435:. Johnson, for his part, largely ignored the commission during his first two years as governor and did not convene any meetings of its leadership. After a requirement was attached to a state appropriations bill in June 1966 that the commission formally convene before receiving any money, the agency's leadership met on August 8, formally adopting a policy declaring the commission as a "watch dog over subversive individuals and organizations that advocate civil disobedience; as a public relations agency for the state; and as an advisor for local communities on problems resulting from federal laws or court orders." During Johnson's tenure the commission continued to monitor individuals and groups who challenged racial norms and provided advice to other government officials on ways to work around the
472:—a former legislator who had opposed the commission's creation—was elected lieutenant governor. At the time they took office, the commission was conducting little business. Both men demurred on making their allotted appointments to the commission and avoided attending its monthly meetings, sending representatives in their stead. After the legislature approved funding for the commission to continue in 1973, Waller vetoed the appropriation. Winter attended the commission's last meeting in June to acknowledge the suspension of funding, and the commission was effectively shut down on June 30.
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segregation in
Mississippi. Its investigative division never had more than three full-time investigators, but the commission would sometimes employ part-time investigators or contract work out to private entities. Their job was to "obtain facts which will be of value in protecting the sovereignty of this State and preserving segregation in Mississippi." The Sovereignty Commission's first investigator was Leonard Hicks, who began his position in 1956. In 1958 Zack Van Landingham became an investigator, followed by R.C. "Bob" Thomas, State Representative
451:
agent, W. Webb Burke, as its director in
September 1968 but neglecting to fill the public relations director role. In a 1971 internal report, Burke omitted any mention of public relations but summarized the commission's activities as "conducting investigations into matters of interest to the public and which matters pertain to tax supported institutions." During this time the commission followed up on requests from local officials to investigate civil rights-related activities and examined drug use and disruptions on university campuses.
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158:(which it opposed). It investigated the work and credit histories and even personal relations of persons it investigated. It collaborated with local white officials of government, police, and business to pressure African Americans to give up activism, especially by economic pressures, such as causing them to be fired, evicted from rental housing, or to have their businesses boycotted.
222:; three members of the House, two members of the Senate, and three others appointed by the governor who served during the governor's term. The governor sat as the chairman of the board and appointed the agency director with the board's approval. The lieutenant governor served as the board's vice-chairman. The commission maintained its offices in the
376:
During
Governor Coleman's tenure, the commission was primarily deployed as a public relations agency, seeking to control activities and events which were thought to suggest that Mississippi's race relations were poor or that its citizens broke the law. He also forbade the commission from giving funds
321:
and white professionals, teachers, and government workers in agricultural and other agencies, churches, and community organizations. The "commission penetrated most of the major civil rights organizations in
Mississippi, even planting clerical workers in the offices of activist attorneys. It informed
508:
ordered all commission records not involved in litigation to be unsealed, and the majority of records were made available by March 17. After subsequent court orders, the
Department of Archives and History released more files on July 31, 2000 and January 18, 2001. In 2002, the department made all of
203:
Itself an agency in the executive branch of
Mississippi's state government, the State Sovereignty Commission comprised three divisions: executive, public relations, and investigative. The commission was led by a board of twelve members, who determined policy and reviewed its work. It comprised some
238:
agent, and modeled the commission's filing system after the one used by the federal agency. Other principal investigators for the
Sovereignty Commission were Virgil Downing, Leland Cole, Fulton Tutor, Edgar C. Fortenberry, and James "Mack" Mohead. Many had worked in law enforcement agencies. Their
450:
served as governor of
Mississippi from 1968 to 1972. He paid more direct attention to the commission than his predecessor, regularly convening meetings of its members and typically attending them in person. Williams placed emphasis on the agency's investigative activities, appointing a former FBI
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served as governor of
Mississippi from 1960 to 1964. During his tenure the commission enlarged its investigative operations, sending agents across the state to report on civil rights activities. It also surveyed literature and libraries and collected information on persons viewed to be expressing
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Public relations was originally the main focus of the organization, and from 1956 until 1963 the commission retained a separate director of public relations. The mission crafted for the relations division tasked it with countering negative media attention and perceptions about race relations and
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signed the bill into law on March 4, and that day the secretary of state's office handed the files over to the
Department of Archives and History, comprising the filing cabinets, two cardboard boxes of financial records, a meeting minute book, and two loose manila folders. Several days later a
153:
The agency was given unusual authority to investigate citizens of the state, issue subpoenas and even exercise police powers, although it was not attached to any law enforcement agency. During its existence, the commission profiled more than 87,000 persons associated with, or suspected to be
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proposed House Bill 880, which would create a State Sovereignty Commission. While most legislators and the local media were supportive of the bill, some representatives were skeptical of its power to give funds to private entities, fearing that the body would essentially become a partner of
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won Mississippi's gubernatorial election in 1955, he proposed to the Legal Educational Advisory Committee the creation of "a permanent authority for maintenance of racial segregation with a full staff and funds for its operations to come out of tax money." After Coleman took office, the
512:
Once unsealed, the records revealed more than 87,000 names of citizens about whom the state had collected information, or classified as "suspects". Today, the records of the commission are available online for search. The records also revealed the state's complicity in the
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duties included special assignments from the commission director, but they also carried out routine analyses of racial incidents in the state. They frequently relied upon informants, who were sometimes compensated for their expenses or regularly as much as $ 500 a month.
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police about planned marches or boycotts and encouraged police harassment of African-Americans who cooperated with civil rights groups. Its agents obstructed voter registration by blacks and harassed African-Americans seeking to attend white schools."
483:. In January 1977 a bill was introduced in the Mississippi Legislature to abolish the commission and dispose of its assets. After intense debate over what to do about the agency's records, the legislature decided to have them sealed at the
333:. "The agency outwardly extolled racial harmony, but it secretly paid investigators and spies to gather both information and misinformation." Staff of the commission worked closely with, and in some cases funded, the notorious
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members of the commission. The Sovereignty Commission spied on and conspired against civil rights activists and organized pressure and economic retaliation against those who supported the civil rights movement in Mississippi.
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in 1963, during his second trial in 1964. Sov-Com investigator Andy Hopkins provided De La Beckwith's attorneys with information on the potential jurors, which the attorneys used during the selection process.
521:, Mississippi. Its investigator A. L. Hopkins gave information about the workers to the commission, including the car license number of a new civil rights worker. It passed the information to the Sheriff of
180:, civic groups organized to block desegregation. The House passed the bill over these legislators' objections, though the Mississippi State Senate added an amendment to the measure authorizing the
504:
filed a class-action lawsuit against the state, arguing that it should release the files, as they were compiled from illegal surveillance of citizens. In 1998, United States District Court Judge
317:, or whose associations, activities, and travels did not seem to conform to segregationist norms. Swept up on lists of people under suspicion by such broad criteria were tens of thousands of
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to review the commission's expenditures. The amended bill was then passed by the House with 107 votes in support and 33 abstentions/absences. Coleman signed it into law on March 30, 1956.
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872:"Oral history with Mr. Erle Johnston - the Civil Rights History Project: Survey of Collections and Repositories (The American Folklife Center, Library of Congress)"
329:, opposing school integration, and ensuring portrayal of the state "in a positive light." Among its first employees were a former FBI agent and a transfer from the
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125:) was a state agency in Mississippi active from 1956 to 1973 and tasked with fighting integration and controlling civil rights activism. It was overseen by the
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368:. Commission agent A.L. Hopkins met with Neshoba County law enforcement and suggested the disappearance of the three young men was a propaganda ploy.
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package of other records kept in the governor's office was handed over to the archives. The department locked all the relevant records in its vault.
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427:, expanded the public relations role. He tried to form closer ties with business while monitoring proclaimed subversive groups, such as the
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337:. From 1960 to 1964, the commission secretly funded the White Citizens Council, a private organization, with $ 190,000 of state funds.
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liberal ideas or violating traditional racial mores. During this time the commission also channeled money to Citizens' Councils.
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961:
Ghosts of Mississippi: The Murder of Medgar Evers, the Trials of Byron de la Beckwith, and the Haunting of the New South
412:, who was killed by police at a protest. Photo shot by the commission with numbers used to identify individual students.
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1300:
Spies of Mississippi: The True Story of the Spy Network that Tried to Destroy the Civil Rights Movement
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177:
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The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission served as an organizational template for creation of the
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17:
935:"Mississippi Commission's Files a Treasure Trove of Innuendo", Associated Press (AP), 18 Mar 1998
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organization, trying to identify citizens who might be supporting civil rights initiatives, be
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campaign failed to dampen rising civil rights activism, the commission put people to work as a
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served as governor of Mississippi from 1964 to 1968. During his tenure, the agency director,
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The commission also used its intelligence-gathering capabilities to assist in the defense of
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in a more positive light. Serving governors and lieutenant governors of Mississippi were
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The commission's activities included attempting to preserve the state's segregation and
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Six file cabinets containing the body's records were placed in the custody of the
919:"Silent Partner: How the South’s Fight To Uphold Segregation Was Funded Up North"
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The year the commission's records were sealed, the Mississippi chapter of the
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The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States' Rights
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The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States' Rights
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In 1964, the Sov-Com passed on information regarding civil rights workers
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259:
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The Mississippi Sovereignty Commission (Mississippi Public Broadcasting)
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Series 2515: Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, 1994-2006
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and then stowed in the underground vault of the Vital Records Center in
1223:
Reconstituting whiteness: the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
234:, Andy Hopkins, and Tom Scarbrough in 1960. Landingham was a former
807:"Digital Archives | Mississippi Department of Archives and History"
396:
191:
1174:"Review: 'Spies of Mississippi': Espionage in the heart of Dixie"
1032:"The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: An Agency History"
648:"The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: An Agency History"
129:. The stated objective of the commission was to " protect the
1394:
Mississippi State Secrets and Dr. J. Horace Germany (Video)
1276:
Ever Is a Long Time: A Journey into Mississippi's Dark Past
1143:
Mississippi Commission's Files a Treasure Trove of Innuendo
672:
Mississippi Commission's Files a Treasure Trove of Innuendo
137:, and her sister states" from "encroachment thereon by the
1059:"Millsaps students protest death of JSU student Ben Brown"
1145:." Associated Press, 18 March 1998. Accessed 9 May 2008.
674:." Associated Press 18 March 1998. Accessed 9 May 2008.
1057:
Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (1967-05-11).
1352:
Wading In: Desegregation on the Mississippi Gulf Coast
1204:
William F. Winter and the New Mississippi: A Biography
141:". It coordinated activities to portray the state and
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751:"Sovereignty Commission Online : Agency History"
724:
722:
720:
718:
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the commission's records accessible on its website.
774:"Mississippi Reveals Dark Secrets of a Racist Time"
216:
Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives
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93:
79:
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49:
44:
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753:. Mississippi Department of Archives & History
610:
199:in Jackson, where the commission was headquartered
1483:Anti-communist organizations in the United States
858:"Jones, Albert N. - Civil Rights Digital Library"
226:and retained three secretaries as support staff.
1148:"Facts about Mississippi Sovereignty Commission"
1038:. Mississippi Department of Archives and History
650:. Mississippi Historical Society. Archived from
1130:Mississippi Department of Archives and History
1063:Mississippi Department of Archives and History
485:Mississippi Department of Archives and History
364:, to the conspirators in their murders during
1109:, Conclusion : To Grapple With the Past.
39:The Great Seal of Mississippi from 1879-2014.
8:
1206:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
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587:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
1433:Government agencies disestablished in 1977
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830:Katagiri, Yasuhiro (September 18, 2009).
515:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
1443:History of African-American civil rights
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115:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
28:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
1453:School segregation in the United States
1438:Government agencies established in 1956
1428:African-American history of Mississippi
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244:Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission
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1423:1977 disestablishments in Mississippi
1377:Records of the Sovereignty Commission
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1004:
992:
793:
728:
705:
693:
525:, who was implicated in the murders.
7:
1473:Education segregation in Mississippi
248:Alabama State Sovereignty Commission
173:Mississippi House of Representatives
1355:. University Press of Mississippi.
1172:Lloyd, Robert (February 10, 2014).
1030:Rowe-Sims, Sarah (September 2002).
836:. University Press of Mississippi.
646:Rowe-Sims, Sarah (September 2002).
1418:1956 establishments in Mississippi
25:
18:Mississippi Sovereignty Commission
1154:from the original on May 29, 2004
925:, 11 June 1999, accessed 6/9/2009
404:students protesting the death of
1478:History of racism in Mississippi
957:Vollers, Maryanne (April 1995).
566:
552:
408:student and civil rights worker
1250:University Press of Mississippi
236:Federal Bureau of Investigation
772:Sack, Kevin (March 18, 1998).
502:American Civil Liberties Union
477:Mississippi Secretary of State
1:
1488:Neo-Confederate organizations
1468:State agencies of Mississippi
1297:Bowers, Rick (Jan 12, 2011).
487:until July 1, 2027. Governor
464:In the 1971 state elections,
1349:Amy Lemco (28 April 2023).
1244:Katagiri, Yasuhiro (2001).
1227:Vanderbilt University Press
1202:Bolton, Charles C. (2013).
1132:, accessed 2 December 2011.
429:Congress of Racial Equality
1504:
1322:Hendrickson, Paul (2003).
1274:Eubanks, W. Ralph (2003).
846:– via Google Books.
468:was elected governor and
460:Closure of the commission
224:Mississippi State Capitol
197:Mississippi State Capitol
182:Mississippi State Auditor
32:
437:Civil Rights Act of 1964
406:Jackson State University
335:White Citizens' Councils
131:sovereignty of the state
1036:Mississippi History Now
923:The Wall Street Journal
536:directed the 2014 film
443:Williams administration
377:to Citizens' Councils.
210:members: the governor,
127:Governor of Mississippi
1399:"Spies of Mississippi"
937:, accessed 9 May 2008
678:July 29, 2015, at the
542:about the Commission.
506:William H. Barbour Jr.
425:The Scott County Times
413:
393:Johnson administration
381:Barnett administration
372:Coleman administration
315:allied with communists
220:state attorney general
200:
1221:Irons, Jenny (2010).
941:May 29, 2004, at the
906:"MS Digital Archives"
400:
246:(1960–1970), and the
195:
156:civil rights movement
154:associated with, the
1448:Political repression
1401:, film presented on
574:United States portal
539:Spies of Mississippi
342:Byron De La Beckwith
331:state highway patrol
1325:Sons of Mississippi
877:Library of Congress
613:Sons of Mississippi
417:Paul B. Johnson Jr.
212:lieutenant governor
29:
1387:2015-09-06 at the
1124:2011-01-15 at the
1069:on August 6, 2011.
778:The New York Times
560:Mississippi portal
529:In popular culture
448:John Bell Williams
414:
344:, the murderer of
201:
178:Citizens' Councils
143:racial segregation
139:Federal Government
1289:978-0-465-02105-5
1259:978-1-60473-008-1
1236:978-0-8265-1685-5
1213:978-1-61703-787-0
1178:Los Angeles Times
972:978-0-316-91485-7
965:. Little, Brown.
708:, pp. 15–16.
607:Hendrickson, Paul
470:William F. Winter
455:Demise and legacy
358:Michael Schwerner
266:Maurice L. Malone
117:(also called the
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16:(Redirected from
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