139:
402:
313:
argue that the surviving corpus of the few known examples of
Isthmian inscriptions is insufficient to securely ground any proposed decipherment. Their attempt to apply Kaufman's and Justeson's decipherments to other extant Isthmian material failed to produce any meaningful results. Wichmann (1995)
368:
dismissed most earlier comparisons as methodologically flawed, but considered the Macro-Mayan proposal the most promising, but yet unproven hypothesis. In two more recently published articles, evidence is presented for linking the Mixe–Zoque languages either with the
318:
time-frame in which the Olmec culture was at its height. The date of the Mixe–Zoque split has however since been pushed back, and the argument is therefore much weaker than it once was thought to be.
1288:
Campbell, Lyle, et al. The linguistics of
Southeast Chiapas, Mexico. United States, New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, 1988.
5164:
4190:
1014:-markers, one used in dependent clauses and another used in independent clauses. Three aspects are distinguished within each clause-type: incompletive, completive, and irrealis.
664:
by
Wichmann (1995) can be seen to be relatively simple, but many of the modern languages have been innovative; some have become quite vowel rich, and some also have introduced a
325:, and he ascribed to Mixe–Zoquean an important role in spreading a number of the linguistic features that later became some of the principal commonalities used in defining the
314:
criticizes certain proposed Mixe–Zoquean loans into other
Mesoamerican languages as being only Zoquean, not Mixean, which would put the period of borrowing much later than the
1010:-types, independent and dependent; verbs take different aspectual and personal affixes, depending on the type of clause in which they appear. There are two different sets of
4181:
5174:
1936:
510:
The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by
Kaufman & Justeson (2000), cited in Zavala (2000). Individual languages are marked by
4046:
5070:
1688:
948:
in the proto-language. Complex syllable-final consonant clusters are also typical in the daughter languages and can be reconstructed for the proto-language.
2148:
1650:
on behalf of
Brigham Young University archaeologist Stephen Houston and Yale University professor emeritus Michael Coe disputing Justeson/Kaufman findings.
5169:
5215:
1647:
321:
Later, Kaufman (2001), again on the basis of putative loans from Mixe–Zoque into other
Mesoamerican languages, argued a Mixe–Zoquean presence at
4174:
4194:
1630:
1604:
3671:
238:
languages of which some are Mixean and some
Zoquean with 69,000 speakers. However, the internal diversity in each of these groups is great.
3561:
3142:
5043:
1929:
2643:
1681:
5205:
5123:
3828:
4167:
294:, spoke a Mixe–Zoquean language. Kaufman and John Justeson also claim to have deciphered a substantial part of the text written in
3804:
988:
1029:
and comparative work by
William Wonderly, as a basis for their work. This classification is not used by historical linguists, and
5179:
3043:
4573:
1896:
315:
5200:
4542:
2962:
2898:
2141:
3575:
3326:
2817:
270:
Historically the Mixe–Zoquean family may have been much more widespread, reaching into the
Guatemalan Pacific coast (i.e. the
1922:
336:", which was used by some of the nobility and priesthood of the postclassic Yucatan region, may have been a Mixean language.
3688:
2823:
1519:
1433:
1531:
4041:
2648:
2434:
2428:
2352:
1674:
3735:
3023:
4051:
4036:
3036:
2794:
2755:
940:
Mixe–Zoquean languages are characterized by complex syllabic nuclei made up of combinations of vowels together with the
326:
4891:
3810:
2668:
995:
987:, with morphologically complex verbs and simple nouns. Grammatical subjects as well as objects are marked in the verb.
4031:
4025:
3083:
3001:
2974:
2678:
1617:(1998). "A conservative look at diffusion involving Mixe–Zoquean languages". In Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (eds.).
5128:
3597:
3055:
2713:
2673:
2663:
5210:
4509:
3258:
2853:
2683:
2369:
2134:
2115:
3816:
3792:
3767:
3740:
3723:
2631:
2202:
4009:
2733:
2688:
2658:
2157:
1262:
991:
816:
4217:
3320:
2375:
2191:
1509:"A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: a Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment"
1412:"A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: a Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment"
5138:
4971:
4634:
4056:
3863:
3500:
2382:
2084:
2006:
1596:
4159:
3061:
2986:
2389:
2339:
1848:
1267:
310:
657:
97:
4965:
4923:
4732:
4698:
4416:
4075:
3923:
3718:
3713:
3494:
3447:
3077:
2994:
2653:
2637:
2445:
2346:
2209:
2185:
2000:
1945:
1026:
984:
945:
923:
916:
898:
893:
881:
872:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
795:
791:
787:
783:
773:
769:
755:
751:
744:
740:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
669:
661:
283:
211:
2411:
5133:
5079:
4998:
4976:
4617:
4499:
4121:
4019:
3708:
3511:
3301:
3290:
3252:
2859:
2833:
2738:
2728:
2327:
2178:
2099:
2079:
2019:
1455:
Brown, Cecil H.; Beck, David; Kondrak, Grzegorz; Watters, James K.; Wichmann, S. (2011). "Totozoquean".
980:
911:
374:
353:
79:
5031:
5024:
3822:
3547:
2057:
2051:
1397:
Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman (1993), "A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing" in
4958:
4806:
4372:
4338:
4096:
3981:
3853:
3661:
3634:
3617:
3585:
3483:
3197:
3122:
3049:
2828:
2805:
2777:
2708:
2619:
2400:
1987:
1792:
530:
251:
344:
The Mixe–Zoque languages have been included in several long-range classification proposals, e.g. in
5143:
4982:
4940:
4880:
4859:
4653:
4589:
4532:
4480:
4465:
4438:
4406:
4222:
3873:
3777:
3677:
3666:
3628:
3607:
3505:
3464:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3089:
3072:
2811:
2477:
2464:
2358:
2308:
2165:
2094:
2012:
1970:
1869:
1735:
1003:
865:
462:
457:
370:
361:
5054:
5010:
4934:
4834:
4820:
4750:
4640:
4456:
4400:
4393:
4304:
4288:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3729:
3698:
3693:
3646:
3640:
3591:
3536:
3459:
3343:
3307:
3268:
3210:
3017:
3012:
2723:
2482:
2451:
2417:
2405:
2364:
2239:
2089:
2041:
1964:
1750:
1567:
1480:
1472:
1011:
811:
806:
349:
299:
4277:
3884:
3847:
1838:
242:
counts 19 different languages, whereas the current classification of Mixe–Zoquean languages by
5118:
5060:
4813:
4796:
4771:
4757:
4612:
4475:
4470:
4432:
4315:
3889:
3878:
3858:
3798:
3703:
3683:
3622:
3602:
3313:
3274:
3245:
3233:
3170:
3116:
3094:
3067:
3007:
2980:
2799:
2760:
2750:
2718:
2591:
2517:
2499:
2493:
2395:
2313:
2227:
2196:
1755:
1636:
1626:
1614:
1600:
1588:
826:
406:
395:
247:
243:
1275:
302:, based upon their deciphering of the text as representing an archaic Mixe–Zoquean language.
5148:
5093:
5086:
5004:
4945:
4873:
4866:
4785:
4743:
4708:
4666:
4647:
4622:
4583:
4562:
4556:
4519:
4426:
4324:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4235:
4106:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3905:
3899:
3894:
3868:
3761:
3656:
3580:
3518:
3470:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3366:
3350:
3285:
3280:
3263:
3204:
3098:
3030:
2941:
2908:
2886:
2876:
2772:
2744:
2693:
2614:
2598:
2584:
2566:
2559:
2545:
2505:
2487:
2471:
2457:
2279:
2262:
2025:
1975:
1745:
1559:
1464:
1037:
665:
598:
333:
275:
156:
109:
4951:
4908:
4901:
4778:
4764:
4714:
4628:
4603:
4526:
4492:
4486:
4383:
4349:
4249:
4211:
4101:
3976:
3961:
3930:
3651:
3612:
3477:
3423:
3295:
3157:
2923:
2918:
2783:
2698:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2534:
2439:
2422:
2221:
2074:
1981:
1864:
1822:
1807:
1771:
1730:
1535:
1437:
1148:
888:
821:
645:
641:
587:
574:
547:
489:
481:
431:
378:
357:
295:
227:
207:
114:
74:
1720:
5017:
4849:
4827:
4680:
4659:
4551:
4445:
4365:
4358:
4297:
4242:
4111:
3971:
3940:
3911:
3542:
3428:
3411:
3361:
3356:
3227:
3164:
2934:
2928:
2848:
2843:
2789:
2766:
2511:
2333:
2290:
2273:
2267:
2245:
2233:
2046:
1888:
1843:
1776:
1705:
1619:
Archaeology and Language, vol. II: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses
1228:
1220:
1212:
1194:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1136:
1128:
1107:
1099:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
833:
605:
583:
537:
524:
441:
421:
306:
219:
218:. The Mexican government recognizes three distinct Mixe–Zoquean languages as official:
1508:
1411:
1256:
129:
5194:
4721:
4687:
4673:
4331:
4228:
3995:
3935:
3917:
3433:
3417:
3371:
3128:
2948:
2913:
2903:
2881:
2838:
2703:
2284:
2216:
1874:
1571:
1484:
1030:
689:
619:
494:
452:
365:
279:
2892:
1914:
1740:
1725:
941:
673:
626:
557:
471:
467:
356:
proposal by Norman McQuown which groups together the Mixe–Zoque languages with the
345:
143:
Locations where the Mixe–Zoque languages are spoken: Mixe (red) and Zoque (green)
1428:
1315:
Stross, Brian. the language of Zuyua. University of Texas, Austin, February 1983.
1949:
1528:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1198:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1140:
1132:
1111:
1103:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
701:
684:
426:
322:
291:
48:
1550:
Mora-Marín, David F. (2016). "Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mije-Sokean hypothesis".
1006:. In Mixe–Zoquean verbs, a morphological distinction is made between two basic
2539:
1476:
1022:
762:
694:
401:
1661:
2126:
1640:
1622:
735:
271:
255:
239:
123:
1541:
McQuown, Norman (1942). "Una posible síntesis lingüística Macro-Mayance".
394:
The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by
138:
17:
1545:. Vol. 2. México: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología. pp. 37–38.
435:
235:
67:
1500:
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman (1976), "A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs",
1025:
still uses the earlier pre-Wichmann classification, based on surveys of
672:
is found in a few words in some of the languages, these are probably of
1666:
999:
259:
63:
59:
4116:
4014:
1007:
445:
215:
55:
52:
1563:
1527:
Kaufman, Terrence, (2001) Nawa linguistic prehistory, published at
1468:
1033:'s authoritative 1997 presentation uses Wichmann's classification.
640:
Justeson and Kaufman also classify the language represented in the
298:(called also by them and some others 'Epi-Olmec') which appears on
400:
287:
282:
have argued, based on a number of widespread loanwords in other
4163:
4135:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2130:
1918:
1670:
1579:
Sapir, Edward (1929). "Central and North American languages".
165:
1621:. One World Archaeology series, no. 29. London and New York:
290:
people, generally seen as the earliest dominating culture of
1593:
The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico
186:
180:
171:
1529:
website of the Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project
1386:
Inversion and other topics in the grammar of Olutec (Mixe)
668:
contrast in the stop series. Although the lateral phoneme
1306:
Wichmann, Beliaev & Davletshin, in press (Sept 2008).
1360:
183:
177:
159:
1206:
Veracruz Zoque — An estimated 30,000 native speakers
951:
Proto-Mixe–Zoquean syllable nuclei could be either:
5157:
5111:
5069:
5042:
4922:
4890:
4848:
4795:
4731:
4697:
4602:
4572:
4541:
4508:
4455:
4415:
4382:
4348:
4314:
4287:
4201:
4089:
4066:
3994:
3838:
3560:
3528:
3446:
3335:
3141:
3108:
2961:
2869:
2613:
2527:
2304:
2255:
2164:
2108:
2067:
2034:
1956:
1887:
1857:
1831:
1815:
1806:
1785:
1764:
1713:
1704:
1154:
Chiapas Zoque — An estimated 22,000 native speakers
174:
168:
162:
122:
103:
93:
73:
42:
32:
1255:
1093:Veracruz Mixe — An estimated 4,000 native speakers
1043:Eastern Mixe — An estimated 72,000 native speakers
210:whose living members are spoken in and around the
1507:Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence, (1997),
1188:Oaxaca Zoque – An estimated 4,500 native speakers
1583:. Vol. 5 (14th ed.). pp. 138–141.
1518:Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence (2001)
1427:Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman (2001)
1410:Justeson, John S., and Terrence Kaufman (1997)
4175:
2142:
1930:
1682:
1552:International Journal of American Linguistics
1515:, 07/11/97, Vol. 277 Issue 5323, p. 207.
1457:International Journal of American Linguistics
348:'s "Mexican Penutian" branch of his proposed
8:
4145:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1401:, Vol. 259, 19 March 1993, pp. 1703–11.
246:(1995) counts 12 languages and 11 dialects.
1388:. Ph.D. Dissertation: University of Oregon.
1018:Ethnologue classification and SIL ISO-codes
352:linguistic superfamily, or as part of the
305:Both of these claims have been criticized:
5066:
4887:
4792:
4505:
4284:
4182:
4168:
4160:
4002:
3568:
3452:
3149:
2967:
2624:
2319:
2170:
2149:
2135:
2127:
1937:
1923:
1915:
1812:
1710:
1689:
1675:
1667:
1418:, Vol. 277, 11 July 1997, pp. 207–10.
1372:
4191:Indigenous language families and isolates
964:V'V – long vowel with medial glottal stop
1521:Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts
1430:Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts
1348:
967:VV' – long vowel with final glottal stop
800:
678:
1336:
1247:
1648:Brigham Young University press release
1227:) nearly extinct – only 450 speakers,
1151:— an estimated 60,000 native speakers
1106:) nearly extinct – only 100 speakers,
1040:— an estimated 90,000 native speakers
29:
1324:
340:Genetic relations with other families
102:
7:
1496:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1276:participating institution membership
1235:) nearly extinct – only 40 speakers
1124:An estimated 10,000 native speakers
250:classified as Mixe–Zoquean include
958:V' – short vowel with glottal stop
364:. At the end of the last century,
25:
1384:Zavala Maldonado, Roberto. 2000.
155:
137:
979:The Mixe–Zoquean languages are
405:Mixe–Zoquean classification by
258:, along the southeast coast of
5216:Indigenous languages of Mexico
234:with 88,000 speakers, and the
1:
506:Kaufman & Justeson (2000)
286:, that it is likely that the
1297:Campbell and Kaufman (1976).
790:has also been reconstructed
760:
327:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
5232:
2116:Mesoamerican language area
1662:Mixe–Zoque language family
4130:
4005:
3571:
3455:
3152:
2970:
2627:
2322:
2173:
2158:Primary language families
1905:
1494:American Indian Languages
1263:Oxford English Dictionary
656:The phoneme inventory of
136:
75:Linguistic classification
37:
27:Language family of Mexico
2975:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1597:University of Utah Press
1581:Encyclopaedia Britannica
4142:have no living members.
1492:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1268:Oxford University Press
970:Vh – short vowel with h
226:with 188,000 speakers,
5201:Mesoamerican languages
5175:Unclassified languages
4122:Unclassified languages
4076:list of sign languages
3044:Northeastern Tasmanian
2068:Proposed macrofamilies
1027:mutual intelligibility
996:direct–inverse systems
410:
284:Mesoamerican languages
212:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
4097:Constructed languages
1957:Demonstrated families
404:
254:, formerly spoken in
5206:Mixe–Zoque languages
2644:Binanderean–Goilalan
1849:Francisco León Zoque
1698:Mixe–Zoque languages
1504:, 41 pp. 80–89.
994:is used, as well as
975:Grammatical features
5124:Algonquian–Wakashan
3926:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3829:Tequiraca–Canichana
3672:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2435:Northwest Caucasian
2429:Northeast Caucasian
2353:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1870:Texistepec Popoluca
1736:Tlahuitoltepec Mixe
1266:(Online ed.).
463:South Highland Mixe
458:North Highland Mixe
371:Totonacan languages
362:Totonacan languages
5112:Proposed groupings
4202:Language families
3548:Tarascan/Purépecha
3037:Northern Tasmanian
2795:South Bougainville
2756:North Bougainville
1897:Proto-Mixe–Zoquean
1751:North Central Mixe
1595:. Salt Lake City:
1534:2016-03-03 at the
1502:American Antiquity
1436:2011-05-25 at the
1351:, p. 323–324.
658:Proto-Mixe–Zoquean
486:Proto-Gulf Zoquean
416:Proto-Mixe-Zoquean
411:
316:Proto-Mixe–Zoquean
300:La Mojarra Stela 1
206:) languages are a
98:Proto-Mixe–Zoquean
5211:Language families
5188:
5187:
5170:Extinct languages
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
4918:
4917:
4844:
4843:
4598:
4597:
4574:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4157:
4156:
4107:Language isolates
4085:
4084:
3990:
3989:
3556:
3555:
3442:
3441:
3137:
3136:
3084:Western Tasmanian
3002:Eastern Tasmanian
2957:
2956:
2679:East Geelvink Bay
2609:
2608:
2300:
2299:
2124:
2123:
1946:Language families
1912:
1911:
1883:
1882:
1865:Highland Popoluca
1802:
1801:
1756:Quetzaltepec Mixe
1632:978-0-415-11761-6
1606:978-0-87480-487-4
1361:Brown et al. 2011
1274:(Subscription or
933:
932:
781:
780:
334:language of Zuyua
248:Extinct languages
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
5223:
5180:Linguistic areas
5067:
4888:
4793:
4506:
4285:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4161:
4003:
3957:Huaorani/Waorani
3841:(extant in 2000)
3805:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3576:Andoque–Urequena
3569:
3453:
3259:Plateau Penutian
3150:
3125:(Northern Daly?)
2968:
2854:Northwest Papuan
2818:Trans–New Guinea
2684:East New Britain
2659:Central Solomons
2625:
2370:Great Andamanese
2320:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2109:Linguistic areas
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1813:
1711:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1644:
1610:
1584:
1575:
1546:
1497:
1488:
1441:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1252:
947:
925:
918:
900:
895:
883:
874:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
771:
757:
753:
746:
742:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
708:
679:
671:
646:Zoquean language
642:Epi-Olmec script
599:Texistepec Zoque
377:"), or with the
276:Terrence Kaufman
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
141:
132:
30:
21:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5153:
5099:
5065:
5047:linguistic area
5046:
5038:
4927:linguistic area
4926:
4914:
4886:
4840:
4791:
4736:linguistic area
4735:
4727:
4701:linguistic area
4700:
4693:
4594:
4568:
4537:
4504:
4451:
4411:
4378:
4344:
4310:
4283:
4203:
4197:
4188:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4126:
4112:Mixed languages
4081:
4062:
3997:
3986:
3840:
3834:
3689:Katembri–Taruma
3563:
3552:
3524:
3438:
3331:
3144:
3133:
3104:
2953:
2865:
2824:Turama–Kikorian
2734:Lower Mamberamo
2689:East Strickland
2617:
2605:
2523:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2251:
2160:
2155:
2125:
2120:
2104:
2063:
2030:
1952:
1943:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1879:
1853:
1839:Copainalá Zoque
1827:
1823:Chimalapa Zoque
1798:
1781:
1772:Sayula Popoluca
1760:
1731:Totontepec Mixe
1700:
1695:
1658:
1653:
1633:
1615:Wichmann, Søren
1613:
1607:
1589:Wichmann, Søren
1587:
1578:
1549:
1543:Mayas y Olmecas
1540:
1536:Wayback Machine
1491:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1438:Wayback Machine
1426:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1373:Mora-Marín 2016
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1149:Zoque languages
1020:
977:
961:VV – long vowel
955:V – short vowel
938:
817:Alveolo-palatal
654:
638:
588:Sierra Popoluca
508:
503:
490:Chimalapa Zoque
432:Sayula Popoluca
392:
390:Wichmann (1995)
387:
379:Mayan languages
358:Mayan languages
342:
332:The so-called "
296:Isthmian script
268:
208:language family
158:
154:
144:
128:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5165:Classification
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5139:Macro-Chibchan
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5048:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4974:
4972:Tequistlatecan
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4930:
4928:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4853:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4635:Tequistlatecan
4632:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Indo-Pakistani
4034:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Piaroa–Saliban
3733:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3501:Tequistlatecan
3498:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3024:Marrku–Wurrugu
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2383:Hurro-Urartian
2379:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Macro-Chibchan
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2007:Tequistlatecan
2004:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1889:Proto-language
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1777:Oluta Popoluca
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1656:External links
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1585:
1576:
1564:10.1086/685900
1558:(2): 125–180.
1547:
1538:
1525:
1516:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1477:10.1086/660972
1469:10.1086/660972
1463:(3): 323–372.
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1420:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1177:Francisco León
1156:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1137:Tlahuitoltepec
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1045:
1044:
1038:Mixe languages
1019:
1016:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
937:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
901:
896:
891:
885:
884:
879:
877:
875:
870:
868:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
779:
778:
776:
767:
765:
759:
758:
749:
747:
738:
732:
731:
722:
713:
704:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
653:
650:
637:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
630:
623:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
606:Ayapanec Zoque
602:
592:
584:Soteapan Zoque
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:
561:
551:
541:
534:
516:
507:
504:
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
478:
477:
476:
475:
474:
465:
460:
449:
442:Oluta Popoluca
439:
429:
412:
407:Søren Wichmann
396:Søren Wichmann
391:
388:
386:
385:Classification
383:
341:
338:
307:Michael D. Coe
267:
264:
146:
145:
142:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
105:
101:
100:
95:
94:Proto-language
91:
90:
89:
88:
77:
71:
70:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5228:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:Calusa–Tunica
4889:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4195:North America
4192:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Original Thai
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:Hibito–Cholón
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3327:Yuman–Cochimí
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:Southern Daly
3060:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:Darwin Region
2984:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Demta–Sentani
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:Indo-European
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:Austroasiatic
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1875:Tabasco Zoque
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:Chiapas Zoque
1830:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Mazatlán Mixe
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:Campbell 1997
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:Lyle Campbell
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:triggered by
997:
993:
990:
986:
985:polysynthetic
982:
974:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
943:
935:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
904:
902:
897:
892:
890:
887:
886:
880:
878:
876:
871:
869:
867:
864:
863:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:
799:
777:
768:
766:
764:
761:
750:
748:
739:
737:
734:
733:
723:
714:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
680:
677:
675:
667:
663:
662:reconstructed
659:
651:
649:
647:
643:
629:
628:
624:
622:
621:
620:Chiapas Zoque
617:
616:
614:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:
596:
595:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:
579:Gulf Zoquean
578:
577:
576:
573:
565:
564:Highland Mixe
562:
560:
559:
555:
554:
552:
550:
549:
545:
544:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
527:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
517:
515:
513:
505:
496:
495:Chiapas Zoque
493:
491:
488:
485:
484:
483:
479:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:Oaxaca Mixean
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
399:
397:
389:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
366:Lyle Campbell
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
339:
337:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Lyle Campbell
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
153:
140:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
99:
96:
92:
87:
84:
83:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5129:Aztec–Tanoan
5092:
5085:
5080:Guanahatabey
5078:
5071:Pre-Arawakan
5053:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
4997:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4966:Oto-Manguean
4964:
4957:
4950:
4933:
4924:Mesoamerican
4907:
4900:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4733:Coahuiltecan
4720:
4713:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4646:
4639:
4627:
4582:
4561:
4543:Coast Oregon
4525:
4518:
4485:
4444:
4437:
4425:
4417:Macro-Siouan
4399:
4392:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4303:
4296:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4210:
4204:and isolates
4146:
4139:
4138:Families in
4073:
4024:
3922:
3910:
3760:
3728:
3719:Pano-Tacanan
3676:
3639:
3627:
3598:Arutani–Sape
3590:
3535:
3517:
3510:
3495:Oto-Manguean
3493:
3488:
3476:
3469:
3416:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3349:
3342:
3319:
3312:
3300:
3273:
3251:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3163:
3156:
3115:
3082:
3078:Western Daly
3056:Pama–Nyungan
3054:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3000:
2995:Eastern Daly
2993:
2985:
2940:
2816:
2804:
2782:
2765:
2743:
2714:Kaure–Kosare
2674:Doso–Turumsa
2664:Chimbu–Wahgi
2654:Bulaka River
2638:Austronesian
2636:
2597:
2590:
2571:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2446:Sino-Tibetan
2444:
2427:
2410:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2357:
2347:Austronesian
2345:
2338:
2326:
2272:
2210:Nilo-Saharan
2208:
2201:
2186:Austronesian
2184:
2177:
2018:
2011:
2001:Oto-Manguean
1999:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1963:
1907:† – Extinct.
1816:Oaxaca Zoque
1786:Chiapas Mixe
1741:Juquila Mixe
1726:Isthmus Mixe
1721:Coatlán Mixe
1697:
1618:
1592:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1520:
1512:
1501:
1493:
1460:
1456:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1337:McQuown 1942
1332:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1261:
1257:"Zoque-Mixe"
1250:
1119:Western Mixe
1066:Quetzaltepec
1021:
981:head-marking
978:
950:
942:glottal stop
939:
782:
674:onomatopoeic
666:fortis–lenis
655:
644:as an early
639:
627:Oaxaca Zoque
625:
618:
604:
597:
582:
563:
558:Lowland Mixe
556:
546:
543:Mixe Proper
536:
529:
519:
511:
509:
472:Lowland Mixe
468:Midland Mixe
415:
393:
346:Edward Sapir
343:
331:
320:
311:David Stuart
304:
269:
231:
223:
203:
199:
196:Mixe–Zoquean
195:
151:
149:
104:Subdivisions
85:
45:distribution
5134:Macro-Mayan
4999:Uto-Aztecan
4977:Totozoquean
4807:Coahuilteco
4618:Palaihnihan
4500:Tsimshianic
4032:Germanosign
3936:Mura-Pirahã
3817:Lule–Vilela
3793:Bora-Witoto
3768:Uru–Chipaya
3741:Ticuna–Yuri
3724:Peba–Yaguan
3709:Nambikwaran
3512:Uto-Aztecan
3448:Mesoamerica
3302:Uto-Aztecan
3291:Tsimshianic
3253:Palaihnihan
3123:Malak-Malak
2860:Papuan Gulf
2834:West Papuan
2739:Lower Sepik
2729:Lakes Plain
2632:Arai–Samaia
2620:the Pacific
2328:Afroasiatic
2203:Niger–Congo
2179:Afroasiatic
2100:Totozoquean
2080:Macro-Mayan
2020:Uto-Aztecan
1950:Mesoamerica
1844:Rayón Zoque
1793:Tapachultec
1714:Oaxaca Mixe
912:Approximant
531:Tapachultec
427:Tapachultec
375:Totozoquean
354:Macro-Mayan
323:Teotihuacan
292:Mesoamerica
252:Tapachultec
204:Mije–Sokean
80:Totozoquean
49:Mesoamerica
5195:Categories
4990:Mixe–Zoque
4959:Misumalpan
4881:Chitimacha
4373:Algonquian
4339:Athabaskan
4218:Yuki–Wappo
4026:Francosign
3874:Chiquitano
3854:Alacalufan
3662:Guaicuruan
3635:Chapacuran
3618:Cahuapanan
3586:Araucanian
3489:Mixe–Zoque
3484:Misumalpan
3198:Comecrudan
3050:Nyulnyulan
2829:Upper Yuat
2806:Torricelli
2778:Senu River
2709:Foja Range
2615:New Guinea
2540:Burushaski
2401:Kartvelian
2376:Hmong–Mien
2192:Khoe–Kwadi
1994:Mixe–Zoque
1988:Misumalpan
1858:Gulf Zoque
1448:References
1325:Sapir 1929
1278:required.)
1221:Texistepec
1211:Dialects:
1159:Dialects:
1129:Totontepec
1127:Dialects:
1098:Dialects:
1048:Dialects:
1023:Ethnologue
1004:topicality
520:Mixe-Zoque
152:Mixe–Zoque
86:Mixe–Zoque
43:Geographic
33:Mixe–Zoque
18:Mixe–Zoque
5144:Tolatecan
5044:Caribbean
5032:Alagüilac
5025:Purépecha
5011:Cuitlatec
4983:Totonacan
4941:Jicaquean
4860:Muskogean
4835:Mamulique
4821:Comecrudo
4751:Karankawa
4654:Jicaquean
4641:Chimariko
4590:Kalapuyan
4533:Sahaptian
4481:Yok-Utian
4466:Chinookan
4439:Iroquoian
4407:Chimakuan
4223:Chumashan
4057:Tanzanian
3998:languages
3895:Hodï/Joti
3839:Isolates
3778:Yanomaman
3714:Otomákoan
3678:Jirajaran
3667:Guajiboan
3629:Catacaoan
3608:Barbacoan
3537:Cuitlatec
3506:Totonacan
3465:Jicaquean
3344:Chimariko
3240:Muskogean
3222:Kalapuyan
3216:Iroquoian
3191:Chumashan
3184:Chinookan
3177:Chimakuan
3095:Yangmanic
3090:Worrorran
3073:Wagaydyic
2963:Australia
2812:Trans-Fly
2478:Yeniseian
2465:Tyrsenian
2359:Dravidian
2095:Tolatecan
2058:Alagüilac
2052:Purépecha
2042:Cuitlatec
2013:Totonacan
1971:Jicaquean
1765:Gulf Mixe
1623:Routledge
1572:147269181
1485:224807468
1195:Chimalapa
1193:Dialect:
1161:Copainalá
992:alignment
936:Syllables
866:Fricative
652:Phonology
594:(branch)
553:(branch)
274:region).
272:Soconusco
256:Tapachula
240:Glottolog
200:Mije–Soke
124:Glottolog
38:Mije–Soke
5055:Arawakan
4935:Chibchan
4814:Cotoname
4772:Quinigua
4758:Maratino
4457:Penutian
4401:Wakashan
4394:Salishan
4305:Eskimoan
4289:Eskaleut
4090:See also
4067:Isolates
4042:Japanese
3982:Yuracaré
3864:Candoshi
3823:Macro-Jê
3788:Zaparoan
3783:Zamucoan
3773:Witotoan
3756:Tucanoan
3751:Tiniguan
3746:Timotean
3730:Quechuan
3699:Matacoan
3694:Mascoian
3684:Jivaroan
3647:Chibchan
3641:Charruan
3592:Arawakan
3529:Isolates
3460:Chibchan
3336:Isolates
3308:Wakashan
3269:Salishan
3211:Eskaleut
3117:Giimbiyu
3109:Isolates
3018:Jarrakan
3013:Iwaidjan
2870:Isolates
2724:Kutubuan
2592:Sumerian
2528:Isolates
2483:Yukaghir
2452:Tungusic
2418:Mongolic
2406:Koreanic
2365:Eskaleut
2256:Isolates
2240:Ubangian
2090:Penutian
2035:Isolates
1965:Chibchan
1641:35673530
1591:(1995).
1532:Archived
1434:Archived
1213:Highland
1082:Mazatlán
989:Ergative
812:Alveolar
807:Bilabial
676:origin.
548:Sayultec
436:Sayultec
398:(1995).
360:and the
350:Penutian
244:Wichmann
236:Popoluca
232:o'de püt
130:mixe1284
68:Veracruz
5119:Amerind
5094:Ciguayo
5087:Macorix
5061:Cariban
5035: ?
4894: ?
4874:Atakapa
4867:Natchez
4852: ?
4799: ?
4797:Pakawan
4786:Tonkawa
4744:Aranama
4699:Pueblo
4667:Salinan
4648:Esselen
4613:Shastan
4606: ?
4584:Takelma
4576: ?
4563:Siuslaw
4545: ?
4520:Klamath
4512: ?
4510:Plateau
4476:Maiduan
4471:Wintuan
4459: ?
4433:Caddoan
4419: ?
4386: ?
4325:Tlingit
4316:Na-Dene
4271:Waikuri
4264:Timucua
4257:Kutenai
4236:Beothuk
4140:italics
4117:Pidgins
4102:Creoles
4052:Swedish
4020:Chinese
3967:Urarina
3952:Puinave
3906:Itonama
3900:Irantxe
3869:Chimane
3799:Chimuan
3704:Nadahup
3623:Cariban
3603:Aymaran
3564:America
3406:Waikuri
3399:Tonkawa
3392:Timucua
3385:Takelma
3378:Siuslaw
3367:Kutenai
3351:Esselen
3314:Wintuan
3275:Shastan
3246:Na-Dene
3234:Maiduan
3171:Caddoan
3145:America
3099:Wagiman
3097:(incl.
3068:Tangkic
3008:Garawan
2981:Bunuban
2942:Tambora
2909:Maybrat
2877:Abinomn
2800:Teberan
2761:Pauwasi
2751:Mairasi
2719:Kiwaian
2599:Tambora
2585:Shompen
2567:Kusunda
2560:Kenaboi
2546:Elamite
2518:Siangic
2500:Kho-Bwa
2494:Hrusish
2412:Kra–Dai
2396:Japonic
2305:Eurasia
2280:Sandawe
2263:Bangime
2228:Songhay
1513:Science
1416:Science
1399:Science
1229:Tabasco
1074:Juquila
1050:Coatlán
1000:animacy
827:Glottal
690:Central
512:italics
482:Zoquean
266:History
260:Chiapas
194:(also:
115:Zoquean
82: ?
64:Tabasco
60:Chiapas
5149:Waroid
5005:Xincan
4946:Lencan
4909:Calusa
4902:Tunica
4779:Solano
4765:Naolan
4709:Tanoan
4623:Pomoan
4557:Coosan
4552:Alsean
4527:Molala
4487:Yokuts
4427:Siouan
4278:Pericú
4250:Cayuse
4015:BANZSL
3977:Yamana
3962:Trumai
3931:Movima
3885:Fulniô
3848:Aikanã
3762:Tupian
3657:Chonan
3581:Arauan
3519:Xincan
3471:Lencan
3424:Yokuts
3321:Yukian
3286:Tanoan
3281:Siouan
3264:Pomoan
3205:Coosan
3031:Mirndi
2924:Porome
2919:Pawaia
2773:Senagi
2745:Madang
2694:Eleman
2649:Border
2580:Nihali
2573:Minoan
2553:Hattic
2535:Basque
2506:Mijiic
2488:Digaro
2472:Uralic
2458:Turkic
2309:Europe
2166:Africa
2026:Xincan
1976:Lencan
1639:
1629:
1603:
1570:
1483:
1475:
1108:Sayula
1012:aspect
1008:clause
794:
786:
772:
754:
743:
727:
718:
709:
615:Zoque
538:Olutec
480:Proto-
451:Proto-
446:Olutec
422:Mixean
420:Proto-
409:(1995)
216:Mexico
110:Mixean
56:Oaxaca
53:Mexico
5158:Lists
5018:Huave
4952:Mayan
4828:Garza
4715:Keres
4681:Washo
4660:Karuk
4629:Yuman
4604:Hokan
4493:Utian
4446:Yuchi
4384:Mosan
4366:Yurok
4359:Wiyot
4350:Algic
4298:Aleut
4243:Bidai
4212:Haida
3972:Warao
3941:Nukak
3912:Kunza
3890:Guató
3879:Cofán
3859:Camsá
3652:Choco
3613:Boran
3562:South
3543:Huave
3478:Mayan
3429:Yuchi
3412:Washo
3362:Karuk
3357:Haida
3296:Utian
3228:Keres
3165:Alsea
3158:Algic
3143:North
2935:Taiap
2929:Sulka
2784:Sepik
2699:Engan
2440:Ongan
2423:Nivkh
2291:Shabo
2274:Jalaa
2268:Hadza
2222:Mande
2075:Hokan
2047:Huave
1982:Mayan
1808:Zoque
1568:S2CID
1481:S2CID
1473:JSTOR
1272:
1242:Notes
1169:Rayón
1100:Oluta
1058:Istmo
889:Nasal
822:Velar
702:Close
685:Front
575:Zoque
288:Olmec
228:Zoque
224:ayook
4850:Gulf
4722:Zuni
4688:Yana
4674:Seri
4332:Eyak
4229:Adai
4147:bold
4074:See
4010:Arab
3996:Sign
3947:Páez
3924:Maku
3918:Leco
3434:Zuni
3418:Yana
3372:Seri
3129:Tiwi
2949:Wiru
2914:Mpur
2904:Kuot
2887:Anêm
2882:Abun
2849:Yuat
2844:Yawa
2790:Skou
2767:Ramu
2618:and
2512:Miju
2334:Ainu
2314:Asia
2312:and
2285:Laal
2246:Kadu
2234:Ijaw
2197:Kx'a
1706:Mixe
1637:OCLC
1627:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1219:),
1002:and
983:and
944:and
849:*t͡s
834:Stop
763:Open
695:Back
525:Mixe
309:and
278:and
220:Mixe
150:The
4193:of
2899:Kol
2893:Ata
2839:Yam
2704:Fas
2217:Tuu
1948:of
1560:doi
1465:doi
1233:zoq
1225:poq
1217:poi
1199:zoh
1181:zos
1175:),
1173:zor
1167:),
1165:zoc
1141:mxp
1135:),
1133:mto
1112:pos
1104:plo
1086:mzl
1080:),
1078:mxq
1072:),
1070:pxm
1064:),
1062:mir
1056:),
1054:mco
946:/h/
796:*əː
788:*ɨː
774:*aː
756:*oː
745:*eː
736:Mid
729:*uː
720:*ɨː
711:*iː
670:/l/
660:as
230:or
222:or
5197::
3101:)?
2060:?)
1635:.
1625:.
1599:.
1566:.
1556:82
1554:.
1511:,
1479:.
1471:.
1461:77
1459:.
1414:,
1260:.
924:*j
917:*w
899:*n
894:*m
882:*h
873:*s
859:*ʔ
854:*k
844:*t
839:*p
798:.
792:*ə
784:*ɨ
770:*a
752:*o
741:*e
725:*u
716:*ɨ
707:*i
648:.
514:.
470:,
381:.
373:("
329:.
262:.
214:,
202:,
198:,
187:eɪ
181:oʊ
172:eɪ
166:iː
66:,
62:,
58:,
51::
4183:e
4176:t
4169:v
4149:.
4059:?
3943:?
3902:?
3881:?
3850:?
3831:?
3825:?
3819:?
3813:?
3807:?
3801:?
3795:?
3064:?
3027:?
2990:?
2977:?
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2931:?
2895:?
2889:?
2862:?
2856:?
2601:?
2587:?
2575:?
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2520:?
2514:?
2508:?
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2496:?
2490:?
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2307:(
2293:?
2287:?
2248:?
2242:?
2236:?
2230:?
2224:?
2213:?
2150:e
2143:t
2136:v
2056:(
1938:e
1931:t
1924:v
1795:†
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1643:.
1609:.
1574:.
1562::
1524:.
1487:.
1467::
1440:.
1375:.
1363:.
1339:.
1327:.
1270:.
1231:(
1223:(
1215:(
1201:)
1197:(
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1171:(
1163:(
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1139:(
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1114:)
1110:(
1102:(
1088:)
1084:(
1076:(
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1060:(
1052:(
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444:(
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184:k
178:s
175:ˈ
169:h
163:m
160:ˌ
157:/
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