587:
433:, noting that GMI received funding from the automobile and fossil fuel industries and espouses "a mix of conservative, neoliberal, and libertarian ideological positions", states that GMI has "supported authors opposed to the hypothesis of anthropogenic warming and proposed mitigation policies ... stressing the free-market and the dangers of government regulation, which they said would hurt the US economy."
353:
would consider all the relevant facts and alternative interpretations of the data, and remain skeptical about tentative conclusions. Ideally, too, the agency officials and politicians, who have to enact a regulatory program, would consider its costs and benefits, ensure that it will do more good than
522:
he wrote about the institute that "the trappings of scholarship were used to put a scientific cover on positions arrived at otherwise. These positions served various interests, ideological or material. For example, part of my job consisted of making arguments about global warming that just happened
287:
had pledged to meet the "greenhouse effect with the White House effect." Nierenberg's report, which blamed global warming on solar activity, had a large impact on the incoming Bush presidency, strengthening those in it opposed to environmental regulation. In 1990 the institute's founders (Jastrow,
503:: "We have never said that global warming isn't real. No self-respecting think tank would accept money to support preconceived notions. We make sure what we are saying is both scientifically and analytically defensible."
1461:
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429:(2010), where they identified a few contrarian scientists associated with conservative think-tanks who fought the scientific consensus and spread confusion and doubt about global warming. The book
264:
was a military threat. A 1987 article by
Jastrow argued that in five years the Soviet Union would be so powerful that it would be able to achieve world domination without firing a shot. When the
575:
was a funder of the GMI until it pulled funding from it and several similar organizations in 2008. From 1998 to 2008, the institute received a total of $ 715,000 in funding from Exxon-Mobil.
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28:
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was appointed executive director of GMI in
September 2001. He left the GMI after five months, saying that the institute was "fonder of some facts than others". He contended a
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Starting in 1989 GMI was involved in what it terms "a critical examination of the scientific basis for global climate change policy." This was described by
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is critical of the
Marshall Institute and contends that the conservative backlash against global warming research was led by three prominent physicists—
969:
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William O'Keefe, chief executive officer of the
Marshall Institute, questioned the methods used by advocates of new government restrictions to combat
894:
1471:
280:
493:
311:". In the same paper, commenting on the dangers of secondary inhalation of tobacco smoke, he concluded "there is no good scientific evidence that
415:, who founded the institute in 1984. According to Hamilton, by the 1990s the Marshall Institute's main activity was attacking climate science.
323:
49:
1441:
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279:
The institute's shift to environmental skepticism began with the publication of a report on global warming by
William Nierenberg. During the
1110:
Jacques, P.J.; Dunlap, R.E.; Freeman, M. (June 2008). "The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism".
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is a book by the George C. Marshall
Institute, edited by Michael Gough. The book, published in 2003, encourages a disinterested
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in the United States. It was established in 1984 with a focus on science and public policy issues and had an initial focus in
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instead ended in the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, the institute shifted from an emphasis on defense to a focus on
241:
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322:. Missilethreat.com aims to inform the American people of missile threats, thereby encouraging the deployment of a
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on the part of scientists and policymakers: Ideally, the scientists or analysts who generate estimates of
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970:"New Books from Hoover Press, Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking, Edited by Michael Gough"
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In 2012, the institute took over the responsibility for running the
Missilethreat.com website from the
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515:
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Anjana Ahuja and Mark
Henderson "Times Cheltenham Science Festival celebrates scientific heresy ",
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592:
511:
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236:). The institute's primary aim, initially, was to play a role in defense policy debates, defending
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326:. Since the closure of the institute, the Missilethreat.com website has been maintained by the
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to create a false public perception of scientific uncertainty over the negative effects of
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to coincide with the positions taken by the oil companies that funded the think tank."
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In 1994, the institute published a paper by its then chairman, Frederick Seitz, titled
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1174:"Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy"
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244:(SDI, or "Star Wars"). In particular, it sought to defend SDI "from attack by the
1386:"Palin fought safeguards for polar bears with studies by climate change sceptics"
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840:"Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry?"
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is viewed as its immediate successor. GMI's defense research was absorbed by the
17:
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GMI was one of only a few conservative environmental-policy think tanks to have
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Global warming and ozone hole controversies: A challenge to scientific judgment.
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1262:"The appointment of Matthew B. Crawford to the position of Executive Director"
1131:
722:"Think tank that cast doubt on climate change science morphs into smaller one"
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249:
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The
American Denial of Global Warming (starting at 30:30 minutes into speech)
288:
Nierenberg and Seitz) published a book on climate change. The appointment of
177:. Starting in the late 1980s, the institute advocated for views in line with
817:
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In
February 2005 GMI co-sponsored a congressional briefing at which Senator
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In 1998 Jeffrey Salmon, then executive director of GMI, helped develop the
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webpage of George C. Marshall Institute website, Accessed March 2, 2008.
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Though the institute officially closed in 2015, the climate-denialist
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states that the institute, in order to resist and delay regulation,
1046:
Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change
1024:
924:
561:
1293:"A Hands-On Philosopher Argues for a Fresh Vision of Manual Work"
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in 1992, despite some opposition from within his administration.
350:
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185:. The think tank received extensive financial support from the
530:'s strategy of stressing the uncertainty of climate science.
1236:"Global-warming skeptics cite being 'treated like a pariah'"
292:
as presidential science advisor, however, saw Bush sign the
797:
Robert Jastrow, William Aaron Nierenberg, Frederick Seitz,
1422:
Global-warming skeptics cite being 'treated like a pariah'
1414:
248:, and in particular by the equally prominent physicists
212:
The George C. Marshall institute was founded in 1984 by
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Political and economic think tanks in the United States
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harm, and remain open to options to stop or change the
29:
George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies
1457:
Organizations of environmentalism skeptics and critics
1086:
Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science and History
838:
Hirschhorn, Norbert; Aguinaga Bialous, Stella (2001).
431:
Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science and History
455:
from 1962 to 1969) served on its board of directors.
294:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
897:. Claremont Institute. 23 March 2004. Archived from
816:. The Marshall Institute. 1997-09-03. Archived from
948:"Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking"
759:
Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, 10 August 2010, "
380:as a "central cog in the denial machine" in a 2007
141:
123:
107:
99:
81:
63:
55:
1031:MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007
475:served on the institute's Science Advisory Board.
800:Scientific perspectives on the greenhouse problem
666:"Critics Rise Up Against Environmental Education"
339:Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking
38:Former American nonprofit conservative think tank
782:Robert Jastrow, "America has Five Years Left!",
315:is truly dangerous under normal circumstances."
1447:Conservative organizations in the United States
699:. Columbia University Press. pp. 101–103.
923:. George C. Marshall Institute. Archived from
328:Center for Strategic and International Studies
202:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1172:McCright, Aaron M.; Dunlap, Riley E. (2003).
8:
720:Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (December 10, 2015).
518:existed in the funding of the institute. In
41:
218:United States National Academy of Sciences
47:
40:
1069:Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway (2010).
863:
814:"A Conversation with Dr. Frederick Seitz"
761:Distorting Science While Invoking Science
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103:Energy, environmental, and defense policy
281:1988 United States presidential election
1452:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
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7:
688:
686:
664:Cushman Jr., John (April 22, 1997).
358:in situations where the underlying
234:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
226:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
1467:Think tanks disestablished in 2015
946:Gough, Michael (January 1, 2003).
696:The Inquisition of Climate Science
507:Accusation of conflict of interest
59:"Science for Better Public Policy"
25:
1297:The Chronicle of Higher Education
556:, and on the evidence connecting
260:." The institute argued that the
585:
324:ballistic missile defense system
307:"are the greatest threat to the
1472:Think tanks established in 1984
1291:Mooney, Carolyn (7 June 2009).
693:Powell, James Lawrence (2011).
303:Seitz questioned the view that
895:"Announcing Missilethreat.com"
636:"George C. Marshall Institute"
447:and (until his death in 2008)
423:reach a similar conclusion in
1:
1317:Crawford, Matthew B. (2009).
972:. Business Wire. July 7, 2003
459:was a visiting scientist and
246:Union of Concerned Scientists
33:George C. Marshall Foundation
1442:George C. Marshall Institute
1384:Ed Pilkington (2008-09-30).
1266:George C. Marshall Institute
1073:, Bloomsbury Press, pp. 8-9.
788:, Vol. 39, February 13, 1987
528:American Petroleum Institute
453:National Academy of Sciences
242:Strategic Defense Initiative
160:George C. Marshall Institute
42:George C. Marshall Institute
471:were contributing writers.
87:; 40 years ago
1488:
1089:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1239.
1049:. Earthscan. p. 103.
552:smoking, the existence of
369:
26:
1132:10.1080/09644010802055576
921:"About Missilethreat.com"
451:(a past president of the
216:(former President of the
46:
1043:Hamilton, Clive (2010).
1015:"The Truth About Denial"
601:Americans for Prosperity
520:Shop Class as Soulcraft,
270:environmental skepticism
232:(former director of the
179:environmental skepticism
27:Not to be confused with
1344:Oreskes, Naomi (2007).
1320:Shop Class as Soulcraft
1155:Environmental Defense.
611:The Heartland Institute
349:that may result from a
1159:March 6, 2005, at the
1112:Environmental Politics
803:, Marshall Press, 1990
442:climate change deniers
1083:Black, Brian (2013).
396:Requiem for a Species
388:climate change denial
274:global warming denial
183:climate change denial
113:Expenses: $ 1,086,309
1426:The Washington Times
1240:The Washington Times
950:. Hoover Institution
516:conflict of interest
187:fossil fuel industry
1428:- February 12, 2007
1272:on 14 December 2001
1181:Stanford University
1124:2008EnvPo..17..349J
1027:on 21 October 2007.
856:10.1136/tc.10.4.375
616:Manhattan Institute
593:Conservatism portal
538:lobbied politically
512:Matthew B. Crawford
320:Claremont Institute
290:David Allan Bromley
224:(founder of NASA's
129:Arlington, Virginia
43:
1242:. 11 February 2007
1209:"Some Like It Hot"
1071:Merchants of Doubt
1013:(13 August 2007).
996:2005-10-29 at the
927:on 15 January 2013
901:on 16 January 2013
766:2010-09-19 at the
494:hockey stick graph
492:and attacked the "
438:natural scientists
426:Merchants of Doubt
413:William Nierenberg
313:passive inhalation
230:William Nierenberg
166:) was a nonprofit
111:Revenue: $ 309,750
76:William Nierenberg
1424:- Eric Pfeiffer,
1323:. Penguin Press.
1207:(May–June 2005).
1056:978-1-84971-081-7
645:. 19 January 2016
643:Foundation Center
542:second-hand smoke
285:George H. W. Bush
256:, and astronomer
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18:MissileThreat.com
16:(Redirected from
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