1449:'s divisors to find the averages for the allocation, the first divisor for each party takes into account the number of constituency seats won by the party; i.e. a party that won 7 constituency seats would start with a divisor of 8 (7 seats + 1 per the method's divisor formula) instead of 1. The resulting table would then give 7 seats for Scotland and 4 seats for Wales to the parties possessing the highest averages on the table, although both devolved parliaments do not use a table, instead using a sequential method. The compensatory effect characteristic of MMP is in the fact that a party that won constituency seats would have lower averages on the table than it would if the election used MMM. Because of no provision for overhang seats, there have been cases where a party ended up with fewer total seats than its proportional entitlement. This occurred, for example, in the elections in the
2766:, validated the Van Zyl Slabbert mixed-system and recommended its adoption, stating: "Such a system will serve to limit the power of individual party leaders and encourage MPs to vote in accordance with the needs and desires of their constituencies rather than only following party lines". Although a constitutional amendment is not required, and a simple majority in parliament can amend the Electoral Act (No. 73 of 1998) it seems unlikely that such an amendment will come before parliament before the 2019 General Elections. A former MP, Michael Louis, who wishes to stand as an independent, is actively pursuing a judicial route to force an amendment. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) has stated that it is not opposed to an amendment but there is simply not enough time to implement it in time for the 2019 elections. After the
1210:
1823:, in order to be eligible for list seats in many MMP models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list. Candidates having won a constituency will still have won their seat. In New Zealand the threshold is 5%, in Bolivia 3%, in Germany 5% for elections for federal parliament and most state parliaments. A party can also be eligible for list seats if it wins at least three constituency seats in Germany, or at least one in New Zealand. Having a member with a 'safe' constituency seat is therefore a tremendous asset to a
4836:
1526:
958:
1512:
3098:, Chavez' party, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, took 57.4% of parliamentary seats with only 48.2% of the vote under the new system (ignoring the role of small allied parties). One can see to what extent parallel voting had nonetheless helped to redress the balance toward proportionality somewhat by noting that Chavez' party would have taken an even larger share of assembly seats under a strict single-winner approach (71 constituency seats out of 109, or 65%).
5569:
2320:
1533:
5563:
2116:
1136:. The new modified federal election system does not allow overhang seats at all, therefore not all local districts are guaranteed to elect the plurality winner. In German, this localized list system now shares the name of PPR with the mixed systems still used in the federal states of Germany that are referred to as MMP in English. In English, due to this change, the system is no longer considered to be MMP in the sense of a mixed member system combining
1222:
2170:
93:
2522:
2358:
2058:
53:
3183:(CDU) party, because they feared that if the FDP received less than 5% of the votes, the CDU would have no parliamentary allies and would be unable to form a government on its own. This tactical voting also ensures that fewer votes are wasted, but at the cost of giving the FDP more seats than CDU voters would ideally have preferred. This tactic is the same in any method of proportional representation with a threshold.
3216:
933:
3031:, the two main parties did not expect to win any list seats, so they encouraged voters to use their list votes for allied minor parties. This tactic distorted the working of the model to the point that the parties that won list seats were almost always different from the parties that won constituency seats. Only one constituency member was elected from parties that won list seats. The election was condemned by the
2442:
2412:
2132:
1973:
1944:
2464:
2382:
2292:
2019:
1959:
1886:
3199:. In this case the tactic maintained some proportionality by bypassing the 5% threshold, but is largely disfavoured by the public due to it awarding smaller parties extra list seats while parties with a higher party vote percentage that do not win an electorate receive no seats; this occurred in 2008 when ACT was awarded 5 seats on the back of one electorate seat and 3.7% of the party vote, while
2491:
1519:
2249:
2212:
1922:
1193:. In South Africa, MMP is generally referred to as a "mixed-system". The Scandinavian countries have a long history of using both multi-member districts (members elected through party-list PR) and nationally-based compensatory top-up seats using the same method as MMP, however because the local MPs are also elected using PR, these systems are not usually considered MMP as they are not
945:
2994:
42:
1268:). In Wales between 2006 and 2014 dual candidacy was banned, i.e. candidates were restricted to contend either for a constituency or for a party list, but not both. If a candidate is on the party list, but wins a constituency seat, they do not receive two seats; they are instead crossed off the party list and the party seat goes to the next candidate down.
3204:
from 12,900 to 2,300. In August 2012, the initial report on a review of the MMP system by the
Electoral Commission recommended abolishing the one electorate seat threshold, meaning a party winning an electorate seat but not crossing the 5% threshold (which the same report recommends lowering to 4%) is only awarded that electorate seat.
2719:. The bill presented by the Citizen Power Now movement and endorsed by the majority of parliamentary groups would create two types of deputies; 42 elected proportionally by lists presented by the political parties and would be called "national" deputies, while another 42 deputies would be elected directly by population-based
3040:
while the other contests the list seatsâassuming this is allowed by electoral law. The two linked parties could then co-ordinate their campaign and work together within the legislature, while remaining legally separate entities. The result of this approach, if it is used by all parties, would be to transform MMP into a
2851:
Another solution is to eliminate the seat linkage mechanism and use a vote linkage one instead, in which case most likely more compensatory seats would be needed. A negative vote transfer based system (scorporo) retains the flaw that decoy lists can be used to abuse it, but if the two votes were tied
1200:
As especially mixed electoral systems can be quite different, sometimes there is no consensus on their classification as mixed-member proportional, mixed majoritarian or something between the two. These cases include partially or conditionally compensatory systems such as those of
Hungary, Mexico and
2819:
In other cases, a party may be so certain of winning a large number of constituency seats that it expects no extra seats in the proportional top-up (list seats). Some voters may therefore seek to achieve double representation by voting tactically for another party in the regional vote, as a vote for
1404:
won 2.4% of the party vote, which would entitle them to 3 seats in the House, but won 5 constituency seats, leaving an overhang of 2 seats, which resulted in a 122-member house. If the party vote for the MÄori Party had been more in proportion with the constituency seats won, there would have been a
3035:
which said it failed to comply with international standards because of "serious irregularities", intimidation, vote-buying and "violence committed by extremists on both sides." Rather than increasing the number of list seats or "overhang" seats, Albania subsequently decided to change to a pure-list
1241:
used in
Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still used in some MMP elections today and is more robust against tactical voting than typical two-vote versions. Most of Germany changed to the
3039:
In an abusive gambit similar to that used in
Albania, major parties feeling that they are unlikely to win a large number of list seats because of their advantage at the constituency level might choose to split their party in two, with one subdivision of the party contesting the constituency seats,
2393:
Single vote system used in 2008 and 2012 where local candidates who did not win at least 50% of votes in their districts did not get a direct mandate, but these seats were added to the list seats allocated proportionally. Failed to achieve mixed-member proportional representation in 2012. From the
3203:
with no electorate seats and 4.1% of the party vote were awarded none. In 2011, some Epsom voters voting for the left-wing Labour and Green parties tried to block the tactic by giving their local vote to the
National candidate; while it was unsuccessful, it did reduce ACT's majority over National
2674:
in the first question. According to official results, voters chose FPTP over PR by 61.3% to 38.7% on the first question. While the first question was not successful for PR, the second question resulted in MMP winning over the two other systems on the ballot. If PR had been successful on the first
2579:
was formed to examine potential changes to the voting system with MMP being one of the options examined. The committee presented its report to
Parliament on 1 December of the same year. In early 2017, the Government announced that it would accept only some of the committee's recommendations, and
1084:
across all seats (not just the additional seats). Under MMP, two parties that each receive 25% of the votes end up with about 25% of the seats, even if one party wins more constituency seats than the other. Depending on the exact system implemented in a country and the results of a particular
2346:
decided to amend its constitution and change the electoral system to MMP, this will affect the upcoming regional elections. The amendment increases the number of seats in the council from 152 to 190 (+38), 80% of the seats will be filled with first-past-the-post voting and the rest 20% by
3174:
for a minor party that is predicted to poll close to or slightly below the threshold. Some voters may be afraid the minor party will poll below the threshold, and that that would weaken the larger political camp to which the minor party belongs. For example, the German moderate-right
1242:
two-vote variant to make local members of parliament (MPs) more personally accountable. Voters can thus vote for the local person they prefer for local MP without regard for party affiliation, since the partisan make-up of the legislature is determined only by the party vote. In the
1473:
region apart from the 2003 election. This situation arises because Labour has continued to hold the overwhelming majority of constituency seats in these regions, and only around one-third of the total number of seats are available for distribution as additional regional seats.
2375:) and 30 compensatory seats (seat linkage). Major parties used decoy lists to neutralize compensation. Though all list seats are compensatory since 2024, but widespread use of decoy lists is expected continue and mixed-member proportional representation is not to be achieved.
2452:(formerly): The two vote seat linkage compensatory system introduced was designed to provide MMP, but the system was manipulated with decoy lists. The seat linkage between list and constituency representatives was removed in 2009, which changed the system to parallel voting.
1426:
increases so that the total outcome is fully proportional to the votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve proportionality. The leveling seats are added to the normal number of seats for the duration of the electoral period. In the German state of
1156:, which essentially guaranteed mixed-member proportional representation even with extremely disproportional constituency results, but dramatically increased the size of the Bundestag. This meant that it was potentially the most proportional MMP system used after the one in
2434:
function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up). Overhang seats were not compensated for. The next elections were again held under parallel voting due to a change in the
1309:, there are no lists; they use the "best near-winner" method in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it (
3186:
Similarly, in New
Zealand, some voters who preferred a large party have voted for the minor party's local candidate to ensure it qualifies for list seats on the back of winning a single electorate. This notably occurred in the right-wing inner Auckland electorate of
1053:. Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received. The constituency representatives are usually elected using
1034:, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide
2762:. It proposed that 300 of 400 members be elected from closed-constituency lists (from 69 national multi-member constituencies) and 100 members from closed, national-level party lists. Parliament's High Level Panel report of 2017, chaired by former president
1331:
number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot. This can be done by different
2105:
Though not all overhang seats are perfectly compensated for, New
Zealand is widely considered to be a typical example of mixed-member proportional representation due to the high proportionality of the system (disregarding the electoral threshold).
2856:, the potential this kind of strategic manipulation would be eliminated. However, in this a case party proportionality is not likely and overall equality of votes would depend largely on the specifics of the system (the amount of compensation).
45:
Seat linkage is the method which MMP systems use to achieve proportional results, unlike parallel voting. The first such system used a mixed single vote (top), but today two vote MMP (below) is more common, however also more vulnerable to
1858:
The following countries currently have MMP representation. Countries which nominally use or have used MMP, but in practice had highly disproportional representation or it as otherwise not implemented are discussed in the next section.
3081:
Another interesting case is that of
Venezuela, which also ended up changing its system, in this case by formally adopting a parallel voting system and legitimizing party efforts to game the MMP approach. Venezuela introduced an MMP
1422:) of North Rhine Westphalia has, instead of the usual 50% compensatory seats, only 29% unless more are needed to balance overhangs. If a party wins more local seats than its proportion of the total vote justifies, the size of the
1217:. The image shows both the seats directly won by constituency representatives and those gained via party lists. For example, the FDP (yellow) did not win a single constituency; all its 92 MPs were elected on party lists.
4854:
6 min. video (2015). Explains how MMP (recommended by the Law
Commission of Canada) could work in Canada â Presented by the nonpartisan Fair Vote Canada's Dennis Pilon, Associate Professor, Political Science, York
2503:
system which is mostly parallel voting, however, there is a cap on how many seats any single party may get and a cap on the maximum difference of seat shares to the list vote share result. This makes it partially
1148:
systems, it may still be considered mixed-member proportional in the sense of a proportional system having two kinds of MP: one (may be) elected by personal (candidate) votes, one elected by (closed list) votes.
2733:
In 2017, the Common Country Movement (KOM) proposed introducing seat linkage to achieve MMP in the National Assembly, but the bill brought to parliament by five opposition parties was dismissed by the governing
3162:, in response. The decoy lists were successful on election day, with Future Korea winning 12 compensatory seats and Platform winning 11. After the election, both decoy lists merged into their mother parties.
5867:
3139:, the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional part to receive as many seats as it in fact won, missing out on 12 seats. Italy subsequently changed its system.
1128:). Since the variants used in Germany almost always produce very proportional results, the proportionality is emphasized over the mixed nature of the electoral system, and it is essentially considered a
2576:
2758:
The Van Zyl Slabbert Commission on Electoral Reform (published in January 2003) recommended that a multi-member system, which has been adopted for municipal elections, be expanded to elections for the
5741:
5634:
3078:, the voting system was adjusted to link the local and list seats to limit the decoy lists' effectiveness, resulting in an almost perfectly proportionate election result for the competing parties.
2670:. The second question asked them to rank three types of proportional voting systems in order of preference; one of those was MMP. Citizens could still rank the voting systems even if they selected
1913:
with the presidential and Senate election, which is presumed to decrease tactical manipulation despite the separate candidate and list vote. The latest elections had a highly proportional result.
3090:. The tactic was later adopted by pro-Chavez parties at the national level in 2005. After the decoy list tactic withstood a constitutional challenge, Venezuela eventually formally reverted to a
2226:). Came about in 1949 as a result of inter-party bargaining. Originally used single vote version, switched to two vote version before the 1953 election. Levelling seats were established for the
2242:) to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected.
1201:
South Korea, which are typically said to be supermixed systems or partially compensatory systems, but sometimes inaccurately referred to as MMP even though they are highly disproportional.
2693:
for altering the government's timeline and could not or would not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.
2603:
between 27 October and 7 November 2016, Prince Edward Islanders voted for MMP over FPTP in the final round of counting, 52%â43%; however, the provincial government, despite having set no
5600:
4395:
5592:
5997:
5711:
2727:
basis. As the bill requires a constitutional reform it would require a two-thirds majority of votes, however as of 2019 the caucuses of the four main parties supported the reform.
3452:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
1299:
1264:
to elect the non-constituency MPs (also called list MPs). In most jurisdictions, candidates may stand for both a constituency and on a party list (referred to in New Zealand as
3032:
1327:
At the regional or national level (i.e. above the constituency level) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the
5642:
5629:
1470:
1065:. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency seats, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote, or both.
986:
2622:
4791:
Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg, (2000a), "Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: A Definition and Typology", in Shugart, S. Matthew and Martin P. Wattenberg (2000).
4881:
3135:. This meant that the constituency seats won by each coalition would not reduce the number of list seats available to them. In the case the House of Freedoms list faction
2472:
Hungary was using a mixed system since the 1990s, that due to its partially compensatory nature has been sometimes inaccurately referred to as an MMP system, but it was a
2238:
to reduce the size of the Bundestag. The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote (called
1389:, where constituency seats could only be earned by the winning candidate if they also achieved an absolute majority in their district, thereby eliminating overhang seats.
2651:
3845:
3788:
4123:
3146:, the electoral system was changed from parallel voting to a hybrid mixed-member proportional system, with 30 seats allocated in a compensatory manner. The opposition
1466:
1450:
5536:
2820:
their preferred party in the regional vote would be wasted. This tactic is much less effective in MMP models with a relatively large share of list seats (50% in most
4377:
5987:
5791:
3616:
1275:, the second vote is not simply for the party but for one of the candidates on the party's regional list: Bavaria uses seven regions for this purpose. A regional
1089:
may reduce the proportionality of the system, although this can be compensated for by allocating additional party list seats to cover any proportionality gap.
4088:
5331:
3070:
to avoid the compensatory mechanisms of MMP. As a result, the LCD and its decoy were able to take 69.1% of the seats with only 51.8% of the vote. ABC leader
2588:
5099:
2675:
question, MMP would have been adopted in time for the next provincial election and would have been subject to a second referendum after two election cycles.
677:
4299:
1209:
2840:
The problem of ticket splitting strategies can be solved either by eliminating at least one of the two mechanisms that create the opportunity for abuse:
1441:
where due to the nature of the calculations used to distribute the regional list seats, overhang seats are not possible; the list allocation works like a
1381:, where constituency winners may not always keep their seats since the latest modification of the electoral law. In an MMP variant used in Romania in the
5503:
2612:
4706:
3769:
3635:
4022:
3027:
This sort of strategy for a coalition of parties to capture a larger share of list seats may be adopted formally as a strategy. By way of example, in
2096:
2088:
1344:. Subtracted from each party's allocation is the number of constituency seats that party won, so that the additional seats are compensatory (top-up).
3484:
5674:
2689:
informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the
2634:
2500:
2481:
2473:
2351:
which is empowered to interpret the constitution for violation of the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
2342:
dismissed the postponement and decided to create its own electoral commission and hold a regional election. On August 6, 2020, the State Council of
2084:
1487:
1442:
1069:
566:
31:
5953:
5652:
5326:
5104:
4675:
3257:
2968:
2771:
979:
672:
4345:
See blog articles on the 2007 and 2012 elections posted by political science professor Matthew Sobery Shugard, University of California in Davis
4281:
1416:
in German) are added to compensate for the overhang seats and thereby achieve complete proportionality. For example, the provincial parliament (
5948:
5664:
5089:
4874:
3143:
3095:
2803:
2659:
2402:
2269:
1371:
When a party wins more constituency seats than it would be entitled to from its proportion of (party list) votes, most systems allow for these
1322:
1062:
1023:
354:
4402:
2633:, with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30% compensatory members.
4719:
4695:
4621:
4588:
4561:
4531:
4509:
4487:
4460:
878:
5552:
5453:
3368:
Linhart, Eric; Raabe, Johannes; Statsch, Patrick (1 March 2018). "Mixed-member proportional electoral systems â the best of both worlds?".
3180:
3028:
2825:
2767:
2362:
2306:
2068:
1393:
129:
4781:
Massicotte, Louis; Blais, AndrĂŠ (1999). "Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey", Electoral Studies, Vol. 18, 341â366.
3415:
2832:", leading to fewer opportunities for overhangs and maintaining full proportionality, even when a party wins too many constituency seats.
3876:
3819:
3704:
1246:, 27.33% of voters split their vote (voted for a local candidate of a different party than their party vote) compared to 31.64% in 2014.
1144:, but it would be a personalized/localized version of PR. As it retains the individual candidate vote in a clearly distinct fashion from
6007:
5872:
5136:
3756:
2662:. In the referendum citizens were presented with two questions. The first question asked them to choose whether they would like to keep
1164:
3459:
5829:
3572:
2395:
1386:
1382:
972:
3597:
5921:
5824:
5819:
5746:
5669:
5647:
5608:
4867:
4809:
3352:
3323:
2759:
2100:
2092:
1397:
1243:
4046:
For further details on the recent proposals in Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island, see Andre Barnes and James R. Robertson,
3970:
3901:
2770:
declared the Electoral Act unconstitutional in 2020 because there was no way for independent candidates to be elected and in 2021,
873:
2848:(the original version of MMP used in Germany), in which case voters cannot split their ticket, even if it is a sincere preference.
2284:, but either not enough leveling seats were provided to achieve it, or the compensation mechanism was manipulated by decoy lists.
5992:
5862:
5321:
5267:
2681:
In September 2019, Quebec's government, supported by two of the three opposition parties (PQ and Quebec Solidaire), introduced a
2638:
1226:
1186:
1035:
1019:
863:
613:
584:
524:
5119:
1112:, and was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand. In Germany, where is was differentiated from a
5958:
5834:
5544:
5530:
5448:
3176:
2630:
2368:
2122:
2080:
595:
120:
5496:
5471:
5247:
3853:
3796:
3252:
3188:
3083:
3055:
2974:
2853:
2532:
658:
4616:(2nd ed.). Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2002). pp. 79â84.
4161:
4115:
3535:
1358:
If a party wins more FPTP seats than the proportional quota received by the party-list vote, these surplus seats are called
2422:(formerly): A single vote seat linkage system referred to as "mixed-member apportionment" was used in 2019. It used used a
5657:
3102:
3075:
3051:
2155:
1898:
1438:
300:
285:
270:
4317:
5905:
5290:
5275:
5094:
4541:
4519:
4233:
3948:
3262:
2682:
2235:
2231:
2227:
1934:
1375:
to be kept by those candidates who earned it in the constituency elections. A counter-example would be the In Germany's
1230:
1214:
916:
536:
459:
380:
4146:
5734:
5729:
5706:
5341:
5064:
5054:
4915:
2712:
2690:
2667:
2572:
2223:
2029:
1160:, where only overhang seats are added back as list seats, which resulted in minor flexibility of the parliament size.
1141:
1137:
1081:
1031:
1027:
348:
330:
171:
901:
3113:
system (a system compensatory system similar to MMP), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list (
6002:
5847:
5306:
4997:
4092:
3514:
3192:
3063:
2778:
2671:
2663:
2560:
2550:
2427:
1254:
1054:
792:
775:
742:
722:
506:
494:
464:
265:
223:
156:
4333:
4280:
High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change (November 2017).
2505:
600:
5489:
5356:
5311:
5257:
5169:
4671:
4062:
3155:
3067:
2526:
2258:
1113:
1096:
for electing its parliament is called MMP, while in other countries similar systems are known under other names.
648:
641:
125:
4282:"Report of the High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change"
4183:
3952:
1834:
of each electoral region is small enough to impose an inherent threshold in the seat distribution calculations.
1525:
5811:
5679:
5346:
5232:
5190:
5109:
5034:
4970:
4928:
4571:
3229:
2908:
2607:
threshold, subsequently claimed that the 36 percent turnout was insufficient to change the electoral system. A
2556:
2281:
2262:
2062:
1910:
1333:
1288:
1190:
1105:
702:
630:
619:
482:
469:
452:
429:
407:
370:
360:
5786:
4965:
3996:
3086:
in 1993, but the tactic of creating a decoy party was introduced only in 2000, by the opposition governor of
5857:
5526:
5371:
5361:
5336:
5152:
5029:
3315:
1284:
828:
682:
365:
5896:
5771:
5512:
5412:
5351:
5214:
5157:
3488:
3126:
3059:
2448:
2431:
1341:
1194:
1057:(FPTP). The nationwide or regional party representatives are, in most jurisdictions, drawn from published
1015:
1011:
857:
737:
667:
474:
1152:
Previously, the federal elections used a flexible number of additional compensatory seats, also known as
5913:
5781:
5316:
5237:
5002:
3235:
2917:
2781:
that a new electoral system must be put in place, calls for MMP intensified and a Motsoaledi-appointed,
2568:
2418:
2331:
2302:
2138:
765:
605:
489:
295:
274:
206:
184:
4048:
957:
823:
2371:
used a two-vote hybrid system with 253 single-member constituency seats, 17 supplementary seats (a la
2103:, the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority.
5880:
5386:
4955:
3757:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b160-toward-end-ethiopias-federal-tigray-feud
3453:"Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer"
2716:
2564:
2388:
2296:
2218:
2023:
2003:
1928:
1892:
1306:
1237:
In MMP, the voter casts two votes: one for a constituency representative and one for a party. In the
896:
883:
851:
115:
1511:
5366:
4960:
3147:
3002:
2747:
2724:
2348:
2143:
1454:
1434:
802:
636:
289:
5568:
4670: (2001). "Electoral Reform in Bolivia: Origins of the Mixed-Member Proportional System". In
4252:
3287:
5407:
5017:
4744:
4646:
4363:
3915:
3393:
3151:
2720:
2563:
but Parliament's consideration of the Report in 2004â05 was stopped after the 2006 election. The
2273:
2253:
1831:
1814:
1465:
under-represented). Labour has also been over-represented on this basis in every election in the
1046:
962:
833:
444:
228:
17:
4975:
3158:
condemned them for exploiting the electoral law, but nonetheless set up its own decoy list, the
911:
4346:
2456:
Countries with systems which have been confused with mixed-member proportional representation:
60:(blue) * AMS in some regional elections (lavender) * Incomplete AMS (pink) * Former use (red)
5796:
5751:
5562:
5376:
5285:
5242:
5162:
5084:
5007:
4992:
4950:
4725:
4715:
4714:. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (published 2008).
4691:
4627:
4617:
4584:
4557:
4527:
4505:
4483:
4456:
3427:
3385:
3348:
3319:
3247:
3200:
3106:
2933:
2882:
2845:
2821:
2799:
2763:
2709:
2423:
2040:
Initially used two vote version, changed to the single vote version in 2012 due to the use of
1532:
1446:
1337:
1238:
1221:
1050:
868:
838:
760:
697:
531:
258:
233:
216:
84:
4606:
3678:
2338:
on 29 August 2020, but they were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But the government of
5417:
5049:
4905:
4890:
4683:
4548:(2014). "Electoral Institutions and Representation". In LeDuc, Lawrence; Niemi, Richard G.;
4475:
4446:
4436:
3643:
3510:
3377:
2774:
2648:
2477:
1431:, the constituency vote and party vote are combined to determine the distribution of seats.
1133:
949:
906:
797:
785:
499:
375:
201:
195:
177:
166:
161:
149:
110:
72:
4784:
Mudambi, R. and Navarra, P. 2004. Electoral Strategies in Mixed Systems of Representation.
5465:
5381:
5222:
5200:
5012:
4933:
4923:
4901:
4813:
4777:. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington: Wellington, New Zealand.
4756:
4658:
4381:
3636:"Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist"
3221:
3196:
3171:
3091:
3044:
3012:
2372:
2310:
2179:
1745:
1482:
1121:
1077:
1073:
937:
770:
625:
590:
511:
422:
325:
248:
190:
68:
35:
4806:
4575:
2559:
proposed a system of MMP, with only 33% of MPs elected from regional open lists, for the
3232:, a sometimes semi-proportional system aiming for MMP implemented in the United Kingdom
2798:
proposes transnational mixed-member proportional representation with the combination of
92:
5280:
4985:
4945:
3159:
2115:
1949:
1943:
1409:
1401:
1280:
1182:
1129:
1058:
807:
747:
732:
543:
412:
387:
238:
57:
4774:
4360:"Main opposition to set up satellite party for more proportional representation seats"
3215:
932:
52:
5981:
5776:
5024:
4211:
3397:
3242:
2829:
2604:
2535:
designated as metropolitan, district/county council (DC) or local/borough council(LC)
2343:
2339:
2326:
2319:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1250:
1189:
implementation of MMP used in Scotland and the London Assembly is referred to as the
1153:
1086:
816:
516:
304:
142:
105:
80:
2426:
for both the constituency and the party list. The 350 constituency seats are won by
5966:
5801:
5039:
4980:
4549:
4497:
4433:
Mixed-Member Electoral Systems in Constitutional Context: Taiwan, Japan, and Beyond
3136:
2521:
1458:
556:
320:
313:
243:
3381:
4818:
4359:
3340:
3309:
2654:
on proportional representation, promised as part of the election platform of the
1830:
In elections for the Scottish Parliament, there is no threshold set, because the
5929:
5422:
5185:
5124:
5044:
4940:
4687:
3071:
2795:
2782:
2686:
2615:, saw MMP rejected by a margin of 48% in favor to 52% against, with 76% turnout.
2399:
2357:
2266:
2057:
2007:
1843:
1824:
1462:
1310:
1261:
1157:
1093:
434:
392:
335:
280:
3647:
1408:
To combat disproportionalities caused by overhang seats, in most German states
1396:, all members elected for constituencies keep their seats. For example, in the
5195:
5131:
4853:
4775:
Rebalancing the Constitution: The Challenge of Government Law-Making under MMP
3730:
3211:
3007:
1820:
1518:
1042:
4827:
4729:
4631:
4378:"Election law should be revised before integration with proportional parties"
3458:. Le Directeur gĂŠnĂŠral des ĂŠlections du QuĂŠbec. December 2007. Archived from
3431:
3389:
2587:
A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the
2347:
proportional voting. This Tigray National Regional States law is annulled by
5481:
5432:
5427:
4841:
4431:
Batto, Nathan F.; Huang, Chi; Tan, Alexander C.; Cox, Gary W., eds. (2016).
3094:
system, which yields a lesser degree of proportionality compared to MMP. On
2743:
2441:
1999:
1377:
1295:
1276:
1145:
402:
397:
2785:-led ministerial advisory committee was formed to determine the new system.
4682:. Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2003).
4479:
4451:
944:
41:
5252:
4441:
4188:
4116:"Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022"
3110:
2953:
2685:
on MMP to be held in 2022. However, On April 28, 2021, Justice Minister
2411:
2335:
2313:
in the 1996 and 1997 elections), but it was manipulated with decoy lists.
2131:
1978:
1972:
653:
3705:"NEBE Says Impossible To Hold Election As Per Scheduled Due To COVID-19"
2480:
and party-list PR. Changes after 2010 have made the system more clearly
1368:
in German), which may be an obstacle to achieving full proportionality.
5114:
3087:
2626:
2463:
2381:
2291:
2211:
2018:
1995:
1964:
1958:
1921:
1885:
1428:
1418:
1272:
1109:
439:
4502:
The Case Against Voting Reform: Why the AV System Would Damage Britain
4066:
2280:
There are several other countries which attempted to introduce MMP by
1249:
In each constituency, the representative is by default chosen using a
5402:
2655:
2629:, Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the
2490:
2430:
as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats served a
2175:
2169:
1168:
4859:
4023:"P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation"
3179:(FDP) has often received votes from voters who preferred the larger
4526:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 181â197.
4300:"Can independents run for national SA elections? ConCourt says yes"
2099:
in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In
4162:"Congreso se acerca al cambio en sistema de elecciĂłn de diputados"
3971:"Trudeau abandons electoral reform, breaking key campaign promise"
3170:
In systems with a threshold, people who prefer a larger party may
2715:
system to a mixed member proportional representation based on the
2248:
1220:
1208:
56:
Use of MMP systems: * MMP used on the national level (purple) *
40:
4522:(2011). "Elections and Referendums". In Caramani, Daniele (ed.).
3953:"A Mixed-Member Proportional System Applied to the 2004 Election"
3341:"Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems"
4186:[Here is the new Electoral Bill of the Common Country].
3902:"With Eye to Next Election, Thai Government Tweaks Voting Rules"
3770:"Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgatÄ de Iohannis"
1041:
In typical MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the
5485:
4863:
4554:
Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in a Changing World
4318:"Volt's Electoral Reform Policy: Making Europe More Democratic"
4214:[Act of 2017 on the election of members of parliament]
2577:
Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform
2222:: Referred to as personalized proportional representation (see
2987:
2301:
A two-vote seat linkage compensation electoral system for the
1257:: hat is, the candidate with the most votes (plurality) wins.
4336:| Penn Bullock| 29 October 2012| tnr.com| accessed 29.10.2012
4212:"2017. ĂŠvi tĂśrvĂŠny az orszĂĄggyĹąlĂŠsi kĂŠpviselĹk vĂĄlasztĂĄsĂĄrĂłl"
3604:. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building & Community.
4831:
4708:
Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook
4470:
Ferrara, Federico; Herron, Erik S.; Nishikawa, Misa (2005).
2750:
announced that they will change the country's system to MMP.
2580:
would not pursue the issue of electoral reform any further.
91:
4472:
Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its Consequences
3345:
Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies
1298:
method of MMP was chosen in November 2016 by voters in the
1171:, where an MMP model was studied in 2007, it is called the
4614:
The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design
1132:
or personalized form of PR, used instead of conventional
4793:
Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?
4680:
Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?
3935:
3617:"Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System"
2844:
Either the double vote can be abolished, returning to a
1049:, and one for a political party, but some countries use
4583:. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada.
3877:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives"
3820:"Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives"
1494:
Broadly mixed-member proportional type of system (MMP)
1085:
election, the proportionality of an election may vary.
4822:
4401:. Electoral Commission. 13 August 2012. Archived from
4234:"New electoral system based on German Model - Mangala"
3420:
The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies
2571:
has generally been a staunch supporter of a move to a
1233:. Constituency vote on left, party list vote on right.
4705:
Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben; Ellis, Andrew (2005).
4435:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
3846:"The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system"
3789:"The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system"
1300:
2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum
4147:"Grupo propone aumentar a 84 el nĂşmero de diputados"
4063:"Elections BC - 2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform"
3567:
3565:
3311:
Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds?
3033:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2708:
Costa Rica was debating the switch from the current
1838:
By-elections and replacement of list representatives
5941:
5889:
5810:
5764:
5720:
5699:
5692:
5620:
5585:
5576:
5519:
5441:
5395:
5299:
5266:
5213:
5178:
5145:
5072:
5063:
4914:
2044:, results have been relatively proportional since.
1253:(though this is not strictly necessary), typically
4396:"Review of the MMP voting system: Proposals Paper"
4049:Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces
3416:"The Case for Mixed Single Vote Electoral Systems"
3409:
3407:
1287:(where it is known as AMS) and for Canada by the
4089:"Elections BC - Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)"
4052:, Library of Parliament, revised 18 August 2009.
3997:"Liberals say no to mandatory and online voting"
3755:Toward an End to Ethiopiaâs Federal-Tigray Feud
3370:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties
3308:Shugart, Matthew; Wattenberg, Martin P. (2001).
2925:Hybrids: e.g. parallel voting+AMS (South Korea)
2334:: a General Election was supposed to be held in
1076:) in that the nationwide seats are allocated to
4807:ACE Project: "Germany: The original MMP system"
4795:Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 9â24.
3105:, in which one of the two main coalitions (the
3062:(ABC) used decoy lists, respectively named the
1291:; neither recommendation was ever implemented.
1010:) is a type of representation provided by some
4184:"Itt a KĂśzĂśs OrszĂĄg Ăşj vĂĄlasztĂłjogi tervezete"
3154:, to win extra proportional seats. The ruling
3129:, felt obliged to do the same, under the name
2901:mixed-member proportional representation (MMP)
2637:on the proposal, held in conjunction with the
1118:personalized proportional representation (PPR)
5998:Proportional representation electoral systems
5497:
4875:
3130:
3120:
3114:
3074:called the vote "free, but not fair." In the
2193:Referred to as the additional member system.
1080:in a compensatory manner in order to achieve
980:
8:
5332:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
4607:"Bolivia: Electoral Reform in Latin America"
3731:"áŁááś áľááŤáᥠááááááľáłá ááááŤá˝ áĽáááŁá 38 áááĽá áá˛áš"
3125:. As a defensive move, the other coalition,
3119:) in the proportional parts, under the name
3054:. In this case the two leading parties, the
2589:Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
1437:uses a modified variant of MMP known as the
1363:
1176:
4612:. In Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben (eds.).
3001:It has been suggested that this section be
5696:
5582:
5504:
5490:
5482:
5069:
4882:
4868:
4860:
4577:Voting Counts: Electoral Reform for Canada
2567:has been a longtime supporter of MMP. The
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
987:
973:
63:
4450:
4440:
3664:
3660:
3286:ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network.
2859:
2240:personalized proportional representation
2085:Royal Commission on the Electoral System
1861:
1476:
1070:mixed-member majoritarian representation
1000:Mixed-member proportional representation
51:
32:Mixed-member majoritarian representation
5954:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand
5630:Speaker of the House of Representatives
5327:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
5105:Sequential proportional approval voting
4837:Scottish Social Attitudes Survey, 2003.
3556:
3552:
3414:Golosov, Grigorii V. (1 October 2013).
3278:
1108:often referred to as MMP originates in
79:
5988:Party-list proportional representation
5949:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
4752:
4742:
4654:
4644:
3150:subsequently set up a decoy list, the
3144:2020 South Korean legislative election
2623:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform
2403:party-list proportional representation
2041:
1323:Party-list proportional representation
1106:seat linkage compensatory mixed system
1063:party-list proportional representation
4819:A Handbook of Electoral System Design
4786:European Journal of Political Economy
4114:Montpetit, Jonathan (28 April 2021).
3485:"Electoral Reform and Voting Systems"
3029:Albania's 2005 parliamentary election
3005:out into another article titled
2656:British Columbia New Democratic Party
2272:system following the approval of the
1481:
1479:
7:
5707:Abolition of the Legislative Council
4828:Electoral Design Reference Materials
3511:"Additional-member system: Politics"
3195:voters gave their local vote to the
2826:New Zealand House of Representatives
2790:European Union (European Parliament)
2768:Constitutional Court of South Africa
2641:on 10 October 2007, saw it defeated.
2575:electoral system. In June 2016, the
2476:, mostly independent combination of
2234:, with a minor modification for the
2158:. Scotland is divided into regions.
2089:1993 referendum on the voting system
1874:Number of votes (personal and list)
1394:New Zealand House of Representatives
1126:personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht
5137:Indirect single transferable voting
4842:Handbook of Electoral System Choice
4556:(4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
4253:"Report of the Electoral Task Team"
4160:Carmona, Fiorella (29 March 2019).
3844:Bangkok Pundit (10 February 2016).
3787:Bangkok Pundit (10 February 2016).
2942:Romanian PVT/MSV system (2008-2012)
2939:Hungarian PVT/MSV (local elections)
1777:Number of (extra) leveling seats =
1774:Fixed number of compensatory seats
1755:10.25 (moderately disproportional)
1114:different compensatory mixed system
5712:Members of the Legislative Council
5593:Speaker of the Legislative Council
4126:from the original on 28 April 2021
4021:Bradley, Susan (7 November 2016).
3634:Schorkopf, Frank (24 March 2023).
3623:. The Electoral Knowledge Network.
2883:mixed single vote, top-up versions
2261:: In Wales, starting in 2026, the
1469:region, and every election in the
25:
5609:Leader of the Legislative Council
4504:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
3288:"Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)"
2002:system for its party-list seats.
1911:double (triple) simultaneous vote
1783:As many leveling seats as needed
1451:South East Wales electoral region
1398:2008 New Zealand general election
18:Mixed proportional representation
5567:
5561:
4474:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
4334:Stuart Stevens' ... Past Clients
3875:Kendall, Dave (6 January 2019).
3818:Kendall, Dave (6 January 2019).
3376:(1). Informa UK Limited: 21â40.
3339:Bochsler, Daniel (13 May 2010).
3214:
3050:An example could be seen in the
2992:
2520:
2489:
2462:
2440:
2410:
2380:
2356:
2318:
2305:(Kuvendi) was used from 2001 to
2290:
2247:
2210:
2168:
2130:
2114:
2056:
2017:
1971:
1957:
1942:
1920:
1884:
1457:under-represented) and in 2016 (
1227:electoral district 252, WĂźrzburg
1036:semi-proportional representation
956:
943:
931:
879:McKelveyâSchofield chaos theorem
525:Semi-proportional representation
157:First preference plurality (FPP)
4347:Fruits and Votes â Lesotho page
4192:(in Hungarian). 16 October 2017
3101:Another example is that of the
2954:negative vote transfer/scorporo
2631:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
2611:, held simultaneously with the
1758:4.97 (considered proportional)
1505:True MMP (with leveling seats)
1499:Additional member system (AMS)
1313:, literally "second mandate").
1279:method was recommended for the
1178:système mixte avec compensation
5248:Mixed ballot transferable vote
4605:Mayorga, RenĂŠ Antonio (1997).
4260:Parliamentary Monitoring Group
3995:Wherry, Aaron (4 April 2017).
3768:Filimon, Paul (20 July 2015).
3536:"2017 Split Voting Statistics"
3253:Mixed ballot transferable vote
3056:Lesotho Congress for Democracy
2975:mixed ballot transferable vote
2854:mixed ballot transferable vote
2658:who took office following the
2647:During OctoberâDecember 2018,
917:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
874:Moulin's impossibility theorem
839:Conflicting majorities paradox
27:Type of mixed electoral system
1:
5747:Father or Mother of the House
3936:Law Commission of Canada 2004
3382:10.1080/17457289.2018.1443464
3103:2001 Italian general election
3052:2007 Lesotho general election
2950:Parallel voting+PVT (Hungary)
1082:proportional election results
743:Frustrated majorities paradox
5906:Parliament House, Wellington
5449:Comparison of voting systems
5291:Satisfaction approval voting
5276:Single non-transferable vote
5095:Proportional approval voting
4788:, Vol.20, No.1, pp. 227â253.
4251:Van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik.
3263:Biproportional apportionment
3191:in 2008 and 2011, where the
2660:May 2017 provincial election
2508:) compensatory, but not MMP.
2367:From 2019 elections for the
2232:Federal Constitutional Court
2087:in 1985 and ending with the
1742:Index of disproportionality
1231:2005 German federal election
1215:2021 German federal election
912:Condorcet dominance theorems
852:Social and collective choice
5055:Graduated majority judgment
4688:10.1093/019925768X.001.0001
4145:RamĂrez, Alexander (2016).
3577:www.electoral-reform.org.uk
2863:Compensatory mixed systems
2713:proportional representation
2668:proportional representation
2270:proportional representation
2224:electoral system of Germany
1789:This type of system used in
1761:0.25 (highly proportional)
1348:Dealing with overhang seats
1142:majoritarian representation
1032:proportional representation
1028:proportional representation
578:By mechanism of combination
349:Proportional representation
6024:
6008:Electoral reform in Canada
5675:Shadow Leader of the House
5307:Condorcet winner criterion
4998:First-past-the-post voting
3959:, Elections Canada On-Line
3648:10.17176/20230324-185228-0
3573:"Additional Member System"
3181:Christian Democratic Union
3064:National Independent Party
2870:single vote systems (MSV)
2672:first-past-the-post voting
2664:first-past-the-post voting
2599:in 2019. In a non-binding
2561:House of Commons of Canada
2551:Electoral reform in canada
2548:
2428:first-past-the-post voting
2091:. It was first used in an
1841:
1812:
1387:2012 legislative elections
1351:
1320:
1055:first-past-the-post voting
776:Multiple districts paradox
507:Fractional approval voting
495:Interactive representation
29:
5840:Mixed-member proportional
5559:
5513:Parliament of New Zealand
5462:
5454:Voting systems by country
5357:Mutual majority criterion
5312:Condorcet loser criterion
5258:Vote linkage mixed system
5170:Largest remainders method
4897:
4812:28 September 2007 at the
4349:. Accessed 26 April 2014.
3156:Democratic Party of Korea
3045:parallel voting mechanism
2962:
2929:
2880:
2877:
2862:
2828:) and/or ones which add "
2501:mixed-member majoritarian
2482:mixed-member majoritarian
2474:mixed majoritarian system
2282:seat linkage compensation
2259:Senedd (Welsh Parliament)
2204:MMP replaced (modified):
2111:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2014:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1779:number of overhang seats
1776:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1741:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1445:system, but in using the
1443:mixed-member majoritarian
1405:normal 120-member house.
1244:2017 New Zealand election
1173:compensatory mixed-member
1026:, in a way that produces
723:Paradoxes and pathologies
572:Mixed-member proportional
567:Mixed-member majoritarian
562:By results of combination
453:Approval-based committees
5917:(current executive wing)
5665:Leader of the Opposition
5553:House of Representatives
5347:Majority loser criterion
5233:Additional member system
5191:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
5110:Single transferable vote
5035:Positional voting system
4971:Minimax Condorcet method
4929:Combined approval voting
4572:Law Commission of Canada
3258:Dual-member proportional
3230:Additional member system
2969:dual-member proportional
2909:additional member system
2557:Law Commission of Canada
2263:additional member system
2156:additional member system
2081:electoral reform process
2069:House of Representatives
2037:Two votes (before 2012)
1752:22.01 (disproportional)
1502:Overhang seats re-added
1439:additional member system
1289:Law Commission of Canada
1191:additional member system
902:Condorcet's jury theorem
703:Double simultaneous vote
678:Ruralâurban proportional
673:Dual-member proportional
635:
624:
591:Parallel (superposition)
483:Fractional social choice
470:Expanding approvals rule
299:
284:
269:
200:
189:
165:
30:Not to be confused with
5993:Mixed electoral systems
5873:Supplementary elections
5372:Resolvability criterion
5362:Participation criterion
5337:Later-no-harm criterion
5153:Highest averages method
4672:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
3540:electionresults.govt.nz
3515:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3316:Oxford University Press
2794:The pan-European party
2597:a subsequent referendum
2531:Local elections in all
2095:. The system's use was
1909:The list ballots use a
1796:Scotland, among others
1116:it was always known as
1092:The specific system of
1012:mixed electoral systems
829:Tyranny of the majority
606:Fusion (majority bonus)
423:Quota-remainder methods
5897:General Assembly House
5772:Speech from the throne
5635:Chairman of Committees
5601:Chairman of Committees
5413:First-preference votes
5352:Monotonicity criterion
5322:Independence of clones
5025:Simple majoritarianism
3347:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3131:
3121:
3115:
3068:Lesotho Workers' Party
3060:All Basotho Convention
2934:positive vote transfer
2265:will be replaced by a
2097:reviewed by referendum
1364:
1234:
1218:
1177:
1125:
1045:for their single-seat
963:Mathematics portal
869:Majority impossibility
858:Impossibility theorems
654:Negative vote transfer
475:Method of equal shares
96:
61:
47:
5960:Parliamentary Debates
5922:Parliamentary Library
5317:Consistency criterion
5238:Alternative vote plus
5003:Instant-runoff voting
4676:Wattenberg, Martin P.
4480:10.1057/9781403978851
3685:. American University
3615:Krennerich, Michael.
3236:Alternative Vote Plus
3177:Free Democratic Party
3109:), which opposed the
2918:alternative vote plus
2894:single vote (Lesotho)
2810:Tactical manipulation
2772:Home Affairs Minister
2585:Prince Edward Island:
2569:Green Party of Canada
2499:Mexico has a clearly
2236:2021 federal election
2228:2013 federal election
2101:2020 general election
2083:, beginning with the
1793:Russia, among others
1334:apportionment methods
1317:Apportionment methods
1224:
1212:
766:Best-is-worst paradox
755:Pathological response
490:Direct representation
143:Single-winner methods
95:
55:
44:
5881:Caretaker government
5529:(represented by the
5387:Seats-to-votes ratio
5158:Webster/Sainte-LaguĂŤ
4524:Comparative Politics
4442:10.3998/mpub.8084028
3166:Electoral thresholds
2635:A binding referendum
2565:New Democratic Party
1821:proportional systems
1802:formerly in Germany
1771:Independent PR tier
1251:single winner method
1051:single vote variants
1014:which combine local
950:Economics portal
897:Median voter theorem
116:Comparative politics
5848:First-past-the-post
5700:Legislative Council
5648:Leader of the House
5586:Legislative Council
5545:Legislative Council
5537:Legislative Council
5367:Plurality criterion
4966:KemenyâYoung method
4772:Malone, R. (2008).
4408:on 1 September 2012
4366:. 24 December 2019.
4069:on 16 November 2018
3850:Asian Correspondent
3793:Asian Correspondent
3598:"The Voting System"
3148:Liberty Korea Party
3122:Abolizione Scorporo
2815:Split ticket voting
2748:Mangala Samaraweera
2742:In September 2015,
2725:First past the post
2721:electoral districts
2639:provincial election
2613:provincial election
2555:In March 2004, the
2349:House of Federation
2309:(after having used
2163:Local elections in
2154:Referred to as the
2144:Scottish Parliament
1899:Chamber of Deputies
1471:South Wales Central
1455:Welsh Conservatives
1342:Sainte-LaguĂŤ method
1255:first-past-the-post
1072:(often achieved by
938:Politics portal
649:Vote linkage system
620:Seat linkage system
207:Ranked-choice (RCV)
5408:Election threshold
5342:Majority criterion
5018:Supplementary vote
4823:International IDEA
4520:Gallagher, Michael
4364:Yonhap News Agency
3975:The Globe and Mail
3465:on 15 January 2018
3152:Future Korea Party
3096:September 26, 2010
2956:(Italy, 1993-2005)
2873:dual vote systems
2591:was defeated in a
2274:Senedd Reform Bill
2230:after a ruling of
1854:Countries with MMP
1832:district magnitude
1815:Election threshold
1461:over-represented,
1285:Jenkins Commission
1262:closed party lists
1260:Most systems used
1235:
1219:
834:Discursive dilemma
793:Lesser evil voting
668:Supermixed systems
371:Largest remainders
229:Round-robin voting
97:
62:
48:
6003:Electoral systems
5975:
5974:
5782:Readings of bills
5760:
5759:
5752:Baby of the House
5688:
5687:
5479:
5478:
5377:Reversal symmetry
5286:Cumulative voting
5268:Semi-proportional
5243:Mixed single vote
5209:
5208:
5085:Mixed single vote
4993:Exhaustive ballot
4956:Copeland's method
4951:Condorcet methods
4891:Electoral systems
4721:978-91-85391-18-9
4697:978-0-19-925768-3
4623:978-91-89098-00-8
4590:978-0-662-36426-9
4563:978-1-4739-0508-5
4533:978-0-19-957497-1
4511:978-1-85168-825-8
4489:978-1-4039-7885-1
4462:978-0-472-90062-6
4095:on 21 August 2018
3957:Electoral Insight
3683:Election Passport
3248:Mixed single vote
3201:New Zealand First
3107:House of Freedoms
3025:
3024:
3020:
2984:Splitting parties
2981:
2980:
2846:mixed single vote
2824:, and 40% in the
2800:Majority Judgment
2764:Kgalema Motlanthe
2760:National Assembly
2746:Foreign Minister
2710:closed party list
2691:COVID-19 pandemic
2652:held a referendum
2645:British Columbia:
2609:second referendum
2540:Proposals for use
2424:mixed single vote
2405:was used instead.
2369:National Assembly
2363:Republic of Korea
2330:State Council in
2197:
2196:
2079:Following a long
2030:National Assembly
2008:MMP without lists
2004:Baden-WĂźrttemberg
1998:uniquely uses an
1935:State parliaments
1868:Legislative body
1849:List of countries
1806:
1805:
1543:Popular vote (%)
1414:Ausgleichsmandate
1307:Baden-WĂźrttemberg
1294:In contrast, the
1187:less proportional
1181:or SMAC). In the
1165:Canadian province
1134:open-list systems
1078:political parties
1068:MMP differs from
1020:compensatory tier
1018:elections with a
997:
996:
884:Gibbard's theorem
824:Dominance paradox
761:Perverse response
465:Phragmen's method
331:Majority judgment
259:Positional voting
217:Condorcet methods
85:electoral systems
16:(Redirected from
6015:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5902:
5877:
5852:
5844:
5835:Electoral system
5738:
5697:
5639:
5613:
5605:
5597:
5583:
5571:
5565:
5549:
5541:
5531:Governor-General
5506:
5499:
5492:
5483:
5418:Liquid democracy
5070:
5050:Two-round system
4961:Dodgson's method
4884:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4713:
4701:
4669:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4567:
4545:
4537:
4515:
4493:
4466:
4454:
4444:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4384:. 25 April 2020.
4374:
4368:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4238:www.adaderana.lk
4230:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4091:. Archived from
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4065:. Archived from
4059:
4053:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3951:(January 2005),
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3916:"Election Types"
3912:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3852:. Archived from
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3795:. Archived from
3784:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3569:
3560:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3487:. Archived from
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3084:electoral system
3016:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2963:Others systems:
2860:
2775:Aaron Motsoaledi
2649:British Columbia
2595:in 2005, and in
2525:
2524:
2494:
2493:
2478:two-round voting
2467:
2466:
2445:
2444:
2415:
2414:
2385:
2384:
2361:
2360:
2323:
2322:
2295:
2294:
2252:
2251:
2215:
2214:
2173:
2172:
2135:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2093:election in 1996
2061:
2060:
2022:
2021:
1976:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1925:
1924:
1889:
1888:
1862:
1827:in New Zealand.
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1477:
1467:South Wales West
1367:
1239:original variant
1180:
989:
982:
975:
961:
960:
948:
947:
936:
935:
891:Positive results
786:Strategic voting
683:Majority jackpot
640:
629:
500:Liquid democracy
376:National remnant
366:Highest averages
303:
288:
273:
205:
196:Alternative vote
194:
178:Partisan primary
170:
111:Mechanism design
64:
21:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6012:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5937:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5885:
5875:
5850:
5842:
5806:
5756:
5732:
5723:Representatives
5722:
5716:
5684:
5670:Shadow Ministry
5637:
5623:Representatives
5622:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5557:
5547:
5539:
5515:
5510:
5480:
5475:
5458:
5437:
5391:
5382:Smith criterion
5295:
5262:
5223:Parallel voting
5205:
5201:Imperiali quota
5174:
5141:
5059:
5013:Contingent vote
4976:Nanson's method
4934:Unified primary
4924:Approval voting
4910:
4893:
4888:
4850:
4814:Wayback Machine
4803:
4798:
4768:
4766:Further reading
4763:
4751:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4722:
4711:
4704:
4698:
4667:
4665:
4653:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4624:
4609:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4518:
4512:
4496:
4490:
4469:
4463:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4382:The Dong-a Ilbo
4376:
4375:
4371:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4222:(in Hungarian).
4215:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4164:. Revista Pulso
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3737:. 6 August 2020
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3711:. 31 March 2020
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:Lublin, David.
3676:
3675:
3671:
3663:, p. 185;
3659:
3655:
3640:Verfassungsblog
3633:
3632:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3491:on 8 April 2020
3483:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3222:Politics portal
3220:
3213:
3210:
3172:tactically vote
3168:
3092:parallel voting
3021:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2838:
2830:balancing seats
2817:
2812:
2792:
2702:
2699:Other countries
2553:
2547:
2542:
2519:
2515:
2488:
2461:
2439:
2409:
2379:
2373:parallel voting
2355:
2317:
2311:parallel voting
2289:
2246:
2209:
2202:
2200:Other countries
2167:
2129:
2113:
2055:
2016:
1991:varies by state
1986:varies by state
1970:
1956:
1941:
1919:
1883:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1819:As in numerous
1817:
1811:
1483:Parallel voting
1365:Ăberhangmandate
1356:
1350:
1325:
1319:
1213:Results of the
1207:
1175:voting system (
1102:
1074:parallel voting
1016:winner-take-all
993:
955:
954:
942:
930:
922:
921:
888:
864:Arrow's theorem
854:
844:
843:
812:
782:
771:No-show paradox
752:
738:Cloning paradox
728:Spoiler effects
725:
715:
714:
689:
576:
559:
549:
548:
521:
512:Maximal lottery
479:
460:Thiele's method
449:
419:
351:
341:
340:
326:Approval voting
314:Cardinal voting
310:
255:
249:Maximal lottery
213:
145:
135:
39:
36:Parallel voting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6021:
6019:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5845:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5797:King's Consent
5794:
5789:
5787:Members' bills
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5658:Prime Minister
5650:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5589:
5587:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5534:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:Limited voting
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Coombs' method
5000:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4986:Schulze method
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4946:Bucklin voting
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4802:
4801:External links
4799:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4753:|journal=
4720:
4702:
4696:
4663:
4655:|journal=
4622:
4602:
4589:
4568:
4562:
4538:
4532:
4516:
4510:
4494:
4488:
4467:
4461:
4452:2027/ku01.r2_9
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4387:
4369:
4351:
4338:
4326:
4309:
4298:Herman, Paul.
4290:
4272:
4243:
4225:
4203:
4175:
4152:
4137:
4106:
4080:
4054:
4039:
4013:
3987:
3962:
3940:
3928:
3907:
3893:
3867:
3856:on 5 June 2019
3836:
3810:
3799:on 5 June 2019
3779:
3776:(in Romanian).
3774:România LiberÄ
3760:
3748:
3722:
3696:
3669:
3665:Gallagher 2014
3661:Gallagher 2011
3653:
3626:
3607:
3589:
3561:
3559:, p. 194.
3545:
3527:
3502:
3476:
3444:
3403:
3360:
3353:
3331:
3324:
3300:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3209:
3206:
3193:National Party
3167:
3164:
3160:Platform Party
3058:(LCD) and the
3023:
3022:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2837:
2834:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2642:
2616:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:municipalities
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2485:
2454:
2453:
2436:
2406:
2396:2016 elections
2376:
2365:(South Korea):
2352:
2314:
2278:
2277:
2243:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2126:
2123:United Kingdom
2109:
2108:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2012:
2011:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1967:
1953:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:68 (11+23+34)
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1480:
1453:in both 2007 (
1447:d'Hondt method
1410:leveling seats
1373:overhang seats
1360:overhang seats
1349:
1346:
1338:D'Hondt method
1336:: such as the
1318:
1315:
1281:United Kingdom
1266:dual candidacy
1206:
1203:
1185:the sometimes
1183:United Kingdom
1154:leveling seats
1101:
1098:
1087:Overhang seats
1043:representative
1030:overall. Like
995:
994:
992:
991:
984:
977:
969:
966:
965:
953:
952:
940:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
855:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
811:
810:
808:Turkey-raising
805:
800:
795:
781:
780:
779:
778:
768:
763:
751:
750:
748:Center squeeze
745:
740:
735:
733:Spoiler effect
726:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
706:
705:
692:By ballot type
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
646:
645:
644:
633:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
575:
574:
569:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
544:Limited voting
541:
540:
539:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
503:
502:
497:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
418:
417:
416:
415:
413:Localized list
410:
405:
400:
395:
385:
384:
383:
381:Biproportional
378:
373:
368:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
309:
308:
293:
278:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
226:
212:
211:
210:
209:
198:
185:Instant-runoff
182:
181:
180:
172:Jungle primary
159:
148:Single vote -
146:
141:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
99:
98:
88:
87:
77:
76:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6020:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:Miscellaneous
5940:
5931:
5928:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Question Time
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5610:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:Parliamentary
5575:
5570:
5564:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4916:Single-winner
4913:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4746:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4648:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4550:Norris, Pippa
4547:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4498:Forder, James
4495:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4138:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4107:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:Milner, Henry
3944:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3667:, p. 18.
3666:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3642:(in German).
3641:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3354:9780230281424
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3325:9780191528972
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Leveling seat
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:Ahead of the
3140:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3116:liste civetta
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3076:2012 election
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:Vote linkage
2928:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2878:Seat linkage
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:German states
2814:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2804:party-list PR
2801:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:South Africa:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:or change to
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:In 2007, the
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:voter turnout
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2506:conditionally
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2435:constitution.
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2187:2000âpresent
2186:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:1999âpresent
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:1994âpresent
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2034:2002âpresent
2031:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:1994âpresent
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:41 (11+23+7)
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:71 (54+0+17)
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:Overhang seat
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:mixed systems
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1061:, similar to
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
971:
970:
968:
967:
964:
959:
951:
946:
941:
939:
934:
929:
928:
926:
925:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:May's theorem
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
853:
848:
847:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
817:majority rule
815:Paradoxes of
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
788:
787:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
718:
711:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
643:
638:
634:
632:
627:
623:
622:
621:
618:
617:
616:
615:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
586:
581:
580:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
558:
557:Mixed systems
553:
552:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
526:
518:
517:Random ballot
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:Apportionment
359:
358:
357:
356:
350:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
306:
302:
297:
296:Antiplurality
294:
291:
287:
282:
279:
276:
272:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
224:Condorcet-IRV
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
208:
203:
199:
197:
192:
188:
187:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
173:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
151:
144:
139:
138:
131:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:Social choice
104:
103:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:Social choice
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
59:
54:
50:
46:manipulation.
43:
37:
33:
19:
5967:Waka-jumping
5959:
5901:(demolished)
5899:, Auckland
5868:Appointments
5863:By-elections
5851:(previously)
5839:
5802:Royal assent
5470:
5464:
5227:
5080:Mixed-member
5079:
5065:Proportional
5040:Score voting
4981:Ranked pairs
4900:Part of the
4899:
4792:
4785:
4773:
4733:. Retrieved
4707:
4679:
4635:. Retrieved
4613:
4594:. Retrieved
4576:
4553:
4523:
4501:
4471:
4432:
4424:Bibliography
4410:. Retrieved
4403:the original
4390:
4372:
4354:
4341:
4329:
4312:
4303:
4293:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4259:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4187:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4155:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4120:CBC Montreal
4119:
4109:
4099:14 September
4097:. Retrieved
4093:the original
4083:
4073:14 September
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4057:
4047:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
4000:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3956:
3943:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3910:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3881:Bangkok Post
3880:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3824:Bangkok Post
3823:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3797:the original
3792:
3782:
3773:
3763:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3734:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3708:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3656:
3639:
3629:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:
3557:Mayorga 2001
3553:Mayorga 1997
3548:
3539:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3460:the original
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3423:
3419:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3344:
3334:
3310:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3281:
3185:
3169:
3141:
3137:Forza Italia
3100:
3080:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3026:
3018:(March 2024)
3017:
3006:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2839:
2818:
2793:
2755:
2739:
2730:
2717:German model
2705:
2698:
2678:
2644:
2618:
2584:
2573:proportional
2554:
2527:South Africa
2518:
2496:
2487:
2469:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2432:compensatory
2417:
2408:
2387:
2378:
2354:
2325:
2316:
2288:
2279:
2245:
2239:
2217:
2208:
2203:
2166:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2054:
2049:Single vote
2015:
1990:
1985:
1969:
1955:
1940:
1927:
1918:
1891:
1882:
1857:
1829:
1818:
1799:New Zealand
1788:
1778:
1766:
1743:
1666:21 (0+7+14)
1592:54 (54+0+0)
1485:
1459:Welsh Labour
1433:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1357:
1328:
1326:
1304:
1293:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1236:
1199:
1172:
1162:
1151:
1138:proportional
1117:
1103:
1091:
1067:
1047:constituency
1040:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
890:
889:
856:
814:
813:
798:Exaggeration
784:
783:
754:
753:
727:
709:
691:
690:
659:Mixed ballot
614:Compensatory
612:
585:compensatory
582:
577:
571:
561:
523:
522:
481:
480:
451:
450:
421:
420:
408:List-free PR
353:
321:Score voting
312:
311:
257:
256:
244:Ranked pairs
215:
214:
147:
49:
5930:Bowen House
5858:Electorates
5548:(1853â1950)
5540:(1841â1853)
5423:Spoilt vote
5186:Droop quota
5125:Schulze STV
5100:Ruralâurban
5045:STAR voting
4941:Borda count
4832:ACE Project
3921:9 September
3621:ACE Project
3437:16 November
3132:Paese Nuovo
3072:Tom Thabane
2889:single vote
2796:VOLT Europa
2783:Valli Moosa
2706:Costa Rica:
2687:Sonia LeBel
2391:(formerly):
2299:(formerly):
2267:closed-list
2063:New Zealand
2042:decoy lists
1844:By-election
1825:minor party
1767:Method used
1660:13 (0+7+6)
1620:34 (11+23)
1614:24 (11+13)
1580:67 (54+13)
1463:Plaid Cymru
1402:MÄori Party
1311:Zweitmandat
1225:Ballot for
1158:New Zealand
1100:Other names
1094:New Zealand
1059:party lists
1024:party lists
698:Single vote
601:Conditional
596:Coexistence
445:Quota Borda
435:Schulze STV
393:Closed list
336:STAR voting
281:Borda count
5982:Categories
5792:Committees
5520:Components
5442:Comparison
5196:Hare quota
5146:Allocation
5132:Spare vote
5120:Hare-Clark
5090:Party-list
4855:University
4265:15 October
3980:6 February
3709:fanabc.com
3469:24 October
3293:21 October
3269:References
3127:Olive Tree
3008:Decoy list
2936:(PVT/MSV)
2779:Parliament
2744:Sri Lankan
2740:Sri Lanka:
2734:coalition.
2683:referendum
2601:plebiscite
2593:referendum
2549:See also:
2303:Parliament
2190:Two votes
2151:Two votes
2076:Two votes
1906:Two votes
1842:See also:
1813:See also:
1700:5 (5+0+0)
1694:5 (5+0+0)
1586:54 (54+0)
1567:Share (%)
1561:Share (%)
1555:Share (%)
1549:Share (%)
1352:See also:
1321:See also:
1229:, for the
1205:Procedures
803:Truncation
532:Cumulative
355:Party-list
130:By country
121:Comparison
58:German MMP
5962:(Hansard)
5933:(current)
5925:(current)
5909:(current)
5890:Locations
5876:(defunct)
5843:(current)
5812:Elections
5765:Procedure
5742:30+ years
5653:Ministers
5638:(defunct)
5612:(defunct)
5604:(defunct)
5596:(defunct)
5433:Unseating
5428:Sortition
5030:Plurality
4906:Economics
4830:from the
4755:ignored (
4745:cite book
4735:31 August
4730:1402-6759
4657:ignored (
4647:cite book
4637:31 August
4632:1402-6759
4412:13 August
3679:"Albania"
3432:0278-839X
3398:149188878
3390:1745-7289
3197:ACT Party
2947:Hybrids:
2836:Solutions
2449:Venezuela
2000:open-list
1937:, except
1809:Threshold
1746:Gallagher
1734:70+30+65
1728:70+30+13
1378:Bundestag
1296:open-list
1277:open-list
1146:open-list
1130:localized
710:Dual-vote
403:Panachage
398:Open list
388:List type
266:Plurality
162:Two-round
150:plurality
73:Economics
5820:Previous
5735:previous
5721:House of
5621:House of
5579:officers
5300:Criteria
5253:Scorporo
4902:politics
4810:Archived
4678:(eds.).
4574:(2004).
4552:(eds.).
4500:(2011).
4189:Index.hu
4168:28 March
4149:. CRHoy.
4130:28 April
4124:Archived
4027:CBC News
4001:CBC News
3886:29 March
3860:29 March
3829:24 March
3803:24 March
3741:6 August
3715:31 March
3689:24 March
3520:24 March
3495:25 March
3208:See also
3111:scorporo
3066:and the
3042:de facto
3036:system.
2731:Hungary:
2619:Ontario:
2470:Hungary:
2419:Thailand
2336:Ethiopia
2332:Ethiopia
2180:Assembly
2139:Scotland
1979:Saarland
1865:Country
1688:5 (5+0)
1682:5 (5+0)
1676:Party D
1654:7 (0+7)
1648:3 (0+3)
1642:Party C
1608:Party B
1574:Party A
1435:Scotland
430:Hare STV
69:Politics
67:A joint
5914:Beehive
5730:Current
5693:Members
5527:Monarch
5472:Project
5163:D'Hondt
5115:CPO-STV
5073:Systems
4220:4cdn.hu
4032:7 April
4006:4 April
3735:bbc.com
3088:Yaracuy
3013:Discuss
2977:(MBTV)
2679:Quebec:
2627:Ontario
2497:Mexico:
2389:Romania
2297:Albania
2219:Germany
2024:Lesotho
1996:Bavaria
1965:Hamburg
1929:Germany
1893:Bolivia
1429:Bavaria
1424:Landtag
1419:Landtag
1340:or the
1283:by the
1273:Bavaria
1163:In the
1110:Germany
440:CPO-STV
290:Baldwin
239:Schulze
234:Minimax
152:methods
5466:Portal
5403:Ballot
5179:Quotas
4908:series
4848:Videos
4728:
4718:
4694:
4666:
4630:
4620:
4587:
4560:
4546:
4542:
4530:
4508:
4486:
4459:
4304:News24
4196:15 May
3582:31 May
3430:
3396:
3388:
3351:
3322:
2971:(DMP)
2920:(AV+)
2545:Canada
2400:closed
2344:Tigray
2340:Tigray
2327:Tigray
2176:London
1950:Bremen
1877:Notes
1722:70+30
1716:70+30
1710:TOTAL
1564:Seats
1558:Seats
1552:Seats
1546:Seats
1540:Party
1169:Quebec
1122:German
305:Coombs
75:series
5680:Whips
5643:Clerk
5396:Other
5215:Mixed
4821:from
4712:(PDF)
4610:(PDF)
4596:6 May
4581:(PDF)
4406:(PDF)
4399:(PDF)
4321:(PDF)
4285:(PDF)
4256:(PDF)
4216:(PDF)
3463:(PDF)
3456:(PDF)
3426:(3).
3394:S2CID
3274:Notes
3189:Epsom
3003:split
2911:(AMS)
2852:in a
2777:told
2723:on a
2513:Local
2254:Wales
2006:uses
1737:100%
1731:100%
1725:100%
1719:100%
1713:100%
1329:total
1022:with
642:'MMP'
631:'AMS'
5830:List
5825:Next
4904:and
4757:help
4737:2017
4726:ISSN
4716:ISBN
4692:ISBN
4659:help
4639:2017
4628:ISSN
4618:ISBN
4598:2011
4585:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4528:ISBN
4506:ISBN
4484:ISBN
4457:ISBN
4414:2012
4267:2023
4198:2022
4170:2019
4132:2021
4101:2018
4075:2018
4034:2017
4008:2017
3982:2017
3923:2021
3888:2019
3862:2019
3831:2019
3805:2019
3743:2020
3717:2020
3691:2016
3584:2024
3522:2016
3497:2016
3471:2017
3439:2020
3428:ISSN
3386:ISSN
3349:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3295:2017
2802:and
2307:2005
1871:Use
1669:13%
1663:12%
1645:13%
1635:41%
1629:36%
1623:34%
1617:24%
1611:41%
1601:43%
1595:48%
1589:54%
1583:67%
1577:43%
1400:the
1385:and
1383:2008
1140:and
1104:The
1008:MMPR
583:Non-
537:SNTV
126:List
83:and
71:and
5228:MMP
4684:doi
4668:âââ
4544:âââ
4476:doi
4447:hdl
4437:doi
3644:doi
3602:BMI
3378:doi
3011:. (
2625:in
1703:3%
1697:4%
1691:5%
1685:5%
1679:3%
1657:7%
1651:3%
1488:MMM
1392:In
1305:In
1271:In
1197:.
1167:of
1006:or
1004:MMP
301:el.
286:el.
275:IRV
271:el.
34:or
5984::
5469:â
4749::
4747:}}
4743:{{
4724:.
4690:.
4674:;
4651::
4649:}}
4645:{{
4626:.
4482:.
4455:.
4445:.
4380:.
4362:.
4302:.
4258:.
4236:.
4218:.
4122:.
4118:.
4025:.
3999:.
3973:.
3955:,
3879:.
3848:.
3822:.
3791:.
3772:.
3733:.
3707:.
3681:.
3638:.
3619:.
3600:.
3575:.
3564:^
3555:;
3538:.
3513:.
3424:38
3422:.
3418:.
3406:^
3392:.
3384:.
3374:29
3372:.
3343:.
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