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typically consist of reaction time, rather than accuracy, differences between compatible and incompatible trials. Research reveals that the existence of automatic imitation, which is a covert form of imitation, is distinct from spatial compatibility. It also indicates that, although automatic imitation is subject to input modulation by attentional processes, and output modulation by inhibitory processes, it is mediated by learned, long-term sensorimotor associations that cannot be altered directly by intentional processes. Many researchers believe that automatic imitation is mediated by the mirror neuron system. Additionally, there are data that demonstrate that our postural control is impaired when people listen to sentences about other actions. For example, if the task is to maintain posture, people do it worse when they listen to sentences like this: "I get up, put on my slippers, go to the bathroom." This phenomenon may be due to the fact that during action perception there is similar motor cortex activation as if a human being performed the same action (mirror neurons system).
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studying the ventral premotor cortex and the associated inferior parietal lobe, two regions in which epilepsy rarely occurs, and hence, single cell recordings in these regions are not usually done in humans. On the other hand, no one has to date looked for mirror neurons in the supplementary motor area or the medial temporal lobe in the monkey. Together, this therefore does not suggest that humans and monkeys have mirror neurons in different locations, but rather that they may have mirror neurons both in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobe, where they have been recorded in the monkey, and in the supplementary motor areas and medial temporal lobe, where they have been recorded from in human – especially because detailed human fMRI analyses suggest activity compatible with the presence of mirror neurons in all these regions.
692:. EEG recordings from motor areas are suppressed when someone watches another person move, a signal that may relate to mirror neuron system. This suppression was less in children with autism. Although these findings have been replicated by several groups, other studies have not found evidence of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system in autism. In 2008, Oberman et al. published a research paper that presented conflicting EEG evidence. Oberman and Ramachandran found typical mu-suppression for familiar stimuli, but not for unfamiliar stimuli, leading them to conclude that the mirror neuron system of children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) was functional, but less sensitive than that of typical children. Based on the conflicting evidence presented by mu-wave suppression experiments,
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and emotional empathy. First, there is no relationship between motor empathy and the activity of mirror neurons. Second, there is only weak evidence of these neurons' activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and no evidence of emotional empathy associated with mirror neurons in key brain regions (inferior parietal lobule: IPL). In other words, there has not been an exact conclusion about the role of mirror neurons in empathy and if they are essential for human empathy. However, these brain regions are not quite the same as the ones which mirror hand actions, and mirror neurons for emotional states or empathy have not yet been described in monkeys.
402:. The patients had been implanted with intracranial depth electrodes to identify seizure foci for potential surgical treatment. Electrode location was based solely on clinical criteria; the researchers, with the patients' consent, used the same electrodes to "piggyback" their research. The researchers found a small number of neurons that fired or showed their greatest activity both when the individual performed a task and when they observed a task. Other neurons had anti-mirror properties: they responded when the participant performed an action, but were inhibited when the participant saw that action.
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do not exist in humans. They stated "Crucially, we found no signs of adaptation for motor acts that were first executed and then observed. Failure to find cross-modal adaptation for executed and observed motor acts is not compatible with the core assumption of mirror neuron theory, which holds that action recognition and understanding are based on motor simulation." However, in the same year, Kilner et al. showed that if goal directed actions are used as stimuli, both IPL and premotor regions show the repetition suppression between observation and execution that is predicted by mirror neurons.
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words fMRI activity or EEG rhythm suppression do not unequivocally index mirror neurons. Dinstein and colleagues found normal mirror neuron activity in people with autism using fMRI. In individuals with autism, deficits in intention understanding, action understanding and biological motion perception (the key functions of mirror neurons) are not always found, or are task dependent. Today, very few people believe an all-or-nothing problem with the mirror system can underlie autism. Instead, "additional research needs to be done, and more caution should be used when reaching out to the media."
842:(through simulating observed actions) is based on assumptions that are clouded by unresolved philosophical issues. She makes the argument that intentions are understood (coded) at a more complex level of neural activity than that of individual neurons. Churchland states that "A neuron, though computationally complex, is just a neuron. It is not an intelligent homunculus. If a neural network represents something complex, such as an intention , it must have the right input and be in the right place in the neural circuitry to do that."
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43:
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observed action is goal-directed (object-directed action or a communicative gesture, which certainly has a goal too). How do they "know" that the definite action is goal-directed? At what stage of their activation do they detect a goal of the movement or its absence? In his opinion, the mirror neuron system can be activated only after the goal of the observed action is attributed by some other brain structures.
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region of the cingulate cortex led to reduced emotional contagion in the rats, so that observer rats showed reduced distress while witnessing another rat experience pain. The homologous part of the anterior cingulate cortex has been associated with empathy for pain in humans, suggesting a homology between the systems involved in emotional contagion in rodents and empathy/emotional contagion for pain in humans.
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implicitly (in the brain) to collect our own motor programs of observed actions and to get ready to reproduce the actions later. It is implicit training. Due to this, the observer will produce the action explicitly (in his/her behavior) with agility and finesse. This happens due to associative learning processes. The more frequently a synaptic connection is activated, the stronger it becomes.
783:. According to this theory, sleep paralysis leads to disinhibition of the mirror neuron system, paving the way for hallucinations of human-like shadowy beings. The deafferentation of sensory information during sleep paralysis is proposed as the mechanism for such mirror neuron disinhibition. The authors suggest that their hypothesis on the role of the mirror neuron system could be tested:
322:. For example, a mirror neuron which fires when the monkey rips a piece of paper would also fire when the monkey sees a person rip paper, or hears paper ripping (without visual cues). These properties have led researchers to believe that mirror neurons encode abstract concepts of actions like 'ripping paper', whether the action is performed by the monkey or another animal.
151:. The function of the mirror system in humans is a subject of much speculation. Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system. To date, no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions.
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widely overblown. According to scientists such as Hickok, Pascolo, and
Dinstein, it is not clear whether mirror neurons really form a distinct class of cells (as opposed to an occasional phenomenon seen in cells that have other functions), and whether mirror activity is a distinct type of response or simply an artifact of an overall facilitation of the motor system.
701:...no clear cut evidence emerges for a fundamental mirror system deficit in autism. Behavioural studies have shown that people with autism have a good understanding of action goals. Furthermore, two independent neuroimaging studies have reported that the parietal component of the mirror system is functioning typically in individuals with autism.
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the measurements of neuron fire delay seem not to be compatible with standard reaction times, and pointed out that nobody has reported that an interruption of the motor areas in F5 would produce a decrease in action recognition. (Critics of this argument have replied that these authors have missed human neuropsychological and
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understanding is likewise an interesting and prima facie reasonable idea. However, despite its widespread acceptance, the proposal has never been adequately tested in monkeys, and in humans there is strong empirical evidence, in the form of physiological and neuropsychological (double-) dissociations, against the claim."
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Vladimir
Kosonogov sees another contradiction. The proponents of mirror neuron theory of action understanding postulate that the mirror neurons code the goals of others' actions because they are activated if the observed action is goal-directed. However, the mirror neurons are activated only when the
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Some anatomical differences have been found in the mirror neuron related brain areas in adults with autism spectrum disorders, compared to non-autistic adults. All these cortical areas were thinner and the degree of thinning was correlated with autism symptom severity, a correlation nearly restricted
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are active when the person performs an action and also when the person sees another individual performing an action. It has been suggested that these brain regions contain mirror neurons, and they have been defined as the human mirror neuron system. More recent experiments have shown that even at the
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Participants were expected to answer whether the correct word phase matched the corresponding action or intention word. The word phase had to be answered within 3000 ms, with a 1000 ms black screen between each image. The black screens purpose was for an adequate amount of time in between responses.
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In 2009, Lingnau et al. carried out an experiment in which they compared motor acts that were first observed and then executed to motor acts that were first executed and then observed. They concluded that there was a significant asymmetry between the two processes that indicated that mirror neurons
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Although some in the scientific community have expressed excitement about the discovery of mirror neurons, there are scientists who have expressed doubts about both the existence and role of mirror neurons in humans. The consensus today seems to be that the importance of so-called mirror neurons is
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that selectively predicted an opponent's yet unknown decisions or covert state of mind. These "other-predictive neurons" differentiated between self and other decisions and were uniquely sensitive to social context, but they did not encode the opponent's observed actions or receipt of reward. These
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empathize with the person we're observing and, accounting for relevant differences, imagine what we would desire and believe in that scenario. Mirror neurons have been interpreted as the mechanism by which we simulate others in order to better understand them, and therefore their discovery has been
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Research from 2010 concluded that autistic individuals do not exhibit mirror neuron dysfunction, although the small sample size limits the extent to which these results can be generalized. A more recent review argued there was not enough neurological evidence to support this “broken-mirror theory”
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Nevertheless, the similarities between automatic imitation, mirror effects, and motor mimicry have led some researchers to propose that automatic imitation is mediated by the mirror neuron system and that it is a tightly controlled laboratory equivalent of the motor mimicry observed in naturalistic
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experiences. Nevertheless, an experiment aimed at investigating the activity of mirror neurons in empathy conducted by
Soukayna Bekkali and Peter Enticott at the University of Deakin yielded a different result. After analyzing the report's data, they came up with two conclusions about motor empathy
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In 2008, Ilan
Dinstein et al. argued that the original analyses were unconvincing because they were based on qualitative descriptions of individual cell properties, and did not take into account the small number of strongly mirror-selective neurons in motor areas. Other scientists have argued that
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Many researchers have pointed out that the "broken mirrors" theory of autism is overly simplistic, and mirror neurons alone cannot explain the differences found in individuals with autism. First of all, as noted above, none of these studies were direct measures of mirror neuron activity - in other
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has speculated that mirror neurons may provide the neurological basis of human self-awareness. In an essay written for the Edge
Foundation in 2009 Ramachandran gave the following explanation of his theory: "... I also speculated that these neurons can not only help simulate other people's behavior
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In a recent study, done in 2022, sixteen hand actions were given for each assignment. The assignment pictured both an activity word phase and the intended word phase. The hand actions were selected in "trails" each introduced twice. One of the times was with a matching phase and the other time was
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Another study has suggested that human beings do not necessarily have more mirror neurons than monkeys, but instead that there is a core set of mirror neurons used in action observation and execution. However, for other proposed functions of mirror neurons the mirror system may have the ability to
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recorded from neurons while rats experienced pain or witnessed the pain of others, and has revealed the presence of pain mirror neurons in the rat's anterior cingulate cortex, i.e. neurons that respond both while an animal experiences pain and while witnessing the pain of others. Deactivating this
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has advanced the theory that mirror neurons are the byproduct of associative learning as opposed to evolutionary adaptation. She argues that mirror neurons in humans are the product of social interaction and not an evolutionary adaptation for action-understanding. In particular, Heyes rejects the
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Meta-analysis of imitation studies in humans suggest that there is enough evidence of mirror system activation during imitation that mirror neuron involvement is likely, even though no published studies have recorded the activities of singular neurons. However, it is likely insufficient for motor
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The term is commonly used to refer to cases in which an individual, having observed a body movement, unintentionally performs a similar body movement or alters the way that a body movement is performed. Automatic imitation rarely involves overt execution of matching responses. Instead the effects
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and colleagues have shown that people who are more empathic according to self-report questionnaires have stronger activations both in the mirror system for hand actions and the mirror system for emotions, providing more direct support for the idea that the mirror system is linked to empathy. Some
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specialized in the control of hand and mouth actions; for example, taking hold of an object and manipulating it. During each experiment, the researchers allowed the monkey to reach for pieces of food, and recorded from single neurons in the monkey's brain, thus measuring the neuron's response to
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both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Mirror neurons are not always physiologically distinct from other types of neurons in the brain; their main
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Recent research, which measured mu-wave suppression, suggests that mirror neuron activity is positively correlated with psychotic symptoms (i.e., greater mu suppression/mirror neuron activity was highest among subjects with the greater severity of psychotic symptoms). Researchers concluded that
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earlier brain processes. This could be the neural basis of introspection, and of the reciprocity of self awareness and other awareness. There is obviously a chicken-or-egg question here as to which evolved first, but... The main point is that the two co-evolved, mutually enriching each other to
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Many studies link mirror neurons to understanding goals and intentions. Fogassi et al. (2005) recorded the activity of 41 mirror neurons in the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) of two rhesus macaques. The IPL has long been recognized as an association cortex that integrates sensory information. The
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Human infant data using eye-tracking measures suggest that the mirror neuron system develops before 12 months of age and that this system may help human infants understand other people's actions. A critical question concerns how mirror neurons acquire mirror properties. Two closely related
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have expressed both scientific and philosophical objections to the theory that mirror neurons are responsible for understanding the intentions of others. In chapter 5 of her 2011 book, Braintrust, Churchland points out that the claim that mirror neurons are involved in understanding intentions
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In 2009, Greg Hickok published an extensive argument against the claim that mirror neurons are involved in action-understanding: "Eight
Problems for the Mirror Neuron Theory of Action Understanding in Monkeys and Humans." He concluded that "The early hypothesis that these cells underlie action
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Only the type of action, and not the kinematic force with which models manipulated objects, determined neuron activity. It was also significant that neurons fired before the monkey observed the human model starting the second motor act (bringing the object to the mouth or placing it in a cup).
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The mirror neurons found were located in the supplementary motor area and medial temporal cortex (other brain regions were not sampled). For purely practical reasons, these regions are not the same as those in which mirror neurons had been recorded from in the monkey: researchers in Parma were
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Many implicitly assume that the mirroring function of mirror neurons is due primarily to heritable genetic factors and that the genetic predisposition to develop mirror neurons evolved because they facilitate action understanding. In contrast, a number of theoretical accounts argue that mirror
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The integration of research on motor mimicry and automatic imitation could reveal plausible indications that these phenomena depend on the same psychological and neural processes. Preliminary evidence however comes from studies showing that social priming has similar effects on motor mimicry.
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In another study, sex-based differences among mirror neuron mechanisms was reinforced in that the data showed enhanced empathetic ability in females relative to males. During an emotional social interaction, females showed a greater ability in emotional perspective taking than did males when
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Another possible function of mirror neurons would be facilitation of learning. The mirror neurons code the concrete representation of the action, i.e., the representation that would be activated if the observer acted. This would allow us to simulate (to repeat internally) the observed action
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In humans, functional MRI studies have reported finding areas homologous to the monkey mirror neuron system in the inferior frontal cortex, close to Broca's area, one of the hypothesized language regions of the brain. This has led to suggestions that human language evolved from a gesture
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region of the monkey ventral premotor cortex. While these papers reported the presence of mirror neurons responding to hand actions, a subsequent study by Pier
Francesco Ferrari and colleagues described the presence of mirror neurons responding to mouth actions and facial gestures.
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and during a limited temporal window. Even if it has not yet been empirically demonstrated, it has been proposed that mirror neurons cause this behaviour and other imitative phenomena. Indeed, there is limited understanding of the degree to which monkeys show imitative behaviour.
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revealed that the mirror-neuron system of the observer indeed reflects the pattern of activity in the motor system of the sender, supporting the idea that the motor concept associated with the words is indeed transmitted from one brain to another using the mirror system
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performance/understanding system implemented in mirror neurons. Mirror neurons have been said to have the potential to provide a mechanism for action-understanding, imitation-learning, and the simulation of other people's behaviour. This hypothesis is supported by some
797:"higher mirror neuron activity may be the underpinning of schizophrenia sensory gating deficits and may contribute to sensory misattributions particularly in response to socially relevant stimuli, and be a putative mechanism for delusions and hallucinations."
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strongly suggests that humans have similar mirror neurons systems: researchers have identified brain regions which respond during both action and observation of action. Not surprisingly, these brain regions include those found in the macaque monkey. However,
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Therefore, IPL neurons "code the same act (grasping) in a different way according to the final goal of the action in which the act is embedded." They may furnish a neural basis for predicting another individual's subsequent actions and inferring intention.
787:"These ideas could be explored using neuroimaging, to examine the selective activation of brain regions associated with mirror neuron activity, when the individual is hallucinating an intruder or having an out-of-body experience during sleep paralysis ."
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imitation. Studies show that regions of the frontal and parietal lobes that extend beyond the classical mirror system are equally activated during imitation. This suggests that other areas, along with the mirror system are crucial to imitation behaviors.
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researchers observed that the human mirror system does not passively respond to the observation of actions but is influenced by the mindset of the observer. Researchers observed the link of the mirror neurons during empathetic engagement in patient care.
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interacting with another person face-to-face. However, in the study, data showed that when it came to recognizing the emotions of others, all participants' abilities were very similar and there was no key difference between the male and female subjects.
431:). However, if premotor neurons need to be trained by action in order to acquire mirror properties, it is unclear how newborn babies are able to mimic the facial gestures of another person (imitation of unseen actions), as suggested by the work of
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taken by some as a validation of simulation theory (which appeared a decade before the discovery of mirror neurons). More recently, Theory of Mind and
Simulation have been seen as complementary systems, with different developmental time courses.
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The function of mirror neurons in macaques remains unknown. Adult macaques do not seem to learn by imitation. Recent experiments by
Ferrari and colleagues suggest that infant macaques can imitate a human's face movements, though only as
566:, two phenomena associated with empathy, in rodents. That brain activity in the homologous brain region is associated with individual variability in empathy in humans suggests that a similar mechanism may be at play across mammals.
640:, given that this definitory property of human languages which is implemented in hierarchical recursive structure is flattened into linear sequences of phonemes making the recursive structure not accessible to sensory detection
763:, spinal reflex excitability, electroencephalography, have documented the presence of a gender difference in the human mirror neuron system, with female participants exhibiting stronger motor resonance than male participants.
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There are several competing models which attempt to account for our theory of mind; the most notable in relation to mirror neurons is simulation theory. According to simulation theory, theory of mind is available because we
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Further experiments confirmed that about 10% of neurons in the monkey inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex have "mirror" properties and give similar responses to performed hand actions and observed actions. In 2002
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social contexts. If true, then automatic imitation can be used as a tool to investigate how the mirror neuron system contributes to cognitive functioning and how motor mimicry promotes prosocial attitudes and behavior.
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to these brain regions. Based on these results, some researchers claim that autism is caused by impairments in the mirror neuron system, leading to disabilities in social skills, imitation, empathy and theory of mind.
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certain movements. They found that some neurons responded when the monkey observed a person picking up a piece of food, and also when the monkey itself picked up the food. The discovery was initially submitted to
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has cautioned that mu-wave suppression results cannot be used as a valid index for measuring the performance of mirror neuron systems. Recent research indicates that mirror neurons do not play a role in autism:
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Further evidence for this link comes from a recent study in which the brain activity of two participants was measured using fMRI while they were gesturing words to each other using hand gestures with a game of
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Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (April 2008). "Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: the mirror neuron hypothesis".
685:. However the connection between mirror neuron dysfunction and autism is tentative and it remains to be demonstrated how mirror neurons are related to many of the important characteristics of autism.
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At the neuronal-level, in a 2015 study by Keren
Haroush and Ziv Williams using jointly interacting primates performing an iterated prisoner's dilemma game, the authors identified neurons in the
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Ferrari PF, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G, Fogassi L (April 2003). "Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and communicative mouth actions in the monkey ventral premotor cortex".
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contains mirror neurons for pain, i.e. neurons responding both during the first-hand experience of pain and while witnessing the pain of others, and inhibition of this region leads to reduced
255:(fMRI) can examine the entire brain at once and suggests that a much wider network of brain areas shows mirror properties in humans than previously thought. These additional areas include the
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cingulate cells may therefore importantly complement the function of mirror neurons by providing additional information about other social agents that is not immediately observable or known.
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Reports on mirror neurons have been widely published and confirmed with mirror neurons found in both inferior frontal and inferior parietal regions of the brain. Recently, evidence from
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Botvinick M, Jha AP, Bylsma LM, Fabian SA, Solomon PE, Prkachin KM (March 2005). "Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain".
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with a misleading word phase. The action words were depicted in two to three words with each beginning with the word "to". For instance, "to point" (action) or "to spin" (intention).
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help humans understand the actions and intentions of other people. In addition, Iacoboni has argued that mirror neurons are the neural basis of the human capacity for emotions such as
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Sommerville JA, Decety J (April 2006). "Weaving the fabric of social interaction: articulating developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the domain of motor cognition".
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Candidi M, Urgesi C, Ionta S, Aglioti SM (2008). "Virtual lesion of ventral premotor cortex impairs visual perception of biomechanically possible but not impossible actions".
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Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T (February 2011). "Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain".
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In total, 15 mirror neurons fired vigorously when the monkey observed the "grasp-to-eat" motion, but registered no activity while exposed to the "grasp-to-place" condition.
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level of single participants, scanned using fMRI, large areas containing multiple fMRI voxels increase their activity both during the observation and execution of actions.
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published a special issue entirely devoted to mirror neuron research. Some researchers speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions, and thus contribute to
6505:
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is observed in (1) naturalistic social situations and (2) via measures of action frequency within a session rather than measures of speed and/or accuracy within trials.
226:
A few years later, the same group published another empirical paper, discussing the role of the mirror-neuron system in action recognition, and proposing that the human
156:
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Oberman LM, Hubbard EM, McCleery JP, Altschuler EL, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (July 2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders".
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Molenberghs P, Hayward L, Mattingley JB, Cunnington R (January 2012). "Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas".
518:, and inferior frontal cortex) are active when people experience an emotion (disgust, happiness, pain, etc.) and when they see another person experiencing an emotion.
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Kohler E, Keysers C, Umiltà MA, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (August 2002). "Hearing sounds, understanding actions: action representation in mirror neurons".
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It is not normally possible to study single neurons in the human brain, so most evidence for mirror neurons in humans is indirect. Brain imaging experiments using
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Murphy P, Brady N, Fitzgerald M, Troje NF (December 2009). "No evidence for impaired perception of biological motion in adults with autistic spectrum disorders".
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Cheng Y, Yang CY, Lin CP, Lee PL, Decety J (May 2008). "The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: a magnetoencephalography study".
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For 4 other mirror neurons, the reverse held true: they activated in response to the experimenter eventually placing the apple in the cup but not to eating it.
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Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (February 2004). "Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain".
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Oberman L, Ramachandran VS (2009). "Reflections on the Mirror Neuron System: Their Evolutionary Functions Beyond Motor Representation". In Pineda JA (ed.).
2132:
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Yang CY, Decety J, Lee S, Chen C, Cheng Y (January 2009). "Gender differences in the mu rhythm during empathy for pain: an electroencephalographic study".
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Saygin AP, Wilson SM, Dronkers NF, Bates E (2004). "Action comprehension in aphasia: linguistic and non-linguistic deficits and their lesion correlates".
363:, viewed from the left. The inferior frontal lobe is the lower part of the blue area, and the superior parietal lobe is the upper part of the yellow area.
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Porter RJ, Lubker JF (September 1980). "Rapid reproduction of vowel-vowel sequences: evidence for a fast and direct acoustic-motoric linkage in speech".
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in neonates. Careful analysis suggests that 'imitation' of this single gesture may account for almost all reports of facial mimicry by new-born infants.
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van Baaren RB, Maddux WW, Chartrand TL, de Bouter C, van Knippenberg A (May 2003). "It takes two to mimic: behavioral consequences of self-construals".
1980:
Fogassi L, Ferrari PF, Gesierich B, Rozzi S, Chersi F, Rizzolatti G (April 2005). "Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding".
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2038:"The observation and execution of actions share motor and somatosensory voxels in all tested subjects: single-subject analyses of unsmoothed fMRI data"
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Cheng Y, Decety J, Lin CP, Hsieh JC, Hung D, Tzeng OJ (June 2007). "Sex differences in spinal excitability during observation of bipedal locomotion".
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734:." "Theory of mind" refers to our ability to infer another person's mental state (i.e., beliefs and desires) from experiences or their behaviour.
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studies have confirmed this as well. These results indicate the activation in mirror neuron related areas are unlikely to be just epiphenomenal.
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Molenberghs P, Cunnington R, Mattingley JB (July 2009). "Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis".
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Cheng YW, Tzeng OJ, Decety J, Imada T, Hsieh JC (July 2006). "Gender differences in the human mirror system: a magnetoencephalography study".
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Molenberghs P, Cunnington R, Mattingley JB (January 2012). "Brain regions with mirror properties: a meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies".
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In adult monkeys, mirror neurons may enable the monkey to understand what another monkey is doing, or to recognize the other monkey's action.
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have hypothesized that the mirror neuron system is important in giving rise to the intruder hallucination and out-of-body experiences during
368:
252:
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Lamm C, Batson CD, Decety J (January 2007). "The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal".
398:(Current Biology, 2010) recorded from the brains of 21 patients who were being treated at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center for intractable
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342:
A number of studies have shown that rats and mice show signs of distress while witnessing another rodent receive footshocks. The group of
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Prather JF, Peters S, Nowicki S, Mooney R (January 2008). "Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication".
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theory advanced by V.S. Ramachandran that mirror neurons have been "the driving force behind the great leap forward in human evolution."
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in rats and mice, and reduced aversion towards harming others. This provides causal evidence for a link between pain mirror neurons, and
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Schulte-Rüther M, Markowitsch HJ, Shah NJ, Fink GR, Piefke M (August 2008). "Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy".
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98:
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Petrides M, Cadoret G, Mackey S (June 2005). "Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area".
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di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (1992). "Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study".
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628:– a modality that some have suggested might represent the evolutionary precursor of human language. Analysis of the data using
5172:"Unaffected perceptual thresholds for biological and non-biological form-from-motion perception in autism spectrum conditions"
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Fay WH, Coleman RO (July 1977). "A human sound transducer/reproducer: temporal capabilities of a profoundly echolalic child".
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differentiating factor is their response patterns. By this definition, such neurons have been directly observed in humans and
5418:"What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience"
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The mirror neurons can be activated only after the goal of the observed action has been attributed by other brain structures.
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Tranel D, Kemmerer D, Adolphs R, Damasio H, Damasio AR (May 2003). "Neural correlates of conceptual knowledge for actions".
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859:
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studies reporting disruption of these areas do indeed cause action deficits without affecting other kinds of perception.)
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monkeys watched an experimenter either grasp an apple and bring it to his mouth or grasp an object and place it in a cup.
428:
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A study published in April 2010 reports recordings from single neurons with mirror properties in the human brain. Mukamel
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Neuropsychological studies looking at lesion areas that cause action knowledge, pantomime interpretation, and biological
911:
906:
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Perkins T, Stokes M, McGillivray J, Bittar R (October 2010). "Mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders".
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Fan YT, Decety J, Yang CY, Liu JL, Cheng Y (September 2010). "Unbroken mirror neurons in autism spectrum disorders".
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It has also been proposed that problems with the mirror neuron system may underlie cognitive disorders, particularly
6758:
6559:
4435:"Automatic imitation of biomechanically possible and impossible actions: effects of priming movements versus goals"
3632:
Jabbi M, Swart M, Keysers C (February 2007). "Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex".
1712:
Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L (March 1996). "Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions".
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and colleagues reported that, in both humans and monkeys, the mirror system also responds to the sound of actions.
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Chartrand TL, Bargh JA (June 1999). "The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction".
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deficits have pointed to a causal link between the integrity of the inferior frontal gyrus and these behaviours.
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6085:"Mirror neurons and imitation learning as the driving force behind "the great leap forward" in human evolution"
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Lakin JL, Chartrand TL (July 2003). "Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport".
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A series of recent studies conducted by Yawei Cheng, using a variety of neurophysiological measures, including
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86:
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Keysers C, Gazzola V (May 2007). "Integrating simulation and theory of mind: from self to social cognition".
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Brass M, Heyes C (October 2005). "Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence problem?".
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but can be turned 'inward'—as it were—to create second-order representations or meta-representations of your
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223:, but was rejected for its "lack of general interest" before being published in a less competitive journal.
6464:(an overview of prominent research approaches based on interviews with Iacoboni, Hickok, Heyes and Gallese)
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Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M, Cattaneo L (January 2009). "Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance".
5838:"Sleep Paralysis, "The Ghostly Bedroom Intruder" and Out-of-Body Experiences: The Role of Mirror Neurons"
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4838:"Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders"
4789:"Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders"
2230:
Del Giudice M, Manera V, Keysers C (March 2009). "Programmed to learn? The ontogeny of mirror neurons".
1651:
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424:
256:
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3212:
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1303:"Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the bidirectional control procedure"
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recruit other areas of the brain when doing its auditory, somatosensory, and affective components.
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Gallese V, Goldman A (December 1998). "Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading".
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Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, Scott AA, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY, Iacoboni M (January 2006).
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Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, Scott AA, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY, Iacoboni M (January 2006).
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Pascolo PB, Ragogna R, Rossi R (2009). "The Mirror-Neuron System Paradigm and its consistency".
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Participants pressed on the keyboard "x" or "m" to indicate their responses in a yes/no format.
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abilities. Neuroscientists such as Marco Iacoboni have argued that mirror neuron systems in the
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Keysers C, Perrett DI (November 2004). "Demystifying social cognition: a Hebbian perspective".
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5553:"Neuronal prediction of opponent's behavior during cooperative social interchange in primates"
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Kosonogov V (October 2011). "Listening to action-related sentences impairs postural control".
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Kosonogov, V. (December 2012). "Why the Mirror Neurons Cannot Support Action Understanding".
2336:"From monkey mirror neurons to primate behaviours: possible 'direct' and 'indirect' pathways"
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have also put forward the idea that this function of the mirror neuron system is crucial for
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3480:"Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue?"
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5021:"Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism"
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4033:
2652:
1409:"Eight problems for the mirror neuron theory of action understanding in monkeys and humans"
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7236:
6921:
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6788:
6613:
6574:
3521:"Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust"
2405:
1747:
Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M (January 2010). "Mirror neurons: from discovery to autism".
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and are thought to make the observer feel what it feels like to move in the observed way.
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Hernandez-Lallement J, Attah AT, Soyman E, Pinhal CM, Gazzola V, Keysers C (March 2020).
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2733:"Superior temporal and premotor brain areas necessary for biological motion perception"
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In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the
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4765:
4434:
4345:"Mapping the information flow from one brain to another during gestural communication"
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McCarthy RA, Warrington EK (2001). "Repeating without semantics: surface dysphasia?".
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The first animal in which researchers have studied mirror neurons individually is the
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Preston SD, de Waal FB (February 2002). "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases".
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Keysers C, Gazzola V (2006). "Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition".
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Preston SD, de Waal FB (February 2002). "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases".
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2441:"Neural Basis of Observational Fear Learning: A Potential Model of Affective Empathy"
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2183:"Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions"
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Keysers C, Gazzola V (2006). "Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition".
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Diagram of the brain, showing the locations of the frontal and parietal lobes of the
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McCormick LM, Brumm MC, Beadle JN, Paradiso S, Yamada T, Andreasen N (March 2012).
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3782:"Mirror neuron brain regions contribute to identifying actions, but not intentions"
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2904:
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Keysers C, Kaas JH, Gazzola V (June 2010). "Somatosensation in social perception".
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to vocally mirror non-words and so to acquire the new word pronunciations. Such
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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4898:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3731:
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3017:
1123:"Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions"
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The mirror neuron system seems to be inherently inadequate to play any role in
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6926:
6733:
6364:
4996:
Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from developmental social neuroscience
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and Moore. One possibility is that the sight of tongue protrusion recruits an
17:
6227:
5968:"Asymmetric fMRI adaptation reveals no evidence for mirror neurons in humans"
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3256:
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Anisfeld M (1996). "Only tongue protruding modeling is matched by neonates".
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The subject of mirror neurons continues to generate intense debate. In 2014,
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4989:"Two systems for action comprehension in autism: mirroring and mentalizing."
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2001:
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Some researchers claim there is a link between mirror neuron deficiency and
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612:. Moreover, such vocal imitation can occur without comprehension such as in
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homologies between monkey premotor area F5 and human Broca's area. Rates of
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create the mature representation of self that characterizes modern humans."
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Carrillo M, Han Y, Migliorati F, Liu M, Gazzola V, Keysers C (April 2019).
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Mirror neurons are believed to mediate the understanding of other animals'
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Mirror Neuron Systems: The Role of Mirroring Processes in Social Cognition
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The Boundaries of Babel. The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible Languages
4321:
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510:(MEG) have shown that certain brain regions (in particular the anterior
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5731:"Gender differences in the mu rhythm of the human mirror-neuron system"
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have independently argued that the mirror neuron system is involved in
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neurons could simply emerge due to learned associations, including the
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173:
129:
6271:
6254:
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Gallese V, Gernsbacher MA, Heyes C, Hickok G, Iacoboni M (July 2011).
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Schippers MB, Roebroeck A, Renken R, Nanetti L, Keysers C (May 2010).
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6698:
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4694:"Capuchin monkeys display affiliation toward humans who imitate them"
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
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Heyes, Cecilia (March 2010). "Where do mirror neurons come from?".
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
3371:"The "Shared Manifold" hypothesis: from mirror neurons to empathy"
824:
287:
5889:"Mirror neuron function, psychosis, and empathy in schizophrenia"
2497:"Emotional Mirror Neurons in the Rat's Anterior Cingulate Cortex"
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6255:"Mirror neuron system: basic findings and clinical applications"
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Saygin AP, Cook J, Blakemore SJ (October 2010). Baker CI (ed.).
2777:"Action understanding requires the left inferior frontal cortex"
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Mirror neuron function, psychosis, and empathy in schizophrenia
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Paukner A, Suomi SJ, Visalberghi E, Ferrari PF (August 2009).
4034:"Self Awareness: The Last Frontier, Edge Foundation web essay"
1926:"Empathy and the somatotopic auditory mirror system in humans"
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Dinstein I, Thomas C, Behrmann M, Heeger DJ (January 2008).
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726:, mirror neurons have become the primary rallying call of
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occurs automatically, fast and separately in the brain to
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Cook R, Bird G, Catmur C, Press C, Heyes C (April 2014).
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Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V (May 1999).
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models postulate that mirror neurons are trained through
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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2861:"Social neuroscience: mirror neurons recorded in humans"
1596:
How the brain got language: The mirror system hypothesis
3942:"Harm to Others Acts as a Negative Reinforcer in Rats"
6431:
News And Views On the Neural Organization of Language
2031:
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Gazzola V, Aziz-Zadeh L, Keysers C (September 2006).
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307:. In these monkeys, mirror neurons are found in the
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7224:
7157:
7131:
7095:
7059:
7032:
6969:
6832:
6809:
6772:
6724:
6659:
6538:
85:
80:
75:
6187:Morsella E, Bargh JA, Gollwitzer PM, eds. (2009).
5389:Goldman A (1989). "Interpretation psychologized".
5362:Gordon R (1986). "Folk psychology as simulation".
3484:Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
1168:
1166:
27:"Mirror system" redirects here. For the band, see
5966:Lingnau A, Gesierich B, Caramazza A (June 2009).
5065:"Mirror neurons seen behaving normally in autism"
4433:Longo MR, Kosobud A, Bertenthal BI (April 2008).
4059:"Gesture, language origins, and right handedness"
3969:20.500.11755/ee7ae8ac-7393-4276-84ce-1bad1b8e5e0d
2888:20.500.11755/351f0172-b06b-41de-a013-852c64e197fa
1506:"Mirror neuron research: the past and the future"
1020:20.500.11755/c62977db-8a4e-4cc9-b82a-5013b52a0bc6
157:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
5058:
5056:
3158:
3156:
1076:Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine
6149:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
4747:
4745:
3780:Thompson EL, Bird G, Catmur C (November 2022).
3321:
3319:
2770:
2768:
2726:
2724:
2680:
2678:
2542:
2540:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2434:
2432:
2334:Ferrari PF, Bonini L, Fogassi L (August 2009).
2126:
2124:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1050:
1048:
1046:
785:
699:
1301:Akins CK, Klein ED, Zentall TR (August 2002).
1253:
1251:
164:skills, while others relate mirror neurons to
6499:
3627:
3625:
3282:Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews
8:
4598:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4512:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1456:
1454:
1452:
502:. A large number of experiments using fMRI,
6253:Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC (September 2007).
4649:Heyes C (May 2011). "Automatic imitation".
4477:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
1795:"Action recognition in the premotor cortex"
1609:Théoret H, Pascual-Leone A (October 2002).
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
184:In the 1980s and 1990s, neurophysiologists
7161:
6966:
6955:
6877:
6535:
6522:
6506:
6492:
6484:
4976:. Princeton University Press. p. 156.
7024:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
6456:"What's So Special about Mirror Neurons?"
6333:"Mirror neurons: still an open question?"
6270:
6235:
6050:
6001:
5991:
5912:
5863:
5853:
5764:
5754:
5576:
5441:
5338:
5254:
5205:
5195:
5095:
5036:
4861:
4812:
4725:
4617:
4378:
4368:
4182:
3967:
3957:
3805:
3597:
3536:
3495:
3211:
2886:
2876:
2792:
2748:
2642:
2520:
2456:
2404:
2359:
2310:
2300:
2251:
2206:
2133:"Mirror neurons: from origin to function"
2061:
1941:
1806:
1626:
1529:
1432:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1376:
1318:
1146:
1097:
1087:
1070:Acharya, Sourya; Shukla, Samarth (2012).
1018:
1008:
6892:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
4754:Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research
3829:Gazzola, Aziz-Zadeh and Keysers (2006).
1714:Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research
1463:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1175:"Resonance behaviors and mirror neurons"
354:
4169:McCarthy R, Warrington EK (June 1984).
2285:"Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques"
933:
6439:"The neurons that shaped civilization"
5831:
5829:
5827:
5247:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.010
5141:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.026
4943:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.010
4136:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
2920:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2653:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.016
1611:"Language acquisition: do as you hear"
1260:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
962:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
657:In contrast with automatic imitation,
102:
72:
34:Type of neuron associated with empathy
6754:High-context and low-context cultures
6216:Perspectives on Psychological Science
5551:Haroush K, Williams ZM (March 2015).
5319:Perspectives on Psychological Science
369:functional magnetic resonance imaging
253:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
7103:Computer processing of body language
5416:Meltzoff AN, Decety J (March 2003).
2775:Pobric G, Hamilton AF (March 2006).
1832:The European Journal of Neuroscience
550:Studies in rats have shown that the
7118:List of facial expression databases
7108:Emotion recognition in conversation
6382:Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology
6164:Rizzolatti G, Sinigaglia C (2008).
4987:Hamilton A, Marsh L (August 2013).
4032:Ramachandran VS (January 1, 2009).
3899:American Journal of Medical Quality
3576:(5661). New York, N.Y.: 1157–1162.
2859:Keysers C, Gazzola V (April 2010).
5614:10.1097/01.wnr.0000223393.59328.21
5403:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1989.tb00249.x
5376:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1986.tb00324.x
5315:"What Happened to Mirror Neurons?"
5313:Heyes C, Catmur C (January 2022).
2036:Gazzola V, Keysers C (June 2009).
25:
7002:Childhood disintegrative disorder
6353:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
5905:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.004
5836:Jalal B, Ramachandran VS (2017).
5467:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
4998:. Oxford: OUP. pp. 380–396.
4766:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014
3677:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
3200:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2140:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1504:Ferrari PF, Rizzolatti G (2014).
1413:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
895:Motor theory of speech perception
600:expansion link to the ability of
389:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
371:(fMRI) have shown that the human
5802:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.180
5292:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02269.x
5106:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02098.x
4887:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
3868:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
3646:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.032
3449:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.064
3406:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.043
3375:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2561:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014
2439:Keum S, Shin HS (October 2019).
2244:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00783.x
1844:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02601.x
1650:Blakeslee S (January 10, 2006).
801:Doubts concerning mirror neurons
99:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
41:
6189:Oxford Handbook of Human Action
5842:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2932:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.004
2590:Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M,
1988:(5722). New York, N.Y.: 662–7.
1881:(5582). New York, N.Y.: 846–8.
1475:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.007
1272:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.010
1179:Archives Italiennes de Biologie
7301:Central nervous system neurons
6475:. January 2005. Archived from
6460:Scientific American Guest Blog
6043:10.1523/jneurosci.2668-09.2009
5953:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.07.064
5700:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.062
2406:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4B59-6
1307:Animal Learning & Behavior
1:
6306:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56021-2
6130:. National Geographic Books.
4489:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.007
3538:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2
3340:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01262-5
3061:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01661-2
2608:10.1126/science.286.5449.2526
2397:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01260-0
2181:Keysers C, Gazzola V (2014).
1656:New York Times | Science
1628:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01251-4
1563:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56021-2
950:Annual Review of Neuroscience
860:Associative sequence learning
429:Associative Sequence Learning
6113:Carey B (12 February 2008).
5756:10.1371/journal.pone.0002113
5657:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280ebb486
5510:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
5197:10.1371/journal.pone.0013491
4314:10.1016/0093-934X(77)90034-7
4177:. 107 ( Pt 2) (2): 463–485.
3761:Jarrett C (March 25, 2019).
3720:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3328:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3092:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3049:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3006:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2731:Saygin AP (September 2007).
2458:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.013
2302:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040302
2087:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1801:. 119 ( Pt 2) (2): 593–609.
1726:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0
912:Simulation theory of empathy
907:Positron emission tomography
299:imitating facial expressions
145:primary somatosensory cortex
7019:Nonverbal learning disorder
6597:Speech-independent gestures
6570:Facial Action Coding System
6031:The Journal of Neuroscience
4610:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1093
1749:Experimental Brain Research
1671:Experimental Brain Research
991:Keysers C (November 2009).
7337:
6759:Interpersonal relationship
6560:Body-to-body communication
6128:The Myth of Mirror Neurons
5569:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.045
5522:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.002
5063:Callaway E (12 May 2010).
4972:Churcland PS (2011). "6".
4899:10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.026
4524:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893
4454:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.489
3732:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.003
3104:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.007
3018:10.1016/j.tics.2004.09.005
1598:. Oxford University Press.
837:Neurophilosophers such as
437:innate releasing mechanism
188:, Giuseppe Di Pellegrino,
26:
7164:
6965:
6954:
6887:
6876:
6534:
6521:
6365:10.1017/s0140525x02000018
4007:. Humana Press. pp.
3959:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.017
3689:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42
3599:21.11116/0000-0001-A020-5
3222:10.1017/s0140525x02000018
3177:10.1007/s11062-012-9327-4
2878:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.013
2830:10.1080/17470910701676269
2794:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.033
2699:10.1080/02643290244000248
2687:Cognitive Neuropsychology
2513:10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.024
2152:10.1017/S0140525X13000903
1943:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.072
1761:10.1007/s00221-009-2002-3
1369:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.004
1139:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.045
1010:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.026
748:anterior cingulate cortex
552:anterior cingulate cortex
542:Christian Keysers at the
516:anterior cingulate cortex
97:
50:This article needs to be
7174:Behavioral communication
6340:Progress in Neuroscience
6228:10.1177/1745691611413392
6083:Ramachandran VS (2000).
5855:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00092
5331:10.1177/1745691621990638
3911:10.1177/1062860612464731
3294:10.1177/1534582304267187
1089:10.4103/0976-9668.101878
1055:Keysers C (2011-06-23).
880:Mirror-touch synesthesia
448:Understanding intentions
313:inferior parietal lobule
192:, Leonardo Fogassi, and
149:inferior parietal cortex
141:supplementary motor area
7311:Behavioral neuroscience
6614:Interpersonal synchrony
6515:Nonverbal communication
6193:Oxford University Press
6170:Oxford University Press
5993:10.1073/pnas.0902262106
4718:10.1126/science.1176269
4567:10.1111/1467-9280.14481
4370:10.1073/pnas.1001791107
4184:10.1093/brain/107.2.463
3590:10.1126/science.1093535
2385:Trends in Neurosciences
2002:10.1126/science.1106138
1895:10.1126/science.1070311
1808:10.1093/brain/119.2.593
1652:"Cells That Read Minds"
1594:Arbib MA (April 2012).
1425:10.1162/jocn.2009.21189
1353:"A mirror up to nature"
373:inferior frontal cortex
248:functional neuroimaging
206:ventral premotor cortex
132:species, and in birds.
7306:Cognitive neuroscience
7211:Monastic sign lexicons
6902:Emotional intelligence
6298:Understanding Emotions
5434:10.1098/rstb.2002.1261
4651:Psychological Bulletin
3147:10.1006/drev.1996.0006
2352:10.1098/rstb.2009.0062
2199:10.1098/rstb.2013.0175
1555:Understanding Emotions
1522:10.1098/rstb.2013.0169
1407:Hickok G (July 2009).
885:Mirroring (psychology)
830:
789:
703:
508:magnetoencephalography
504:electroencephalography
482:Stephanie Preston and
377:superior parietal lobe
364:
309:inferior frontal gyrus
300:
7201:Impression management
6425:Hickok G, Poeppel D.
6212:"Mirror Neuron Forum"
6115:"You remind me of me"
5038:10.1093/cercor/bhj069
4555:Psychological Science
4220:10.1093/neucas/7.1.77
4148:10.1044/jshr.2303.593
2232:Developmental Science
2054:10.1093/cercor/bhn181
828:
469:Learning facilitation
358:
291:
7216:Verbal communication
7169:Animal communication
7087:Targeted advertising
6604:Haptic communication
6449:on 10 February 2012.
6394:10.1038/ncpneuro0990
3497:10.3758/CABN.4.2.270
3135:Developmental Review
2750:10.1093/brain/awm162
865:Common coding theory
728:simulation theorists
570:Human self awareness
425:Associative learning
311:(region F5) and the
274:Associative Learning
257:somatosensory cortex
7225:Non-verbal language
7113:Gesture recognition
6960:Further information
6850:Emotion recognition
6801:Silent service code
6479:on 11 January 2006.
6259:Annals of Neurology
6037:(32): 10153–10159.
5984:2009PNAS..106.9925L
5893:Psychiatry Research
5747:2008PLoSO...3.2113C
5188:2010PLoSO...513491S
4842:Nature Neuroscience
4793:Nature Neuroscience
4710:2009Sci...325..880P
4361:2010PNAS..107.9388S
4263:1973Natur.244..522M
4105:10.1038/nature03628
4097:2005Natur.435.1235P
4091:(7046): 1235–1238.
3786:Human Brain Mapping
3582:2004Sci...303.1157S
2963:Nature Neuroscience
2818:Social Neuroscience
2743:(Pt 9): 2452–2461.
2602:(5449): 2526–2528.
2507:(8): 1301–1312.e6.
1994:2005Sci...308..662F
1887:2002Sci...297..846K
1226:10.1038/nature06492
1218:2008Natur.451..305P
870:Emotional contagion
839:Patricia Churchland
694:Patricia Churchland
644:Automatic imitation
560:emotional contagion
556:emotional contagion
344:Christian Keysers's
198:University of Parma
7251:Art and literature
7206:Meta-communication
7194:Passive-aggressive
7123:Sentiment analysis
6824:Non-verbal leakage
6331:Pascolo B (2013).
6147:The Empathic Brain
6145:Keysers C (2011).
6119:The New York Times
5941:Gait & Posture
5479:10.3758/BF03193831
4302:Brain and Language
3369:Gallese V (2001).
2193:(1644): 20130175.
1683:10.1007/bf00230027
1516:(1644): 20130169.
1320:10.3758/bf03192836
1057:The Empathic Brain
831:
777:V. S. Ramachandran
724:Philosophy of mind
575:V. S. Ramachandran
564:prosocial behavior
443:Possible functions
365:
301:
186:Giacomo Rizzolatti
7288:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7275:
6982:Asperger syndrome
6950:
6949:
6932:Social competence
6872:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6674:Emotional prosody
6580:Subtle expression
6565:Facial expression
6454:Thomas B (2012).
6437:Ramachandran VS.
6272:10.1002/ana.21198
6202:978-0-19-530998-0
6179:978-0-19-921798-4
6156:978-1-4637-6906-2
6137:978-0-393-08961-5
6126:Hickok G (2014).
5978:(24): 9925–9930.
5608:(11): 1115–1119.
5428:(1431): 491–500.
5391:Mind and Language
5364:Mind and Language
5241:(14): 3275–3278.
5135:(14): 3225–3235.
5005:978-0-19-166880-7
4893:(10): 1239–1243.
4704:(5942): 880–883.
4419:978-0-262-13498-9
4355:(20): 9388–9393.
4257:(5417): 522–523.
4018:978-1-934115-34-3
3952:(6): 949–961.e7.
3831:"Current Biology"
3798:10.1002/hbm.26036
3792:(16): 4901–4913.
2637:(13): 1788–1804.
2346:(1528): 2311–23.
1621:(21): R736–R737.
1212:(7176): 305–310.
1003:(21): R971–R973.
917:Speech repetition
775:Baland Jalal and
630:Granger Causality
610:speech perception
606:speech repetition
594:cytoarchitectonic
496:Christian Keysers
385:motion perception
241:Christian Keysers
113:
112:
108:
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
7328:
7162:
7139:Ray Birdwhistell
6967:
6956:
6882:Broader concepts
6878:
6855:First impression
6536:
6523:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6485:
6480:
6469:"Mirror Neurons"
6463:
6450:
6445:. Archived from
6433:
6427:"Talking Brains"
6413:
6376:
6347:
6337:
6327:
6292:
6274:
6249:
6239:
6206:
6183:
6160:
6141:
6122:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6005:
5995:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5947:(Suppl. 1): 65.
5936:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5857:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5768:
5758:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5563:(6): 1233–1245.
5548:
5542:
5541:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5342:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5235:Neuropsychologia
5226:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5199:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5129:Neuropsychologia
5124:
5118:
5117:
5099:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5040:
5031:(9): 1276–1282.
5016:
5010:
5009:
4993:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4937:(5): 1558–1565.
4931:Neuropsychologia
4925:
4919:
4918:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4663:10.1037/a0022288
4646:
4640:
4639:
4621:
4604:(5): 1093–1102.
4593:
4587:
4586:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4271:10.1038/244522a0
4246:
4240:
4239:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4006:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3971:
3961:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3836:. Archived from
3835:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3640:(4): 1744–1753.
3629:
3620:
3619:
3601:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3443:(4): 1833–1840.
3432:
3426:
3425:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2890:
2880:
2871:(8): R353–R354.
2856:
2850:
2849:
2824:(3–4): 388–400.
2813:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2646:
2631:Neuropsychologia
2626:
2620:
2619:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2555:(3): 2492–2502.
2544:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2048:(6): 1239–1255.
2033:
2022:
2021:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1838:(8): 1703–1714.
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1755:(3–4): 223–237.
1744:
1738:
1737:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1419:(7): 1229–1243.
1404:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1022:
1012:
993:"Mirror neurons"
988:
982:
981:
945:
730:concerning our "
614:speech shadowing
544:Social Brain Lab
524:Vittorio Gallese
492:Vittorio Gallese
212:monkey to study
194:Vittorio Gallese
105:edit on Wikidata
73:
66:
63:
57:
45:
44:
37:
21:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7272:
7263:Mimoplastic art
7246:
7237:Tactile signing
7220:
7153:
7127:
7091:
7055:
7028:
6961:
6946:
6922:Social behavior
6883:
6864:
6828:
6819:Microexpression
6805:
6789:One-bit message
6768:
6720:
6655:
6575:Microexpression
6530:
6517:
6512:
6473:NOVA scienceNOW
6467:
6453:
6436:
6424:
6421:
6416:
6379:
6350:
6335:
6330:
6316:
6295:
6252:
6209:
6203:
6186:
6180:
6168:. Oxford (UK):
6163:
6157:
6144:
6138:
6125:
6112:
6108:
6106:Further reading
6103:
6093:
6091:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6024:
6023:
6019:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5835:
5834:
5825:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5097:10.1.1.621.6275
5081:
5080:
5076:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5025:Cerebral Cortex
5018:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:. p. 257.
4402:Moro A (2008).
4401:
4400:
4396:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4019:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3946:Current Biology
3939:
3938:
3934:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3767:Research Digest
3760:
3759:
3755:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3334:(12): 493–501.
3325:
3324:
3317:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3263:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3213:10.1.1.554.2794
3197:
3196:
3192:
3165:Neurophysiology
3162:
3161:
3154:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3012:(11): 501–507.
3003:
3002:
2998:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2865:Current Biology
2858:
2857:
2853:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2781:Current Biology
2774:
2773:
2766:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2644:10.1.1.544.9071
2628:
2627:
2623:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2501:Current Biology
2494:
2493:
2482:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2099:10.1038/nrn2833
2084:
2083:
2079:
2042:Cerebral Cortex
2035:
2034:
2025:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1930:Current Biology
1923:
1922:
1918:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1615:Current Biology
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1573:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1357:Current Biology
1350:
1349:
1336:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1185:(2–3): 85–100.
1172:
1171:
1164:
1127:Current Biology
1120:
1119:
1115:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1044:
997:Current Biology
990:
989:
985:
947:
946:
935:
931:
926:
901:On Intelligence
890:Motor cognition
855:
803:
794:
781:sleep paralysis
773:
771:Sleep paralysis
757:
755:Sex differences
720:
679:
655:
646:
589:
572:
520:David Freedberg
480:
471:
450:
445:
416:
353:
340:
286:
265:
182:
137:premotor cortex
109:
67:
61:
58:
55:
46:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7334:
7332:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7293:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7144:Charles Darwin
7141:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6973:
6971:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6840:Affect display
6836:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6726:Social context
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6634:Pupil dilation
6631:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6557:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6465:
6451:
6434:
6420:
6419:External links
6417:
6415:
6414:
6377:
6348:
6328:
6314:
6293:
6265:(3): 213–218.
6250:
6222:(4): 369–407.
6207:
6201:
6184:
6178:
6161:
6155:
6142:
6136:
6123:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6075:
6066:
6017:
5958:
5928:
5899:(3): 233–239.
5879:
5823:
5796:(1): 393–403.
5780:
5721:
5688:Brain Research
5678:
5651:(9): 887–890.
5635:
5592:
5543:
5516:(5): 194–196.
5500:
5473:(2): 179–200.
5457:
5408:
5397:(3): 161–185.
5381:
5370:(2): 158–171.
5354:
5325:(1): 153–168.
5305:
5286:(9): 981–988.
5270:
5221:
5182:(10): e13491.
5162:
5119:
5090:(8): 881–892.
5074:
5052:
5011:
5004:
4979:
4964:
4920:
4877:
4854:10.1038/nn1611
4828:
4805:10.1038/nn1611
4779:
4760:(2): 190–198.
4741:
4684:
4657:(3): 463–483.
4641:
4588:
4561:(4): 334–339.
4545:
4518:(6): 893–910.
4502:
4483:(5): 742–745.
4467:
4448:(2): 489–501.
4425:
4418:
4394:
4335:
4308:(3): 396–402.
4292:
4241:
4198:
4161:
4142:(3): 593–602.
4126:
4075:
4046:
4024:
4017:
3991:
3932:
3889:
3862:(1): 608–615.
3846:
3843:on 2007-06-30.
3821:
3772:
3753:
3726:(5): 197–203.
3710:
3667:
3621:
3560:
3511:
3490:(2): 270–278.
3470:
3427:
3400:(1): 312–319.
3384:
3361:
3315:
3272:
3235:
3190:
3171:(6): 499–502.
3152:
3141:(2): 149–161.
3125:
3098:(10): 489–95.
3082:
3055:(6): 253–261.
3039:
2996:
2975:10.1038/nn1729
2953:
2926:(1): 341–349.
2910:
2851:
2808:
2787:(5): 524–529.
2764:
2720:
2693:(3): 409–432.
2674:
2621:
2582:
2536:
2480:
2428:
2391:(5): 188–194.
2375:
2326:
2275:
2238:(2): 350–363.
2222:
2173:
2146:(2): 177–192.
2120:
2093:(6): 417–428.
2077:
2023:
1965:
1936:(18): 1824–9.
1916:
1865:
1822:
1782:
1739:
1720:(2): 131–141.
1704:
1677:(1): 176–180.
1661:
1642:
1601:
1586:
1571:
1545:
1496:
1469:(4): 575–583.
1448:
1392:
1363:(1): R13–R18.
1334:
1313:(3): 275–281.
1293:
1266:(7): 975–980.
1247:
1196:
1162:
1133:(8): 750–756.
1113:
1082:(2): 118–124.
1062:
1042:
983:
956:(1): 169–192.
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:
922:Spindle neuron
919:
914:
909:
904:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
856:
854:
851:
802:
799:
793:
790:
772:
769:
756:
753:
740:subconsciously
732:theory of mind
719:
718:Theory of mind
716:
678:
675:
654:
651:
645:
642:
588:
585:
571:
568:
479:
476:
470:
467:
462:
461:
458:
449:
446:
444:
441:
415:
412:
352:
349:
339:
336:
305:macaque monkey
285:
282:
270:Hebbian Theory
264:
261:
190:Luciano Fadiga
181:
178:
162:theory of mind
111:
110:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
78:
77:
69:
68:
49:
47:
40:
33:
24:
18:Mirror neurons
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7333:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7316:Motor control
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Sign language
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7077:Freudian slip
7075:
7073:
7072:Lie detection
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7051:Mirror neuron
7049:
7047:
7043:
7042:Limbic system
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7007:Rett syndrome
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6953:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:Social skills
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6912:People skills
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:Communication
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6879:
6875:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:Multi-faceted
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6744:Display rules
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6715:
6714:Voice quality
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6551:Body language
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6497:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6346:(1–4): 25–82.
6345:
6341:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6315:9780444521828
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5069:New Scientist
5066:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3531:(3): 655–64.
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:(2): 71–100.
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:(in French).
3246:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:9780444521828
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
934:
928:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
852:
850:
847:
846:Cecilia Heyes
843:
840:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
807:
800:
798:
791:
788:
784:
782:
778:
770:
768:
764:
762:
754:
752:
749:
744:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
695:
691:
686:
684:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
660:
659:motor mimicry
653:Motor mimicry
652:
650:
643:
641:
639:
634:
631:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
586:
584:
581:
576:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Frans de Waal
477:
475:
468:
466:
459:
456:
455:
454:
447:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
413:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
378:
374:
370:
362:
357:
350:
348:
345:
337:
335:
332:
329:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
298:
294:
290:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
262:
260:
258:
254:
249:
244:
242:
236:
233:
229:
224:
222:
221:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
126:
122:
118:
117:mirror neuron
106:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
79:
76:Mirror system
74:
65:
53:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:Mirror System
19:
7067:Cold reading
7060:Applications
7050:
7034:Neuroanatomy
6679:Paralanguage
6477:the original
6472:
6459:
6447:the original
6442:
6430:
6388:(1): 24–34.
6385:
6381:
6356:
6352:
6343:
6339:
6297:
6262:
6258:
6219:
6215:
6191:. New York:
6188:
6165:
6146:
6127:
6118:
6092:. Retrieved
6088:
6078:
6069:
6034:
6030:
6020:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5944:
5940:
5896:
5892:
5882:
5845:
5841:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5741:(5): e2113.
5738:
5734:
5724:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5068:
5028:
5024:
5014:
4995:
4982:
4973:
4967:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4848:(1): 28–30.
4845:
4841:
4831:
4799:(1): 28–30.
4796:
4792:
4782:
4757:
4753:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4445:
4441:
4428:
4404:
4397:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4214:(1): 77–87.
4211:
4207:
4201:
4174:
4164:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4027:
4002:
3994:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3838:the original
3824:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3766:
3756:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3683:(1): 42–58.
3680:
3676:
3670:
3637:
3633:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3331:
3327:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3248:
3245:L' Encéphale
3244:
3238:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3168:
3164:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2969:(7): 878–9.
2966:
2962:
2956:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2784:
2780:
2740:
2736:
2690:
2686:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2552:
2548:
2504:
2500:
2451:(1): 78–86.
2448:
2444:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2292:
2289:PLOS Biology
2288:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2143:
2139:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2045:
2041:
1985:
1981:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1798:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1645:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1554:
1548:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1466:
1462:
1416:
1412:
1360:
1356:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1263:
1259:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1182:
1178:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1056:
1000:
996:
986:
953:
949:
899:
844:
836:
832:
820:
816:
808:
804:
795:
786:
774:
765:
758:
745:
736:
721:
712:
708:
704:
700:
687:
680:
671:
667:
663:
656:
647:
635:
622:
590:
579:
573:
549:
541:
537:
533:
481:
472:
463:
451:
417:
408:
404:
395:
393:
382:
366:
341:
333:
324:
317:
302:
278:Canalization
276:Theory, and
266:
245:
237:
228:Broca's area
225:
219:
183:
155:
153:
134:
116:
114:
59:
51:
7046:Limbic lobe
6811:Unconscious
6794:Missed call
6764:Social norm
6739:Conventions
6629:Eye contact
6359:(1): 1–72.
5694:: 176–184.
5645:NeuroReport
5602:NeuroReport
3251:(1): 9–20.
3206:(1): 1–72.
2592:Bekkering H
2295:(9): e302.
2253:2318/133096
714:of autism.
488:Jean Decety
414:Development
170:human brain
81:Identifiers
7295:Categories
7179:Aggressive
7149:Paul Ekman
7132:Key people
7096:Technology
7082:Poker tell
6927:Social cue
6734:Chronemics
6684:Intonation
6528:Modalities
5790:NeuroImage
4974:Braintrust
4619:2066/63130
4066:Psycoloquy
4055:Skoyles JR
3905:(1): 6–7.
3856:NeuroImage
3634:NeuroImage
3437:NeuroImage
3394:NeuroImage
2549:NeuroImage
929:References
598:vocabulary
506:(EEG) and
338:In rodents
295:(newborn)
284:In monkeys
202:electrodes
147:, and the
62:April 2020
7184:Assertive
6992:Fragile X
6977:Aprosodia
6970:Disorders
6917:Semiotics
6845:Deception
6651:Proxemics
6641:Olfaction
6624:Oculesics
6609:Imitation
6443:TED talks
5092:CiteSeerX
4410:MIT Press
4208:Neurocase
3986:212424287
3310:145310279
3257:110778688
3208:CiteSeerX
3185:254867235
2639:CiteSeerX
2475:203932127
1699:206772150
1059:. Kindle.
618:echolalia
528:aesthetic
351:In humans
320:behaviour
232:homologue
180:Discovery
7014:Dyssemia
6860:Intimacy
6780:Emoticon
6689:Loudness
6619:Laughter
6555:Kinesics
6546:Blushing
6539:Physical
6402:19129788
6373:12625087
6324:17015092
6281:17721988
6246:25520744
6094:13 April
6061:19675249
6012:19497880
5923:22510432
5874:28293186
5818:10461927
5810:18514546
5775:18461176
5735:PLOS ONE
5716:40145972
5708:19083993
5673:16295878
5665:17515795
5630:18811017
5622:16837838
5587:25728667
5538:18930071
5530:17344090
5495:14689479
5487:16892982
5452:12689375
5349:34241539
5300:20524939
5265:19632248
5216:20976151
5176:PLOS ONE
5157:12495492
5149:19666038
5114:19508497
5047:16306324
4959:14280719
4951:18304590
4915:15141982
4907:20598548
4872:16327784
4823:16327784
4774:15993757
4736:19679816
4671:21280938
4628:12757151
4575:12807406
4540:11818459
4532:10402679
4497:21705230
4462:18377184
4389:20439736
4330:29492873
4236:12988855
4228:11239078
4113:15988526
4057:(2000).
4039:July 26,
3978:32142701
3927:12645544
3919:23288854
3884:13951700
3876:21840404
3816:35906896
3740:17347026
3697:17214562
3662:13988152
3654:17175173
3616:14727944
3608:14976305
3547:14642287
3506:15460933
3457:18353686
3422:24988672
3414:15734365
3381:: 33–50.
3356:10108122
3348:21227300
3302:15537986
3267:13554627
3230:12625087
3112:16126449
3077:15602731
3069:11390296
3026:15491904
2983:16783366
2948:37871374
2940:21782846
2897:21749952
2846:37390465
2838:18979387
2803:16527749
2759:17660183
2707:20957578
2669:11622224
2661:15351628
2616:10617472
2569:20946964
2531:30982647
2467:31600517
2370:19620103
2321:16953662
2270:15093476
2262:19143807
2217:24778372
2168:52873194
2160:24775147
2115:12221575
2107:20445542
2072:19020203
2010:15860620
1952:16979560
1911:16923101
1903:12161656
1852:12752388
1769:19760408
1637:12419204
1581:17015092
1540:24778369
1483:19914284
1443:19199415
1387:18177704
1329:12391793
1288:25620637
1280:19580913
1234:18202651
1191:10349488
1157:20381353
1108:23225972
1037:12668046
1029:19922849
970:15217330
853:See also
626:charades
602:children
587:Language
433:Meltzoff
400:epilepsy
361:cerebrum
328:neonates
293:Neonatal
230:was the
166:language
7321:Mimicry
7268:Subtext
7189:Passive
7158:Related
6749:Habitus
6694:Prosody
6646:Posture
6587:Gesture
6410:2979216
6289:3225339
6237:4266473
6052:2788150
6003:2701024
5980:Bibcode
5914:3545445
5865:5329044
5766:2361218
5743:Bibcode
5578:4364450
5443:1351349
5340:8785302
5256:2779370
5207:2956672
5184:Bibcode
4863:3713227
4814:3713227
4727:2764469
4706:Bibcode
4698:Science
4679:6975248
4583:8458849
4380:2889063
4357:Bibcode
4287:4220775
4279:4621131
4259:Bibcode
4193:6722512
4156:7421161
4121:4397762
4093:Bibcode
3807:9582378
3748:1996468
3705:2828843
3578:Bibcode
3570:Science
3465:1827514
3120:1594505
3034:8039741
2991:2409686
2905:3609747
2596:Science
2577:6021487
2522:6488290
2415:9610880
2361:2865083
2312:1560174
2208:4006178
2063:2677653
2018:5720234
1990:Bibcode
1982:Science
1960:5223812
1883:Bibcode
1875:Science
1860:1915143
1817:8800951
1777:3342808
1734:8713554
1691:1301372
1531:4006175
1491:2578537
1434:2773693
1378:2517574
1242:4344150
1214:Bibcode
1148:2904852
1099:3510904
978:1729870
875:Empathy
500:empathy
478:Empathy
421:Hebbian
297:macaque
214:neurons
210:macaque
208:of the
204:in the
200:placed
196:at the
174:empathy
130:primate
92:D059167
52:updated
7242:Tadoma
6987:Autism
6942:Unsaid
6907:Nunchi
6784:Smiley
6704:Stress
6699:Rhythm
6669:Affect
6661:Speech
6408:
6400:
6371:
6322:
6312:
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6279:
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6000:
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4322:907878
4320:
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4277:
4251:Nature
4234:
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4085:Nature
4015:
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3925:
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3804:
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3606:
3555:766157
3553:
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3525:Neuron
3504:
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2705:
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2445:Neuron
2423:679023
2421:
2413:
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2205:
2166:
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2016:
2008:
1958:
1950:
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1206:Nature
1189:
1155:
1145:
1106:
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1035:
1027:
976:
968:
690:autism
683:autism
677:Autism
638:syntax
512:insula
490:, and
396:et al.
272:, the
263:Origin
220:Nature
143:, the
139:, the
121:neuron
6773:Other
6406:S2CID
6336:(PDF)
6285:S2CID
5814:S2CID
5712:S2CID
5669:S2CID
5626:S2CID
5534:S2CID
5491:S2CID
5153:S2CID
4992:(PDF)
4955:S2CID
4911:S2CID
4675:S2CID
4632:S2CID
4579:S2CID
4536:S2CID
4438:(PDF)
4326:S2CID
4283:S2CID
4232:S2CID
4175:Brain
4117:S2CID
4072:(24).
4062:(PDF)
4011:–62.
3982:S2CID
3923:S2CID
3880:S2CID
3841:(PDF)
3834:(PDF)
3744:S2CID
3701:S2CID
3658:S2CID
3612:S2CID
3551:S2CID
3461:S2CID
3418:S2CID
3352:S2CID
3306:S2CID
3261:INIST
3181:S2CID
3116:S2CID
3073:S2CID
3030:S2CID
2987:S2CID
2944:S2CID
2901:S2CID
2842:S2CID
2737:Brain
2715:16131
2711:S2CID
2665:S2CID
2573:S2CID
2471:S2CID
2419:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2164:S2CID
2136:(PDF)
2111:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1956:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1856:S2CID
1799:Brain
1773:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1487:S2CID
1284:S2CID
1238:S2CID
1033:S2CID
974:S2CID
427:(see
125:fires
123:that
119:is a
103:[
7258:Mime
6709:Tone
6592:List
6398:PMID
6369:PMID
6320:PMID
6310:ISBN
6277:PMID
6242:PMID
6197:ISBN
6174:ISBN
6151:ISBN
6132:ISBN
6096:2013
6089:Edge
6057:PMID
6008:PMID
5919:PMID
5870:PMID
5806:PMID
5771:PMID
5704:PMID
5692:1251
5661:PMID
5618:PMID
5583:PMID
5557:Cell
5526:PMID
5483:PMID
5448:PMID
5345:PMID
5296:PMID
5261:PMID
5212:PMID
5145:PMID
5110:PMID
5043:PMID
5000:ISBN
4947:PMID
4903:PMID
4868:PMID
4819:PMID
4770:PMID
4732:PMID
4667:PMID
4624:PMID
4571:PMID
4528:PMID
4493:PMID
4458:PMID
4414:ISBN
4385:PMID
4318:PMID
4275:PMID
4224:PMID
4189:PMID
4152:PMID
4109:PMID
4041:2011
4013:ISBN
3974:PMID
3915:PMID
3872:PMID
3812:PMID
3736:PMID
3693:PMID
3650:PMID
3604:PMID
3543:PMID
3502:PMID
3453:PMID
3410:PMID
3344:PMID
3298:PMID
3253:OCLC
3226:PMID
3108:PMID
3065:PMID
3022:PMID
2979:PMID
2936:PMID
2893:PMID
2834:PMID
2799:PMID
2755:PMID
2703:PMID
2657:PMID
2612:PMID
2565:PMID
2527:PMID
2463:PMID
2411:PMID
2366:PMID
2317:PMID
2258:PMID
2213:PMID
2156:PMID
2103:PMID
2068:PMID
2006:PMID
1948:PMID
1899:PMID
1848:PMID
1813:PMID
1765:PMID
1730:PMID
1687:PMID
1633:PMID
1577:PMID
1567:ISBN
1536:PMID
1479:PMID
1439:PMID
1383:PMID
1325:PMID
1276:PMID
1230:PMID
1187:PMID
1153:PMID
1104:PMID
1025:PMID
966:PMID
616:and
562:and
522:and
494:and
375:and
87:MeSH
6390:doi
6361:doi
6302:doi
6267:doi
6232:PMC
6224:doi
6047:PMC
6039:doi
5998:PMC
5988:doi
5976:106
5949:doi
5909:PMC
5901:doi
5897:201
5860:PMC
5850:doi
5798:doi
5761:PMC
5751:doi
5696:doi
5653:doi
5610:doi
5573:PMC
5565:doi
5561:160
5518:doi
5475:doi
5438:PMC
5430:doi
5426:358
5399:doi
5372:doi
5335:PMC
5327:doi
5288:doi
5251:PMC
5243:doi
5202:PMC
5192:doi
5137:doi
5102:doi
5033:doi
4939:doi
4895:doi
4858:PMC
4850:doi
4809:PMC
4801:doi
4762:doi
4722:PMC
4714:doi
4702:325
4659:doi
4655:137
4614:hdl
4606:doi
4563:doi
4520:doi
4485:doi
4450:doi
4375:PMC
4365:doi
4353:107
4310:doi
4267:doi
4255:244
4216:doi
4179:doi
4144:doi
4101:doi
4089:435
3964:hdl
3954:doi
3907:doi
3864:doi
3802:PMC
3794:doi
3728:doi
3685:doi
3642:doi
3594:hdl
3586:doi
3574:303
3533:doi
3492:doi
3445:doi
3402:doi
3336:doi
3290:doi
3218:doi
3173:doi
3143:doi
3100:doi
3057:doi
3014:doi
2971:doi
2928:doi
2883:hdl
2873:doi
2826:doi
2789:doi
2745:doi
2741:130
2695:doi
2649:doi
2604:doi
2600:286
2557:doi
2517:PMC
2509:doi
2453:doi
2449:104
2401:hdl
2393:doi
2356:PMC
2348:doi
2344:364
2307:PMC
2297:doi
2248:hdl
2240:doi
2203:PMC
2195:doi
2191:369
2148:doi
2095:doi
2058:PMC
2050:doi
1998:doi
1986:308
1938:doi
1891:doi
1879:297
1840:doi
1803:doi
1757:doi
1753:200
1722:doi
1679:doi
1623:doi
1559:doi
1526:PMC
1518:doi
1514:369
1471:doi
1429:PMC
1421:doi
1373:PMC
1365:doi
1315:doi
1268:doi
1222:doi
1210:451
1183:137
1143:PMC
1135:doi
1094:PMC
1084:doi
1015:hdl
1005:doi
958:doi
812:TMS
761:MEG
722:In
580:own
423:or
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