Mit brennender Sorge - Knowledge (XXG)

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fundamental errors associated with Nazi political ideology, corresponding to the principles most subversive of natural law that are characteristic of absolute totalitarianisms. The encyclical is in fact concerned purely with the Catholic Church in Germany and its rights and privileges, on the basis of the concordatory contracts of 1933. Moreover the form given to it by Cardinal Faulhaber, even more a super-nationalist than the majority of his most ardent colleagues, was essentially dictated by tactics and aimed at avoiding a definite breach with the regime, even to the point of offering in conclusion a conciliatory olive branch to Hitler if he would restore the tranquil prosperity of the Catholic Church in Germany. But that was the very thing to deprive the document of its noble and exemplary intransigence. Nevertheless, even within these limitations, the pontifical letter still remains the first great public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism, and the Pope's courage astonished the world. It was, indeed, the encyclical’s fate to be credited with a greater significance and content than it possessed.

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their children are defended under natural law and the "notorious coercion" of Catholic children into interdenominational schools are described as "void of all legality" (sections 33–37). Pius ends the encyclical with a call to priests and religious to serve truth, unmask and refute error, with the laity being urged to remain faithful to Christ and to defend the rights which the Concordat had guaranteed them and the Church. The encyclical dismisses " attempts to dress up their ghastly doctrines in the language of religious belief.": Burleigh also mentions the encyclical's rejection of Nazi contempt for Christian emphasis on suffering and that, through the examples of martyrs, the Church needed no lessons on heroism from people who obsessed on greatness, strength and heroism.

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foundations of the Catholic Church … As things were every hearer knew what was meant when it mentioned 'public persecution' of the faithful, 'a thousand forms of organized impediments to religion' and a 'lack of teaching which is loyal to the truth and of the normal possibilities of defence'. Even if National Socialism was not mentioned by name, it was condemned clearly and unequivocally as an ideology when the encyclical stated 'Anyone who makes Volk or state or form of state or state authorities or other basic values of the human shaping of society into the highest of all norms, even of religious values … perverts and falsifies the divinely created and divinely commanded order of things.'

2895:) denounced both specific government actions against the Church in breach of the concordat and Nazi racial theory more generally. There was a striking and deliberate emphasis on the permanent validity of the Jewish scriptures, and the Pope denounced the 'idolatrous cult' which replaced belief in the true God with a 'national religion' and the 'myth of race and blood'. He contrasted this perverted ideology with the teaching of the Church in which there was a home 'for all peoples and all nations'. The impact of the encyclical was immense, and it dispelled at once all suspicion of a Fascist Pope. While the world was still reacting, however, Pius issued five days later another encyclical, 2121: 1982: 2666:. Hitler was infuriated. Twelve printing presses were seized, and hundreds of people sent either to prison or the concentration camps. In his diary, Goebbels wrote that there were heightened verbal attacks on the clergy from Hitler, and wrote that Hitler had approved the start of trumped up "immorality trials" against clergy and anti-Church propaganda campaign. Goebbels' orchestrated attack included a staged "morality trial" of 37 Franciscans. On the "Church Question", wrote Goebbels, "after the war it has to be generally solved … There is, namely, an insoluble opposition between the Christian and a heroic-German world view". 2543:

indefensible, can never contribute to the good of the people. But ancient paganism acknowledged that the axiom, to be entirely true, must be reversed and be made to say: "Nothing can be useful, if it is not at the same time morally good" (Cicero, De Off. ii. 30). Emancipated from this oral rule, the principle would in international law carry a perpetual state of war between nations; for it ignores in national life, by confusion of right and utility, the basic fact that man as a person possesses rights he holds from God, and which any collectivity must protect against denial, suppression or neglect.

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transcription of it" while "Cardinal Pacelli, at Pius XI's request, merely added a full historical introduction on the background of the Concordat with the Third Reich." According to John-Peter Pham, Pius XI credited the encyclical to Cardinal Pacelli. According to historian Frank J. Coppa, Cardinal Pacelli wrote a draft that the Pope thought was too weak and unfocused and therefore substituted a more critical analysis. Pacelli described the encyclical as "a compromise" between the Holy See's sense that it could not be silent set against "its fears and worries".

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moderate in its tone and merely intimated that the condemned neopagan doctrines were favored by the German authorities. It is indeed a document in which, as one Catholic writer has put it, "with considerable skill, the extravagances of German Nazi doctrine are picked out for condemnation in a way that would not involve the condemnation of political and social totalitarianism{ … While some of Pius' language is sweeping and can be given a wider construction, basically the Pope had condemned neopaganism and the denial of religious freedom – no less and no more

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not appear at all in the document. The Pope has not tried to give a full analysis of the National Socialist doctrine. That would, indeed, have been impossible, as the Nazi movement is relatively young and it is doubtful whether certain ideas are "official" and essential parts of its doctrine or not. But one thing is beyond any doubt: If you take away from the National Socialist "faith" those false dogmas which have solemnly been condemned by the Holy Father in his Encyclical, the remainder will not deserve to be called National Socialism.

2697:. The note was not a defence of Nazism, but a criticism of the Vatican's action at a time when negotiations on the relations between the Vatican and Germany were still in being. It would seem that the Vatican, desirous of finding a modus vivendi, however slight the chance of it may appear, wishes to clear up any possible misunderstanding. On 15 April Cardinal Pacelli received Herr von Bergen, the Reich Ambassador at the Holy See. This was the first diplomatic meeting since the publication of the Encyclical. 2059:, Pope Pius XI said that the Holy See had signed the Concordat "in spite of many serious misgivings" and in the hope it might "safeguard the liberty of the church in her mission of salvation in Germany". The treaty comprised 34 articles and a supplementary protocol. Article 1 guaranteed "freedom of profession and public practice of the Catholic religion" and acknowledged the right of the church to regulate its own affairs. Within three months of the signing of the document, 134: 166: 2682:

Moderation and prudence are advocated by them. There is, unfortunately, no hope that the German Reich will come back to a full respect of its Concordat obligations and that the Nazis will give up those of their doctrines which have been condemned by the Pope in the new Encyclical. But it is well possible that a definite denunciation of the Concordat and a rupture of diplomatic relations between Berlin and the Holy See will be avoided, at least for the time being.

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us; it touches us very nearly." After indicating the reasons the Bishop added that the dangers of German Catholics were also the dangers of Austrian Catholics: "What I wrote in my pastoral of January 21, 1933. It is impossible to be at once a good Catholic and a good National-Socialist,' is confirmed today." Mgr. Gfoellner asked all Catholic parents to keep their children away from any organisation which sympathised with the ideology condemned by the Pope.

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developed after the fact and has no roots in the historical record. Indeed, given the dominant view of the Jews in the Nazi period, it would have been astonishing if the Church had mounted the barricades in their defense. As we shall see, the failure of Church statements about Nazism and racism ever to mention the Jews specifically (save in negative ways) corresponds to an inner logic that is historically understandable—but no less disturbing to us today.

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more zealously with the regime. On 21 December 1936 the Pope invited, via Cardinal Pacelli, senior members of the German episcopate to Rome. On 16 January 1937 five German prelates and Cardinal Pacelli agreed unanimously that the time had now come for public action by the Holy See. Pope Pius XI was gravely ill but he too was convinced of the need to publish an encyclical about the Church in Germany as soon as possible.

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character, can find an agreement, if their domains are separate and if overlaps in jurisdiction become parallel or in a friendly manner lead them to make common cause". Lewy wrote "The harmonious co-operation anticipated at the time did not quite materialize" but that the reasons for this "lay less in the lack of readiness of the Church than in the short sighted policies of the Hitler regime."

5908: 3029: 1933:. The encyclical states that race is a fundamental value of the human community, which is necessary and honorable but condemns the exaltation of race, or the people, or the state, above their standard value to an idolatrous level. The encyclical declares "that man as a person possesses rights he holds from God, and which any collectivity must protect against denial, suppression or neglect." 1806: 573: 2222:

unrest, hatred, defamation, of a determined hostility overt or veiled, fed from many sources and wielding many tools, against Christ and His Church. They, and they alone with their accomplices, silent or vociferous, are today responsible, should the storm of religious war, instead of the rainbow of peace, blacken the German skies.

2725:) were proscribed; and paper for church pamphlets or secretarial work was severely restricted. A host of other measures, such as diminishing the State grants to theology students and needy priests (agreed in the Concordat) were introduced. And then a number of futile, vindictive measures which did little to harm the Church … 2362:) he wrote of the encyclical "Nor was the Führer himself spared, for his 'aspirations to divinity', 'placing himself on the same level as Christ'; 'a mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance". This has subsequently been cited in works which repeat Rhodes saying that Hitler is described as a "mad prophet" in the encyclical. 2573:… Today, as We see you threatened with new dangers and new molestations, We say to you: If any one should preach to you a Gospel other than the one you received on the knees of a pious mother, from the lips of a believing father, or through teaching faithful to God and His Church, "let him be anathema" (Gal. i. 9). 2230:… Even now that a campaign against the confessional schools, which are guaranteed by the concordat, and the destruction of free election, where Catholics have a right to their children's Catholic education, afford evidence, in a matter so essential to the life of the Church, of the extreme gravity of the situation. 2149:. Cardinal Bertram of Breslau was the chairman of the German Conference of Bishops, and after the Nazi takeover he had favoured a non-confrontational approach toward the government and developed a protest system which "satisfied the demands of the other bishops without annoying the regime". Berlin's Bishop 2711:

and an opponent of the National Socialist regime, and it is not denied that he was indiscreet; but he is, moreover, accused of having tried to form a Catholic-Communist front on the plea that he baptized a Jewish Communist. This the accused denies, and his defence has been supported by Communist witnesses.

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promised fidelity to their Bishops on the day of their ordination; to all those who in the exercise of their priestly function are called upon to suffer persecution; to all those imprisoned in jail and concentration camps, the Father of the Christian world sends his words of gratitude and commendation.

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did not prevaricate … Nor was the Führer himself spared, for his 'aspirations to divinity', 'placing himself on the same level as Christ': 'a mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance' (widerliche Hochmut)."; "It was not the case that Pius failed to "spare the Führer," or called him a "mad prophet

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Only a small portion of the Encyclical is against Germany's continuous violations of the Concordat; the larger part refers to false and dangerous doctrines which are officially spread in Germany and to which the Holy Father opposes the teaching of the Catholic Church. The word National Socialism does

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Whereas the reading of the encyclical was widely felt in German Catholicism to be a liberation, state officials and the Party reacted with anger and disapproval. Nevertheless the great reprisal that was feared did not come. The concordat remained in force and despite everything the intensification of

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22. Faith in the Church cannot stand pure and true without the support of faith in the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. The same moment when Peter, in the presence of all the Apostles and disciples, confesses his faith in Christ, Son of the Living God, the answer he received in reward for his faith and

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11. None but superficial minds could stumble into concepts of a national God, of a national religion; or attempt to lock within the frontiers of a single people, within the narrow limits of a single race, God, the Creator of the universe, King and Legislator of all nations before whose immensity they

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Cardinal Faulhaber's draft of the encyclical, consisting of eleven large single sheets and written in his own hand, was presented to Vatican Secretary of State Pacelli on 21 January. Falconi said that the encyclical "was not so much an amplification of Faulhaber's draft as a faithful and even literal

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was signed on 20 July 1933 in Rome. (From left to right: German prelate Ludwig Kaas, German Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Giuseppe Pizzardo, Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, Alfredo Ottaviani, and member of Reichsministerium des Inneren

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concludes that the encyclical "condemned racism (but not Hitler or National Socialism, as some have erroneously asserted)". Other Catholic scholars have regarded the encyclical as "not a heatedly combative document" as the German episcopate, still ignorant of the real dimension of the problem, still

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was in 1937, but whether Church statements were clear enough for everyone to realize that the Church included Jews in its pastoral concern, thus summoning Christian consciences to solidarity with them. In light of what we have seen, it seems clear that the answer to this question must be No. In 1937

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The failure of the Nazi "morality" trials campaign against the Church can be gauged from the fact that, up to the beginning of August, the Courts were only able to condemn 74 religious and secular priests on such charges. The total number of religious and secular priests in Germany, according to the

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Many of you, clinging to your Faith and to your Church, as a result of your affiliation with religious associations guaranteed by the concordat, have often to face the tragic trial of seeing your loyalty to your country misunderstood, suspected, or even denied, and of being hurt in your professional

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24. "Immortality" in a Christian sense means the survival of man after his terrestrial death, for the purpose of eternal reward or punishment. Whoever only means by the term, the collective survival here on earth of his people for an indefinite length of time, distorts one of the fundamental notions

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wrote: "state officials and the Party reacted with anger and disapproval. Nevertheless the great reprisal that was feared did not come. The concordat remained in force and despite everything the intensification of the battle against the two churches which then began remained within ordinary limits."

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reported at the time "The Encyclical, which took the Nazi Government completely unawares, had been introduced into Germany by the diplomatic bag to the Nunciature, and Monsignor Orsenigo, Apostolic Nuncio in Berlin had arranged for its secret distribution all over the country so that it was read in

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on 2 April 1937 explaining that the encyclical was theologically and pastorally necessary "to preserve the True Faith in Germany." The encyclical also defended baptized Jews, still considered to be Jews by the Nazis because of racial theories that the Church could not and would not accept. Although

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43. He who searches the hearts and reins (Psalm vii. 10) is Our witness that We have no greater desire than to see in Germany the restoration of a true peace between Church and State. But if, without any fault of Ours, this peace is not to come, then the Church of God will defend her rights and her

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42. …Then We are sure, the enemies of the Church, who think that their time has come, will see that their joy was premature, and that they may close the grave they had dug. The day will come when the Te Deum of liberation will succeed to the premature hymns of the enemies of Christ: Te Deum of

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37. Our paternal gratitude also goes out to Religious and nuns, as well as Our sympathy for so many who, as a result of administrative measures hostile to Religious Orders, have been wrenched from the work of their vocation. If some have fallen and shown themselves unworthy of their vocation, their

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31. The believer has an absolute right to profess his Faith and live according to its dictates. Laws which impede this profession and practice of Faith are against natural law. Parents who are earnest and conscious of their educative duties, have a primary right to the education of the children God

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The Nazi principle that "Right is what is advantageous to the people" was rejected on the basis that what was illicit morally could not be to the advantage of the people. Human laws which opposed natural law were described as not "obligatory in conscience". The rights of parents in the education of

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21. In your country, Venerable Brethren, voices are swelling into a chorus urging people to leave the Church, and among the leaders there is more than one whose official position is intended to create the impression that this infidelity to Christ the King constitutes a signal and meritorious act of

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8. Whoever exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State, or the depositories of power, or any other fundamental value of the human community – however necessary and honorable be their function in worldly things – whoever raises these notions above their standard value and

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and anti-Semitism, especially when it was combined with newly awakened national pride. The encyclical, then, came far too late to be of any help to Jews. In reality, however, the Church's statements were never really designed to help the Jews. The "Catholic apologetic" described above is something

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The time of open confrontation seemed to have arrived. However, it very soon emerged that the encyclical was open to different interpretations. It could be understood as a last and extreme way by which the church might maintain its rights and its truth within the framework of the concordat; but it

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However, whereas the encyclical Divini Redemptoris mentioned Communism in Russia, Mexico and Spain directly by name, at the suggestion of Faulhaber the formulation of the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was not polemical, but accused National Socialism above all indirectly, by a description of the

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The Bishop of Linz (Mgr. Gfoellner) who has always taken a very strong anti-Nazi and anti-Socialist stand in the district of Austria where there has been most trouble with both views, said before the reading of 'the document: "The fate of the Church in Germany cannot be a matter of indifference to

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The case in the Berlin court against three priests and five Catholic laymen is, in public opinion, the Reich's answer to the Pope's Mit brennender Sorge encyclical, as the prisoners have been in concentration camps for over a year. Chaplain Rossaint, of Dusseldorf; is, however, known as a pacifist

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indignation was obviously not addressed at improbable democratic-liberal human rights issues, nor was there a generic and abstract appeal to evangelical principles. It was rather the Church's competition with the totalitarian regression of the concept of Volk that in the Nazi state-worship totally

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4. … The experiences of these last years have fixed responsibilities and laid bare intrigues, which from the outset only aimed at a war of extermination. In the furrows, where We tried to sow the seed of a sincere peace, other men – the "enemy" of Holy Scripture – oversowed the cockle of distrust,

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In August 1936 The German episcopate had asked Pius XI for an encyclical that would deal with the current situation of the Church in Germany. In November 1936 Hitler had a meeting with Cardinal Faulhaber during which he indicated that more pressure would be put on the Church unless it collaborated

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Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.118; "The word National Socialism does not appear at all in the document. The Pope has not tried to give a full analysis of the National Socialist doctrine. That would, indeed, have been impossible, as the Nazi movement is relatively young and it is doubtful

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Such statements require us to reconsider the Church's public declarations about the Nazi concept of the state and racism in the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. Not only were Church declarations belated. They were also inadequate to counter the passivity and widespread indifference to the fate of

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The true extent of the Nazi fury at this encyclical was shown by the immediate measures taken in Germany to counter further propagation of the document. Not a word of it was printed in newspapers, and the following day the Secret Police visited the diocesan offices and confiscated every copy they

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34. No one would think of preventing young Germans establishing a true ethnical community in a noble love of freedom and loyalty to their country. What We object to is the voluntary and systematic antagonism raised between national education and religious duty. That is why we tell the young: Sing

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he criticized racism in carefully measured words. As Peter Godman has pointed out, this was a political decision that ignored the immorality of Nazi racism as it had been discerned by in-house committees at the Vatican. … the encyclical stepped lightly around the issue of racism so as to keep the

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It quickly became clear that intended to imprison the Catholics, as it were, in their own churches. They could celebrate mass and retain their rituals as much as they liked, but they could have nothing at all to do with German society otherwise. Catholic schools and newspapers were closed, and a

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36. …The priest's first loving gift to his neighbors is to serve truth and refute error in any of its forms. Failure on this score would be not only a betrayal of God and your vocation, but also an offense against the real welfare of your people and country. To all those who have kept their

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27. Humility in the spirit of the Gospel and prayer for the assistance of grace are perfectly compatible with self-confidence and heroism. The Church of Christ, which throughout the ages and to the present day numbers more confessors and voluntary martyrs than any other moral collectivity, needs

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asserts "race" is a "fundamental value of the human community", "necessary and honorable", it condemns the "exaltation of race, or the people, or the state, or a particular form of state", "above their standard value" to "an idolatrous level". According to Rhonheimer, it was Pacelli who added to

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Following the signing of the document, the formerly outspoken nature of opposition by German Catholic leaders towards the Nazi movement weakened considerably. But violations of the Concordat by the Nazis began almost immediately and were to continue such that Falconi described the Concordat with

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Many writers, influenced in part by the violent reaction of the Nazi government to the papal pronouncement, have hailed the encyclical letter Mit brennender Sorge as a decisive repudiation of the National Socialist state and Weltanschauung. More judicious observers have noted the encyclical was

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processions, and packed church services were outward signs of the struggle of; … especially of the Catholic Church – against Nazi oppression". While the Church ultimately failed to protect its youth organisations and schools, it did have some successes in mobilizing public opinion to alter

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The (censored) German newspapers made no mention of the encyclical. The Gestapo visited the offices of every German diocese the next day and seized all the copies they could find. Every publishing company that had printed it was closed and sealed, diocesan newspapers were proscribed, and limits

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39. We address Our special greetings to the Catholic parents. Their rights and duties as educators, conferred on them by God, are at present the stake of a campaign pregnant with consequences. The Church cannot wait to deplore the devastation of its altars, the destruction of its temples, if an

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18. Faith in Christ cannot maintain itself pure and unalloyed without the support of faith in the Church … Whoever tampers with that unity and that indivisibility wrenches from the Spouse of Christ one of the diadems with which God Himself crowned her; he subjects a divine structure, which

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Pius then affirmed the articles of faith that Nazi ideology was attacking. He stated that true belief in God could not be reconciled with race, people or state raised beyond their standard value to idolatrous levels. National religion or a national God was rejected as a grave error and that the

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1. It is with deep anxiety and growing surprise that We have long been following the painful trials of the Church and the increasing vexations which afflict those who have remained loyal in heart and action in the midst of a people that once received from St. Boniface the bright message and the

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would not last long, and the favorable Concordat terms would outlive the current regime (the Concordat does remain in force today). A Church handbook published with the recommendation of the entire German Church episcopate described the Concordat as "proof that two powers, totalitarian in their

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of June 29, 1931, which condemned certain theories and practices of Italian Fascism, particularly in the realm of education, and denounced certain treaty violations of Signor Mussolini's Government, was the first document of that kind that appeared in a language other than Latin." The Catholic

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Hitler has not yet decided what to do. Some of his counsellors try to persuade him to declare the Concordat as null and void. Others reply that that would do immense damage to Germany's prestige in the world, particularly to its relations with Austria and to its influence in Nationalist Spain.

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Thomas Banchoff considers this the first explicit mention of human rights by a Pope, something the Pope would affirm the following year in a little-noticed letter to the American Church. Banchoff writes: "the church's full embrace of the human rights agenda would have to wait until the 1960s".

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Human laws in flagrant contradiction with the natural law are vitiated with a taint which no force, no power can mend. In the light of this principle one must judge the axiom, that "right is common utility," a proposition which may be given a correct significance, it means that what is morally

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encyclical, as the prisoners have been in concentration camps for over a year. Chaplain Rossaint of Dusseldorf is, however, known as a pacifist and an opponent of the National Socialist regime, and it is not denied that he was indiscreet; but he is, moreover, accused of having tried to form a

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So little anti-Nazi is it that it does not even attribute to the regime as such, but only to certain trends within it, the dogmatic and moral errors widespread in Germany. And while the errors indicated are carefully diagnosed and refuted, complete silence surrounds the much more serious and

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To hand over the moral law to man's subjective opinion, which changes with the times, instead of anchoring it in the holy will of the eternal God and His commandments, is to open wide every door to the forces of destruction. The resulting dereliction of the eternal principles of an objective

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28. "Grace," in a wide sense, may stand for any of the Creator's gifts to His creature; but in its Christian designation, it means all the supernatural tokens of God's love... To discard this gratuitous and free elevation in the name of a so-called German type amounts to repudiating openly a

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7. … Whoever identifies, by pantheistic confusion, God and the universe, by either lowering God to the dimensions of the world, or raising the world to the dimensions of God, is not a believer in God. Whoever follows that so-called pre-Christian Germanic conception of substituting a dark and

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3. … Hence, despite many and grave misgivings, We then decided not to withhold Our consent for We wished to spare the Faithful of Germany, as far as it was humanly possible, the trials and difficulties they would have had to face, given the circumstances, had the negotiations fallen through

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treaty with the Vatican, which prohibited clergy from participating in politics. Kershaw wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach agreement with the new government, despite "continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its

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15. The sacred books of the Old Testament are exclusively the word of God, and constitute a substantial part of his revelation; they are penetrated by a subdued light, harmonizing with the slow development of revelation, the dawn of the bright day of the redemption. As should be expected in

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Should any man dare, in sacrilegious disregard of the essential differences between God and His creature, between the God-man and the children of man, to place a mortal, were he the greatest of all times, by the side of, or over, or against, Christ, he would deserve to be called prophet of

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could not silently accept the general persecution, regimentation or oppression, nor in particular the sterilization law of summer 1933. Over the years until the outbreak of war Catholic resistance stiffened until finally its most eminent spokesman was the Pope himself with his encyclical

2188:, sought to blunt the impact of the encyclical by ordering that critical passages should not be read aloud. He took the view that "introductory thoughts about the failure of the Reich government to observe the treaty are meant more for the leaders, not for the great mass of believers." 2208:

In the introduction and sections 1–8 of the encyclical Pius XI wrote of his "deep anxiety and growing surprise" on observing the travails of the Catholic Church in Germany with the terms of Concordat being openly broken and the faithful being oppressed as had never been seen before.

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fundamental truth of Christianity. It would be an abuse of our religious vocabulary to place on the same level supernatural grace and natural gifts. Pastors and guardians of the people of God will do well to resist this plunder of sacred things and this confusion of ideas.

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close to the church offered their services and produced an estimated 300,000 copies, which was still insufficient. Additional copies were created by hand and using typewriters. After its clandestine distribution, the document was hidden by many congregations in their

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wrote that during the Nazi period, the churches "engaged in a bitter war of attrition with the regime, receiving the demonstrative backing of millions of churchgoers. Applause for Church leaders whenever they appeared in public, swollen attendances at events such as

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41. We have weighed every word of this letter in the balance of truth and love. We wished neither to be an accomplice to equivocation by an untimely silence, nor by excessive severity to harden the hearts of those who live under Our pastoral responsibility; …

2067:, and the mistreatment of Catholics for their political beliefs. According to Paul O'Shea, Hitler had a "blatant disregard" for the Concordat, and its signing was to him merely a first step in the "gradual suppression of the Catholic Church in Germany". 3291:

possessed of repulsive arrogance." The text limits its critique of arrogance to unnamed Nazi "reformers" (John Connelly, Harvard University Press, 2012, "From Enemy to Brother: The Revolution in Catholic Teaching on the Jews, 1933–1965", p. 315, fn 52)

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5. At the same time, anyone must acknowledge, not without surprise and reprobation, how the other contracting party emasculated the terms of the treaty, distorted their meaning, and eventually considered its more or less official violation as a normal

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loyalty to the modern State. Secret and open measures of intimidation, the threat of economic and civic disabilities, bear on the loyalty of certain classes of Catholic functionaries, a pressure which violates every human right and dignity …

2641:, had the encyclical distributed by courier. There was no pre-announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany. 2285:…that the Church, through the application of its marriage laws, has made and continues to make, an important contribution to the state's policy of racial purity; and is thus performing a valuable service for the regime's population policy. 2063:, head of the German Catholic Bishops Conference, was writing in a pastoral letter of "grievous and gnawing anxiety" with regard to the government's actions towards Catholic organisations, charitable institutions, youth groups, press, 4583:

In: Fabrice Bouthillon, Marie Levant (Hrsg.): Un pape contre le nazisme? L'encyclique "Mit brennender Sorge" du pape Pie XI. (14 mars 1937). Actes du colloque international de Brest, 4–6 juin 2015. Editions Dialogues, Brest 2016, S.

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was a novelist, travel writer, biographer and memoirist and convert to Roman Catholicism. He was encouraged by a Papal nuncio to write books on modern Church history and he was later awarded a Papal knighthood. In one of his books

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writes, there were oblique references to Hitler. It was not the case that Pius failed to "spare the Führer," or called him a "mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance." The text limits its critique of arrogance to unnamed Nazi

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reported that it was a "great Encyclical in fact contains a summary of what most needs preserving as the basis for a Christian civilisation and a compendium of the most dangerous elements in Nazi doctrine and practice." and that:

2107: … of 14 March 1937, read from all German Catholic pulpits … In general terms, therefore, the churches were the only major organisations to offer comparatively early and open resistance: they remained so in later years. 2972:

the Church was concerned not with the Jews but with entirely different matters that the Church considered more important and more urgent. An explicit defense of the Jews might well have jeopardized success in these other areas.

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The regime further constrained the actions of the Church and harassed monks with staged prosecutions for alleged immorality and phony abuse trials. Though Hitler is not named in the encyclical, the German text does refer to a "

1994:

Following the Nazi takeover, the Catholic Church hierarchy in Germany initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, but by 1937 had become highly disillusioned. A threatening, though initially mainly sporadic

2966:

The general condemnation of racism of course included the Nazis' anti-Semitic racial mania, and condemned it implicitly. The question, however, is not what the Church's theological position with regard to Nazi racism and

1856: 2339:

historical and didactic books, they reflect in many particulars the imperfection, the weakness and sinfulness of man … Nothing but ignorance and pride could blind one to the treasures hoarded in the Old Testament.

2128:

A five-member commission drafted the encyclical. According to Paul O'Shea the carefully worded denunciation of aspects of Nazism was formulated between 16 and 21 January 1937, by Pius XI, Cardinal Secretary of State

1834: 2605:

education, hostile to Christ, is to profane the temple of the child's soul consecrated by baptism, and extinguish the eternal light of the faith in Christ for the sake of counterfeit light alien to the Cross …

2751:, Nazi reprisals against the Church in Germany followed thereafter, including "staged prosecutions of monks for homosexuality, with the maximum of publicity". One hundred and seventy Franciscans were arrested in 2071:

wrote that "with his usual irresistible, bullying technique, Hitler then proceeded to take a mile where he had been given an inch" and closed all Catholic institutions whose functions weren't strictly religious:

2491:

lessons from no one in heroism of feeling and action. The odious pride of reformers only covers itself with ridicule when it rails at Christian humility as though it were but a cowardly pose of self-degradation.

2561:

has given them in the spirit of their Faith, and according to its prescriptions. Laws and measures which in school questions fail to respect this freedom of the parents go against natural law, and are immoral.

2901:, denouncing Communism, declaring its principles "intrinsically hostile to religion in any form whatever", detailing the attacks on the Church which had followed the establishment of Communist regimes in 5684: 3285:

was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance.'"; Rhodes, pp. 204–205:

2277:

divinizes them to an idolatrous level, distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God; he is far from the true faith in God and from the concept of life which that faith upholds.

3717:

Faulhaber's original draft of this passage read: "Be vigilant that race, or the state, or other communal values, which can claim an honorable place in worldly things, be not magnified and idolized."

2620:

triumph and joy and gratitude, as the German people return to religion, bend the knee before Christ, and arming themselves against the enemies of God, again resume the task God has laid upon them.

2772:

A pastoral letter issued by the German bishops in 1938 says "Currency and morality trials are put up in such a way which shows that not justice but anti-Catholic propaganda is the main concern".

2344:

16. Whoever wishes to see banished from church and school the Biblical history and the wise doctrines of the Old Testament, blasphemes the name of God, blasphemes the Almighty's plan of salvation

2180:

wrote that the document accused the regime of sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church". According to Historian

2729:

According to Carlo Falconi: "The pontifical letter still remains the first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism, and the Pope's courage astonished the world."

3251:

Catholic-Communist front on the plea that he baptized a Jewish Communist. This the accused denies, and his defence has been supported by Communist witnesses", The Tablet, p. 13, 24 April 1937

2094:. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders were to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped-up charges of currency smuggling or "immorality". Historian of the 528: 2937:

observed that Hitler's interest in church questions seemed to have died in early 1937, which he attributes to the issuing of the encyclical and that "Hitler must have regarded the encyclical

2520:

morality, which educates conscience and ennobles every department and organization of life, is a sin against the destiny of a nation, a sin whose bitter fruit will poison future generations.

2793:, at least 800,000 people attended a pilgrimage centred on Aachen – a massive demonstration by the standards of the day – and some 60,000 attended the 700th anniversary of the bishopric of 2594:

fault, which the Church punishes, in no way detracts from the merit of the immense majority, who, in voluntary abnegation and poverty, have tried to serve their God and their country …

5573: 2789:

government policies. Anton Gill wrote that, in 1937, amidst the harassment of the church and following the hundreds of arrests and closure of Catholic presses that followed the issuing of

2087: 1827: 931: 2809:

the encyclical does not specifically mention the Jewish people, it condemns the exaltation of one race or blood over another, i.e. racism. It was reported at the time that the encyclical

3246:

reported shortly after the issuing of the encyclical "The case in the Berlin court against three priests and five Catholic laymen is, in public opinion, the Reich's answer to the Pope's

4670: 766: 2917:, its condemnation of Communism even more absolute than the attack on Nazism. The difference in tone undoubtedly reflected the Pope's own loathing of Communism as the "ultimate enemy." 2732:

Historian Frank J. Coppa wrote that the encyclical was viewed by the Nazis as "a call to battle against the Reich" and that Hitler was furious and "vowed revenge against the Church".

2176:, who wrote a first draft, was adamant that the encyclical should be careful in both its tone and substance and should avoid explicit reference to Nazism or the Nazi Party. Historian 2043:, the Nazis saw the treaty as giving them moral legitimacy and prestige, whilst the Catholic Church sought to protect itself from persecution through a signed agreement. According to 5880: 5875: 2314:'Jesus received his human nature from a people who crucified him' – not some Jews, but the Jewish people" and that it was also Pius XI who had disbanded the Catholic organization " 4094: 2913:, and calling for the implementation of Catholic social teaching to offset both Communism and 'amoral liberalism'. The language of Divini Redemptoris was stronger than that of 1820: 1566: 5224: 4704: 2755:

and tried for "corrupting youth" in a secret trial, with numerous allegations of priestly debauchery appearing in the Nazi-controlled press, while a film produced for the

2663: 1113: 601: 3767:"Anthony Rhodes: Cosmopolitan and well-connected man of letters who write a deeply researched three-volume history of the Vatican", Obituary, The Times, 8 September 2004 5599: 1952:

The effort to produce and distribute over 300,000 copies of the letter was entirely secret, allowing priests across Germany to read the letter without interference. The

1286: 2468:

The bracketed text is in Burleigh's book but not on the Vatican's web site English version of the Encyclical as of December 2014; German version has it in section 29. (

5958: 5674: 1471: 1446: 661: 3126: 671: 2859:

was now being clearly witnessed: "Catholic schools are closed, people are coerced to leave the Church … religious instruction of the Youth is made impossible

2318:" that had campaigned to have the charge of deicide dropped. The charge of deicide against all Jewish people was later dropped during the Second Vatican Council. 4984: 4711: 696: 1956:

raided the churches the next day to confiscate all the copies they could find, and the presses that had printed the letter were closed. According to historian

5988: 4663: 3974: 3369: 3254: 2577:

your hymns to freedom, but do not forget the freedom of the children of God. Do not drag the nobility of that freedom in the mud of sin and sensuality …

1896:, it was smuggled into Germany for fear of censorship and was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the Church's busiest Sundays, 5257: 4750: 866: 676: 5948: 5639: 4938: 2511:

Burleigh views the encyclical as confounding the Nazi philosophy that "Right is what is advantageous to the people" through its defense of Natural Law:

2437:

Pius then went on to assert that people were obliged to believe in Christ, divine revelation, and the primacy of the Bishop of Rome (Sections 14–24).

5983: 4071: 3206: 4606: 4594: 3084:"Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518–519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, 2240:

Christian God could not be restricted "within the frontiers of a single people, within the pedigree of one single race." (sections 9–13). Historian

5392: 4234:"Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518–519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, 2470:

Wenn er nicht Christ sein will, sollte er wenigstens darauf verzichten, den Wortschatz seines Unglaubens aus christlichem Begriffsgut zu bereichern.

4151: 3281:

wrote that the encyclical doesn't condemn Hitler or National Socialism, "as some have erroneously asserted" (Phayer, 2002), p. 2; "His encyclical

2887:

In a triumphant security operation, the encyclical was smuggled into Germany, locally printed, and read from Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday 1937.

4656: 4638: 4620: 2162: 1996: 4113: 3796:

John Connelly, Harvard University Press, 2012, "From Enemy to Brother: The Revolution in Catholic Teaching on the Jews, 1933–1965", p. 315, fn 52

3178: 2197: 99: 4162: 2941:

in April 1937 almost as a snub. In fact it will have seemed to him to be the final rejection of his world-view by Catholicism". Scholder wrote:

5086: 5028: 3203:

every Catholic church of the Reich last Sunday, before the Government had time to confiscate and suppress it.", The Tablet, 3 April 1937, p.10

2281:

Against this background to the encyclical, Faulhaber suggested in an internal Church memorandum that the bishops should inform the Nazi regime

1561: 1501: 594: 4060: 5998: 5978: 4522: 4434: 4412: 4388: 4332: 4310: 3386: 2153:

had been one of the most consistent and outspoken critics of the Nazi regime to emerge from the German Church hierarchy. Munich's Archbishop

1604: 4082:

Ian Kershaw; The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000; pp 210–11

2855:

displayed for the first time "the historic headline" of "Religious Persecution in Germany" and reflected that what Pius XI had published in

2402:

nothingness, to whom the terrifying words of Scripture would be applicable: "He that dwelleth in heaven shall laugh at them" (Psalms ii. 3).

5993: 5963: 4896: 4792: 2693:

It is understood that the Vatican will reply to the note of complaint presented to it by the German Government in regard to the Encyclical

2297:. It warned Catholics that the growing Nazi ideology, which exalted one race over all others, was incompatible with Catholic Christianity. 1981: 1787: 1441: 5758: 5656: 5543: 1077: 5796: 5098: 4849: 3450:

Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.14

3011:

with the Nazis. As a result, the encyclical was "not directly polemical" but "diplomatically moderate", in contrast to the encyclical

2442:

stands on eternal foundations, to criticism and transformation by architects whom the Father of Heaven never authorized to interfere.

1571: 4091: 2768:

Catholic paper Der Deutsche Weg, is 122,792. The justice of such condemnations as the Nazis were able to obtain is more than suspect.

2464:

of the Christian Faith and tampers with the very foundations of the religious concept of the universe, which requires a moral order.

1792: 5973: 4928: 4544: 4500: 4481: 4455: 4356: 4287: 4265: 4239: 4177: 4045: 3907: 3592: 3545: 3540:

Theodore S. Hamerow; On the Road to the Wolf's Lair – German Resistance to Hitler; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1997;

3089: 2353:

There is no mention of Hitler by name in the encyclical but some works say that Hitler is described as a "mad prophet" in the text.

587: 303: 149: 2120: 5699: 5179: 5069: 3867:"Religion and the Global Politics of Human Rights", Thomas Banchoff, Robert Wuthnow, Oxford University Press, pp. 291–292, 2011. 2528:

interprets the encyclical as having asserted the "inviolability of human rights". Historian Emma Fattorini wrote that the Pope's

2459:

Historian Michael Burleigh views the following passage as a rejection of the Nazis' conception of collective racial immortality:

1020: 1266: 5194: 5118: 4738: 4716: 1628: 1591: 5433: 5052: 4699: 4691: 4679: 4570: 3872: 1717: 1581: 1296: 721: 192: 1261: 3756:"Anthony Rhodes Cosmopolitan travel writer, biographer, novelist and memoirist", The Independent, Wednesday 25 August 2004 3604:

whether certain ideas are "official" and essential parts of its doctrine or not.", The Catholic Herald, p. 3, 9 April 1937

5938: 5728: 5307: 5282: 4891: 3951: 3605: 3124: 2450:

his confession was the word that built the Church, the only Church of Christ, on the rock of Peter (Matt. xvi. 18) …

2315: 2158: 2146: 1757: 1519: 1052: 3962: 990: 5768: 5287: 5277: 4733: 2819:

which was issued on 19 March in order to avoid the charge by the Nazis that the Pope was indirectly favoring communism.

2721:

could lay their hands on. All the presses which had printed it were closed and sealed. The bishops' diocesan magazines (

2386:

wrote that the encyclical does not condemn Hitler or National Socialism, "as some have erroneously asserted". Historian

1634: 1256: 806: 4139: 4129: 5968: 5733: 4876: 2095: 1782: 1642: 1306: 5103: 5953: 5742: 4767: 2172:

According to Dr. Robert A. Ventresca, professor at King's University College at the University of Western Ontario,

2091: 2004: 1737: 1057: 995: 985: 207: 3978: 3252: 1925:", "the so-called myth of race and blood", and the idolizing of the State. It contained a vigorous defense of the 5801: 5503: 4814: 4398: 3856:""Mit brennender Sorge", the cry of Pius XI", Emma Fattorini, Reset Dialogues on Civilizations, 25 November 2008 2366: 899: 656: 629: 1486: 5943: 5634: 5209: 4726: 3056: 2086:, "was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government". The Nazis had promulgated their 1868: 1311: 1210: 946: 701: 666: 426: 157: 2373:

Some accounts exaggerate the directness of the pope's criticism of Hitler. Contrary to what Anthony Rhodes in

2090:, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church, on 14 July. On 30 July, moves began to dissolve the 3557:

Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.59

3109:

Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.58

5933: 5252: 5108: 4835: 3757: 2851: 2637:

of official Catholic Church documents. Because of government restrictions, the nuncio in Berlin, Archbishop

1251: 1190: 941: 3204: 2310:, in the context of Jews having traditionally been described as deicides, says that the encyclical affirms 5723: 5609: 5322: 1647: 1621: 1576: 1180: 846: 741: 348: 5619: 5604: 5317: 5174: 5081: 4881: 4864: 4777: 4721: 3768: 3061: 2805: 2173: 2154: 2008: 2000: 1317: 1216: 826: 213: 5669: 5229: 4635: 4617: 3519:; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; pp.58–59 4150:"Austrian Bishop's Plain Words: Can't Be Good Nazi and Good Catholic", Catholic Herald, 16 April 1937 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5778: 5548: 5508: 5327: 5204: 5143: 4948: 4923: 4859: 4320: 2293:

of the national socialist ideology, the myth of race and blood, and the fallacy of its conception of

1476: 1406: 1357: 1337: 1140: 972: 936: 906: 395: 388: 2867:… a press campaign is made against the Church, while its own newspapers and magazines are suppressed 112: 5900: 5624: 5614: 5563: 5421: 5407: 5267: 5009: 4772: 3528: 3441:

William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p234-5

3277:

and totalitarianism stood in opposition to the Catholic faith; Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392; Historian

3048: 3034: 3013: 2955:

could also be interpreted as the first step which could be and had to be followed by further steps.

2670: 2642: 2150: 2142: 1777: 1586: 1301: 1185: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1047: 464: 273: 3273:

was read in Catholic Churches in Germany. In effect it taught that the racial ideas of the leader

133: 5912: 5689: 5458: 5382: 5350: 5169: 5138: 4975: 4963: 4824: 4762: 3066: 2897: 2815: 2785: 1934: 1810: 1451: 1246: 1042: 1031: 1025: 577: 357: 259: 120: 5478: 5858: 5763: 5538: 5524: 5498: 5483: 5387: 5372: 5302: 5292: 5161: 5093: 4994: 4958: 4854: 4566: 4540: 4518: 4510: 4496: 4477: 4451: 4430: 4422: 4408: 4384: 4352: 4328: 4306: 4283: 4261: 4235: 4173: 4041: 3903: 3868: 3588: 3541: 3382: 3085: 2959: 2650:

for protection. It was read from the pulpits of German Catholic parishes on Palm Sunday 1937.

2647: 2556:

The encyclical also defends Catholic schooling against Nazi attempts to monopolize education.

1387: 1324: 1291: 1196: 1145: 859: 776: 771: 523: 488: 455: 410: 326: 280: 36: 2390:

sees the passage as pinpointing "the tendency of the Führer-cult to elevate a man into god."

1973:", which some have interpreted as meaning "mad prophet" and as referring to Hitler himself. 5748: 5553: 5533: 5453: 5438: 5337: 5239: 5113: 4953: 4911: 4906: 4886: 4869: 4782: 3165:

Martin Rhonheimer, The Holocaust: What Was Not Said, First Things 137 (November 2003): 18–28

2387: 1367: 1362: 1331: 1203: 1037: 886: 786: 734: 637: 558: 548: 440: 433: 419: 3221:

Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p. 381–382

2836:

Austrian Bishop Gfoellner of Linz had the encyclical read from the pulpits of his diocese.

5806: 5773: 5717: 5711: 5568: 5473: 5377: 5189: 4683: 4642: 4624: 4098: 3258: 3210: 3130: 2638: 2130: 2064: 2031: 2021: 2016: 2012: 1922: 1905: 1889: 1672: 1421: 1393: 1382: 1155: 761: 714: 642: 364: 333: 317: 29: 2677:

s German correspondent wrote almost four weeks after the issuing of the encyclical that:

2271:

impersonal destiny for the personal God, denies thereby the Wisdom and Providence of God.

1496: 543: 620: 165: 5869: 5694: 5488: 5463: 5427: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5199: 5184: 5123: 4999: 4989: 4745: 4559: 4554: 4465: 4402: 4377: 4299: 3278: 3003: 2934: 2735: 2426: 2383: 2354: 2241: 2181: 2177: 2083: 2040: 1965: 1885: 1697: 1537: 1491: 1481: 1350: 1095: 781: 553: 533: 502: 495: 2039:) was signed on 20 July 1933 between the Holy See and Germany. According to historian 5927: 5753: 5679: 5645: 5629: 5589: 5272: 5247: 5023: 4933: 4918: 4840: 4470: 4445: 4346: 4275: 4255: 3895: 3008: 2968: 2921: 2801: 2743:

the battle against the two churches which then began remained within ordinary limits.

2331: 2327: 2185: 2134: 2060: 1930: 1926: 1550: 1411: 1377: 295: 235: 226: 4161:"HISTORIC HEADLINE 'Religious Persecution in Germany'", Catholic Herald, 6 May 1938 3531:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013 2157:

had been a staunch defender of Catholic rights. The conservative Bishop of Münster,

5863: 5738: 5594: 5558: 5297: 5219: 5063: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4787: 3927:

Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; pp. 381–82

3413: 2990: 2982: 2756: 2634: 2138: 2044: 1961: 1938: 1910: 1881: 1877: 1667: 1616: 1416: 1226: 1150: 1135: 979: 966: 799: 754: 689: 479: 379: 250: 197: 40: 2422:" (a prophet of chimeras; that is, a prophet as the product of the imagination).) 4648: 3326:

Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p.295

5664: 5493: 5468: 5443: 5416: 5403: 5312: 5214: 4901: 4532: 4342: 2880: 2780: 2748: 2307: 1957: 1918: 1897: 1710: 1660: 1611: 1464: 1372: 1160: 1130: 1125: 1090: 911: 538: 5907: 1805: 572: 5448: 5033: 4628: 4379:

A History of the Christian Tradition: From its Jewish roots to the Reformation

3516: 3397: 3024: 2702: 2525: 2068: 1942: 1873: 1400: 1221: 1000: 202: 2326:

Historian Paul O'Shea says the encyclical contains a vigorous defense of the

4207:"The Holocaust: What Was Not Said", First Things 137 (November 2003): 18–28. 3857: 3028: 2794: 1530: 4172:

Duffy, Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. Yale University Press.

2007:

were rounded up by police in late June 1933. They along with the national

52: 5262: 5016: 5004: 2290: 1914: 1677: 175: 141:

issued by Pope Pius XI was the first papal encyclical written in German.

5519: 5133: 4755: 4447:

Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession

3568:

Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession

2752: 1953: 1554: 1514: 1239: 1106: 3335:

Three Popes and the Jews, Pinchas Lapide, 1967, Hawthorn Press, p. 102

3118:"Before 1931 all such messages were written in Latin. The encyclical 2624:

freedom in the name of the Almighty whose arm has not shortened …

2289:

Vidmar wrote that the encyclical condemned particularly the purported

5128: 5038: 4943: 4581:

The Race Debate in the Curia in the Context of “Mit brennender Sorge”

2906: 2902: 2048: 1770: 1750: 1730: 1690: 1279: 959: 924: 171: 2414: 16:

1937 papal encyclical condemning fascism and antisemitism in Germany

3708:

Phayer, Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War, 2008, p. 175-176

2011:, ceased to exist in early July, as the Nazi Party became the only 4072:"Justice and Christianity Identified", Catholic Herald, Set 9 1938 3505:

Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945

3418:

Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945

3402:

An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler

2910: 2393:

The relevant passage in the English version of the encyclical is:

2119: 1980: 1893: 1434: 1173: 1013: 879: 839: 819: 132: 3381:

Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 234-5;

2418:

can mean "illusion" or "delusion", while the Italian text uses "

5685:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

4652: 3947: 3945: 2294: 2196:

The numbers conform to the numbers used by the Vatican in its

1999:

followed the Nazi takeover. Hitler moved quickly to eliminate

3952:"First Encyclical in German", Catholic Herald, 9 April 1937 3725: 3723: 3437: 3435: 3123:

Herald, "First Encyclical in German", PAGE 3, 9 April 1937

2813:

was somewhat overshadowed by the anti-communist encyclical

2047:, a common view within Church circles at the time was that 4061:"National Socialist Culture", Catholic Herald, 15 Oct 1937 3963:"German 'Traitor' Priests", Catholic Herald, 23 April 1937 2800:

The Vatican's Secretary of State, Cardinal Pacelli (later

2429:

sees the above passage as an unmistakable jibe at Hitler.

2161:, would later distinguish himself by leading the Church's 5574:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

3843: 3841: 3831: 3829: 932:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

4603:(The section numbering differs from the German version.) 4216:

Lewy, Catholic Church and Nazi Germany, 1964, p. 158-159

4140:"The Church And Germany", Catholic Herald, 16 April 1937 3481: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3465: 2098:

Peter Hoffmann wrote that, following the Nazi takeover:

767:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

3229: 3227: 2633:

The encyclical was written in German and not the usual

2077:

propaganda campaign against the Catholics was launched.

2082:

Germany as "a complete failure". The Concordat, wrote

5605:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3352: 3350: 3317:; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.290 3304:; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.332 2759:

showed men dressed as priests dancing in a brothel.

2716:

imposed on the paper available for Church purposes.

2266:

Faulhaber's milder draft the following passage (8):

5789: 5655: 5582: 5517: 5401: 5336: 5238: 5160: 5062: 5051: 4974: 4834: 4823: 4690: 4493:

The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945)

3778:

The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, pp 204–205

1567:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

92: 84: 76: 59: 21: 4558: 4469: 4376: 4298: 3614: 3612: 3152: 3150: 2664:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 1964:began around April in response to the encyclical. 1114:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 4404:The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 1929:with the belief that it prepares the way for the 1287:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 5675:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 4472:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 3975:""The Church Abroad", 24 April 1937, The Tablet" 3587:, Frank J. Coppa, pp. 162–163, CUA Press, 2006, 1447:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 2797:– about equal to the city's entire population. 2740: 2613: 2602: 2591: 2585: 2558: 2536: 2499: 2439: 2342: 2336: 2330:out of belief that it prepared the way for the 2274: 2268: 2252:, he condemned communism once again, while in 2246: 2211: 2184:, the leader of the German Bishops conference, 2100: 2074: 1793:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions 4038:Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–1945 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 2610:Moderation of the encyclical but with warnings 1903:The encyclical condemned breaches of the 1933 4664: 4124:The Church And Germany, The Catholic Herald, 3935: 3933: 3891: 3889: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 2496:Christian grace contrasted with natural gifts 1828: 697:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 595: 8: 22: 2133:(later Pope Pius XII) and German cardinals 1949:is used to refer to the German government. 867:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State 677:Persecution of Christians in the modern era 5690:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 5640:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 5059: 5048: 4831: 4671: 4657: 4649: 4348:Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes 4040:. Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 202–210. 3679:Mit brennender Sorge Eng, Vatican Web Site 3507:; Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London; p.32" 2533:absorbed the community-people relationship 1835: 1821: 615: 602: 588: 164: 144: 3420:; Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London; p.31 3156:Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, p.156-157 2863:... Catholic organisations are suppressed 2524:In his history of the German Resistance, 2433:Fidelity to the Church and Bishop of Rome 1960:, an intensification of the general anti- 1872:, in English "With deep anxiety") is an 667:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism 4305:. Catholic University of America Press. 4257:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 3900:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s 3580: 3578: 3576: 3366:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2124:Cardinal Michael Faulhaber (around 1936) 1945:are not named in the document. The term 1884:on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of 1297:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 5959:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church 3585:The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust 3077: 2822:Following the issuing of the document, 2662:precipitated an intensification of the 2375:The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators 2360:The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators 636: 183: 156: 4618:"'Morality Trials' In The Third Reich" 3141:Robert A. Ventresca – p.iv of photos, 2981:Jews caused by this kind of Christian 1562:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 662:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 18: 3494:Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, p.156 2485:Compatibility of humility and heroism 1867: 7: 4537:The Catholic Church Through the Ages 4515:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4427:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4092:Martin Rhonheimer, What was not Said 3618:Scholder, Requiem for Hitler, p. 159 3370:National Catholic Welfare Conference 2849:In April 1938 The Vatican newspaper 2261:Martin Rhonheimer writes that while 2214:Gospel of Christ and God's Kingdom. 2003:. Two thousand functionaries of the 1788:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union 1442:Violence against Christians in India 657:Historical persecution of Christians 5989:Modern paganism and other religions 5544:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 3269:McGonigle, p. 172: "the encyclical 1078:Burning of convents in Spain (1931) 5099:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 4407:. University of California Press. 4368:The Popes in the Twentieth Century 1997:persecution of the Catholic Church 1572:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1191:Persecution of Christians in China 80:On the Church and the German Reich 14: 5949:History of Catholicism in Germany 5984:Christianity and other religions 5906: 5894: 5225:Fourth Council of Constantinople 5180:Second Council of Constantinople 4636:"An Open Letter to Dr. Goebbels" 4370:. Feltrinelli Editore. 68-14744. 3787:e.g see Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392 3041: 3027: 2406:(The German text uses the term " 2015:in the country. Vice Chancellor 1804: 1021:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 619: 571: 51: 32:for 'With deep anxiety' 5195:Third Council of Constantinople 5119:First Council of Constantinople 3404:; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.57 2198:English translation of the text 2163:protest against Nazi euthanasia 1629:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 1592:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 5434:Dissolution of the monasteries 4700:History of the Catholic Church 4495:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3198:The Roman Catholic periodical 3017:dealing with Italian fascism. 1990:(Home Office) Rudolf Buttmann) 1718:Catholic Church in North Korea 1582:Dissolution of the Monasteries 722:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem 193:Social teachings of the papacy 1: 5308:Fourth Council of the Lateran 5283:Second Council of the Lateran 4892:Apostles in the New Testament 3823:Under His Very Windows, p. 22 2763:reported on 15 October 1937: 2582:Call to priests and religious 2552:Defense of Catholic schooling 1909:agreement signed between the 1758:2021 Canadian church burnings 1520:Religious violence in Nigeria 1053:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate 672:Eastern Catholic persecutions 5999:Criticism of modern paganism 5979:Modern paganism and politics 5422:Catholic Counter-Reformation 5288:Third Council of the Lateran 5278:First Council of the Lateran 4734:Catholic ecumenical councils 4476:. Indiana University Press. 4327:. Harvard University Press. 4254:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). 4180:. (paperback edition) p. 343 1869:[mɪtˈbʀɛnəndɐˈzɔʁɡə] 1635:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 807:Christianity in Saudi Arabia 5994:Works about modern paganism 5964:Encyclicals of Pope Pius XI 4450:. Oxford University Press. 4325:The Black Book of Communism 4017:Scholder, pp. 154–155. 3189:Mit brennender Sorge Para 3 3002:Catholic holocaust scholar 2706:reported on 24 April 1937: 2322:Defending the Old Testament 2302:are "as a drop of a bucket" 2204:Violations of the Concordat 1783:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy 1643:Philadelphia nativist riots 88:28 of 31 of the pontificate 6015: 4768:History of the Roman Curia 4112:, §§ 8, 10, 11, 17, 23 in 2412:", in which the component 1738:Anti-Catholicism in Norway 1307:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs 996:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 5889: 5504:European wars of religion 4815:Eastern Catholic Churches 4645:, The Tablet 17 July 1937 4579:Peter Rohrbacher (2016). 4444:Pham, John Peter (2006). 4351:. Yale University Press. 4280:A History of Christianity 4189:Falconi, 1967, pp 229–231 2349:Claimed attacks on Hitler 2036: 2019:meanwhile negotiated the 900:European wars of religion 108: 50: 5974:1930s in modern paganism 5635:Mary of the Divine Heart 5258:Clash against the empire 5210:Second Council of Nicaea 5104:Old St. Peter's Basilica 4641:20 December 2016 at the 4623:20 December 2016 at the 4491:Rhodes, Anthony (1973). 4301:Controversial Concordats 4297:Coppa, Frank J. (1999). 4198:Scholder, p. 152, p. 163 4128:, Page 8, 16 April 1937 4126:"The Church And Germany" 4036:Rhodes, Anthony (1973). 3729:First things, Rhonheimer 3529:Konrad Graf von Preysing 3257:20 December 2016 at the 3242:The Catholic periodical 3057:Religion in Nazi Germany 1888:, 14 March). Written in 1698:Murder of Andrea Santoro 1211:Ad Apostolorum principis 947:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 702:Diocletianic Persecution 427:Sollicitudo rei socialis 158:Catholic social teaching 5901:Vatican City portal 5253:Investiture Controversy 5109:First Council of Nicaea 4366:Falconi, Carlo (1967). 4323:; Kramer, Mark (1999). 3747:Wills, Papal Sin, p. 19 3372:; Washington D.C.; 1942 3007:entertained hopes of a 2013:legally permitted party 2005:Bavarian People's Party 1502:1989 murders of Jesuits 65:14 March 1937 5913:Catholicism portal 5724:Second Vatican Council 5610:Our Lady of La Salette 5417:Protestant Reformation 5404:Protestant Reformation 5323:Second Council of Lyon 4712:Ecclesiastical history 4517:. Simon and Schuster. 4429:. Simon and Schuster. 4282:. Barnes & Noble. 3883:Burleigh, 2005, p. 192 3847:Burleigh, 2006, p. 192 3835:Burleigh, 2006, p. 191 3000: 2988: 2974: 2957: 2948: 2931: 2919: 2847: 2834: 2804:), wrote to Germany's 2770: 2745: 2727: 2713: 2699: 2689:reported on 23 April: 2684: 2626: 2607: 2596: 2590: 2579: 2545: 2535: 2522: 2507:Defense of natural law 2504: 2493: 2466: 2452: 2404: 2380: 2346: 2341: 2304: 2287: 2279: 2273: 2259: 2232: 2125: 2109: 2079: 1991: 1900:(21 March that year). 1811:Catholicism portal 1648:Ursuline Convent riots 1577:Irish Catholic Martyrs 1472:Four U.S. missionaries 1181:Martyr Saints of China 847:Maspero demonstrations 742:Massacre of the Latins 578:Catholicism portal 529:René de La Tour du Pin 349:Second Vatican Council 142: 23: 5620:First Vatican Council 5318:First Council of Lyon 5082:Constantine the Great 4778:Christian monasticism 4097:18 March 2014 at the 3939:Ian Kershaw p.381-382 3485:Falconi, 1967, p. 229 3471:Falconi, 1967, p. 228 3429:Falconi, 1967, p. 227 3209:26 April 2018 at the 3062:Humani generis unitas 2995: 2978: 2964: 2952: 2943: 2926: 2885: 2842: 2829: 2765: 2718: 2708: 2691: 2679: 2530: 2513: 2488: 2461: 2420:un profeta di chimere 2395: 2371: 2299: 2283: 2155:Michael von Faulhaber 2123: 2092:Catholic Youth League 2009:Catholic Centre Party 2001:Political Catholicism 1984: 1865:German pronunciation: 1318:In Poloniae annalibus 1267:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn 1217:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 827:Christianity in Sudan 214:Tranquillitas ordinis 136: 5939:1937 in Christianity 5797:Sexual abuse scandal 5706:Mit brennender Sorge 5549:Age of Enlightenment 5328:Bernard of Clairvaux 5205:Byzantine Iconoclasm 5144:Council of Chalcedon 4924:Council of Jerusalem 4793:Role in civilization 4773:Religious institutes 4705:By country or region 4608:Mit brennender Sorge 4596:Mit brennender Sorge 3814:Burleigh, p. 191-192 3288:Mit brennender Sorge 3283:Mit brennender Sorge 3271:Mit brennender Sorge 3248:Mit brennender Sorge 3233:Scholder, p. 154-155 2950:Scholder adds that: 2939:Mit brennender sorge 2915:Mit brennender Sorge 2893:With Burning Anxiety 2889:Mit brennender Sorge 2857:Mit brennender Sorge 2852:L'Osservatore Romano 2811:Mit brennender Sorge 2791:Mit brennender Sorge 2695:Mit Brennender Sorge 2660:Mit brennender Sorge 2263:Mit brennender Sorge 2254:Mit brennender Sorge 2105:Mit brennender Sorge 2057:Mit brennender Sorge 1880:, issued during the 1849:Mit brennender Sorge 1141:Bernhard Lichtenberg 1120:Mit brennender Sorge 1058:José María of Manila 991:José Sánchez del Río 973:Iniquis afflictisque 942:Martyrs of Compiègne 396:Populorum progressio 389:Octogesima adveniens 267:Mit brennender Sorge 139:Mit brennender Sorge 61:Signature date 24:Mit brennender Sorge 5625:Papal infallibility 5615:Our Lady of Lourdes 5564:Shimabara Rebellion 5408:Counter-Reformation 4110:Mit brennnder Sorge 3981:on 20 December 2016 3738:Vidmar, pp. 327–331 3175:Mit brennnder Sorge 3129:27 May 2014 at the 3120:Non abbiamo bisogno 3049:Vatican City portal 3035:Christianity portal 3014:Non abbiamo bisogno 2838:The Catholic Herald 2824:The Catholic Herald 2761:The Catholic Herald 2687:The Catholic Herald 2671:The Catholic Herald 2151:Konrad von Preysing 1778:Martyrs of Pratulin 1487:Ignacio Martín-Baró 1186:Auguste Chapdelaine 1073:522 Spanish Martyrs 1068:498 Spanish Martyrs 1063:233 Spanish Martyrs 465:Caritas in veritate 274:Non abbiamo bisogno 5969:Anti-fascist works 5670:Our Lady of Fátima 5459:Ignatius of Loyola 5383:Catherine of Siena 5351:Pope Boniface VIII 5170:Benedict of Nursia 5139:Council of Ephesus 4976:Ante-Nicene period 4929:Split with Judaism 4763:Crusading movement 4561:Requiem For Hitler 4511:Shirer, William L. 4423:Shirer, William L. 4375:McGonigle (1996). 4321:Courtois, Stéphane 3805:Phyaer, 2002, p. 2 3699:Lewy, 1967, p. 157 3627:Lewy, 1967, p. 156 3459:Lewy, 1967, p. 228 3315:Hitler a Biography 3302:Hitler a Biography 3067:Summi Pontificatus 2976:He further writes 2898:Divini Redemptoris 2816:Divini Redemptoris 2806:Cardinal Faulhaber 2786:Corpus Christi Day 2250:Divini Redemptoris 2174:Cardinal Faulhaber 2126: 1992: 1935:National Socialism 1452:Devasahayam Pillai 1247:Vietnamese Martyrs 1043:Martyrs of Daimiel 1032:Dilectissima Nobis 715:Neo-Persian Empire 358:Dignitatis humanae 260:Divini redemptoris 143: 121:Divini Redemptoris 5954:March 1937 events 5921: 5920: 5881:COVID-19 pandemic 5859:Pope Benedict XVI 5764:Pope John Paul II 5539:Pope Benedict XIV 5525:French Revolution 5509:Thirty Years' War 5499:Robert Bellarmine 5484:John of the Cross 5388:Pope Alexander VI 5373:Council of Vienne 5303:Francis of Assisi 5293:Pope Innocent III 5162:Early Middle Ages 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5094:Arian controversy 5047: 5046: 4995:Apostolic Fathers 4539:. Paulist Press. 4524:978-0-671-72868-7 4436:978-0-671-72868-7 4414:978-0-520-25251-6 4390:978-0-8091-3648-3 4383:. Paulist Press. 4334:978-0-674-07608-2 4312:978-0-8132-0920-3 4225:Phayer 2000, p. 2 3387:978-1-877058-71-4 3356:Lewy, 1964, p. 93 3344:Lewy, 1964, p. 92 3143:Soldier of Christ 2960:Martin Rhonheimer 2776:Catholic response 2316:Friends of Israel 2257:Concordat intact. 2096:German Resistance 2088:sterilization law 1845: 1844: 1477:Ignacio Ellacuría 1388:Aloysius Stepinac 1358:József Mindszenty 1338:Jerzy Popiełuszko 1325:Gloriosam Reginam 1292:Maksymilian Kolbe 1252:Andrew of Phú Yên 1197:Ad Sinarum gentem 1146:Max Josef Metzger 937:War in the Vendée 907:Thirty Years' War 860:Islamic terrorism 777:Assyrian genocide 772:Armenian genocide 612: 611: 524:Gaspard Mermillod 489:Evangelii gaudium 456:Pope Benedict XVI 411:Pope John Paul II 327:Mater et magistra 281:Quadragesimo anno 129: 128: 46: 33: 6006: 5911: 5910: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5876:Patriarch Kirill 5749:Pope John Paul I 5554:Anti-clericalism 5534:Pope Innocent XI 5454:Society of Jesus 5439:Council of Trent 5393:Age of Discovery 5338:Late Middle Ages 5240:High Middle Ages 5230:East–West Schism 5114:Pope Sylvester I 5060: 5049: 4959:General epistles 4954:Pauline epistles 4887:John the Baptist 4870:Great Commission 4832: 4783:Catholic culture 4673: 4666: 4659: 4650: 4614: 4602: 4576: 4564: 4550: 4528: 4506: 4487: 4475: 4461: 4440: 4418: 4394: 4382: 4371: 4362: 4338: 4316: 4304: 4293: 4271: 4242: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4008:Falconi, p. 230. 4006: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3977:. 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1507: 1506: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1437: 1427: 1426: 1422:Theodore Romzha 1394:Meminisse iuvat 1383:Zynoviy Kovalyk 1353: 1343: 1342: 1282: 1272: 1271: 1262:Trương Bửu Diệp 1242: 1232: 1231: 1176: 1166: 1165: 1156:Erich Klausener 1109: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1083: 1082: 1016: 1006: 1005: 962: 952: 951: 927: 917: 916: 902: 892: 891: 882: 872: 871: 862: 852: 851: 842: 832: 831: 822: 812: 811: 802: 792: 791: 757: 747: 746: 737: 727: 726: 717: 707: 706: 692: 682: 681: 652: 643:Catholic Church 640: 608: 570: 565: 564: 563: 518: 510: 509: 508: 482: 472: 471: 470: 458: 448: 447: 446: 413: 403: 402: 401: 382: 372: 371: 370: 365:Gaudium et spes 351: 341: 340: 339: 334:Pacem in terris 320: 318:Pope John XXIII 310: 309: 308: 298: 288: 287: 286: 253: 243: 242: 241: 229: 219: 179: 170: 137:The encyclical 125: 116: 104: 68: 66: 60: 42: 34: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6012: 6010: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5934:1937 documents 5926: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 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5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200:Saint Boniface 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:Pope Gregory I 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5124:Biblical canon 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5078: 5076: 5057: 5053:Late antiquity 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5000:Pope Clement I 4990:Church Fathers 4987: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4846: 4844: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4751:Biblical canon 4746:Catholic Bible 4743: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4633: 4615: 4604: 4590: 4589:External links 4587: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4551: 4545: 4529: 4523: 4507: 4501: 4488: 4482: 4462: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4419: 4413: 4399:Norman, Edward 4395: 4389: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4339: 4333: 4317: 4311: 4294: 4288: 4276:Chadwick, Owen 4272: 4266: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4132: 4117: 4102: 4084: 4075: 4064: 4053: 4046: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3999:Rhodes, p. 205 3992: 3966: 3955: 3941: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3885: 3876: 3860: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3760: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3681: 3629: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3572: 3559: 3550: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3503:Joachim Fest; 3496: 3487: 3473: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3431: 3422: 3406: 3390: 3374: 3358: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3306: 3293: 3279:Michael Phayer 3262: 3235: 3223: 3214: 3191: 3182: 3167: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3111: 3093: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3038: 3022: 3019: 3004:Michael Phayer 2935:Klaus Scholder 2879:The historian 2876: 2873: 2777: 2774: 2736:Klaus Scholder 2655: 2652: 2630: 2627: 2611: 2608: 2600: 2597: 2583: 2580: 2553: 2550: 2508: 2505: 2497: 2494: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2456: 2453: 2434: 2431: 2427:Susan Zuccotti 2384:Michael Phayer 2355:Anthony Rhodes 2350: 2347: 2323: 2320: 2242:Michael Phayer 2236: 2233: 2205: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2182:Klaus Scholder 2178:William Shirer 2141:, and Bishops 2117: 2114: 2084:William Shirer 2041:Pinchas Lapide 1978: 1975: 1966:Klaus Scholder 1886:Passion Sunday 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1538:Stanley Rother 1534: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1492:Segundo Montes 1489: 1484: 1482:Rutilio Grande 1479: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407:Sára Salkaházi 1404: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1351:Eastern Europe 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096:Titus Brandsma 1094: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 976: 969: 963: 958: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 944: 939: 934: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 903: 898: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 863: 858: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 843: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 823: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 803: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 784: 782:Greek genocide 779: 774: 769: 764: 758: 753: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 738: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 718: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 693: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 634: 633: 625: 624: 610: 609: 607: 606: 599: 592: 584: 581: 580: 567: 566: 562: 561: 556: 554:Hilaire Belloc 551: 546: 541: 536: 534:Heinrich Pesch 531: 526: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 507: 506: 503:Fratelli tutti 499: 492: 484: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 469: 468: 460: 459: 454: 453: 450: 449: 445: 444: 437: 430: 423: 415: 414: 409: 408: 405: 404: 400: 399: 392: 384: 383: 378: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 361: 353: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 330: 322: 321: 316: 315: 312: 311: 307: 306: 300: 299: 294: 293: 290: 289: 285: 284: 277: 270: 263: 255: 254: 249: 248: 245: 244: 240: 239: 231: 230: 225: 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 186: 185: 181: 180: 169: 161: 160: 154: 153: 127: 126: 118: 113:Vigilanti cura 109: 106: 105: 103: 102: 96: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 63: 57: 56: 48: 47: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6011: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Mother Teresa 5752: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5680:Pope Pius XII 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5646:Rerum novarum 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Pope Leo XIII 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600:United States 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5590:Pope Pius VII 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Scholasticism 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Pope Urban II 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024:Justin Martyr 5022: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4934:New Testament 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Commissioning 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841:Apostolic Age 4837: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727:Papal primacy 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4610:on Vatican.va 4609: 4605: 4599: 4598:on Vatican.va 4597: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565:. SCM Press. 4563: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4546:0-8091-4234-1 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4502:0-340-02394-5 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4483:0-253-21471-8 4479: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457:0-19-517834-3 4453: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4358:0-300-07332-1 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4289:0-7607-7332-7 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4267:0-385-50584-1 4263: 4260:. Doubleday. 4259: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4240:0-8196-0189-6 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4178:0-300-07332-1 4175: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4047:0-340-02394-5 4043: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3908:0-375-40881-9 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896:Piers Brendon 3892: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3593:0-8132-1449-1 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3570:(2005), p. 45 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546:0-674-63680-5 3543: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313:Ian Kershaw; 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300:Ian Kershaw; 3297: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090:0-8196-0189-6 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3009:Modus vivendi 3005: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2969:anti-Semitism 2963: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2922:Carlo Falconi 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2802:Pope Pius XII 2798: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747:According to 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2654:Nazi response 2653: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2484: 2482: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2460: 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