter
1101:illegal immigrants
1065:
1040:
998:Technology support
961:Alan Gordon Finlay
957:David Lloyd George
937:
902:Alan Gordon Finlay
885:
874:
808:
525:
222:Mobile translation
3274:978-1-5275-6878-5
3040:(14 March 2018).
2740:978-90-806571-6-8
2245:Prandi B (2023).
2200:978-84-7800-643-4
2177:978-0-571-25604-4
2169:Peacemaking, 1919
2152:Pavel Palazchenko
1766:
1765:
1758:
1651:DG Interpretation
1581:natural languages
1260:misunderstandings
1217:military cohesion
1086:Legal translation
940:Pavel Palazchenko
863:League of Nations
828:sight translation
799:
783:
782:
775:
757:
646:The English word
607:. Expressions in
474:
473:
345:Untranslatability
196:Polysystem theory
18:Misinterpretation
16:(Redirected from
3684:
3662:
3661:
3633:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3575:
3556:
3537:
3518:
3499:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3451:
3432:
3413:
3394:
3375:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:"Wege zum Beruf"
3312:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3260:
3254:
3243:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3188:Lebende Sprachen
3179:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3147:. Archived from
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2856:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2813:. Archived from
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2784:. Archived from
2779:"About efsli..."
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2707:. Archived from
2697:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2387:. Archived from
2374:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2276:
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2263:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2186:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2108:. Archived from
2098:
2092:
2091:
2090:. 29 April 2014.
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2031:. Archived from
2021:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1999:, pp. 9–10.
1994:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1831:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1380:ASL interpreting
1299:Iraqi population
1228:overall cohesion
1215:cooperation and
987:Nuremberg trials
977:
893:Nuremberg trials
871:
868:
800:
778:
771:
767:
764:
758:
756:
715:
691:
683:
670:
664:
658:
634:
628:
560:and historians.
466:
459:
452:
421:Translated books
371:Language barrier
288:Dub localization
67:
44:
21:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3650:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3614:
3606:
3582:
3572:
3559:
3553:
3540:
3534:
3521:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3483:
3480:
3478:Further reading
3467:
3465:
3464:on 30 June 2018
3454:
3448:
3435:
3429:
3416:
3410:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3372:
3359:
3349:. Duesseldorf.
3336:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3287:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3244:
3240:
3234:@EUInterpreters
3227:
3223:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
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3112:
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3062:
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2608:
2604:
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2574:
2569:
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2564:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2427:
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2292:. 13 April 2020
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2062:Century College
2057:
2052:
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2047:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2012:Pöchhacker 2016
2010:
2003:
1997:Pöchhacker 2016
1995:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1970:Pöchhacker 2016
1968:
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1958:Pöchhacker 2016
1956:
1945:
1937:
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1918:
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1694:
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1554:hard-of-hearing
1538:
1530:Main articles:
1528:
1519:
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1248:occupying force
1190:Ghazni province
1182:
1145:
1133:
1113:
1088:
1082:
1057:
1052:
1032:Johannes Nyholm
1024:
1006:, the field of
1000:
971:
949:Harold Nicolson
926:
869:
851:
845:
790:
788:
779:
768:
762:
759:
716:
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704:
692:
681:
599:have words for
593:
505:
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485:source language
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376:Fan translation
355:Transliteration
145:Sense-for-sense
42:
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3580:External links
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3340:Bertone, Laura
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1515:Main article:
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1135:Also known as
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567:, chronicles,
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3564:. Routledge.
3563:
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3552:9781032413396
3548:
3545:. Routledge.
3544:
3539:
3535:
3533:9781032413419
3529:
3526:. Routledge.
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3514:9781032053196
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3507:. Routledge.
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3151:on 2017-02-05
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3119:ATA Chronicle
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2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2817:on 2017-09-24
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2808:
2802:
2799:
2788:on 2012-09-02
2787:
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2733:. M. de Wit.
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2711:on 2017-06-29
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2405:
2402:
2391:on 2015-05-29
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2319:on 2017-09-22
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2271:9783961103973
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2123:
2112:on 2017-02-27
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2049:
2046:
2035:on 2016-10-22
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2020:
2017:
2014:, p. 10.
2013:
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1679:
1677:
1673:
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1661:
1656:
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1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1636:African Union
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:are distinct
1578:
1574:
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1567:
1563:
1559:
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1543:
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1525:
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1477:
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1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
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1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1394:sign language
1390:
1385:
1381:
1374:Sign language
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1371:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:is extremely
1315:
1314:active combat
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
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1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:. During the
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:populations.
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:multi-lingual
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1131:Public sector
1130:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:interrogation
1092:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
991:
988:
983:
981:
975:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
935:
930:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Edward Filene
894:
889:
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878:
864:
860:
855:
850:
842:
840:
836:
832:
829:
824:
820:
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785:
777:
774:
766:
763:February 2016
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
724: –
723:
719:
718:Find sources:
712:
708:
702:
701:
696:This section
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674:
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638:
633:
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614:
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606:
602:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:social status
547:
543:
539:
533:
530:
522:
518:
514:
509:
502:
497:
495:
492:
488:
486:
482:
481:translational
478:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:
436:
434:
431:
427:
424:
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351:
350:Transcription
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342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
327:
325:
324:Organizations
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320:
317:
315:
312:
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310:
309:
306:Institutional
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268:Glocalization
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171:Skopos theory
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140:Word-for-word
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90:Bhagavad-gita
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62:
61:
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54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3638:
3631:
3561:
3542:
3523:
3504:
3485:
3466:. Retrieved
3462:the original
3456:
3437:
3418:
3399:
3380:
3361:
3346:
3320:. Retrieved
3264:
3258:
3250:
3241:
3233:
3224:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:the original
3145:ec.europa.eu
3144:
3141:"What we do"
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3121:. 1 May 2017
3118:
3109:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3048:22 September
3046:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3002:10138/311610
2984:
2978:
2966:
2960:. Retrieved
2953:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2921:
2911:
2900:. Retrieved
2895:
2885:
2871:cite journal
2844:
2840:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:the original
2811:www.avlic.ca
2810:
2801:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:the original
2781:
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:
2749:
2730:
2724:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2704:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2624:
2618:
2613:(Jan.), 3-9.
2610:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2565:
2554:, retrieved
2549:
2536:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2393:. Retrieved
2389:the original
2382:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2247:
2240:
2224:(9): 24–37.
2221:
2217:
2207:
2189:
2184:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2130:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2105:
2096:
2082:
2075:Gaiba (1998)
2070:
2061:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:the original
2028:
2019:
1992:
1965:
1922:, p. 9.
1889:
1879:
1841:
1839:
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1825:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1767:
1752:
1743:
1723:
1695:
1692:Associations
1687:
1683:
1680:
1669:
1640:
1621:
1589:
1570:Multilingual
1539:
1520:
1505:
1497:
1485:
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1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
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1435:
1431:
1411:
1407:
1365:
1346:
1311:
1293:between the
1276:
1225:
1194:
1170:
1162:
1146:
1134:
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843:Simultaneous
837:
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769:
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705:Please help
700:verification
697:
647:
645:
613:Scandinavian
604:
601:interpreting
600:
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538:written text
534:
526:
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489:
477:Interpreting
476:
475:
314:Associations
260:Localization
204:Technologies
129:
2898:(in Hebrew)
2847:(1): 1–14.
2202:. p. 29–30.
2077:, p. .
1653:. In 2016,
1544:(VRI) or a
1334:positioning
1291:cooperation
972: [
870: 1927
817:note-taking
786:Consecutive
648:interpreter
605:interpreter
569:biographies
558:chroniclers
433:Translators
247:Postediting
242:Pre-editing
57:Translation
3468:8 February
3322:2021-04-29
3283:1247835775
3155:2017-09-29
2969:Yonit Levi
2962:2018-12-21
2934:2018-12-21
2902:2018-12-21
2821:2017-09-29
2792:2012-08-31
2764:2023-04-11
2715:2017-09-29
2671:2023-04-13
2647:2023-04-13
2440:: 97–120.
2395:2017-09-29
2323:2017-09-29
2116:2017-09-29
2039:2017-09-29
1902:References
1821:restricted
1494:Modalities
1426:Protactile
1378:See also:
1338:break outs
1322:battalions
1272:insurgency
1203:or during
1084:See also:
1055:Conference
1044:chuchotage
1012:glossaries
733:newspapers
546:historians
396:Scanlation
237:Subtitling
150:Homophonic
120:Regulatory
3658:456147305
3622:Languages
3291:cite book
3208:1868-0267
3011:149880289
2782:efsli.org
2759:wasli.org
2528:1916-4742
1884:upheaval.
1842:many more
1834:certifies
1746:June 2019
1738:talk page
1634:, or the
1626:(for the
1511:Telephone
1422:DeafBlind
1340:. In the
1318:stressful
1307:stability
1295:coalition
1150:part-time
1022:Whispered
806:(center).
656:interpres
632:turgumânu
626:targumânu
591:Etymology
581:documents
517:operation
125:Technical
3671:Category
3216:67104547
3125:15 April
3101:35222173
2955:Facebook
2928:Archived
2890:Malach.
2863:15451859
2580:23 April
2556:23 April
2446:23345249
2296:15 April
1848:See also
1732:You may
1674:and the
1488:Gulf War
1303:military
1297:and the
1268:conflict
1221:civilian
1197:military
1158:cultural
1080:Judicial
673:Sanskrit
637:dragoman
621:Akkadian
609:Germanic
542:recorded
135:Cultural
85:Literary
49:a series
47:Part of
3334:Sources
3092:8866438
2923:YouTube
2415:HHS.gov
1810:Germany
1630:), the
1502:On-site
1256:Taliban
1252:Pashtun
1143:Medical
861:at the
747:scholar
668:pretium
577:memoirs
573:diaries
565:letters
554:scribes
529:history
521:servant
519:to his
498:History
329:Schools
232:Dubbing
115:Medical
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3608:Portal
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1464:So-Low
1357:Bosnia
1349:armies
1270:or an
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1119:or an
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675:root.
662:partes
641:Arabic
617:Slavic
513:doctor
391:Fandub
386:Fansub
319:Awards
158:Theory
3212:S2CID
3007:S2CID
2666:NRCPD
2575:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2512:(PDF)
2442:JSTOR
2252:(pdf)
2058:(PDF)
1871:Notes
1858:Cf.,
1780:China
1526:Video
1478:Media
1361:unity
1342:chaos
1330:fatal
1050:Types
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754:JSTOR
740:books
679:Modes
652:Latin
595:Many
479:is a
362:(VRS)
105:Kural
100:Quran
95:Bible
80:Legal
72:Types
3654:OCLC
3644:ISBN
3566:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3470:2019
3442:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3404:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3297:link
3279:OCLC
3269:ISBN
3204:ISSN
3127:2023
3097:PMID
3050:2020
2877:link
2859:PMID
2735:ISBN
2582:2022
2558:2022
2524:ISSN
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