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plant crops and raise livestock, as well as to build houses. By doing this, the Inca allowed mitma populations to reproduce their original social and production structure. Another way they kept the population in check was by having strict punishments for lawbreakers. If a resettled person tried to return to his native home, he was tortured. If he attempted to do so a second-time, the offender was executed. In addition, the Inca kept resettled elites in check by promoting them to bureaucratic positions in order to keep them dependent on imperial systems and ideologies for their own prestige and status.
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high degree of rebellions or uprisings. Provinces that were loyal were moved and resettled in new or hostile territories, while rebellious villages were moved to consolidated regions. By using such methods, the ethnic Inca were able to help diminish resistance to the Inca nobility. Outside of Cuzco, much of the Inca government consisted of Inca officials that supervised a hierarchy of hereditary ethnic lords who were drafted into state service. The mitma system was effective because instead of trying to invent new governments, they just shuffled about existing ethnic groups.
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These policies allowed the state to monitor the movement of its subjects, and officials could easily determine who belonged in a particular region and who was not supposed to be there. As mentioned, being found out of place had severe repercussions. However, even not wearing traditional costumes were
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Because the ethnic Inca were outnumbered by the population they ruled over by 100 to 1, there were many political systems they employed to control their conquered people. The mitma policy was one method that involved planned transfers of entire populations to regions that were less developed or had a
101:
In order to show their domination, the Inca required newly captured groups to adopt practices that would distinguish them from neighboring groups. For example, members of the
Huancavelicas extracted six of each settlers' front teeth. To further perpetuate local differences, settlers were required to
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word meaning "sprinkle, distribute, spread". The term comes from the
Quechua word "mitmat", which meant “man moved, transported” or “outsider”. It is related to another Inca word, "mit'a", which means labor taken in turns and is descended from the Quechua verb "mitmay". The Spanish also adopted the
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The Inca conquest began in the 1420s by reconstructing Cuzco after driving out the warriors of a powerful rival dominion, the
Chancas. These were inhabitants of the territory northeast of Cuzco. The Tawantinsuyu (the realm of the Inca centered on Cuzco) originated from this transformation. After
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The Inca kept great tabs on their populace in order to ensure that challenges to their authority did not occur. This included keeping detailed documents, such as a census of the population once they had been resettled. Once in their new settlement places, the mitmas participants received land to
61:. This policy was used over a long period of time in all border regions of the empire. Modern anthropological and linguistic studies suggest that about a quarter to a third of the population of the empire was resettled and is probably the largest single element of the Inca domination.
130:
Before returning to the capital, the Inca extended imperial control northward into the
Ecuadorian highlands. The Inca forces then pushed the southern frontier of the empire into Northwest Argentina and Central Chile. It is thought that the existence of "Chilean" placenames such as
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The Mitma policy has been well documented at the
Bolivian plateau, specifically the Titicaca Basin. Under Inca administration, the coast and western slope between Peru and Chile were considered a distinct administrative region populated by enclaves of atiplano colonists.
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from their home territory to lands recently conquered by the Incas. The objective was to transfer both loyalty to the state and a cultural baggage of Inca culture such as language, technology, economic and other resources into areas that were in transition.
126:
In addition to the
Titicaca Basin, the Inca forces went north and stormed Cajamarca, capturing it and leaving a small garrison there. The Inca then returned to Cajamarca later in order to reinforce the isolated garrison at Cajamarca.
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At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Inca imperial state came into existence. Before that time, Inca only sporadically attacked its neighbors in the Cuzco Valley, but it was still a weak, tribute-based state.
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Population swaps were also used in the territory of present-day
Ecuador and had a large impact in the population mix of the region. In the area of Tumipamba, the transition was almost complete.
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imposing rule over their neighbors, the Incas seized an opportunity to intervene in the internal affairs of those living further south in the
Urubamba Valley and the Titicaca Basin.
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were managed by the state. The element of political stability is obvious as the new settlements depended on the Incas for defense, supplies and governance.
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This policy moved entire communities hundreds of kilometers to create enclaves of settlers called
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term "mit'a", and adapted the word to mean forced native labor during the
Spanish colonial rule.
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Covey, Alan R. (June 2000). "Inka
Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru".
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The strategic and political use of this policy might have also been related to
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retain their traditional garb and practices after they were relocated.
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crimes against the state punishable by torture or death.
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de Freitas, Luiz Carlos de Carvalho Teixeira (2009).
466:"Churumatas y tomatas, la conexión chilena en Tarija"
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The Language of the Inka Since the European Invasion
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was a policy of forced resettlement employed by the
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588:(2). Society for American Archaeology: 119–138.
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150:Ethnic groups believed to have a mitma origin
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566:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
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557:. Washington D.C.: American Anthropology.
546:The Inka and Political Power in the Andes
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539:. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Cerqueira Cesar.
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464:Patiño, Roberto (January 20, 2019).
530:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
575:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
548:. Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de Mexico.
493:Cortés Larravide, Enrique (2016).
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260:. Retrieved on November 29, 2007.
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555:Tribes, Chiefdoms, and Kingdoms
27:Inca forced resettlement policy
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287:Terence D'Altroy 2003, p.248.
573:The Inca and their Ancestors
251:Topónimos del Quechua Yungay
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553:Patterson, Thomas (1987).
522:D'Altroy, Terence (2003).
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571:Moseley, Michael (1992).
582:Latin American Antiquity
562:Mannheim, Bruce (1991).
544:Pease, Franklin (1981).
500:Revista Tiempo Histórico
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350:de Freitas 2009, 154
323:de Freitas 2009, 154
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537:Who Were the Inca?
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341:D'Altroy 2003, 236
332:D'Altroy 2003, 231
296:D'Altroy 2003, 231
256:2009-02-13 at the
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507:(12): 17–32.
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834:Manco Cápac
704:Ransom Room
674:Inca Empire
648:Inca Empire
478:January 20,
912:Categories
829:Mama Killa
824:Coricancha
776:Warachikuy
235:References
226:Churumatas
180:Churumatas
171:Argentina
59:mitmaqkuna
869:Viracocha
854:Pariacaca
781:Inca army
664:Sapa Inca
610:164195422
526:The Incas
209:Salasacas
204:Saraguros
45:The term
254:Archived
214:Puruhaes
185:Paypayas
156:Bolivia
864:Vichama
771:Panakas
756:Chasqui
656:History
516:Sources
471:El País
199:Cañaris
191:Ecuador
175:Chichas
165:Tomatas
78:vicuñas
74:alpacas
51:Quechua
18:Mitimas
897:Yupana
746:Amauta
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602:971851
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222:Chile
137:Calama
70:llamas
892:Quipu
844:Supay
766:Ñusta
761:Mitma
751:Ayllu
741:Aclla
606:S2CID
598:JSTOR
141:Elqui
49:is a
47:mitma
35:Incas
31:Mitma
839:Inti
480:2020
76:and
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133:Loa
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