922:
Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and
European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations." It is important to note that "the samples came from free of charge paternity test takers, thus as the researchers made it explicit: "the paternity tests were free of charge, the population samples involved people of variable socioeconomic strata, although
1166:". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil ), and also public health institutions personnel and health students. In all Brazilian regions European, African and Amerindian genetic markers are found in the local populations, even though the proportion of each varies from region to region and from individual to individual. However most regions showed basically the same structure, a greater European contribution to the population, followed by African and Native American contributions: “Some people had the vision Brazil was a heterogeneous mosaic Our study proves Brazil is a lot more integrated than some expected". Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, greater within regions than between them:
168:
328:
1036:
were found out to carry very little
Amerindian or African admixtures. "The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry", say the researchers. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as 1/3 European, 1/3 African and 1/3 Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry was determined to be at over 80% European. The "blacks" (pretos) of the periphery of Rio de Janeiro, according to this study, thought of themselves as predominantly African before the study and yet they turned out
446:
1000 samples this time, from all over the country, shows that in most
Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution. Other autosomal studies (see some of them below) show a European predominance in the Brazilian population. Some researchers have found that the average European American type has approximately 10% to 12% non-White genetic material.
1264:
Northeastern
Brazilian to be predominantly European in ancestry (65%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions (25% and 9%). Parra et al 2002 stated that: "Salzano (28, a study from 1997) calculated for the Northeastern population as a whole, 51% European, 36% African, and 13% Amerindian ancestries whereas in the north, Santos and Guerreiro (29, a study from 1995) obtained 47% European, 12% African, and 41% Amerindian descent, and in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, Dornelles et al. (30, a study from 1999) calculated 82% European, 7% African, and 11% Amerindian ancestries. Krieger et al. (31,
1268:) studied a population of Brazilian northeastern origin living in São Paulo with blood groups and electrophoretic markers and showed that whites presented 18% of African and 12% of Amerindian genetic contribution and that blacks presented 28% of European and 5% of Amerindian genetic contribution (31). Of course, all of these Amerindian admixture estimates are subject to the caveat mentioned in the previous paragraph. At any rate, compared with these previous studies, our estimates showed higher levels of bidirectional admixture between Africans and non-Africans."
812:
prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native
American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population'.
71:
2466:
22:
1259:
According to an autosomal DNA study (from 2003) focused on the composition of the
Brazilian population as a whole, "European contribution is highest in the South (81% to 82%), and lowest in the North (68% to 71%). The African component is lowest in the South (11%), while the highest values are found
1997:
Saloum De Neves Manta, Fernanda; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Rodolfo
Beuttenmüller De Araújo, Alfredo; Leite Góes Gitaí, Daniel; Aparecida Da Silva, Dayse; De Vargas Wolfgramm, Eldamária; Da Mota Pontes, Isabel; Ivan Aguiar, José; Ozório Moraes, Milton; Fagundes De Carvalho, Elizeu; Gusmão, Leonor
445:
The researchers however were cautious about its conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". A new autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly
335:
According to some historians, Portuguese settlers in Brazil used to prefer to marry
Portuguese-born females. If not possible, the second option were Brazilian-born females of recent Portuguese background. The third option were Brazilian-born women of distant Portuguese ancestry. However, the number
1811:
Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia
Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral de; Moraes, Milene Raiol
1047:
According to another autosomal DNA study from 2009, the
Brazilian population, in all regions of the country, was also found out to be predominantly European: "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico".
1035:
In support of the dominant European heritage of Brazil, according to another autosomal DNA study (from 2009) conducted on a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro the "pardos" there were found to be on average over 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed")
190:
in 1500, Brazil was inhabited by nearly five million Amerindians. The Portuguese colonization of Brazil started in the sixteenth century. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the eighteenth century, 600,000 Portuguese
811:
An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most
701:
A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in
921:
Another study (autosomal DNA study, from 2010) found out that: "Ancestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian
1263:
Several other older studies have suggested that European ancestry is the main component in all Brazilian regions. A study from 1965, Methods of Analysis of a Hybrid Population (Human Biology, vol 37, number 1), led by the geneticists D. F. Roberts e R. W. Hiorns, found out the average the
1157:
According to another autosomal study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65,90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24,80%) and the Native American (9,3%).
1358:, since the 1970s large numbers of Japanese-descendants started marrying people of other "races", especially Whites. Although interracial relationships are not always well accepted in Japan, they might be accepted and even often celebrated in some sectors of Brazilian society.
1260:
in the Southeast (18%-20%). Extreme values for the Amerindian fraction were found in the South and Southeast (7%-8%) and North (17%-18%)". The researchers were cautious with the results as their samples came from paternity test takers which may have skewed the results partly.
1161:
An autosomal study from 2011 (with nearly almost 1000 samples from all over the country, "whites", "pardos" and "blacks" included) has also concluded that European ancestry is the predominant ancestry in Brazil, accounting for nearly 70% of the ancestry of the population:
318:
in the 16th and early 17th centuries and outnumbered Europeans. The influential families generally bore some Indian blood and provided most of the leaders of the bandeiras, with a few notable exceptions such as Antonio Raposo Tavares (1598–1658), who was European-born.
697:
According to another study, autosomal DNA study (see table), those who identified as Whites in Rio de Janeiro turned out to have 86.4% - and self identified pardos 68.1% - European ancestry on average. Blacks were found out to have on average 41.8% European ancestry.
2295:
Callegari-Jacques, Sidia M.; Grattapaglia, Dario; Salzano, Francisco M.; Salamoni, Sabrina P.; Crossetti, Shaiane G.; Ferreira, Márcio E.; Hutz, Mara H. (November 2003). "Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population".
434:
In 1835, Blacks would have made up the majority of Brazil's population, according to a more recent estimate quoted by Thomas Skidmore. In 1872, their number was shown to be much smaller according to the census of that time, outnumbered by
4096:
1361:
Nowadays, among the 1.8 million Brazilians of Japanese descent, 28% have some non-Japanese ancestry. The number reaches only 6% among the children of Japanese immigrants, but 61% among the great-grandchildren of Japanese immigrants.
2139:
basandos en estudios del IBGE de 2008. Se presentaron muestras de 12.886 individuos de distintas etnias, por regiones, provenían en un 8,26% del Norte, 23,86% del Nordeste, 4,79% del Centro-Oeste, 10,32% del Sudeste y 52,77% del
4103:
1812:
de; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (16 February 2011).
154:
researches, Brazilians predominantly possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, though less than half of the country's population classified themselves as "pardos" in the census. This is not seen as any kind of
146:
have distant non-white ancestry, while the group known as pardos likely contains acculturated Amerindians. According to the 2022 census, "pardos" make up 92.1 million people or 45.3% of Brazil's population.
4082:
1280:
and are historically the less numerous group. Most of them have origin in black women who escaped slavery and were welcomed by indigenous communities, where they started families with local amerindian men.
4089:
230:, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. Most of the immigrants were from Italy or Portugal, but also significant numbers of Germans, Spaniards, Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese.
4115:
3912:
237:
in Brazil, according to many historians, was not a pacific process as some used to believe: it was a domination form found from the Portuguese against the Native Brazilian and African populations.
2150:
2454:
4123:
2815:
3450:
2218:
Alves-Silva, Juliana; da Silva Santos, Magda; Guimarães, Pedro E.M.; Ferreira, Alessandro C.S.; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Pena, Sérgio D.J.; Prado, Vania Ferreira (August 2000).
1438:
223:). By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around 3.5 million slaves had been brought to Brazil–37% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas.
2270:
2447:
1873:
2339:
3897:
453:
have a predominantly degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from
2178:
1923:
2440:
167:
2132:
3406:
1892:
327:
4233:
3601:
3556:
226:
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a considerable influx of mainly European immigrants arrived in Brazil. According to the
3922:
3480:
3591:
2772:
92:
2432:
1674:
1164:
In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South
3699:
336:
of White females in Brazil was very low during the Colonial period, causing a large number of interracial relationships in the country.
2780:
2130:
Forensic Science International: Genetics. Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population (inglés)
1567:
1542:
2948:
702:
Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).
252:. However, in the 19th century, there were more Brazilians of mixed Portuguese descent than those of pure African or Indian descent.
2986:
2070:
1410:
114:
2996:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2938:
4228:
3783:
3541:
3174:
2843:
1706:
1434:
442:
According to a genetic study with about 200 limited samples, 86% of Brazilians would have, at least, 10% of Black African genes.
1504:
3475:
2965:
2863:
2790:
2664:
4063:
3950:
3534:
3361:
3200:
3093:
2933:
2853:
2800:
2642:
2192:
2848:
4150:
4145:
4058:
3740:
3435:
3070:
3017:
2659:
351:
and owners of gold mines were educated and became important people in Colonial Brazil. Probably, the most famous case was
2858:
2274:
4010:
3798:
3647:
3440:
2991:
2499:
2470:
2960:
1640:
3887:
3694:
3657:
3642:
3561:
3399:
1870:
1108:
986:
872:
762:
3667:
2718:
85:
79:
2343:
4005:
3835:
3750:
3735:
244:
Portuguese population in Brazil never outnumbered the non-White one. The numbers of Indigenous peoples and African
926:". According to it the total European, African and Native American contributions to the Brazilian population are:
355:, a mixed-race Brazilian slave who married a rich gold mine owner and became one of the richest people in Brazil.
4076:
4030:
4020:
3760:
3684:
3571:
3551:
3470:
1814:"The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected"
2157:
1662:
461:
also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions.
96:
3821:
3581:
3517:
3460:
3313:
1124:
1092:
1048:
According to it the total European, African and Native American contributions to the Brazilian population are:
1002:
970:
888:
856:
778:
746:
156:
2066:"Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs"
1435:"Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem"
159:, since the census categories are not and do not intend to be, based on ancestry, but rather on skin colour.
4128:
3907:
3215:
3001:
2701:
2364:
Parra, F. C.; Amado, R. C.; Lambertucci, J. R.; Rocha, J.; Antunes, C. M.; Pena, S. D. J. (7 January 2003).
2129:
3917:
3867:
3745:
3689:
3652:
3632:
3627:
3392:
3341:
36:
3955:
3882:
3730:
3662:
3529:
3356:
3351:
3256:
3210:
3053:
2873:
1346:
descent make up only 0.7% of the country's population, they are the largest Japanese community outside
3251:
1759:"Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?"
4040:
3985:
3857:
3852:
3507:
3231:
3184:
3148:
2868:
2823:
2747:
2739:
2377:
2011:
1899:
1825:
1351:
1140:
1076:
1018:
954:
904:
840:
794:
730:
269:
1732:
40:
4025:
4000:
3892:
3872:
3813:
3704:
3674:
3637:
3524:
3490:
3292:
3261:
3236:
3133:
3048:
3033:
2970:
2943:
2838:
2828:
2725:
2696:
1210:
348:
4140:
4068:
4050:
4015:
3965:
3847:
3793:
3765:
3615:
3596:
3368:
3288:
3282:
3266:
3246:
3179:
3043:
2928:
2833:
2762:
2730:
2321:
2114:
2097:
1979:
1941:
1339:
44:
1942:"Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries"
1521:
3065:
2064:
Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W. (March–April 2009).
1522:"United States and Brazil: Slavery in Brazil / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Escravidão no Brasil"
4193:
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3718:
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3546:
3512:
3427:
3419:
3303:
3205:
3153:
3143:
3058:
2955:
2757:
2405:
2313:
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2172:
2089:
2065:
2039:
1971:
1917:
1853:
1681:
1623:
1355:
424:
187:
1675:"Search - Trent University :: Peterborough • Durham, Ontario, Canada - Trent University"
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2231:
2079:
2029:
2019:
1961:
1953:
1843:
1833:
1780:
1770:
1613:
1605:
1571:
1546:
1391:
1226:
408:
233:
The Portuguese settlers were the ones to start the intensive race-mixing process in Brazil.
204:
143:
139:
2752:
1481:
339:
White/Black relationships in Brazil started as early as the first Africans were brought as
4202:
4135:
4035:
3995:
3932:
3862:
3445:
3346:
3038:
2611:
2596:
2423:
1877:
1508:
1343:
1242:
1194:
249:
3075:
2381:
2015:
1829:
3775:
3586:
2543:
2244:
2219:
2034:
1999:
1848:
1813:
1618:
1593:
1371:
449:
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from
352:
296:
175:
2400:
2365:
1940:
Rodrigues de Moura R, Coelho AV, de Queiroz Balbino V, Crovella S, Brandão LA (2015).
1710:
1501:
4222:
4207:
3960:
3679:
2101:
1350:, with over 1.8 million people. In the areas with large numbers of Japanese, such as
261:
234:
196:
31:
2325:
1983:
1775:
1758:
3502:
2707:
2557:
1651:
468:
416:
292:
241:
4155:
2196:
347:(people of White/Black ancestry) were also enslaved, though some children of rich
315:
304:
2024:
1838:
3990:
2564:
396:
200:
135:
131:
3902:
3465:
2617:
2509:
2493:
1386:
212:
138:
categories. Most Brazilians of visibly mixed racial origins self-identify as
4160:
2713:
2390:
551:
450:
404:
300:
2583:
2409:
2317:
2253:
2093:
2043:
1975:
1857:
1627:
458:
2000:"Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels"
619:
Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro Sérgio Pena
203:
countries - by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from
3566:
2537:
1966:
1381:
454:
428:
400:
311:
288:
4165:
2623:
2573:
2530:
2515:
2309:
2136:
2084:
1957:
1785:
1376:
344:
340:
284:
245:
2193:"Seja um amigo doador | Estatísticas sobre os doadores de sangue"
3415:
2474:
1277:
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412:
343:
in 1550 where many portuguese men starting marrying black women. The
283:
In Brazil, people of White/Indian ancestry are historically known as
277:
260:
Most of the first colonists from Portugal who arrived in Brazil were
208:
192:
179:
171:
2235:
1609:
1592:
Carvalho-Silva, DR; Santos, FR; Rocha, J; Pena, SD (January 2001).
1276:
People of Black African and Native Brazilian ancestry are known as
291:. They predominated in many regions of Brazil. One example are the
3384:
2550:
1347:
436:
326:
220:
216:
191:
arrived (6,000 per year). Another race, Blacks, were brought from
166:
273:
265:
3388:
2436:
1044:), the African contribution at 41% and the Native American 7%.
1460:
1338:
A more recent phenomenon in Brazil are intermarriages between
151:
64:
15:
2125:
2123:
2340:"Biblioteca Virtual Gilberto Freyre - A Obra / Opúsculos"
924:
likely to be leaning slightly towards the ‘‘pardo’’ group
395:
Other mulattoes largely contributed to Brazil's culture:
1733:"Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil"
1594:"The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages"
1757:
Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2004).
1461:"Nação Mestiça - Movimento Pardo-Mestiço Brasileiro"
4049:
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3126:
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3101:
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3026:
3010:
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2814:
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2738:
2690:
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2651:
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1641:
Vermelho.org.br ..:::: Revista Princípios ::::
1168:
1050:
928:
463:
1887:
1885:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1292:Miscegenation in the Japanese-Brazilian community
2271:"Nossa herança europeia — Instituto Ciência Hoje"
195:as slaves, starting around 1550. Many came from
2370:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1935:
1933:
303:, exploration expeditions) who operated out of
2265:
2263:
2115:DNA de brasileiro é 80% europeu, indica estudo
307:, home base for the most famous bandeirantes.
3400:
2448:
1663:BRASIL CULTURA | O site da cultura brasileira
1568:"Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1908/1953"
1543:"Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1870/1907"
8:
3840:
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2601:
2482:
2455:
2441:
2433:
2366:"Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians"
2220:"The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages"
2399:
2389:
2243:
2083:
2033:
2023:
1965:
1847:
1837:
1784:
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361:Demographics of Brazil from 1835 to 1872
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
1288:
814:
704:
357:
78:This article includes a list of general
1402:
331:A Brazilian family of the 19th century.
29:It has been suggested that portions of
2224:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2177:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2170:
1922:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1915:
1598:The American Journal of Human Genetics
272:in Brazil occurred between Portuguese
134:" category. Instead, the censuses use
1441:from the original on 22 December 2023
7:
2424:"Enciclopédia das línguas do Brasil"
2208:Profile of the Brazilian blood donor
178:family captured by slave hunters in
3481:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
1342:and non-Japanese. Though people of
550:Genomic ancestry of individuals in
467:Genomic ancestry of individuals in
1731:Skidmore, Thomas E. (April 1992).
127:Brazilians of mixed racial origins
84:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3476:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
2298:American Journal of Human Biology
2071:American Journal of Human Biology
1946:American Journal of Human Biology
314:, predominated in the society of
130:Brazilian censuses do not use a "
3461:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
2464:
69:
20:
1776:10.1590/S0103-40142004000100004
1570:(in Portuguese). Archived from
1545:(in Portuguese). Archived from
1:
4234:Multiracial affairs in Brazil
310:Indians, mostly free men and
2025:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145
1839:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063
268:. For that reason the first
3923:Water supply and sanitation
3471:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3446:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
1482:"Folha Online - Brasil 500"
4250:
3451:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
186:Before the arrival of the
4180:
3843:
3726:
3705:President of the Republic
3623:
3498:
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1871:DNAPrint Genomics Website
1291:
618:
549:
466:
360:
3628:Administrative divisions
2697:American (United States)
248:were much higher during
4229:Ethnic groups in Brazil
2391:10.1073/pnas.0126614100
264:or did not bring their
99:more precise citations.
3784:Science and technology
3466:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
3342:Demographics of Brazil
2471:Ancestry and ethnicity
1038:predominantly European
332:
183:
2719:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
1416:(in Portuguese). 2006
1285:Japanese/non-Japanese
631:Number of individuals
330:
299:who took part in the
270:interracial marriages
228:Memorial do Imigrante
170:
3602:World Heritage Sites
3535:Environmental issues
3508:Brazilian Antarctica
1437:. 22 December 2023.
295:(Brazilian colonial
43:into this article. (
4151:Syncretic Religions
4059:Freedom of religion
3741:Automotive industry
2382:2003PNAS..100..177P
2016:2013PLoSO...875145S
1830:2011PLoSO...617063P
1340:Japanese Brazilians
1211:Northeast of Brazil
1109:Central-West Region
987:Central-West Region
873:Central-West Region
763:Central-West Region
4111:Eastern Orthodoxy
4104:Ukrainian Catholic
3799:Telecommunications
3456:Empire (1822–1889)
3441:Indigenous peoples
2500:Indigenous peoples
2310:10.1002/ajhb.10217
2085:10.1002/ajhb.20976
1958:10.1002/ajhb.22714
1876:2009-06-12 at the
1507:2007-09-04 at the
333:
184:
150:According to some
4216:
4215:
4176:
4175:
4118:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4083:Armenian Catholic
3888:Income inequality
3830:
3829:
3713:
3712:
3700:Political parties
3695:National Congress
3658:Freedom of speech
3643:Foreign relations
3610:
3609:
3382:
3381:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
2882:
2881:
2673:
2672:
1763:Estudos Avançados
1336:
1335:
1266:a study from 1965
1257:
1256:
1155:
1154:
1033:
1032:
919:
918:
809:
808:
695:
694:
425:Chiquinha Gonzaga
393:
392:
157:misclassification
125:
124:
117:
61:
60:
4241:
4196:
4189:
4114:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4006:National symbols
3841:
3779:
3751:Economic history
3736:Animal husbandry
3724:
3621:
3496:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3124:
3099:
2919:
2893:
2688:
2602:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2342:. Archived from
2336:
2330:
2329:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
2267:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2195:. Archived from
2189:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2155:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2027:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1969:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1898:. Archived from
1897:
1889:
1880:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1808:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1709:. Archived from
1707:"Chica da Silva"
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1687:on 20 March 2009
1686:
1680:. Archived from
1679:
1671:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1392:Pardo Brazilians
1289:
1272:Black/Amerindian
1227:Southeast Brazil
1169:
1125:Southeast Region
1093:Northeast Region
1051:
1003:Southeast Region
971:Northeast Region
929:
889:Southeast Region
857:Northeast Region
815:
779:Southeast Region
747:Northeast Region
705:
464:
409:Machado de Assis
358:
256:White/Amerindian
144:White Brazilians
142:. However, many
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
95:this article by
86:inline citations
73:
72:
65:
56:
53:
24:
23:
16:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4172:
4045:
4031:Science fiction
4021:Public holidays
3937:
3898:Life expectancy
3826:
3808:
3777:
3709:
3685:Law enforcement
3606:
3592:Water resources
3572:Protected areas
3485:
3422:
3413:
3383:
3378:
3318:
3271:
3220:
3189:
3163:
3119:
3113:
3080:
3022:
3006:
2975:
2914:
2908:
2878:
2810:
2773:Central America
2767:
2734:
2679:
2669:
2653:
2652:Central Africa
2647:
2636:
2630:
2591:
2477:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2151:"Archived copy"
2149:
2148:
2144:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2063:
2062:
2051:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:"Archived copy"
1891:
1890:
1883:
1878:Wayback Machine
1869:
1865:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1509:Wayback Machine
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
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1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1368:
1300:Mixed-race (%)
1287:
1274:
1243:Southern Brazil
1195:Northern Brazil
1188:Native American
1070:Native American
948:Native American
834:Native American
724:Native American
325:
276:and Amerindian
258:
250:Colonial Brazil
165:
128:
121:
110:
104:
101:
91:Please help to
90:
74:
70:
57:
51:
48:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
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3998:
3993:
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3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3822:Rail transport
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
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3773:
3768:
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3708:
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3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:Women's rights
3665:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3557:Largest cities
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Extreme points
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:Climate change
3510:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3335:Related topics
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3285:
3279:
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3259:
3254:
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3218:
3213:
3208:
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3190:
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3182:
3177:
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3162:
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3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
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3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3096:
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2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
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2798:
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2769:
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2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
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2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2632:
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2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2544:Amazonian Jews
2541:
2520:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2415:
2376:(1): 177–182.
2356:
2331:
2304:(6): 824–834.
2287:
2259:
2236:10.1086/303004
2230:(2): 444–461.
2210:
2184:
2142:
2135:2011-04-08 at
2119:
2107:
2078:(2): 187–192.
2049:
1989:
1929:
1881:
1863:
1792:
1749:
1723:
1698:
1666:
1655:
1644:
1633:
1610:10.1086/316931
1584:
1559:
1534:
1513:
1494:
1473:
1452:
1426:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Amazonian Jews
1367:
1364:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
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1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1153:
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1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
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1111:
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1101:
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1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
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1079:
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1067:
1062:
1057:
1031:
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1027:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
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995:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
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790:
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629:
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612:
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598:
595:
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588:
587:
584:
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559:
547:
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540:
537:
533:
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512:
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391:
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370:
367:
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353:Chica da Silva
324:
321:
257:
254:
164:
161:
126:
123:
122:
105:September 2015
77:
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68:
59:
58:
28:
26:
19:
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10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4129:Protestantism
4127:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
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4080:
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4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:Christianity
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
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4052:
4048:
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4039:
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4034:
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4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
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3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
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3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:States by HDI
3911:
3909:
3908:Social issues
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
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3866:
3864:
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3859:
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3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
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3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
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3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
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3511:
3509:
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3497:
3494:
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3479:
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3464:
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3425:
3421:
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3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3315:
3314:Luxembourgian
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
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3240:
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3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
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3199:
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3147:
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3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
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3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
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3047:
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3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
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3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
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2857:
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2852:
2850:
2847:
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2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2816:South America
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
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2737:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2691:North America
2689:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
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2586:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2346:on 2002-04-23
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2277:on 2011-09-27
2276:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2199:on 2011-10-28
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2160:on 2011-07-06
2159:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:(9): e75145.
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1967:11368/2837176
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:(5): 674–80.
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1905:on 2011-07-06
1901:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:(2): e17063.
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1769:(50): 31–50.
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:Working Paper
1734:
1727:
1724:
1713:on 2007-08-09
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1574:on 2007-06-13
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1549:on 2007-06-13
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
925:
914:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
830:
827:
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822:
820:
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816:
813:
804:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
764:
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756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
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720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
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703:
699:
690:
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664:
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582:
579:
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571:
568:
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562:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
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492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
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470:
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460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
440:
438:
432:
430:
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422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
385:
382:
379:
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374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
359:
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354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
329:
322:
320:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
235:Miscegenation
231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
181:
177:
173:
169:
162:
160:
158:
153:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
119:
116:
108:
98:
94:
88:
87:
81:
76:
67:
66:
63:
55:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
32:Miscegenation
27:
18:
17:
3918:Unemployment
3868:Demographics
3746:Central Bank
3653:Human rights
3633:Constitution
3503:Amazon basin
3347:Colonization
3216:Scandinavian
3102:By ethnicity
2992:East Indians
2949:in São Paulo
2905:(East Asian)
2896:By ethnicity
2708:Confederados
2706:
2635:West Africa
2616:
2605:By ethnicity
2582:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2492:
2418:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2334:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2227:
2223:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2187:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2145:
2110:
2075:
2069:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1949:
1945:
1907:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1866:
1821:
1817:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1669:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1604:(1): 281–6.
1601:
1597:
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1516:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1405:
1360:
1337:
1275:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1141:South Region
1077:North Region
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1019:South Region
955:North Region
947:
942:
937:
932:
923:
920:
905:South Region
841:North Region
833:
828:
823:
818:
810:
795:South Region
731:North Region
723:
718:
713:
708:
700:
696:
620:
555:
554:Sérgio Pena
472:
471:Sérgio Pena
469:Porto Alegre
448:
444:
441:
439:and Whites.
433:
417:Lima Barreto
394:
338:
334:
309:
293:Bandeirantes
282:
259:
239:
232:
227:
225:
201:West African
185:
149:
129:
111:
102:
83:
62:
49:
39:from it and
30:
4077:Catholicism
3991:Malandragem
3956:Archaeology
3883:Immigration
3789:Stock index
3731:Agriculture
3530:Environment
3362:from Europe
3357:Immigration
3352:Slave trade
3118:By country
3054:Palestinian
2987:Bangladeshi
2913:By country
2781:Costa Rican
2618:quilombolas
1786:10183/19857
1445:22 December
397:Aleijadinho
349:aristocrats
323:White/Black
136:skin colour
132:multiracial
97:introducing
4223:Categories
4116:Antiochian
4041:Television
4011:Newspapers
3986:Literature
3858:Corruption
3853:Censorship
3778:(currency)
3648:Government
3369:Emigration
3257:Portuguese
3252:Macedonian
3211:Lithuanian
3175:Belarusian
2971:Vietnamese
2939:Indonesian
2874:Venezuelan
2864:Surinamese
2854:Paraguayan
2844:Ecuadorian
2806:Salvadoran
2801:Panamanian
2796:Nicaraguan
2786:Guatemalan
2505:Mixed-race
2494:Brazilians
2350:2012-07-21
2281:2012-07-21
2203:2012-07-21
2164:2015-05-23
1909:2014-07-12
1717:2007-08-21
1578:2007-06-20
1553:2007-06-20
1511:Imigrantes
1420:2007-09-14
1398:References
1297:Generation
634:Amerindian
566:Amerindian
483:Amerindian
213:Mozambique
188:Portuguese
80:references
52:April 2020
4161:Quimbanda
4156:Candomblé
4026:Sculpture
4001:Mythology
3951:Animation
3893:Languages
3873:Education
3814:Transport
3675:Judiciary
3638:Elections
3587:Time Zone
3562:Mountains
3525:Coastline
3491:Geography
3287:British (
3232:Bulgarian
3185:Ukrainian
3149:Hungarian
3120:or region
2997:Pakistani
2961:Malaysian
2915:or region
2869:Uruguayan
2839:Colombian
2824:Argentine
2748:Barbadian
2740:Caribbean
2714:New Texas
2702:Americana
2665:Congolese
2538:mamelucos
2102:205301927
1352:São Paulo
640:European
572:European
552:Fortaleza
489:European
451:Fortaleza
405:architect
345:Mulattoes
316:São Paulo
312:mamelucos
305:São Paulo
301:Bandeiras
289:mamelucos
4203:Category
4141:Hinduism
4090:Maronite
4069:Buddhism
4051:Religion
4016:Painting
3966:Carnaval
3848:Abortion
3794:Taxation
3766:Industry
3690:Military
3616:Politics
3597:Wildlife
3567:Pantanal
3436:Timeline
3420:articles
3293:Scottish
3262:Romanian
3237:Croatian
3225:Southern
3201:Estonian
3194:Northern
3134:Austrian
3049:Lebanese
3034:Armenian
2980:Southern
2944:Japanese
2934:Filipino
2859:Peruvian
2849:Guyanese
2829:Bolivian
2791:Honduran
2763:Jamaican
2726:Canadian
2684:Americas
2643:Nigerian
2566:caiçaras
2531:caboclos
2510:mestiços
2410:12509516
2326:34610130
2318:14595874
2254:10873790
2173:cite web
2133:Archived
2094:19639555
2044:24073242
2004:PLOS ONE
1998:(2013).
1984:25051722
1976:25820814
1918:cite web
1874:Archived
1858:21359226
1818:PLOS ONE
1628:11090340
1505:Archived
1439:Archived
1382:Mameluco
1366:See also
1344:Japanese
1178:European
1060:European
938:European
824:European
714:European
431:), etc.
429:composer
401:sculptor
285:caboclos
215:(or, in
199:or from
4187:Outline
4166:Umbanda
4146:Judaism
4097:Melkite
3981:Cuisine
3943:Culture
3928:Welfare
3836:Society
3804:Tourism
3761:Exports
3719:Economy
3577:Regions
3552:Islands
3547:Geology
3513:Climate
3428:History
3289:English
3283:Belgian
3276:Western
3267:Spanish
3247:Italian
3206:Latvian
3180:Russian
3168:Eastern
3127:Central
3076:Turkish
3066:Iranian
3027:Western
3011:Central
2929:Chinese
2922:Eastern
2834:Chilean
2758:Haitian
2731:Mexican
2660:Angolan
2624:Kalunga
2584:sararás
2575:mulatos
2559:juçaras
2552:cafuzos
2517:ainokos
2378:Bibcode
2245:1287189
2137:WebCite
2035:3779230
2012:Bibcode
1849:3040205
1826:Bibcode
1691:27 June
1619:1234928
1527:27 June
1502:Sapo.pt
1487:27 June
1466:27 June
1387:Mestiço
1377:Caboclo
1329:Fourth
1313:Second
1278:Cafuzos
1250:10,30%
1247:79,50%
1234:17,30%
1231:74,20%
1218:29,30%
1215:60,10%
1205:18,50%
1202:10,50%
1199:68,80%
1183:African
1065:African
1023:87,70%
1010:14,10%
1007:79,90%
997:11,80%
994:18,70%
991:65,90%
978:13,60%
975:77,40%
965:10,70%
962:18,20%
959:71,10%
943:African
829:African
719:African
679:"Preta"
662:"Parda"
637:African
569:African
486:African
278:females
262:singles
219:, from
176:Guarani
163:History
93:improve
45:Discuss
4208:Portal
4064:Baháʼí
4036:Sports
3976:Comics
3971:Cinema
3903:People
3878:Health
3771:Mining
3756:Energy
3582:Rivers
3418:
3416:Brazil
3374:Racism
3304:French
3154:Polish
3144:German
3094:Europe
3071:Jewish
3059:Syrian
3018:Afghan
3002:Romani
2956:Korean
2903:Yellow
2597:Africa
2524:pardos
2486:Brazil
2475:Brazil
2408:
2401:140919
2398:
2324:
2316:
2252:
2242:
2100:
2092:
2042:
2032:
1982:
1974:
1856:
1846:
1626:
1616:
1411:"PNAD"
1356:Paraná
1321:Third
1305:First
1253:9,40%
1237:7,30%
1221:8,90%
1173:Region
1145:81,5%
1132:32,0%
1129:60,7%
1119:12,0%
1116:21,7%
1113:66,3%
1103:10,0%
1100:23,3%
1097:66,7%
1087:18,1%
1084:21,3%
1081:60,6%
1055:Region
1042:at 52%
1029:5,20%
1026:7,70%
1013:6,10%
981:8,90%
933:Region
819:Region
709:Region
691:41.8%
674:68.1%
657:86.4%
621:et al.
600:72.8%
586:75.8%
563:Colour
558:2011.
556:et al.
545:77.7%
531:43.1%
517:44.2%
503:85.5%
480:Colour
475:2011.
473:et al.
459:Ilhéus
437:pardos
421:writer
413:writer
389:19.7%
375:Black
341:slaves
297:scouts
246:slaves
209:Angola
197:Guinea
193:Africa
180:Brazil
172:Debret
140:pardos
82:, but
41:merged
4194:Index
4136:Islam
3996:Music
3933:Youth
3863:Crime
3776:Real
3309:Irish
3299:Dutch
3242:Greek
3159:Swiss
3139:Czech
3109:White
3044:Iraqi
2753:Cuban
2612:Black
2322:S2CID
2154:(PDF)
2098:S2CID
1980:S2CID
1903:(PDF)
1896:(PDF)
1736:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
1348:Japan
1151:9,2%
1148:9,3%
1135:7,3%
688:50.9%
671:23.6%
645:White
623:2009
605:Black
597:14.4%
594:12.8%
591:Pardo
583:13.3%
580:10.9%
577:White
542:12.7%
536:Total
528:45.9%
522:Black
514:44.4%
511:11.4%
508:Pardo
494:White
455:Belém
386:42.2%
383:38.1%
380:1872
372:Brown
369:White
274:males
266:wives
242:White
221:Benin
217:Bahia
205:Congo
37:split
3961:Arts
3663:LGBT
3291:and
3039:Arab
2966:Thai
2888:Asia
2406:PMID
2314:PMID
2250:PMID
2179:link
2140:Sur.
2090:PMID
2040:PMID
1972:PMID
1924:link
1854:PMID
1693:2016
1652:Home
1624:PMID
1529:2016
1489:2016
1468:2016
1447:2023
1354:and
1332:61%
1324:42%
915:11%
912:15%
909:74%
899:12%
896:27%
893:61%
883:16%
880:26%
877:58%
867:16%
864:28%
861:56%
851:32%
848:17%
845:51%
805:11%
802:12%
799:77%
789:10%
786:23%
783:67%
773:12%
770:24%
767:64%
757:15%
754:27%
751:58%
741:32%
738:16%
735:51%
685:7.3%
668:8.3%
654:6.9%
651:6.7%
614:N.S
611:N.S.
608:N.S.
539:9.6%
500:5.3%
497:9.3%
457:and
403:and
366:Year
240:The
211:and
174:: a
4124:LDS
3680:Law
2507:or
2473:in
2396:PMC
2386:doi
2374:100
2306:doi
2240:PMC
2232:doi
2080:doi
2030:PMC
2020:doi
1962:hdl
1954:doi
1844:PMC
1834:doi
1781:hdl
1771:doi
1744:173
1614:PMC
1606:doi
1316:6%
1308:0%
682:109
665:119
648:107
628:Cor
525:11%
423:),
415:),
407:),
287:or
152:DNA
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