Mississippian culture pottery

588:. Ramey Incised and Powell Plain are two varieties that emerged during the Stirling Phase, and are considered two of the most important local varieties. A distinctive trait of this period is the shell temper. The cores of the sherds are typically a range of greys to buffs and creams. Some have slips of liquid clay and pigment with common colors being red, grey, and black and the surfaces polished to a high sheen. Although their attributes are nearly identical, there are major differences. While the Powell Plain has an unadorned surface, Ramey Incised are burnished and decorated with a series of incised motifs decorating the upper shoulders of the jar most often interpreted as having underworld or water connections. The incised decoration is added when the clay is still wet by tracing a design with a blunt-ended tool. The specific shapes and incised motifs are used to place the artifacts securely into the local chronology. Most have been found in association with high status items fashioned from exotic materials and associated with specialized structures such as mortuaries and temples, and were almost certainly vessels used exclusively by the elites and for ritual purposes. As the influence of the Cahokian religion, lifestyle and trade network expanded outward from its 196:

fired, any water left in the clay will tend to quickly turn to steam and explode the vessel wall in a spawl. It takes care and time to dry these vessels before they can be fired safely. Moreover, as even a well-tempered vessel dries, shrinkage rates vary around the contours of the form and will create strains that will crack an air-drying vessel if the drying is not slowed and controlled. A high shrinkage rate probably meant much effort lost to broken pots in both the drying and firing stages for inexperienced potters and ineffective technologies. Woodland potters attempted to remedy the high shrinkage by using large amounts (up to 33%) of coarse sand and/or grog temper in their efforts to render the clay usable for vessel construction. Moreover, their vessel shapes were necessarily confined to either a flat or conical-bottomed vessel. A thick-walled construction was required in order for the vessel to stand, in an unfired state, without collapsing during the air-drying process in preparation for firing. Non-backswamp clays used in many parts of the world could use grog and/or sand and create a round-bottomed vessel, favored by the cook, but not so with the "gumbo" clays of the Mississippi Valley.

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polychrome pottery has representational motifs painted with red, white, and black pigments. The red and white are applied as slips of colored clay, while the black was made from carbon and applied with a negative or resist technique. Similar in manufacture to the engraved ceramics, the painted pottery has thin walls, was tempered with finely ground mussel shell and was given a polished exterior. This style comes in two major shapes, a bottle with a spherical body and a narrow curving neck and a terraced rectangular bowl that is a Moundville specialty. The rectangular bowl is a vertical-sided, flat-bottomed, rectangular vessel with an eccentric rim, specifically with one side lower than the other three so as to display the containers contents. The designs painted on the rectangular vessels are similar to motifs found on other locally produced wares and include the oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif(thought to be a graphic representation of a scalp stretched on a hoop), the hand, the skull, the ogee, concentric circles, rayed concentric circles, rayed semicircles, and rayed spirals.

963: 1110: 1063: 325: 912: 72: 508: 900: 208:) has the effect of neutralizing the ionic charge of the clay particles. During the course of replicative pottery experiments, as the shell was added to the clay in the presence of water, distinct and immediate changes took place in the feel of the clay. With the valence neutral, the clay-temper combination produces a very satisfactory pottery clay. This modification of backswamp clay – particles now clumping instead of constantly slipping – into a well-behaved modeling clay would have been immediately noticed by the experienced prehistoric potter. 888: 573: 263: 1011: 999: 424: 520: 359: 706: 275: 344: 987: 975: 188: 864: 1166:

to establish such insights. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artifacts is helpful in the development of theories on organisation, economic conditions and cultural development. Although the vast majority of Mississippian pottery was produced for daily utilitarian uses, the finer varieties seem to have been made specifically for trade or for ritual use. The study of this pottery has allowed inferences to be drawn about the daily life, religion, social relationships, and trade with other groups.

876: 1126: 236:. Implements such as sticks, reeds, or bone fragments, were dragged through wet clay to incise it, or they were scratched into the surface of the dried but as yet unfired pieces to engrave. Sharpened reeds or fingernails were also used to punch small marks. Ornate designs and motifs are common decorative elements, which archaeologists use to track the spread of influences from one culture onto another culture. Many of the designs have symbolic meanings, usually associated with aspects of the 532: 1142: 107:

temper – some instances being so finely ground as to look untempered. Extravagant fine serving wares and grave goods were also produced, with some examples exhibiting handles shaped like animal heads and tails, or in the shapes of animal or human forms. Women were probably the makers of pottery, as they were in most other Native American cultures. Archaeologists found 11 polishing pebbles and a mushroom-shaped pottery anvil in the grave of a woman at the

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plate-like particles of backswamp clay are so small that they are influenced by the ionic charges at their edges. The collective ionic charge acts to cause the clay plates to repel each other and thus slip and slide against each other. The shell particles, also plate-like, were produced by the Mississippian potter by collecting then burning freshwater mussel shells, which were originally most likely a byproduct of harvesting the meat for food.

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stronger vessel. Thinner coils to make thinner walled vessel were a natural consequence. As the potter was probably also the cook, she was now able to construct a more effective cooking pot. Thinner walls allowed heat to transfer to the food more effectively. A round vessel bottom allows easy stirring of the contents, a more even dissipation of the cooking heat and also permits a more even dispersion of the shock of impacts reducing breakage.

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improved set of technologies for horticulture, hunting and crafting. The bow and arrow, improved corn domestication and shell-tempered pottery wares were major technical advances which, along with widespread trade, contributed to the formation of the advanced chiefdom societies populating the Eastern United States. These interacting chiefdoms were observed by the earliest of European contacts during the mid-16th century.

184:(primarily silica) and a high proportion of organic content. This is caused by the slow settling or deposition of the alluvial materials after floods. The clay particles tend to measure just a few micrometres in size and in plate-like form. Large amounts of water can be tightly held in the interspace between the clay particles. Add to this the organic ooze, and one has what is known colloquially as "gumbo" clay. 136: 1196:. An actual mining company was formed (the Pocola Mining Company) to loot the Spiro site, and over a couple of years time many of the more delicate contents were destroyed as the looters dynamited the mortuary mound to gain entrance to its interior. They dynamited the Great Mortuary of Spiro in 1934, and this destruction spurred preservationists to pass laws protecting American archaeological sites. 180:

test-tiles could be produced for examination. Test tiles gave information about the shrinkage rates of various clay/temper combinations to the 'green' state and yielded further information upon firing. Simple, round-bottom cooking jars were built using coil construction and the Mississippian pottery tool set, including a pottery anvil, wooden paddle, mussel shell scrapers and polishing stones.

247: 584:, produced some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics. Pottery from the Cahokia site was especially fine, exhibiting smooth surfaces, very thin walls, and distinctive tempering, slips and coloring. Archaeologists have recorded how these qualities changed and evolved through time, and most examples can be pinpointed very accurately within the phases of the sites 852:- These compositions combine a checklist of motifs that include the skull, human hand, the forearm bone, trophy scalps stretched on a hoop, and the head of a raptor. Depictions of skulls show what are arguably scalp marks at the back of the head. Occasionally is included in the mix of motifs. These motifs are theorized to represent the 846:, the radial T-bar, or a dimple with a number of geometric ribbon-like bands extending outward. It is believed that the designs have cosmological connections to the four quarters or quadrants of the universe. Sometimes other motifs such as three conjoined fingers radiate out from the central symbols at the semi-cardinal points. 725:, a distinctive pottery tradition emerged, unmistakable because of its designs, materials and fine execution. These early pots were often grog tempered, although sometimes finely ground bone was used. Two main forms emerged that would become Caddoan pottery standards for the next 1000 years, a long slender necked bottle and a 1174:

As Europeans began to settle in the lush river valleys of the Midwest and Southeast, they discovered the abandoned village sites and monumental architecture left behind by the former Mississippian culture inhabitants of the region. Many were leveled for fields or dug into by treasure hunters. In some

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pottery spans most of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century CE In this time period there were more than likely only a few potters working in this style at any one time and in some cases archaeologists have found signature features that suggest a specific potter made multiple known examples.

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The coming of Europeans and the attendant population loss, forced moves, and changing economy saw the end of the Caddo pottery tradition in the 18th century, and by the end of the 19th century only vestiges of the tradition survived. The last of the original tradition of Caddo pottery was made in the

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pottery is a locally produced ware with a distinctive engraving tradition. It is found in the graves of commoners and the elite alike, as well as being found in domestic settings. The other variety consists of painted vessels, many of which were not produced locally. Unlike the engraved pottery, the

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The research discovered that there were very good reasons for using shell tempering for Mississippi Valley clays. The nature of clays formed by such a large meandering river system are distinctive. The huge annually flooded backswamp areas create a clay that is composed of very minute clay particles

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study of the pottery has provided one of the best insights into the culture. Because pottery is durable and often survives long after artifacts made from less durable materials have decayed past recognition, ceramics and stone tools are often the only objects that survive in great enough quantities

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form of bottles and bowls. Caddo pottery is considered to be some of the finest Mississippian pottery because of its thinness, symmetry, and very smooth finish, with some of its best examples being bottle forms with extensive geometric engravings. Pieces are often dark brown and black with a glossy

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being grown in the valley, and thus sustaining larger and healthier populations in evidence in the archeological record. Around 800 CE, shell-tempered pottery spread widely and rapidly from the middle Mississippi River valley to become an integral part of the expanding Mississippian culture and its

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The x-ray diffraction of a sample from an unfired lump of pottery clay excavated at the Zebree (3MS20) site confirmed that the shell was burned before being added to the raw clay. Burning the shells eliminates the organic binder and the cooled, burnt shells are easily crushed into a shell temper of

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is a diagnostic criterion in the identification of Mississippian cultures and their ceramic artifacts, excavated site strata, and archeological site surveys in general. The record indicates that around 800 CE, early populations of Mississippian peoples produced shell-tempered pottery in the Central

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at an archaeological dig in Cross County, Arkansas found the first reported example. Approximately 200 whole and fragmentary head pots are in private and public collections. Each is unique and it is thought because of the shapes of their eyes and half opened mouths that they are representations of

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Most pottery found at Mississippian sites is of the variety known as "Mississippian Bell Plain." It is buff colored, contains large fragments of ground mussel shell as a tempering agent, and is not as smooth and polished as finer varieties. Higher quality ceramics feature a finer ground shell as a

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paste. Shell tempering is one of the hallmarks of Mississippian cultural practices. Analysis of local differences in materials, techniques, forms, and designs is a primary means for archaeologists to learn about the lifeways, religious practices, trade, and interaction among Mississippian peoples.

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Hooded bottles or vessels were globular containers, resembling gourds, with a rounded base and a smaller "head." One side of the head was shaped like an animal or human face, while the other side was a black, hollow opening. They were slipped on their exterior surface. A theory is that these were

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Such clay has a high "shrink-swell" ratio depending upon the amount of water present. As it dries from a saturated to a dry state, it shrinks greatly – as seen in the cracked clay deposits of drying flooded areas – and this characteristic presents a serious problem to the potter. As the vessel is

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pottery. Woodland vessels tend to have thicker walls, flat or conical bases and a large amount of either coarse sand or grog used as temper. Mississippian vessels generally have thinner vessel walls, obvious white flecks of shell temper, and round-bottomed pottery forms. For decades archeologists

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became a cottage industry, as the value of the pots increased in demand on the art and antiquities markets. Many states as well as the US federal government now have laws prohibiting the looting of such sites, although the high prices these objects command on the black market has seen these laws

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was initially used as a pottery temper before shell became the popular choice. Rounded bowls and spherical jars are the most common forms, sometimes with embellished rims and handles. Salt pans, platters, bottles, and effigies have also been unearthed. Cord-marked, coarse-tempered wares were for

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Both amateur collectors as well as professional archeologists have long known that shell-tempered pottery is characteristic of the middle and lower Mississippi Valley. "Grave diggers" and amateur collectors have plundered many Mississippian mounds for the fine funerary effigies and other vessels

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Used to process salt, salt pans were large, ovular, shallow clay pans that could hold from 10 to 26 liters. A heavy slip made them more waterproof. They were most likely formed from a mold, possibly a basket. They were lined with grass or textiles to keep from sticking to each other or the mold

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Adding as little as 10–15% shell temper created an excellent pottery paste that was lighter, stronger and more able to withstand the drying process, and the clay's originally high plasticity was subdued. The calcium carbonate of the freshwater mussels also acts as a binding agent and created a

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Another and perhaps even more immediate challenge to the potter using the available backswamp clay is its extreme stickiness, which is called plasticity in ceramic terminology. All but the coarsest of clays are somewhat plastic and malleable in the presence of water; however, the minute, clay

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and the central Mississippi Valleys. This pottery was long thought to have been imported from these other areas as trade items, and modern chemical analysis has shown that much of it is. The same analysis has also proved that some of the pottery was made locally in the Moundville polity. The

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Some Mississippian culture pottery was decorated with textile imprints on them. Vegetal cordage or netting was impressed sometimes over the entire external surface of a vessel. Some archaeologists theorize that the textiles used for the imprints were older fabrics that were past their use as

821:- This theme involves a pair of woodpecker like birds with sinuous necks and crests tied in multiple knots around a central medallion or knot. It has a broad banded tail projecting below the center emblem. A variation of the theme features only the central medallion knot and projecting tail. 179:

A member of the team, Michael G. Million, also conducted replicative experiments, perhaps the first person to do so with the exact clays, tempers and tools used by prehistoric Mississippian potters. Pastes were created using a variety of temper-to-clay percentages so that vessels as well as

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and related state legislation, which made it clearer that such activities were illegal. The illegal digging of such objects destroys much of their archaeological value, as it removes its association from its surroundings. The situation in which an article is found, its level of burial, its

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Mississippian culture pottery was made from locally available clay sources, which often gives archaeologists clues as to where a specific example originated. The clay was tempered with an additive to keep it from shrinking and cracking in the drying and firing process, usually with ground

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produced red, orange, and brown slips. Vegetal pigments included roots, barks, and berries. A technique of "negative painting" involved painting the background and allowing the natural buff or grey of the clay to create the positive image. Beeswax or bear grease was sometimes used as a

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in Western North Carolina used sand as a tempering agent. Rim lugs and handles are absent, and vessel surfaces are either plain or decorated the "Complicated Stamped" style. The stamping paddles, made of wood or pottery, were impressed into unfired clay. Many stamps were salvaged from

794:. They are usually thin-walled bottles and bowls, tempered with finely ground mussel shell, and polished to a glossy black surface. About 150 whole and restored examples of this style are known. Although most have been found as grave goods, some show the marks of domestic use. The 167:

In the early 1970s, archeologists working in Northeast Arkansas for the Arkansas Archeological Survey began research into causes of Mississippi Valley potters' relatively sudden shift to shell temper. The team conducted research at the AAS Station Lab at

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origins, examples of its high status pottery went with it. Numerous examples have been found of local imitations of the exotic wares, albeit usually with less technical skill. Examples of Cahokian made or inspired wares have been found as far away as

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for liquids, figurative sculpture, and uniquely Mississippian forms such as head pots or hooded vessels. Funeral urns were either crafted specifically to hold human remains or were large utilitarian jars fitted with elaborately decorated lids.

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Chapter 20, The Cache River Archeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archeology. Assembled by Michael B. Schiffer and John H. House. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Publications in Archeology, Research Series No. 8, 1975, pages

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surroundings and even its original condition are valuable in determining the history of many sites, all of which are lost when an object is removed in secret, unrecorded in its provenance, and lost to the antiquities black market.

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fine plate-like particles, some nearly powder. The hinges of the shells are discarded. Using burned shells is logical as unburned mussel shells are hard and very durable. In terms of soil technology, the addition of shell (

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of enemies or of their own honored dead. The pots often have painted surfaces, engraved lines representing tattooing and in some cases holes representing ear and nose piercing. Several fine examples are on display at the

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Archaeologists have also dated the ceramics and found that the most expertly made pieces were done in the 14th century. These earlier pieces also show more influences from outside thematic sources, specifically early

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used to store seed grain, and unfired clay plugs, such as Kersey Clay Objects, sealed the opening. Another theory is that the bottles were used for liquids. Owls and opossums are often featured on hooded vessels.

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shell engravings from the Central Mississippi Valley. As the 15th century progressed, less competency is shown by the potters, which may indicate that less importance was attached to this particular artform.

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is some of the finest known in North America. It is usually found in the areas of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Oklahoma. About 1200 CE as the Caddoan culture emerged from local woodland cultures such as

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Griffin, James B., Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Valley. In Archeology of Eastern United States, edited by James B. Griffin, pp. 226–238. University of Chicago Press, 1952, Chicago.

103:. Some decoration of the clay was done at this stage by incising, defenstrating, adding shapes, or stamping designs into the wet clay. After the piece had dried completely, it was fired in a wood fire. 1062: 95:

The potters used slab-built construction and the "coiling" method, which involved working the clay into a long string which was wound round to form a shape and then modeled to form smooth walls. The

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within mounds and surrounding village areas. Early professional surveys in the valley noted the preponderance of shell-tempered wares in large village sites throughout the valley alluvial plains.

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to define the image, and it would melt away in the firing process. Sometimes paint was worked into incised lines. Hematite could be heated to increase its spectrum from warm red to deep violet.

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Moore, Clarence B., Some Aboriginal Sites on Mississippi River, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1911, Vol. XIV, Part III, pp. 365–476. Philadelphia.

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Head pots are jars shaped like human heads, typical male, and the figures commonly appear to be deceased. They are typically 3–8 inches tall, with smaller vessels found in the

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The benefits of shell-tempered pottery vessels to the Mississippian household were much more efficient utility containers for cooking, particularly the increasing amounts of

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Ceramic pipes often featured animal effigies. L-shaped elbow pipes were the most common form. A hollow reed or sourwood stem would be inserted into the pipe for smoking.

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Million, Michael G. (1975). "Chapter 20-Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of the Cache River Basin". In Michael B. Schiffer; John H. House (eds.).

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In 1987 ten looters paid $ 10,000 to dig at the Slack Farm property. After two months complaints by local people led to the arrest of the perpetrators for the

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Most slipped surface ceramics are the shell-tempered light red Monks Mound Red type, with black and brown ceramics with grog and grit temper still occurring.

710: 531: 5017: 3194: 2251: 447: 274: 798:, while similar to engraved pottery from the Tennessee Valley, the Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf Coast, reflects a distinctive local interpretation of 443:. They are considered to be the pinnacle of the Mississippian culture ceramics and are some of the rarest and most unusual clay vessels in North America. 4646: 435:. The polychrome pots feature red, cream, and black slip on buff clay. Most were made between 1200 and 1500 CE in the Central Mississippi Valley area of 4716: 4506: 3991: 3204: 391:

The most ubiquitous form of Mississippian pottery is the "standard Mississippi jar," or a globular jar with a recurved rim and subtle should. In the

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with a serrated crest, and Forked Eye Surround Motif. But, unlike raptor images from other localities(such as the Dancing birdman copper plates or

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made from a mixture of sifted fine clay or paint and buffed to a high finish. The first Europeans to encounter Caddoan pottery were members of the

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negative-painted pottery only seems to have been used by the elites at the Moundville site itself, and have not been found outside of the site.

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A variety of bichrome and polychrome vessels have also been found at Moundville. Stylistically they closely resemble pottery found along the

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in the American Midwest and Southeast. It is often characterized by the adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shell-

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Mississippian ceramics took many forms, from earplugs, beads, smoking pipes, discs, to cooking pots, serving dishes, bottles or

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That country is populous and abundant. Pottery is made there of clay, little differing from that of Estremoz or Montemor.

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Effigy pots were a mainstay of many Mississippian peoples, although they come in many different varieties. Some come in

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have examined, sorted, described and stored Woodland sherds from those of Mississippian vessels with relative ease.

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shapes and others in the shape of mythological creatures associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex.

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Shepard, Anna O., Ceramics for the Archaeologist, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1956, Publication 609.

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Nodena- An Account of 90 years of Archaeological Investigation in Southeast Mississippi County, Arkansas

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Expedition in 1541, who described it as matching even the finest potters of their European homeland.

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Pottery has been used to define phase sequences for Southern Appalachian Mississippian cultures.

828:- Similar to other falcon and eagle motifs of the S.E.C.C., this variation depicts a hooked beak 594: 331: 161: 4140: 2223: 1899: 1893: 1153:

Chronologies based on pottery have been essential for dating Mississippian cultures. Along with

842:- This theme usually has a central symbol such as the cross-and-circle, concentric circles, the 1970: 1141: 5048: 4849: 4556: 4313: 4293: 4075: 4007: 3781: 3771: 3677: 3532: 3418: 3383: 3331: 3299: 3264: 3259: 3199: 3181: 3146: 3088: 3038: 2998: 2913: 2708: 2670: 2615: 2398: 2361: 2179: 2164: 2144: 2108: 1903: 1779: 1756: 1731: 1507: 1367: 1347: 758: 392: 253: 205: 144: 96: 58: 2243: 1818: 4992: 4829: 4781: 4731: 4671: 4586: 4511: 4501: 4476: 4431: 4278: 4228: 4209: 4199: 4150: 4145: 3813: 3808: 3796: 3740: 3730: 3557: 3361: 3279: 3214: 2923: 2770: 2743: 2713: 2516: 2506: 1233: 948: 735: 602: 538: 481: 473: 152: 39: 666:

Powell Plain and Ramey-Incised appear for the first time, tempering is predominantly shell

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Nearly all tempering is shell, Powell Plain and Ramey Incised types are no longer in use

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Bust showing how inhabitants of the Parkin site may have looked, based on an effigy pot

2199:"The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico" 1039:

regions differed dramatically from surrounding traditions; potters there used crushed

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Griffin, James B. (1952). "Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Valley".

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cooking, and serving wares were fine-tempered and highly polished. Pottery of the

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Head pot from Arkansas on display at the National Museum of the American Indian

4917: 4814: 4686: 4601: 4516: 4426: 3976: 3600: 3552: 3522: 3462: 3269: 3028: 2838: 2780: 2738: 2728: 2582: 2461: 2123:

Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of the Cache River Basin

1417:

Fowler, Melvin L.; Hall, Robert L. (1972). "Archeological Phases at Cahokia".

952: 585: 452: 412: 349: 4691: 4521: 3672: 3662: 3642: 3537: 3346: 3234: 3126: 2903: 2587: 2501: 2141:

Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings.

1859: 1728:

Winterville-Late Prehistoric Culture Contact In the Lower Mississippi Valley

1541:"A Comparative Study of the Swennes Woven Nettle Bag and Weaving Techniques" 1027: 598: 233: 92:

tempering (use of crushed-up potsherds) persisted into Mississippian times.

1467:

The Cache River Archeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archeology

1277:"Museum of Native American Artifacts-MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD 900 AD – 1450 AD" 1068:

Moundville vessel with frog designs, decorated rim, and rim lugs, photo by

1799: 4890: 4854: 4804: 4666: 4451: 3898: 3866: 3083: 3008: 2351: 2346: 2105:

Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians – Art and Industry.

1387:

Moore, Clarence B. (1911). "Some Aboriginal Sites on Mississippi River".

843: 726: 440: 436: 399:, broken potsherds were rounded off and reused as discoidal game pieces. 306: 302: 298: 1500:

Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians – Art and Industry

4897: 4381: 4258: 4180: 3873: 3856: 3687: 3667: 3121: 3018: 2336: 1180:

ignored. Two of the most widely publicized sites to be looted were the

1158: 396: 315: 229: 157: 305:

for black were used to paint the pottery, with red and white spirals,

4243: 3454: 3324: 2973: 2878: 2229:

Caddo Pottery-All the books I've read and what I've learned from them

1498:

Fundaburk, Emma Lila (2001) . Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman (ed.).

1204: 294: 85: 580:

Cahokia, Pre-Columbian North Americas largest civic center north of

4987: 3657: 3403: 2933: 2795: 1730:. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 69–92. 1140: 704: 571: 422: 310: 216: 186: 134: 70: 57: 2071:"Mississippi History Now:Archaeology and Prehistoric Mississippi" 1131:

Potsherd with a stamped design, Notla Mound, North Carolina, NMAI

4947: 761:(Caddo) single-handedly revived her tribe's ceramic traditions. 614: 384: 172:

involving macroscopic, microscopic, petrographic thin-sections,

43: 3980: 2247: 802:. Five major themes have been identified as part of the style. 2103:

Fundaburk, Emma Lila and Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman, ed.

1753:

Sunwatch: Fort Ancient development in the Mississippian world

1203:

of "desecrating a venerable object" (a charge which is now a

836:), this theme does not combine human features with the avian. 769:

There are two major varieties of pottery associated with the

621:

Phases from Cahokia and markers for pottery changes over time

455:

of sorts, although it is unclear if they are meant to be the

375:

garments. Corncobs were also used to create texture on pots.

364:

Red and white painted beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas

1851:

Steponaitis, Vincas P.; Knight, Vernon J. Jr. (2003-08-08).

624: 156:

Mississippi Valley at sites, such as the Fairmont Phase at

122:

Mississippian pottery is easily distinguished from earlier

1993:"Stiff fines for site looting handed down in Burke County" 1389:

Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

2178:

Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.

2136:, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Research Report 4, 1975. 1406:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 226–238. 525:

Bird effigy serving dish from the Nodena site in Arkansas

2100:. Illinois State Museum, Papers in Anthropology 1, 1972. 790:

pottery found at the Moundville site is categorized as

757:

late 19th century in Oklahoma. Beginning in the 1990s,

2107:

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001 (1957).

1210:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

16:

Ceramics of the Mississippian culture (800 to 1600 CE)

1898:(1 ed.). University of Tennessee Press. p. 1892:

Sullivan, Lynne P.; Prezzano, Susan C. (2001-12-12).

75:

A diorama of a Mississippian culture potter from the

1484:. Vol. 609. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 968:

Oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif

160:

and the Early Mississippian strata excavated at the

4863: 4795: 4327: 4056: 3832: 3764: 3696: 3635: 3628: 3581: 3453: 3442: 3372: 3223: 3180: 3112: 2820: 2694: 2606: 2525: 2452: 2315: 2306: 2174:

William C. Sturtevant and Raymond D. Fogelson, eds.

352:

painted beakers from the Moundville site in Alabama

268:

Engraved vessel from the Moundville site in Alabama

1443:, Research Report 4, Arkansas Archeological Survey 1346:. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series. 1853:"Moundville Art in Historical and Social Context" 1249:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas 1016:Rectangular, vertical-sided, flat-bottomed vessel 88:shells. In some locations the older tradition of 2224:Mississippian pottery from Arkansas and Missouri 2197:Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). 1004:Polychrome vessel and ceremonial axes and blades 709:Caddoan Mississippian pottery on display at the 280:Engraved beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas 2163:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. 1774: 1772: 1672: 1670: 1605: 1603: 1601: 773:site and the surrounding areas of Alabama. The 740: 537:Hooded bottle from Arkansas, collection of the 2176:Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. 2050:"Sites:Slack Family Farm: Uniontown, Kentucky" 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1800:"Narratives of a career of a FIDALGO OF ELVAS" 1368:"Encyclopedia of Alabama-Mississippian Period" 1334: 1332: 1330: 1224:Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas 164:(3MS20) at Big Lake in northeastern Arkansas. 3992: 2259: 2134:Report on excavations at the Zebree site 1969 1441:Report on excavations at the Zebree site 1969 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 856:, the journey of the dead into the afterlife. 730:finish achieved by the application of a fine 228:Many Mississippian ceramics are decorated by 8: 1493: 1491: 1434: 1432: 711:Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History 679:Limestone tempering has all but disappeared 62:A human head effigy pot from the Nodena site 2143:Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004. 1755:. University of Alabama Press. p. 46. 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 3999: 3985: 3977: 3632: 3450: 2312: 2266: 2252: 2244: 1700: 1698: 1534: 1532: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 252:Ceramic beaker from Cahokia with engraved 4507:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 1895:Archaeology of the Appalachian highlands 2096:Fowler, Melvin L. and Robert L. Hall., 1591: 1589: 1561: 1559: 1259: 1058: 958: 859: 503: 446:In 1880 an expedition sponsored by the 320: 242: 191:A potter smooths the inside of a vessel 1633: 1631: 1391:. XIV Part III. Philadelphia: 365–476. 576:Diorama at Cahokia of a potter at work 462:National Museum of the American Indian 1973:. Arkansas Archeological Survey. 2007 792:Moundville Engraved, variety Hemphill 7: 1043:and grit as tempers. Peoples of the 4978:Norse colonization of North America 1655:"RiverWeb:AmBot:PreHist:Technology" 1404:Archeology of Eastern United States 2282:Mississippian and related cultures 14: 1295:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 538, 540 1149:, showing trade with other groups 47:The value of this pottery on the 2275: 2076:. Mississippi Historical Society 1615:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History 1124: 1108: 1092: 1077: 1061: 1009: 997: 985: 973: 961: 910: 898: 886: 874: 862: 530: 518: 506: 357: 342: 323: 273: 261: 245: 176:and x-ray diffraction analyses. 4998:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 3916:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2098:Archeological Phases at Cahokia 478:Parkin Archeological State Park 238:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 224:Incised and engraved decoration 2298:Timeline of Mississippi valley 1482:Ceramics for the Archaeologist 905:Center symbols and bands theme 1: 3498:Grand Village of the Illinois 2015:Furry, William (2007-11-07). 1780:"The Caddo Pottery Tradition" 939:Moundville polychrome pottery 718:Caddoan Mississippian culture 20:Mississippian culture pottery 4963:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 4913:Eastern Agricultural Complex 3275:Grand Village of the Natchez 2160:The Mississippian Emergence. 1940:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 276 1931:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 277 1922:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 275 1882:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 274 1819:"Reviving a Lost Tradition." 1583:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 584 1574:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 540 1565:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 556 1244:Mississippian stone statuary 1229:Fort Ancient culture pottery 1022:Southern Appalachian pottery 99:was not used by pre-contact 51:market has led to extensive 4347:Bandelier National Monument 4221:List of Mississippian sites 4008:Pre-Columbian North America 2293:List of Mississippian sites 1751:Cook, Robert Allen (2007). 1504:University of Alabama Press 1145:Non-local pottery found at 5106: 4767:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 4372:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 4081:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 1726:Brain, Jeffrey P. (1989). 1239:Plaquemine culture pottery 1175:areas exploitation of the 992:Polychrome stripped vessel 980:Polychrome stripped vessel 370:Textile impressed ceramics 30:(800 to 1600 CE) found as 5036: 5008:Three Sisters agriculture 4014: 3943: 2288: 1678:"Artifacts-Ramey pottery" 1480:Shepard, Anna O. (1956). 1340:Dan Morse (archaeologist) 1186:Le Flore County, Oklahoma 683: 670: 657: 644: 470:Hampson Museum State Park 170:Arkansas State University 4547:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 4106:Buttermilk Creek complex 3210:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 2206:Southeastern Archaeology 1824:(retrieved 20 July 2010) 1425:. Illinois State Museum. 1170:Looting and modern value 840:Center symbols and bands 750:Gentleman of Elvas, 1557 716:Pottery produced by the 563:Notable local traditions 451:deceased individuals, a 293:using such materials as 67:Materials and techniques 5075:Native American pottery 4747:Town Creek Indian Mound 4717:Sierra de San Francisco 4572:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 3840:Ballgame (Southeastern) 3736:Long-nosed god maskette 3616:SunWatch Indian Village 3563:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 3424:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 1971:"UA-WRI -Carden Bottom" 301:for red, and sometimes 5085:Native American relics 4402:Coso Rock Art District 4289:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 4192:List of Hopewell sites 3591:Alligator Effigy Mound 3205:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 3157:Leon-Jefferson culture 2553:Caborn-Welborn culture 1439:Morse, Dan F. (1975), 1419:Papers in Anthropology 1194:Union County, Kentucky 1150: 754: 713: 577: 490:Fayetteville, Arkansas 486:University of Arkansas 428: 336:Cross County, Arkansas 192: 148: 80: 63: 5080:Pre-Columbian pottery 5070:Mississippian culture 4810:Arlington Springs Man 4652:Portsmouth Earthworks 2320:and Upper Mississippi 2121:Million, Michael G., 1822:Texas Beyond History. 1144: 1115:Moundville bowl with 708: 575: 433:Arkansas River Valley 426: 190: 138: 74: 61: 28:Mississippian culture 5018:Transoceanic contact 4908:Container Revolution 4482:Gila Cliff Dwellings 4447:Etowah Indian Mounds 3879:Earth/fertility cult 3583:Fort Ancient culture 2467:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 2453:Lower Ohio River and 2439:Steed-Kisker culture 1506:. pp. 170–171. 1315:"THE MISSISSIPPIANS" 869:Winged Serpent theme 36:archaeological sites 4938:Green Corn Ceremony 4752:Turkey River Mounds 4542:Lake Jackson Mounds 4362:Blue Spring Shelter 3884:Green Corn Ceremony 3444:Upper Mississippian 3394:Blue Spring Shelter 3114:Fort Walton culture 2568:Hovey Lake District 2212:(2). Archived from 1086:Fort Walton Culture 334:effigy bottle from 147:, endemic to the US 141:Quadrula intermedia 49:illegal antiquities 5023:Underwater panther 4697:Rosenstock Village 4567:Marmes Rockshelter 4552:L'Anse aux Meadows 3966:de Soto Expedition 3931:Underwater panther 3777:Central Algonquian 3488:Fisher Mound Group 3132:Apalachee Province 3099:Waddells Mill Pond 1705:Mollerud, Katy J. 1151: 881:Crested bird theme 765:Moundville pottery 714: 685:Sand Prairie Phase 578: 429: 332:Underwater panther 286:Painted decoration 193: 149: 81: 64: 5057: 5056: 5049:Pre-Columbian era 4850:Spirit Cave mummy 4647:Plum Bayou Mounds 4557:Lynch Quarry Site 4076:Ancient Beringian 3974: 3973: 3939: 3938: 3624: 3623: 3240:Atchafalaya Basin 3182:Pensacola culture 3147:Fort Walton Mound 3039:Punk Rock Shelter 2999:Mouse Creek phase 2822:South Appalachian 2816: 2815: 2695:Central and Lower 2636:Castalian Springs 2626:Brentwood Library 2526:Middle Ohio River 2379:Emerald Acropolis 2169:978-0-8173-5452-7 2113:978-0-8173-1077-6 1909:978-1-57233-142-6 1762:978-0-8173-5458-9 1513:978-0-8173-1077-6 1084:Pottery from the 759:Jereldine Redcorn 696: 695: 393:Pensacola culture 206:calcium carbonate 174:atomic absorption 145:freshwater mussel 24:ceramic tradition 5097: 4993:Projectile point 4830:Leanderthal Lady 4757:Upward Sun River 4732:Stallings Island 4722:Shell ring sites 4672:Recapture Canyon 4587:Moorehead Circle 4432:El Fin del Mundo 4417:Cueva de la Olla 4223: 4210:Maritime Archaic 4194: 4024: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3741:Mill Creek chert 3731:Duck River cache 3633: 3451: 3215:Pensacola people 3009:Muscogee (Creek) 2849:Bell Field Mound 2563:Hovey Lake-Klein 2517:Wickliffe Mounds 2492:Rowlandton Mound 2409:Lunsford-Pulcher 2313: 2280: 2279: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2245: 2220: 2218: 2203: 2157:Smith, Bruce D. 2139:Power, Susan C. 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2022:. Illinois Times 2021: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1858:. Archived from 1857: 1848: 1825: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1680:. Archived from 1674: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1638: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1607: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1495: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1336: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1273: 1234:Hopewell pottery 1128: 1112: 1096: 1081: 1065: 1013: 1001: 989: 977: 965: 917:Trophy theme cup 914: 902: 890: 878: 866: 834:shell engravings 752: 736:Hernando de Soto 625: 603:Winterville site 568:Cahokian pottery 539:Gilcrease Museum 534: 522: 510: 482:Parkin, Arkansas 474:Wilson, Arkansas 361: 346: 327: 277: 265: 249: 101:Native Americans 53:looting of sites 5105: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5044:Genetic history 5032: 4886:Ceremonial pipe 4859: 4840:Minnesota Woman 4797: 4791: 4612:Ocmulgee Mounds 4592:Morrison Mounds 4537:Kolomoki Mounds 4527:Kimball Village 4387:Candelaria Cave 4329: 4323: 4304:Suwannee Valley 4239:Old Cordilleran 4219: 4190: 4058: 4052: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3975: 3970: 3956:Clarksdale bell 3935: 3921:Stone box grave 3862:Ceremonial pipe 3828: 3787:Mobilian Jargon 3760: 3692: 3620: 3577: 3445: 3438: 3375: 3368: 3226: 3219: 3176: 3108: 3054:Rucker's Bottom 2844:Beaverdam Creek 2824: 2812: 2696: 2690: 2651:Hiwassee Island 2608: 2602: 2593:Welborn Village 2521: 2482:Millstone Bluff 2455:Confluence area 2454: 2448: 2444:Sugarloaf Mound 2384:Emmons Cemetery 2319: 2317:American Bottom 2308: 2302: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2216: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2132:Morse, Dan F., 2093: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069:Morgan, David. 2068: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1599: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1526:Sturtevant, 538 1525: 1521: 1514: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1463: 1448: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1338: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1261: 1257: 1220: 1190:Slack Farm site 1177:platform mounds 1172: 1155:anthropologists 1139: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1113: 1104: 1097: 1088: 1082: 1073: 1066: 1050:Nacoochee Mound 1024: 1017: 1014: 1005: 1002: 993: 990: 981: 978: 969: 966: 941: 918: 915: 906: 903: 894: 891: 882: 879: 870: 867: 800:S.E.C.C. themes 784: 767: 753: 748: 703: 701:Caddoan pottery 689:1275 – 1350 CE 676:1200 – 1275 CE 672:Moorehead Phase 663:1100 – 1200 CE 650:1050 - 1100 CE 623: 590:American Bottom 570: 565: 559:before firing. 556: 548: 541: 535: 526: 523: 514: 511: 498: 466:Washington D.C. 421: 409:anthropomorphic 405: 381: 372: 365: 362: 353: 347: 338: 328: 288: 281: 278: 269: 266: 257: 250: 226: 143:, a species of 133: 131:Shell tempering 124:Woodland period 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5103: 5101: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5062: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Mound Builders 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:Medicine wheel 4950: 4945: 4943:Horned Serpent 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4682:Roberts Island 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4617:Old Stone Fort 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582:Moaning Cavern 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Kincaid Mounds 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412:Cuarenta Casas 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4367:Bluefish Caves 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4328:Archaeological 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4126:Caloosahatchee 4123: 4118: 4113: 4111:Caborn-Welborn 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4057:Archaeological 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3961:Mound Builders 3958: 3953: 3948: 3947:Related topics 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3909:Village bundle 3901: 3896: 3894:Platform mound 3891: 3889:Horned Serpent 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3756:Stone statuary 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3606:Leo Petroglyph 3603: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3543:Moccasin Bluff 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3493:Gentleman Farm 3490: 3485: 3480: 3478:Carcajou Point 3475: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409:Caddoan Mounds 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195:Dauphin Island 3192: 3186: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2869:Bussell Island 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621:Beasley Mounds 2618: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2472:Kincaid Mounds 2469: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2389:Horseshoe Lake 2386: 2381: 2376: 2374:Dickson Mounds 2371: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219:on 2012-04-25. 2192: 2191:External links 2189: 2188: 2187: 2172: 2155: 2152: 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Tuscaloosa: 1487: 1472: 1446: 1428: 1409: 1394: 1379: 1359: 1352: 1326: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1171: 1168: 1163:archaeologists 1138: 1137:In archaeology 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1041:quartz crystal 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1003: 996: 994: 991: 984: 982: 979: 972: 970: 967: 960: 940: 937: 923:Hemphill style 920: 919: 916: 909: 907: 904: 897: 895: 892: 885: 883: 880: 873: 871: 868: 861: 858: 857: 847: 837: 822: 815: 812:Horned Serpent 808:winged serpent 796:Hemphill style 788:Hemphill style 783: 782:Hemphill style 780: 775:Hemphill style 766: 763: 746: 723:Fourche Maline 702: 699: 694: 693: 690: 687: 681: 680: 677: 674: 668: 667: 664: 661: 659:Stirling Phase 655: 654: 651: 648: 642: 641: 636: 631: 622: 619: 569: 566: 564: 561: 555: 552: 547: 544: 543: 542: 536: 529: 527: 524: 517: 515: 512: 505: 497: 496:Hooded bottles 494: 448:Peabody Museum 420: 417: 404: 401: 380: 377: 371: 368: 367: 366: 363: 356: 354: 348: 341: 339: 329: 322: 287: 284: 283: 282: 279: 272: 270: 267: 260: 258: 251: 244: 225: 222: 132: 129: 97:potter's wheel 68: 65: 42:agents in the 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5102: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928:Falcon dancer 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864:Miscellaneous 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835:Melbourne Man 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:La Brea Woman 4823: 4821: 4820:Kennewick Man 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Serpent Mound 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662:Pueblo Bonito 4660: 4658: 4657:Poverty Point 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642:Pinson Mounds 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Painted Bluff 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:Horr's Island 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442:Effigy Mounds 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Crystal River 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319:Weeden Island 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4284:Safety Harbor 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Poverty Point 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254:Paleo-Indians 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4215:Mississippian 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 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3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3611:Serpent Mound 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3573:Summer Island 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3376:Mississippian 3371: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3227:Mississippian 3222: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3142:Corbin–Tucker 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049:Roods Landing 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2989:Moccasin Bend 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919:Hoojah Branch 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2826:Mississippian 2823: 2819: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2749:Menard-Hodges 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2686:Swallow Bluff 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2607:Tennessee and 2605: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2477:Marshall Site 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2440: 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1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1737:0-938896-58-X 1733: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1684:on 2010-06-03 1683: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1353:1-56349-057-9 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 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337: 333: 326: 321: 319: 317: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 285: 276: 271: 264: 259: 255: 248: 243: 241: 239: 235: 231: 223: 221: 218: 213: 209: 207: 201: 197: 189: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 165: 163: 159: 154: 146: 142: 137: 130: 128: 125: 120: 118: 112: 110: 104: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 78: 73: 66: 60: 56: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 5028:Water glyphs 4983:Oasisamerica 4973:N.A.G.P.R.A. 4933:Folsom point 4923:Effigy mound 4903:Clovis point 4871:Aridoamerica 4772:Wickiup Hill 4727:Spiro Mounds 4707:Salmon Ruins 4702:Russell Cave 4497:Helen Blazes 4492:Grimes Point 4472:Fort Juelson 4462:Fort Ancient 4437:El Vallecito 4397:Chaco Canyon 4337:Angel Mounds 4299:Steed-Kisker 4249:Paleo-Arctic 4171:Glacial Kame 4156:Fort Ancient 4048:Post-Classic 4019: 3951:Chevron bead 3857:Burial mound 3751:Shell gorget 3745: 3719:Spiro plates 3714:Rogan plates 3533:Knoll Spring 3508:Hartley Fort 3468:Beattie Park 3352:Transylvania 3190:Bottle Creek 3152:Lake Jackson 3034:Pisgah phase 2964:Little Egypt 2914:Garden Creek 2899:Dallas phase 2786:Tipton phase 2764:Nodena phase 2661:Mound Bottom 2646:Fewkes Group 2631:Brick Church 2533:Angel Mounds 2399:Kuhn Station 2394:John Chapman 2214:the original 2209: 2205: 2175: 2159: 2140: 2133: 2122: 2104: 2097: 2078:. 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Retrieved 1208: 1198: 1182:Spiro Mounds 1173: 1152: 1117:Trophy theme 1116: 1045:Pisgah phase 1025: 951:, the lower 942: 932:Braden style 922: 921: 893:Raptor theme 853: 850:Trophy theme 849: 839: 830:bird of prey 825: 819:crested bird 818: 807: 795: 791: 787: 785: 774: 768: 755: 749: 742: 741: 715: 697: 638: 633: 628: 611:Fort Ancient 579: 557: 549: 499: 457:trophy heads 445: 430: 406: 390: 382: 373: 289: 227: 214: 210: 202: 198: 194: 182: 178: 166: 150: 121: 113: 105: 94: 82: 77:Angel Mounds 19: 18: 5013:Thunderbird 4881:Black drink 4845:Peñon woman 4782:Winterville 4762:Velda Mound 4742:Taos Pueblo 4637:Parkin Park 4622:Orwell site 4607:Nodena site 4502:Holly Bluff 4477:Four Mounds 4467:Fort Center 4392:Casa Grande 4342:Anzick site 4234:Monongahela 4161:Fort Walton 4136:Coles Creek 4101:Belle Glade 4086:Anishinaabe 3926:Thunderbird 3852:Black drink 3704:Emmons mask 3648:Chenopodium 3636:Agriculture 3558:Plum Island 3513:Hotel Plaza 3362:Winterville 3342:Scott Place 3280:Holly Bluff 3200:Fort Walton 2954:Lamar phase 2808:Walls phase 2704:Belle Meade 2697:Mississippi 2641:Dunbar Cave 2543:Annis Mound 2538:Angel phase 2512:Ware Mounds 2507:Twin Mounds 2357:Ramey state 2342:Monks Mound 1611:"Head pots" 1201:misdemeanor 1103:in Georgia 1070:C. B. 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3483:Fifield 3414:Gahagan 3389:Belcher 3374:Caddoan 3357:Venable 3320:Natchez 3305:Mazique 3260:Fosters 3255:Flowery 3245:Emerald 3122:Anhaica 3079:Taskigi 3044:Rembert 3019:Nikwasi 2984:McMahan 2959:Liddell 2834:Adamson 2744:Janet's 2734:Denmark 2709:Boone's 2671:Sellars 2578:Prather 2337:Cahokia 2327:Aztalan 2239:Pottery 1054:Georgia 639:Markers 595:Aztalan 397:Florida 307:fylfots 158:Cahokia 26:of the 22:is the 4457:Folsom 4422:Cutler 4357:Benson 4244:Oneota 4176:Glades 4151:Folsom 4131:Clovis 4028:Lithic 3809:Siouan 3802:Taensa 3673:Squash 3596:Clover 3455:Oneota 3429:Keller 3419:Hughes 3384:Battle 3325:Taensa 3310:Medora 3300:Mangum 3295:Julice 3290:Jordan 3137:Cayson 3069:Sixtoe 3064:Shiloh 2974:Mabila 2909:Etowah 2889:Citico 2879:Chiaha 2874:Chauga 2791:Tunica 2776:Parkin 2759:Nodena 2754:Murphy 2724:Carson 2573:Murphy 2429:Sleeth 2414:McCune 2404:Larson 2307:Middle 2182: 2167: 2147: 2111: 1906: 1759: 1734: 1510: 1350: 1205:felony 1072:, 1905 826:raptor 629:Phases 609:. and 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Knowledge (XXG)

Mississippian culture pottery

Index