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612:, around 15,000 sq mi (39,000 km) in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois that has managed to stay free of glacial flows covering the past two million years. The Driftless Area is defined by a multitude of limestone bluffs that have been molded all the way since the last ice age, due to water melting from glaciers. The bottom of the river is composed of a thin layer of clay, silt, loam, and sand, which lay above a stratum of
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The
Mississippi River and its floodplain are home to a diverse number of species. There are at least 260 different species of fish throughout the Mississippi. Forty percent of the United States' migratory waterfowl use the Mississippi River corridor during the Spring and Fall migration. Sixty percent
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runs 981 miles (1582 km) long, starting at the meeting of the
Allegheny River and the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ending in Cairo, Illinois, where it then flows into the Mississippi. The Ohio River drains portions of eight states, including, Illinois, Indiana, New York, Ohio,
705:
is a long stream that originates in southwest
Montana and flows southeasterly for 2,522 miles (4,059 km); passing through six states before finally entering the Mississippi River at St. Louis. The Missouri River is the longest river on the North American continent. The Missouri River was one of
804:
was created from thousands of years of sand, clay and organic material being deposited by the
Mississippi River into the northern parts of the Gulf of Mexico. The delta is home to massive amounts of wildlife, and attributed to the U.S. success as a superpower because of the economic development the
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because the likelihood for it to occur is one in one hundred in any year. Over fifty people died due to the flooding, as well as profound home damage and economic losses totaling $ 10–12 billion ($ 20–$ 25 billion in 2022). Twenty percent of the population that surrounded the flood area have since
770:
is the 10th longest river in the United States with a length of 1,290 miles (2,080 km). It originates right outside of the Rocky
Mountains and stretches through multiple states with the main portion of it located in Texas. The river also crosses through Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana where
745:
The water is also home to 150 species of fish ranging from catfish to certain species of salmon and trout. The depth also allows for commerce throughout the river on barges. On average the Ohio River transports over 230 million tons of cargo. Typically, the cargo being shipped are energy resources
650:
is one of the major tributaries in the
Mississippi River system. It flows west to east starting in Colorado and dumping into the Mississippi River. Its length of 1,469 miles (2,364 km) allows it to flow through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. It is the sixth-longest river in the US,
833:
is one of the major distributaries in the
Mississippi River System. It spans 170 miles (270 km), making it one of the longest distributaries of the Mississippi River. The name of the river translated into English is "long river," which derives from the Native American word. The river is
808:
Over the last three centuries, the delta has continuously collapsed, due to human alterations of the river system. Natural protection of land is exacerbated the more the delta diminishes. The delta is important to the wildlife and people that it supports, along with the US economy. If the
1306:
currently oversees all the responsibilities of making sure the rivers are best maintained to avoid more flooding. They abide by their goals of to "straighten, channelize, regularize and shackle the
Mississippi." In order to subside the potential of more flooding, the Corps created
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These two ports account for over 500 million tons of shipped goods per year which is significantly larger than most ports in the United States. Some common things that are shipped include petroleum, iron, steel, grain, rubber, paper, wood, coffee, coal, chemicals, and edible oils.
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such as coal. These resources account for 70% of the cargo. Along with shipping energy resources, the Ohio River also creates energy with dams and other power-generating facilities. There are 20 dams and 49 other power generating facilities along the Ohio River.
675:. This river was important among Native Americans and early French traders as the principal water route connecting the Great Lakes with the Mississippi. The Illinois River meets the Mississippi at Pere Marquette State Park, which is near Grafton.
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throughout the system to prevent a large amount of water from amassing. Instead, the buildup of water goes through these floodways. While they help prevent flooding, they also inhibit agriculture from prospering in some of the surrounding areas.
998:
The
Mississippi River System is a huge provider for the U.S. economy. It accounts for 92% of the nation's agricultural exports and 78% of the world's feed grains and soybeans. It also houses some of the biggest ports in the U.S. like the
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up to 1.2 miles (1.9 km) thick continued to disturb the environment. The receding formation of glaciers 15,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age, left large amounts of water in North
America, which created the rivers.
878:. The abundance of resources and overall size attracted these individuals to settle near the water. They named the Mississippi River. It was used for assisting with agriculture, gathering fish, and trading with others.
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in the ground. Many years after this, the land continued to be molded into the Mississippi River System due to the overflowing of water from nearby oceans, causing constant flooding. Around two million years ago,
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There may be as many as 60 different species of mussel found on the lower part of the Mississippi. More than 50 mammal species have made the Upper Mississippi their home, along with at least 145 species of
345:
From the perspective of modern commercial navigation, the system includes the above as well as navigable inland waterways which are connected by artificial means. Important connecting waterways include the
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Today, the Mississippi River System, along with its connecting tributaries, is primarily used for transporting agricultural and manufactured goods across the span of the country. Among these goods is
859:
The river system has always played a pivotal role in the lives of those who inhabit the surrounding area. Several different Native American groups lived in the surrounding area, including the
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The Upper Mississippi River covers approximately half of the Mississippi River's length. About 850 miles (1,370 km) of the river is navigable from Minneapolis-St. Paul (specifically, the
1936:
1247:. Efforts made by the government to regulate and prevent more pollution from entering the waterways have stopped some, but regardless, pollution is still finding its way into the water.
1311:, divided by a mile each, to restrict the river and control the flooding. Due to the manner in which the levees were paved, the river is unable to erode the shore. There are several
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devastated seventeen thousand square miles of land, spanning across nine states. It was the worst flooding epidemic in the history of the United States. It is also referred to as a
928:, and mine products. Over 460 million short tons (420 million metric tons) is shipped on the Mississippi each year. The most common form of cargo transportation on the system is by
779:. The Red River is home to many oil fields with oil and gas production being one of the river's major aspects. The Red River is salty because of ancient seas that covered the area.
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1969:
Blvd, Mailing Address: 111 E. Kellogg; Paul, Suite 105 Saint; Us, MN 55101 Phone: 651 293-0200 This is the general phone line at the Mississippi River Visitor Center Contact.
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The Illinois River is relatively shallow, just like the Mississippi. In addition, the Illinois River is a "managed" river, just as the Mississippi River is. In 1848, the
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diverts a portion of the flow of the Mississippi River into the Atchafalaya River. The diversion is regulated to allow 30% of the combined flow of the Mississippi and
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1994:
1951:
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is regarded as having a large impact on molding U.S. literature into what it is today because of his profound works on adventures and life on the rivers.
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left due to economic hardship or personal troubles. Today, the Mississippi River System is a deeply orchestrated natural trademark in the United States.
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The river system, especially the Mississippi River, was used by Union armies as a means of invading and was host to several large battles during the
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The majority of natives to the river area were hunters and gatherers. The largest users of the rivers were the civilization today referred to as the
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627:, MN) to the Ohio River. The river sustains a large variety of aquatic life, including 127 species of fish and 30 species of freshwater mussels.
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then it links into the Mississippi River. The Red River is mostly surrounded by rural farm land with the only surrounding major cities being
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1190:. It worked its way 2,350 miles (3,780 km) south to the Gulf of Mexico. Today, the Mississippi River is connected to hundreds of
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1741:
Benke, A. C., & Cushing, C. E. (2005). Rivers of North America. . Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier/Academic Press, c2005.
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About two billion years ago, environmental tension altered the environment around the Mississippi River System basin, creating the
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is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River. The river runs approximately 273 miles (439 km) long, in the U.S. state of
2007:
United States. National Park Service. "Mississippi River Facts." U.S. Department of the Interior, 16 Mar. 2016. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.
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of all North American birds (326 species) use the river Basin as their migratory flyway. There are 38 documented species of
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important for commerce because it shortens the distance to the Gulf of Mexico, also saving companies time and money.
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Perryville, MO, July 1993 -- An aerial view of floodwaters showing the extent of the damage wreaked by the disaster.
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rivers are considered important tributaries to the Mississippi system. Before the Mississippi River reaches the
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opened to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River through the Illinois River to promote commerce.
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The Mississippi River carries 60% of U.S. grain shipments, 22% of oil and gas shipments, and 20% of coal.
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Kammerer, J.C. "Largest Rivers in the United States." Ofr87-242--. USGS, 1 Sept. 2005. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.
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The river has the capacity to provide enough water for over five million people. It is one mile wide at
1971:"Mississippi River Facts - Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)"
1540:. Hoover Presidential Library Association. 4 January 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006
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the second-longest tributary to the Mississippi River System, and the 45th longest river in the world.
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in the United States. In the United States, the Mississippi drains about 41% of the country's rivers.
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The Mississippi has entered the twenty-first century as a system deeply altered by human actions.
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to pass down the Atchafalaya River with the remaining flow continuing down the Mississippi River.
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The biggest impact that humans have on the Mississippi River System comes in the form of
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the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century.
1952:"Mississippi River reopens to barge traffic after low water closures - U.S. Coast Guard"
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loads, which are associated with running water, have greatly impacted the system due to
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that held up over 100 tow boats with 2,000 barge units and caused barge rates to soar
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have been swept away into the water, tampering with the environments ecosystems.
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The commodities moved on the Mississippi River in 1999 included the following:
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294:, the system consists of the Mississippi River itself and its numerous natural
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with a project depth of between 9–12 ft (2.7–3.7 m) to accommodate
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1778:"Discover the Mississippi River Delta | Restore the Mississippi River Delta"
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Eagles compete for food at Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge
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The Upper Mississippi River spans around 1,250 miles (2,010 km) from
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1534:"The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Association, West Branch, Iowa"
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rivers. Given their flow volumes, major Ohio River tributaries like the
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In late 2022 there was low river levels that caused two backups on the
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Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri
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1701:. Department of National Resources. 8 February 2013. Archived from
1865:"The Mississippi River: Facts, History & Location | Study.com"
1809:. US Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District. Archived from
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continues at the pace it is going, all these benefits can vanish.
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742:. These deeper waters allows multiple species of fish to thrive.
1839:"Mississippi River Information and History - Four Rivers Realty"
921:
1927:"Huge Barge Backup Eases on Mississippi, Freeing Tons of Cargo"
608:. Most of the Upper Mississippi goes through the center of the
541:
Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois
279:
and connecting waterways. The Mississippi River is the largest
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put further stress on the areas within the rivers, shaping
44:
Mississippi River course, watershed, and major tributaries
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Median of the 14,610 daily streamflows recorded by the
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in northern Minnesota where it was only a tiny outlet
727:
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
1401:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 24 March 2015
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718:The widest point of the Ohio River near Louisville
387:Major Tributaries of the Mississippi River System
2091:"Rivers of Life: Resources - Feature #6 (Floods)"
1897:"The Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River System"
1558:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1395:"The Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB)"
275:network of the United States which includes the
1510:"Mississippi Blues: When The River Doesn't Run"
958:Mississippi River levels at Memphis, Tennessee
436:Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri
369:transportation, primarily of bulk commodities.
1804:"USACE Brochure: Old River Control, Jan 2009"
1753:"Communities Along Red River Seek Feds' Help"
1577:"River Geology – Mississippi Valley Traveler"
215:3,065,000 cu ft/s (86,800 m/s)
8:
1425:"The Missouri-Ohio-Mississippi River System"
1343:
1341:
580:Mississippi barge petroleum tanker north of
382:List of tributaries of the Mississippi River
56:Details of the Mississippi River tributaries
2097:. Center for Global Environmental Education
1993:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1609:. Upper Mississippi River Basin Association
195:593,000 cu ft/s (16,800 m/s)
160:1,151,000 km (444,000 sq mi)
2066:Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management
908:Tugboat operating on the Mississippi River
796:Mississippi River Delta and Sediment Plume
253:168,000 cu ft/s (4,800 m/s)
205:159,000 cu ft/s (4,500 m/s)
1833:
1831:
1640:Consortium, Mississippi Riverweb Museum.
1418:
1416:
916:Barge travelling on the Mississippi River
1890:
1888:
1886:
1695:"List of Fish of the Central Ohio River"
1194:making up the Mississippi River System.
1093:
1036:
993: Minimum operating limit (-12 feet)
953:
753:
565:Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana
385:
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27:Major river system in the United States
1986:
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29:
1903:. About.com Education. Archived from
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1624:
1350:"Largest Rivers in the United States"
461:Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas
7:
805:delta has provided for the country.
639:The headwaters of the Arkansas near
1235:in the Upper Mississippi environs.
1182:The Mississippi River stemmed from
2063:Gupta, Avijit (28 February 2008).
1751:Malewitz, Jim (21 November 2013).
1642:"Riverweb - Illinois River Basics"
1356:from the original on June 30, 2017
25:
663:Aerial view of the Illinois River
1939:from the original on 2023-04-30.
1152:Mississippi River § Ecology
855:Mississippi River § History
302:. The major tributaries are the
286:From the perspective of natural
50:
38:
2050:NationalPark Service Centennial
1950:Plume, Karl (10 October 2022).
1274:in agriculturally heavy areas.
532:Allegany Township, Pennsylvania
2133:Waterways in the United States
1508:Alan Greenblatt (2013-01-10).
1480:"The Mississippi River System"
596:running along the rivers edge.
552:1,290 mi (2,080 km)
496:2,522 mi (4,059 km)
447:1,469 mi (2,364 km)
415:1,250 mi (2,010 km)
109: • coordinates
1:
1782:www.mississippiriverdelta.org
1581:mississippivalleytraveler.com
81:Physical characteristics
1784:. Environmental Defense Fund
1671:"Spotlight on the Big Muddy"
932:pushing along large barges.
762:on the Texas-Oklahoma border
528:981 mi (1,579 km)
352:Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway
148: • elevation
2128:Mississippi River watershed
1431:. San Jose State University
1348:Kammerer, J.C. (May 1990).
1108:Grain (soy,corn, and wheat)
1026:grain elevator and terminal
839:Old River Control Structure
680:Illinois and Michigan Canal
237: • location
178: • location
97: • location
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1484:US Army Corps of Engineers
1352:. U.S. Geological Survey.
1149:
969: Moderate flood stage
852:
472:273 mi (439 km)
379:
356:Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
267:, also referred to as the
249: • average
211: • maximum
201: • minimum
191: • average
2069:. John Wiley & Sons.
2046:"Mississippi River Facts"
2018:"Working the Mississippi"
1845:. Four Rivers Realty, Inc
1455:USGS Biological Resources
1381:for the period 1967–2006.
257:
223:
219:
164:
49:
37:
1725:"River Facts/Conditions"
265:Mississippi River System
33:Mississippi River System
18:Mississippi River system
1646:www.riverwebmuseums.org
1326:Lower Mississippi River
1304:Army Corps of Engineers
1292:Mississippi River flood
1215:that can be found from
1001:Port of South Louisiana
963: Major flood stage
948:Lower Mississippi River
825:Atchafalaya River delta
802:Mississippi River Delta
788:Mississippi River Delta
695:Boatmen on the Missouri
572:Upper Mississippi River
556:Harmon County, Oklahoma
476:Grundy County, Illinois
411:Upper Mississippi River
358:. is maintained by the
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1202:
1095:Downbound Commodities
1027:
995:
951:
944:Downbound barge rates
917:
909:
826:
797:
768:Red River of the South
763:
750:Red River of the South
719:
698:
664:
643:
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561:Morgan City, Louisiana
548:Red River of the South
182:mouth; max and min at
2025:National Park Service
1285:
1200:
1150:Further information:
1022:
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943:
915:
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853:Further information:
824:
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777:Alexandria, Louisiana
773:Shreveport, Louisiana
757:
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380:Further information:
131:29.15111°N 89.25333°W
1038:Upbound commodities
783:Major distributaries
740:Louisville, Kentucky
152:0 ft (0 m)
1907:on 16 November 2016
1901:About.com Education
1451:"Mississippi River"
1096:
1039:
1005:Port of New Orleans
641:Leadville, Colorado
513:St. Louis, Missouri
455:Franklin Township,
451:Leadville, Colorado
388:
334:, it runs into its
136:29.15111; -89.25333
127: /
1705:on 21 October 2016
1296:hundred year flood
1288:
1260:Accelerated runoff
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1165:in North America.
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987: River levels
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363:Corps of Engineers
2123:Mississippi River
1757:The Texas Tribune
1423:Watkins, Thayer.
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975: Flood stage
831:Atchafalaya River
817:Atchafalaya River
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481:Grafton, Illinois
376:Major tributaries
348:Illinois Waterway
340:Atchafalaya River
277:Mississippi River
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606:Cairo, Illinois
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1459:the original
1454:
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1429:www.sjsu.edu
1428:
1403:. Retrieved
1398:
1360:February 22,
1358:. Retrieved
1301:
1289:
1257:
1253:insecticides
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371:
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1975:www.nps.gov
1875:16 November
1871:. Study.com
1849:16 November
1788:16 November
1613:16 November
1587:16 November
1544:16 November
1399:www.epa.gov
1249:Fertilizers
1221:Lake Itasca
1192:tributaries
1184:Lake Itasca
1171:depressions
1103:Percentage
1046:Percentage
625:Coon Rapids
602:Lake Itasca
419:Lake Itasca
296:tributaries
134: /
2117:Categories
2101:2 November
1980:2022-06-09
1911:2 November
1709:2 November
1656:2016-10-25
1519:2015-11-26
1494:2006-03-08
1465:2006-03-08
1435:2 November
1405:2 November
1332:References
1270:affecting
1229:amphibians
1059:Fertilizer
900:Modern use
894:Mark Twain
843:Red Rivers
736:Cincinnati
724:Ohio River
710:Ohio River
594:CP Railway
524:Ohio River
354:, and the
157:Basin size
122:89°15′12″W
119:29°09′04″N
1869:Study.com
1820:April 26,
1313:floodways
1245:pollution
1217:Cairo, IL
1100:Commodity
1043:Commodity
811:land loss
582:La Crosse
485:Illinois
428:St. Louis
423:Minnesota
360:U.S. Army
324:Tennessee
320:Allegheny
292:hydrology
288:geography
242:St. Louis
228:Discharge
169:Discharge
1989:cite web
1937:Archived
1554:cite web
1354:Archived
1320:See also
1278:Flooding
1264:sediment
1233:reptiles
1206:Wildlife
1176:glaciers
1003:and The
936:Commerce
930:tugboats
869:Meskwaki
865:Ho-Chunk
673:Illinois
592:and the
457:Arkansas
432:Missouri
308:Missouri
304:Illinois
273:riverine
62:Location
2030:July 8,
1956:Reuters
1603:"facts"
1583:. Avada
1272:topsoil
1268:erosion
1167:Erosion
1146:Ecology
1116:Asphalt
1024:Cargill
873:Choctaw
697:c. 1846
586:U.S. 14
584:. With
511:, near
504:Montana
404:States
398:Source
395:Length
67:Country
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1762:20 May
1309:levees
1213:mussel
1188:stream
1124:Potash
1075:Cement
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861:Ojibwa
401:Mouth
392:River
350:, the
338:, the
328:Wabash
326:, and
231:
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75:Canada
2021:(PDF)
1814:(PDF)
1807:(PDF)
1681:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1132:Misc.
1083:Misc.
926:steel
367:barge
87:Mouth
2103:2016
2071:ISBN
2032:2021
1995:link
1913:2016
1877:2016
1851:2016
1822:2019
1790:2016
1764:2019
1711:2016
1615:2016
1589:2016
1560:link
1546:2016
1437:2016
1407:2016
1379:USGS
1362:2011
1302:The
1251:and
1231:and
1111:87%
1086:10%
1078:10%
1067:Salt
1062:24%
1054:47%
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837:The
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800:The
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667:The
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298:and
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1127:3%
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