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response María Teresa let him hold her hand and they eventually married after she finished her education. María Teresa was influenced by her older sister
Minerva's political views and was involved in the clandestine activities against Trujillo's regime. As a result, she was harassed and arrested on the direct orders of Trujillo. She greatly admired her older sister Minerva and became passionate about Minerva's political views. She once said, "Perhaps what we have most near is death, but that idea does not frighten me. We shall continue to fight for that which is just."
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Enrique, died after his political imprisonment, and Dedé took over the family finances. She did not become involved with her sisters' political work. After the murder of her sisters, Dedé took care of their children and raised them. Between 1992 and 1994, Dedé started the
Mirabal Sisters Foundation and the Mirabal Sisters Museum to continue her sisters' legacy. Dedé was the last surviving sister of the family. She died at the age of 88, and professed her entire life that it was her destiny to survive so that she was able to "tell their story".
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against
Trujillo, who was the country's official president from 1930 to 1938 and from 1942 to 1952, but ruled behind the scenes as a dictator from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. Minerva's sisters followed her into the movement: first María Teresa, who joined after staying at Minerva's house and learning about her activities, and then Patria, who joined after witnessing a massacre by some of Trujillo's men while on a religious retreat. Dedé did not join in, partly because her husband, Jaimito, did not want her to.
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the eye of Rafael
Trujillo, so much so that the Mirabals were invited to a different party by Trujillo himself. At this party, Trujillo made more sexual advances toward Minerva, who slapped him in the face because of this. After Minerva's rejection of Trujillo, her parents prohibited Minerva from registering for law school due to concerns that she would get involved in politics and ultimately be killed. However, after seeing how upset Minerva was, her parents relented six years later and she enrolled at the
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of his secret police force. As to whether
Trujillo ordered the killings or whether the secret police acted on its own, one historian wrote, "We know orders of this nature could not come from any authority lower than national sovereignty. That was none other than Trujillo himself; still less could it have taken place without his assent." Also, one of the murderers, Ciriaco de la Rosa, said "I tried to prevent the disaster, but I could not because if I had he, Trujillo, would have killed us all."
25:
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including Patria's teenaged children, helped distribute pamphlets about the many people whom
Trujillo had killed, and obtained materials for guns and bombs to use when they eventually openly revolted. Within the group, the sisters called themselves "Las Mariposas" ("The Butterflies"), after Minerva's underground name. The secret movement was discovered weeks after its founding leading to Patria's house (where the group met) being burned to the ground and María Teresa and Minerva's arrests.
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141:. Maria Teresa also became involved in the Movement. The oldest sister, Patria, did not have the same level of political activity as her other sisters, but supported them. She lent her house to store weapons and tools from the insurgents. They are considered national heroines of the Dominican Republic. Their remains rest in a mausoleum that was declared an extension of the National Pantheon, located in the Hermanas Mirabal House-Museum, the last residence of the sisters.
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himself. According to the historian
Bernard Diederich, Minerva Mirabal was arrested twice; she was first jailed in January 1960, at the start of the wave of repression of 1J4 members where "hundreds of 1J4 members are rounded up and tortured" She once said "It is a source of happiness to do whatever can be done for our country that suffers so many anguishes. It is sad to stay with one's arms crossed."
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256:, where she later graduated summa cum laude. Minerva was the first woman to graduate from law school in the Dominican Republic. Due to her previous rejection of Trujillo's advances, when Minerva graduated, her diploma was stripped of her honors and her license to practice law was ultimately turned down.
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After
Trujillo was assassinated on 30 May 1961, General Pupo Román admitted to having personal knowledge that the sisters were killed by Victor Alicinio Peña Rivera, Trujillo's right-hand man, along with Ciriaco de la Rosa, Ramon Emilio Rojas, Alfonso Cruz Valeria, and Emilio Estrada Malleta, members
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In 1960, Minerva and María Teresa were incarcerated from
January 22 to February 7, then from May 18 to August 9. They were not tortured thanks to mounting international opposition to Trujillo's regime. Patria was never arrested but her husband and son were jailed. The three husbands were incarcerated
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On 25 November 1960, Patria, Minerva, María Teresa, and their driver, Rufino de la Cruz, were visiting María Teresa and
Minerva's incarcerated husbands. Patria's husband was not incarcerated but she went along for moral support. On the way home, they were stopped by Trujillo's henchmen. The sisters
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condemned Trujillo's actions and sent observers. Minerva and María Teresa were freed, but their husbands remained in prison. On a remembrance website, Learn to Question, the author writes, "No matter how many times Trujillo jailed them, no matter how much of their property and possessions he seized,
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Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes (15 October 1935 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as María Teresa, was the fourth and youngest daughter. She attended the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, graduated from the Liceo de San Francisco de Macorís in 1954, and went on to the University of Santo Domingo,
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A review of the history curriculum in public schools in 1997 recognized the Mirabals as national martyrs. The post-Balaguer era has seen a marked increase in homages to the Mirabal sisters, including an exhibition of their belongings at the National Museum of History and Geography in Santo Domingo.
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María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes (12 March 1926 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as Minerva, was the third daughter. At the age of 12, she followed Patria to the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción. In 1949, the Mirabal family was invited to a party for the local elite where Minerva first caught
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While attending the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, Minerva discovered that her friend Deisi Ariza's father was killed by Trujillo for opposing the regime. This event along with many others ultimately influenced Minerva's fight against the regime. Minerva became involved in the political movement
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At university, she met her husband, Manolo Tavárez Justo, who would help her fight the Trujillo regime. Minerva was the most vocal and radical of the Mirabal daughters. According to the theologian Nancy Pineda-Madrid, she was arrested and harassed on multiple occasions on orders given by Trujillo
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Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes (1 March 1925 – 1 February 2014), commonly known as Dedé, was the second daughter of the Mirabal family. Unlike her sisters, she did not go to college. Instead, she became the traditional homemaker, and helped her father with the family business. The Mirabal patriarch,
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When Trujillo came to power, the family lost almost their entire fortune. The sisters, especially Minerva, believed that the dictatorship was ruining the country, so they participated in the creation and organization of the June 14 Revolutionary Movement. Within this group, they were known as Las
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The husbands of Minerva, María Teresa, and Patria were among the leaders of the 14th of June Movement, nicknamed 1J4. The movement was created in support, and then in honor, of the Dominican rebels who were killed while attempting to overthrow the Rafael Trujillo regime. Everyone in the family,
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Later in her life, María Teresa dated Leandro Guzmán. While dating, before Leandro was allowed to hold María Teresa's hand, she asked him how his family felt about Trujillo. Leandro responded, "... there's no problem. At home, that was the first thing I learned... to hate Trujillo." After this
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Being globally recognized as a symbol of social justice and feminism, the sisters have inspired the creation of many organizations that focus on keeping their legacy alive through social actions. An example of one of these organizations is the Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center, a
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was forced to step down after more than two decades in power. Balaguer was Trujillo's protégé and had been the president at the time of the assassinations in 1960 (though, at the time, he "distanced himself from General Trujillo and initially carved out a more moderate political stance").
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Two of the sisters, Minerva and María Teresa, were imprisoned on several occasions in both La Victoria and La 40 prisons. They and their husbands were subjected to cruel torture during the Trujillo regime. Despite these facts, they continued to fight against the dictatorship.
127:) and were involved in clandestine activities against his regime. The three sisters were assassinated on 25 November 1960. The last sister, Adela, commonly known as Dedé, who was not involved in political activities at the time, died of natural causes on 1 February 2014.
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A partir de allí nació la 'obsesión' de Trujillo contra la familia Mirabal, que empeoró cuando se percató de que una mujer, Minerva, era la 'organizadora del movimiento de oposición más importante que tuvo que enfrentar en 30 años de dictadura',
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was the minister for environment and natural resources and a former vice president of the Dominican Republic. In 1992, Dedé created the Mirabal Sisters Foundation, and in 1994, she opened the Mirabal Sisters Museum in the sisters' hometown,
1157:(...) Once años antes del triple asesinato, 'había habido una intención del dictador de sumar a mi madre a la lista de mujeres que le pertenecían, como las vacas de sus fincas', algo a lo que Minerva se negó, contó Tavárez Mirabal.
349:, the sisters' assassinations "had greater effect on Dominicans than most of Trujillo's other crimes". The killings, he wrote, "did something to their machismo" and paved the way for Trujillo's own assassination six months later.
204:. Once Rafael Trujillo took power it was customary to have a picture of him in the household, however, the Mirabal house never had a picture of Trujillo and were subsequently considered dissidents by the Trujillo regime.
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Patria had three children. She once said "We cannot allow our children to grow up in this corrupt and tyrannical regime. We have to fight against it, and I am willing to give up everything, even my life if necessary."
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and de la Cruz were separated, strangled and clubbed to death. The bodies were then gathered and put in their Jeep, which was run off the mountain road in an attempt to make their deaths look like an accident.
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Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (27 February 1924 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as Patria was the oldest of the four Mirabal sisters. When she was 14, she was sent by her parents to a Catholic
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192:. Their parents Enrique Mirabal Fernández and Mercedes Reyes Camilo were landowners in the area. All four sisters attended primary school in their village, Ojo de Agua, and attended a
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224:, Colegio Inmaculada Concepción in La Vega. She left school when she was 17 and married Pedro González, a farmer, who would later aid her in challenging the Trujillo regime.
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Of the sisters, Minerva was the one who had the most active role in politics, being the founder of the June 14 Revolutionary Movement together with her husband
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The 137-foot obelisk that Trujillo built in 1935 to commemorate the renaming of the capital city from Santo Domingo to Ciudad Trujillo has been covered with
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account of the lives of the Mirabal sisters. Alvarez called the sisters "feminist icons" and "a reminder that we have our revolutionary heroines, our
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in honor of the sisters. It marks the beginning of a 16-day period of Activism against Gender Violence. The last day of that period, 10 December, is
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819:"La tragedia de las hermanas Mirabal: cómo el asesinato de 3 mujeres dominicanas dio origen al día mundial de la No violencia contra la mujer"
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After the assassinations, the surviving sister, Dedé, devoted her life to the legacy of her sisters. She raised their six children, including
2018:
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821:[The tragedy of the Mirabal sisters: how the murder of 3 Dominican women gave rise to the world day of No violence against women].
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which recounts the lives of the sisters. She also starred in the film as Minerva. Dedé Mirabal participated in the development of the film.
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1318:"The Mirabal Sisters: The three "butterflies" who were killed because of their activities against the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo"
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However, the details of the Mirabal sisters' assassinations were "treated gingerly at the official level" until 1996, when President
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Minerva, Patria and María Teresa refused to give up on their mission to restore democracy and civil liberties to the island nation."
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The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into "symbols of both popular and feminist resistance". In 1999, in their honor, the
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2008:
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Pineda-Madrid, Nancy (Spring 2011). "Celebrating our Latina feminist foremothers: a response to Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza".
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portrays the assassination of Trujillo and its effect on the lives of Dominicans. It refers often to the Mirabal sisters.
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Robinson, Nancy (2006). "Women's Political Participation in the Dominican Republic: The Case of the Mirabal Sisters".
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was designated "Mirabal Sisters Way" by the Council of the City of New York. In addition, there is a school campus in
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385:, on 25 August 2009. She lived in the house in Salcedo where the sisters were born until her death in 2014, aged 88.
585:, a documentary about the Mirabal sisters. It contains interviews with Dedé and other members of the Mirabal family.
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1987:
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The old house of the Mirabal family and the residence of Dedé Mirabal until her death on 1 February 2014, aged 88.
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40:. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.
35:
1636:"Proyecto de Ley mediante el cual se modifica el nombre de la provincia Salcedo a provincia Hermanas Mirabal"
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1921:, translated from Spanish by Edith Grossman. Originally published by Alfguana in Spain under the title
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in honor of the famous Dominican resistance fighters murdered under the Trujillo dictatorship in 1960.
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1946:"'In the Heights' is more than a movie to its cast. It's a celebration of Latinas throughout history"
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368:, Minerva's daughter, who has served as deputy for the National District in the lower house of the
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since 2002 and was deputy foreign minister before that (1996–2000). Of Dedé's own three children,
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100 Nasty Women of History: Brilliant, badass and completely fearless women everyone should know
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957:. Becoming The Butterflies: The Political Participation of the Mirabal Sisters. p. 2.
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On 17 December 1999, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the
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2002:
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created one; in 2011, Banco del Progreso sponsored Dustin Muñoz to redo the mural.
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Washington Heights, MS 319 Maria Teresa, and MS 324 Patria Mirabal, in
1837:"Commemorative plaque in Paris: the Rep Dom pays tribute to the Mirabal sisters"
1414:"Las Mariposas: The Mirabal Sisters' Role as Heroines of the Dominican Republic"
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non-profit organization that seeks to improve the status of immigrant families.
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1137:"Violencia y discriminación de la mujer, un problema muy grave en R.Dominicana"
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1794:"INVITATION: Sun. 2/10 Street Co-Naming Ceremony to Honor the Mirabal Sisters"
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1957:
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1993:
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The house in which the Mirabal sisters lived in 1960 is now a museum in
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In 2019, the southeast corner of 168th street and Amsterdam Avenue in
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1889:"Michelle Rodriguez Producing and Starring in Historical Feature"
794:"International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women"
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975:, "Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center", 7 March 2016
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International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
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and had a farm in the village of Ojo de Agua, near the town of
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International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
1081:"Dedé Mirabal Reyes and Minou Tavárez Mirabal to speak Nov. 6"
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honoring the sisters. In 1997, the telecommunications company
18:
1172:
Hanrahan, Maura (Fall 2005). "Remembering the Butterflies".
1776:"Obelisco del malecón restaurado con obra de Dustin Muñoz"
304:, and then, in November, two of them were transferred to
937:
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1891:. Michelle-rodriguez.com. 25 March 2008. Archived from
43:
1662:"Provincia Salcedo pasa a llamarse "Hermanas Mirabal""
1562:"Joaquín Balaguer, 95, Dies; Dominated Dominican Life"
1022:"Last Surviving Mirabal Sister, Doña Dede, Dead at 88"
1508:"THE ASSASSINATION The Murder of the Sisters Mirabal"
1478:"The Murder and Assassination of the Mirabal Sisters"
16:
Dominican political protestors, assassinated in 1960
1608:Tennant, Paul; Yadira Betances (3 February 2014).
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988:(in European Spanish). Casa Museo Hermanas Mirabal
419:On 21 November 2007, Salcedo Province was renamed
46:. The original article is under "español" in the
1048:"The Three Sisters, Avenged: A Dominican Drama"
942:"The Mirabal Sisters- The Nov. 25th Revolution"
855:"The Three Sisters, Avenged: A Dominican Drama"
200:, for their secondary education in the city of
1994:Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center
876:. The REAL Dominican Republic. Archived from
122:
8:
1465:La era de Trujillo. Narraciones de Don Cucho
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1252:
1250:
1248:
560:, a 2007 novel by Dominican-American writer
1439:"Mirabal Sisters of The Dominican Republic"
874:"Mirabal Sisters of The Dominican Republic"
535:, too". The novel was adapted into a 2001
300:in January at La Victoria Penitentiary in
2039:People murdered in the Dominican Republic
1143:(in Spanish). Panamá. EFE. Archived from
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1007:
1005:
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180:The Mirabal family were from the central
2044:People killed in intelligence operations
1712:"Las hermanas Mirabal en otra dimensión"
1539:. Markus Wiener Publishing. p. 71.
468:
336:
167:
1204:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
944:, "Safe World for Women", 7 March 2016
779:
459:. Every few years, the mural changes.
433:is named to honor the Mirabal sisters.
2014:Assassinated Dominican Republic people
913:"Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company"
60:Pages needing translation into English
1689:"La historia de las hermanas Mirabal"
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1308:
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872:Peter Farrington (17 December 2013).
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844:
842:
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241:María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes
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7:
1135:Ferullo, Giovanna (26 August 2011).
1020:Garcia, Franklin (3 February 2014).
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572:How the Butterflies Grew Their Wings
557:The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao
492:In 2021, Rosa Hernández de Grullón,
473:Monument in Honor of the sisters in
1537:Trujillo: The Death of the Dictator
517:In 1994, Dominican-American author
2024:Dominican Republic women activists
1343:Jewell, Hannah (2 November 2017).
1046:Rohter, Larry (15 February 1997).
853:Rohter, Larry (15 February 1997).
567:The story is fictionalized in the
264:Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes
14:
1263:. Little, Brown. pp. 69–71.
629:, references the Mirabal sisters.
455:(now Claro) sponsored a mural by
440:bill features the sisters, and a
148:Patria, Minerva and María Teresa.
1981:
1774:Brito, Reynaldo (27 July 2011).
1757:"Restauran Obelisco del Malecón"
742:
728:
714:
397:Mirabal Sisters Campus, housing
23:
1560:Kershaw, Sarah (15 July 2002).
1441:. TheRealDR.com. Archived from
1261:Trujillo, the death of the goat
758:Women in the Dominican Republic
313:Organization of American States
154:United Nations General Assembly
1737:Keys, Janette (29 June 2011).
1687:El Tiempo (24 November 2009).
1384:10.1080/00086495.2006.11829706
1216:10.2979/jfemistudreli.27.1.110
524:In the Time of the Butterflies
483:Washington Heights, Manhattan
414:International Human Rights Day
156:designated 25 November as the
117:) opposed the dictatorship of
1:
1739:"New Painting on the Obelisk"
554:The sisters are mentioned in
496:of the Dominican Republic in
487:Washington Heights, Manhattan
403:Washington Heights, Manhattan
374:Jaime David Fernández Mirabal
216:Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes
105:) were four sisters from the
2019:Dominican Republic activists
1714:(in Spanish). Archived from
1664:(in Spanish). Archived from
444:was issued in their memory.
1913:Author, Nobel Prize Winner
1763:(in Spanish). 3 March 2005.
1482:The Real Dominical Republic
1259:Diederich, Bernard (1978).
254:University of Santo Domingo
232:Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes
198:El Colegio de la Inmaculada
2067:
1349:. Hodder & Stoughton.
665:Santiago de los Caballeros
639:In the Dominican Republic:
500:, inaugurated a plaque in
489:, Mirabal Sisters Campus.
267:
244:
102:[eɾˈmanasmiɾaˈβal]
80:
2034:Hermanas Mirabal Province
1463:Virgilio Pina Chevalier,
973:"Mirabal Sisters History"
917:video.alexanderstreet.com
722:Dominican Republic portal
421:Hermanas Mirabal Province
109:, three of whom (Patria,
83:Hermanas Mirabal Province
1815:"Mirabal Sisters Campus"
1610:"Dominican heroine dies"
955:"ENCOUNTER WITH EL JEFE"
627:musical of the same name
547:as Trujillo, and singer
427:Hermanas Mirabal station
381:. She published a book,
1743:Colonial Zone News Blog
345:According to historian
44:enhance the translation
2009:Assassinated activists
583:Code Name: Butterflies
537:movie of the same name
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405:
342:
177:
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97:
81:For the province, see
1919:The Feast of the Goat
1868:www.mirabalcenter.org
1634:Camara de Diputados.
1116:. LearnToQuestion.com
1114:"The Mirabal Sisters"
608:The Feast of the Goat
592:co-produced the film
551:in a supporting role.
472:
396:
366:Minou Tavárez Mirabal
340:
176:, Dominican Republic.
171:
147:
1990:at Wikimedia Commons
1944:Frederick, Candice.
1841:Travel News and Tips
1780:Imagenes Dominicanas
1512:Learning to Question
1418:stmuhistorymedia.org
1292:Maria Teresa Mirabal
986:"Dedé Mirabal Reyes"
702:Mairena del Aljarafe
521:published her novel
475:Ojo de Agua, Salcedo
287:Political activities
270:María Teresa Mirabal
132:Manolo Tavárez Justo
55:this article's entry
1924:La fiesta del chivo
1817:. Childrens Aid NYC
1587:. Vintage Español.
1445:on 15 December 2011
1372:Caribbean Quarterly
880:on 14 December 2014
431:Santo Domingo Metro
164:The Mirabal sisters
1915:Mario Vargas Llosa
1862:Sisters, Mirabal.
1583:Vivas en el Jardin
1147:on 3 December 2013
1087:. 17 December 2009
1052:The New York Times
825:. 25 November 2017
763:Virgins of Galindo
603:Mario Vargas Llosa
590:Michelle Rodriguez
577:Chilean filmmaker
545:Edward James Olmos
512:In popular culture
479:
406:
383:Vivas en su Jardín
370:Dominican Congress
343:
275:where she studied
186:Dominican Republic
178:
150:
107:Dominican Republic
2049:Deaths by beating
1986:Media related to
1533:Bernard Diederich
1235:Project MUSE
792:Nations, United.
595:Trópico de Sangre
574:by Jacob Kushner.
347:Bernard Diederich
196:boarding school,
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1423:25 November
1288:"Biography"
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829:25 November
618:2021 movie
541:Salma Hayek
539:, starring
277:mathematics
135: [
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36:translation
2003:Categories
1799:9 February
1710:Educando.
1619:9 February
1232:A268652371
1085:Middlebury
774:References
562:Junot Díaz
494:Ambassador
457:Elsa Núñez
68:April 2023
1958:0190-8286
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1400:150808008
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1864:"Misión"
1847:10 March
1535:(1999).
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1091:29 April
1065:29 April
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992:29 April
922:12 March
803:30 April
708:See also
692:Albacete
675:Tamboril
588:Actress
436:The 200
194:Catholic
1899:16 June
1517:22 June
1492:22 June
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1328:5 April
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687:Alaquàs
660:Salcedo
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190:Salcedo
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449:murals
389:Legacy
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1821:5 May
1639:(PDF)
1396:S2CID
1388:JSTOR
1220:S2CID
502:Paris
442:stamp
139:]
1965:2022
1954:ISSN
1929:ISBN
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1823:2020
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