Mogao Caves - Knowledge (XXG)

1859: 1895: 1971: 1995: 4586: 579: 1763: 1815: 1518:. The earlier and larger one in cave 96, at 35.5 m high, was constructed in 695 under the edicts from Empress Wu Zetian who instructed the constructions of monasteries in 689 and giant statues in 694. The smaller one is 27 m tall and was constructed in 713–41. The larger northern giant Buddha was damaged in an earthquake and had been repaired and restored multiple times, consequently its clothing, colour and gestures had been changed and only the head retains its original Early Tang appearance. The southern statue however is largely in its original form apart for its right hand. The larger Buddha is housed in a prominent wooden 9-storey structure. 2090: 1923: 2050: 2034: 588: 2066: 2105: 1907: 1883: 806:. By then Islam had conquered much of Central Asia, and the Silk Road declined in importance when trading via sea-routes began to dominate Chinese trade with the outside world. During the Ming dynasty, the Silk Road was finally officially abandoned, and Dunhuang slowly became depopulated and largely forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned; the site, however, was still a place of pilgrimage and was used as a place of worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century when there was renewed interest in the site. 1383: 1271: 1447: 1871: 815: 51: 217: 189: 1959: 1655:, there were more than a thousand caves, but over time many of the caves were lost, including the earliest caves. 735 caves currently exist in Mogao; the best-known ones are the 487 caves located in the southern section of the cliff which are places of pilgrimage and worship. 248 caves have also been found to the north which were living quarters, meditation chambers, and burial sites for the monks. The caves at the southern section are decorated, while those at the northern section are mostly plain. 1935: 259: 1607: 2007: 1983: 1522: 1415: 992:

Cave may have been used as his retreat in his lifetime. The cave originally contained his statue which was moved to another cave when it was used to keep manuscripts, some of which bear Hongbian's seal. A large number of documents dating from 406 to 1002 were found in the cave, heaped up in closely packed layers of bundles of scrolls. In addition to the 1,100 bundles of scrolls, there were also over 15,000 paper books and shorter texts, including a Hebrew penitential prayer (

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until much later when there were influences from European paintings. Another difference from traditional Chinese painting is the presence of figures that are semi-nude, occasionally fully nude, as figures are generally fully clothed in Chinese paintings. Many of the murals have been repaired or plastered over and repainted over the centuries, and older murals may be seen where sections of later paintings had been removed.

5237: 4436: 1171: 516:), a name that some scholars have speculated to have come from the legend of its founding, when a monk Yuezun had a vision of a thousand Buddhas at the site. This name, however, may have come from the large number of Buddha figures at the site, or the miniatures figures painted on the walls of these caves as these figures are called "thousand Buddhas" colloquially. The name Mogao Caves ( 1847: 1599:, Imperial Commissioner at Dunhuang in 947. Many of the images have colour added by hand to the printed outline. Several sheets contain repeated impressions of the same block with a Buddha image. Possibly these reflect stock for cutting when sold to pilgrims, but inscriptions in some examples show these were also printed out at different times by an individual as a devotion to acquire 1063: 1479: 1361:) influences, although Mahayana Buddhism became the dominant form during the Sui dynasty. An innovation of the Sui-Tang period is the visual representation of the sutra – Mahayana Buddhist teachings transformed into large complete and detailed narrative paintings. One of the central features of Tang art in Mogao is the representation of the paradise of the 5249: 1568: 851: 224: 196: 980: 1623:). The monks normally used fabrics consisting of a patchwork of different scraps of cloth as a sign of humility; these therefore provide valuable insights into the various type of silk cloth and embroidery available at the time. Silk banners were used to adorn the cliff-face at the caves during festivals, and these are painted and may be embroidered. 1250:) and gain blessings. Others are hall caves influenced by traditional Chinese and Buddhist temple architecture. These caves may have a truncated pyramidal ceiling sometimes painted to resemble a tent, or they may have a flat or gabled ceiling that imitates traditional buildings. Some of the caves used for meditation are adaptations of the Indian 897:) in 1910. However, not all the remaining manuscripts were taken to Peking, and of those retrieved, some were then stolen. Rumours of caches of documents taken by local people continued for some time, and a cache of documents hidden by Wang from the authorities was later found in the 1940s. Some of the caves were damaged and vandalized by 1002:). It's estimated that 50,000 ancient documents were discovered inside on topics of literature, philosophy, art and medicine. The Library Cave also contained textiles such as banners, numerous damaged figurines of Buddhas, and other Buddhist paraphernalia. According to Stein who was the first to describe the cave in its original state: 1048:

chamber was not opened "under scientific conditions", so critical evidence to support dating the closure was lost. The latest date recorded in the documents found in the cave is believed to be 1002, and although some have proposed later dates for some of the documents, the cave was likely to have been sealed not long after that date.

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the Library Cave, none apparently dating before the late 7th century. The great majority of the paintings are anonymous, but many are of high quality, especially from the Tang. Most are sutra paintings, images of Buddha, and narrative paintings. The paintings show something of the contemporary Chinese style of the capital

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reconstruction of 20 painted sculptures in the Mogao Caves. The Dunhuang Academy also introduced I-m-Cave, a multi-touch desktop system for virtual tours of the Mogao Caves, which presents a relationship between currently damaged artifacts and their virtual restored versions that cannot be experienced during a real tour.

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One type of caves constructed during the Tibetan era is the Nirvana Cave, which features a large reclining Buddha that covers the entire length of the hall. Figures of mourners in murals or in sculptural forms are also depicted along the length of the hall behind the Buddha. The Buddha figure in cave

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effect. However, the darkening of the paint used in shading over time resulted in heavy outlines which is not what the painters had originally intended. This shading technique is unique to Dunhuang in East Asia at this period as such shading on human faces was generally not done in Chinese paintings

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literate in Chinese, and he was allowed to examine the manuscripts freely, so he was able to pick a better selection of documents than Stein. Pelliot was interested in the more unusual and exotic of the Dunhuang manuscripts, such as those dealing with the administration and financing of the monastery

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devices, and as teaching tools to inform those illiterate about Buddhist beliefs and stories. The major caves were sponsored by patrons such as important clergy, local ruling elite, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other caves may have been funded by merchants, military officers, and

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By the Sui and Tang dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and pilgrimage for the public. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. These caves were elaborately painted, the cave paintings and architecture serving as

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Before the discovery in the Library Cave, original paintings on silk and paper from the Tang dynasty, an influential period in Chinese art, were very rare, and most of the surviving examples were copies made in later periods. Over a thousand paintings on silk, banners, and embroideries were found in

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Many of the caves originally had wooden porches or fore-temples built out from the cliff, but most of these have decayed or been lost in other ways, with only five remaining, the two earliest of which are rare surviving examples of Song dynasty wooden architecture. The most prominent wooden building

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invaded in 1035. This theory was proposed in light of the absence of documents from Xi Xia and the disordered state in which Pelliot found the room (perhaps a misinterpretation because unbeknownst to him the room was disturbed by Stein months before). Another theory posits that the items were from a

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Some of the caves had by then been blocked by sand, and Wang set about clearing away the sand and made an attempt at restoration of the site. In one such cave, on 25 June 1900, Wang followed the drift of smoke from a cigarette, and discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading to

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The original function of the "Library Cave" was as a shrine commemorating Hong Bian, the 9th-century monk. His portrait statue, unusual here and among all surviving works in China, was removed to another spot when the cave was sealed up in the 11th century, but has been returned now the library has

1395:, who ruled over Dunhuang in a quasi-autonomous manner during the Late Tang period, include a commemoration of his victory over the Tibetans in 848. The portraits of donors increased in size during the period ruled by the Cao family who succeeded the Zhang family. The Caos formed alliances with the 1140:

The manuscripts were dispersed all over the world in the aftermath of the discovery. Stein's acquisition was split between Britain and India because his expedition was funded by both countries. Stein had the first pick and he was able to collect around 7,000 complete manuscripts and 6,000 fragments

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During the Tang dynasty, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious centre. A large number of the caves were constructed at Mogao during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year

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There are brush paintings in ink alone, some in just two colours, as well as many in full colour. Most common are single figures, and most paintings were probably donated by an individual, who is often portrayed on a diminutive scale. The donor figures become notably more elaborate in dress by the

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The murals in the caves date from a period of over a thousand years, from the 5th to the 14th century, and many earlier ones were repainted at later points within the period. The murals are extensive, covering an area of 490,000 square feet (46,000 square metres). The most fully painted caves have

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The date of the sealing of the cave continued to be debated. Rong (2000) provided evidence to support 1002 as the date for sealing the cave, while Huntington (1986) supported a closing around the early to mid-thirteen century. It is difficult to determine the state of the materials found since the

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The early figures are relatively simple and mainly of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. The Buddhas of Northern Wei may have two attendant Bodhisattvas, and two further disciples were added in Northern Zhou, forming a group of five. Figures from the Sui and Tang periods may be present as larger groups of

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Many of the manuscripts were previously unknown or thought lost, and the manuscripts provide a unique insight into the religious and secular matters of Northern China as well as other Central Asian kingdoms from the early periods up to the Tang and early Song dynasty. The manuscripts found in the

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in the early 1900s came to be known as the Library Cave. It is located off the entrance leading to cave 16 and was originally used as a memorial cave for a local monk Hongbian on his death in 862. Hongbian, from a wealthy Wu family, was responsible for the construction of cave 16, and the Library

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The Dunhuang Academy entered a period of "scientific conservation" for the Mogao Caves in the 1980s and began exploring "digital conservation" as early as 1993. Since 2010, it has completed photographic acquisition of 120 caves, image processing of 40 caves, panoramic roaming of 120 caves, and 3D

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The caves are clustered together according to their era, with new caves from a new dynasty being constructed in different parts of the cliff. From the murals, sculptures, and other objects found in the caves, the dates of around five hundred caves have been determined. Following is a list of the

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Early murals showed a strong Indian and Central Asian influence in the painting techniques used, the composition and style of the paintings as well as costumes worn by the figures, but a distinct Dunhuang style began to emerge during the Northern Wei dynasty. Motifs of Chinese, Central Asian and

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The Library Cave was walled off sometime early in the 11th century. A number of theories have been proposed as the reason for sealing the caves. Stein first proposed that the cave had become a waste repository for venerable, damaged and used manuscripts and hallowed paraphernalia and then sealed

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While Buddhist art is stylistically distinct from secular art, the style of paintings in the caves often reflects that of contemporary secular painting (insofar as we know of this), especially those depicting secular scenes. Donor figures are generally depicted in secular style, and may include

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The manuscripts from the Library Cave date from fifth century until early eleventh century when it was sealed. Up to 50,000 manuscripts may have been kept there, one of the greatest treasure troves of ancient documents found. While most of them are in Chinese, a large number of documents are in

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Stein and Pelliot provoked much interest in the West about the Dunhuang Caves. Scholars in Beijing, after seeing samples of the documents in Pelliot's possession, became aware of their value. Concerned that the remaining manuscripts might be lost, Luo Zhenyu and others persuaded the Ministry of

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An important cache of documents was discovered in 1900 in the so-called "Library Cave", which had been walled-up in the 11th century. The contents of the library were subsequently dispersed around the world, and the largest collections are now found in Beijing, London, Paris and Berlin, and the

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Heaped up in layers, but without any order, there appeared in the dim light of the priest's little lamp a solid mass of manuscript bundles rising to a height of nearly ten feet, and filling, as subsequent measurement showed, close on 500 cubic feet. The area left clear within the room was just

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who was on an archaeological expedition in the area in 1907. Stein negotiated with Wang to allow him to remove a significant number of manuscripts as well as the finest paintings and textiles in exchange for a donation to Wang's restoration effort. He was followed by a French expedition under

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became obsolete when printing became widespread, the older manuscripts were therefore stored away. Another suggestion is that the cave was simply used as a book storehouse for documents which accumulated over a century and a half, then sealed up when it became full. Others, such as Pelliot,

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arrived at the caves with a small team of assistants and stayed for two and a half years to repair and copy the murals. He exhibited and published the copies of the murals in 1943, which helped to publicize and give much prominence to the art of Dunhuang within China. Historian Xiang Da then

636:. The Mogao Caves near Dunhuang were first constructed in the 4th century AD and were used as a site of Buddhist worship and pilgrimage. The caves contain over 400,000 square feet of frescoes and sculptures, making them one of the largest repositories of Buddhist art in the world. 1429:

Many of the figures have darkened due to oxidation of the lead-based pigments from exposure to air and light. Many early figures in the murals in Dunhuang also used painting techniques originated from India where shading was applied to achieve a three-dimensional or

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at the site, first built during the Tang dynasty, houses the Great Buddha and was originally four storeys high, but it has been repaired at least five times and is no longer the original structure. A storey was added between 874 and 885, then repaired in the

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During late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Western explorers began to show interest in the ancient Silk Road and the lost cities of Central Asia, and those who passed through Dunhuang noted the murals, sculptures, and artifacts such as the

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in 1006 and the destruction it caused, so they sealed their library to avoid it being destroyed. Another possible theory posits that to save the manuscripts from a coming “Age of Decline”, the Library Cave was sealed to prevent this from occurring.

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Early mural revealed after later over-painting had been partly removed. The flesh tones of the figure with its pigments protected from oxidation contrast with the darkened tone of buddhas in later painting seen on the right. Cave 253, Northern

1137:. These scrolls chronicle the development of Buddhism in China, record the political and cultural life of the time, and provide documentation of mundane secular matters that gives a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people of these eras. 1375:, such as the eleven-headed or thousand-armed Avalokitesvara, also started to appear in Mogao wall paintings during the Tang period. It became popular during the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang and the subsequent periods, especially during the 465:

The first caves were dug out in 366 CE as places of Buddhist meditation and worship; later the caves became a place of pilgrimage, and caves continued to be built at the site until the 14th century. The Mogao Caves are the best known of the

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There are around 2,400 surviving clay sculptures at Mogao. These were first constructed on a wooden frame, padded with reed, then modelled in clay stucco, and finished with paint. The giant statues however have a stone core. The

1295:. These murals document the changing styles of Buddhist art in China for nearly a thousand years. The artistry of the murals reached its apogee during the Tang period, and the quality of the work dropped after the tenth century. 801:

control. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the

1595:, the earliest printed book to survive. Other printed images were made to be hung, often with text below containing prayers and sometimes a dedication by the pious commissioner; at least two prints were commissioned by 4999: 1291:. Sculpture is also brightly painted. The murals are valued for the scale and richness of content as well as their artistry. Buddhist subjects are most common, however some have traditional mythical subjects and 1814: 1158:. Hundreds more of the manuscripts were sold by Wang to Otani Kozui and Sergei Oldenburg. Efforts are now underway to reconstitute the Library Cave manuscripts digitally, and they are now available as part of 4585: 2441: 548:" means "high"); an alternative reading may be "high in the desert" if "mo" is read as a variant of the Chinese term for "desert". Mogao is also used as the name of a modern town that is administered by 4922: 5315: 1311:

A common motif in many caves is the areas entirely covered by rows of small seated Buddha figures, after which this and other "Thousand Buddhas Caves" are named. These small Buddhas were drawn using

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describing his life, and the wall behind the statue is painted with attendant figure; such blending of painted sculpture and wall paintings into a single composition is very common at the site.

4104: 949:, took a personal interest in the caves and sanctioned a grant to repair and protect the site; and in 1961, the Mogao Caves were declared to be a specially protected historical monument by the 3986:, "The Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Buddhism on the Silk Road" in "The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia" (2002) by Frances Wood. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2049: 709:

a small community of monks had formed at the site. The caves initially served only as a place of meditation for hermit monks, but developed to serve the monasteries that sprang up nearby.

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used to decorate altars and temples had a horizontal strip at the top, from which hung streamers made from strips of different cloths ending in a V that look like a modern male necktie.

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period, and two further storeys were added during a restoration in 1898. Two further restorations were carried out in the 20th century, and the building is now a 9-storey structure.

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monastic library and hidden due to threats from Muslims who were moving eastward. This theory proposes that the monks of a nearby monastery heard about the fall of the Buddhist

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and other material. The caves themselves are now a popular tourist destination, but the number of visitors has been capped to help with the preservation of the caves.

2006: 733: 1715:; 'Return to Righteousness Army', 848–1036), when Dunhuang was ruled by the Zhang and Cao families. It may be subdivided into the following periods: 1226:

conglomerate that is not suitable for either sculpture or elaborate architectural details. Many of the early caves were developed from earlier Buddhist rock-cut

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paintings all over the walls and ceilings, with geometrical or plant decoration filling the spaces not taken by figurative images, which are above all of the

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Picture of Cave 16, by Aurel Stein in 1907, with manuscripts piled up beside the entrance to Cave 17, the Library Cave, which is to the right in this picture.

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from 868, which was first translated from Sanskrit into Chinese in the fourth century. These scrolls also include manuscripts that ranged from the Christian

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at Mogao. There is an estimated half a million square feet of religious wall murals within the caves. The biggest discovery, however, came from a Chinese

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bathed in golden light at the site in 366 AD, inspiring him to build a cave here. The story is also found in other sources, such as in inscriptions on a

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Figures showing shading technique, and on the left, the effect of darkening of the paint used in shading which changed the appearance of the figure.

953:, and large-scale renovation work at Mogao began soon afterwards. The site escaped the widespread damage caused to many religious sites during the 5222: 4099: 1782: 3297: 4112:, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Mogao Caves 2266: 5285: 5102: 4976: 4456: 4009:

Suemori Kaoru, "Thousand-Buddha images in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Religious spaces created by polychromatic patterns" (2020). Kyoto: Hozokan.

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The construction of the Mogao Caves is generally taken to have begun sometime in the fourth century AD, when Dunhuang was under control of the

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who had appointed himself guardian of some of these temples around the turn of the century and tried to raise funds to repair the statues.

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works, works from the Chinese government, administrative documents, anthologies, glossaries, dictionaries, and calligraphic exercises.

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edited some of the manuscripts Pelliot acquired into a volume which was then published in 1909 as "Manuscripts of the Dunhuang Caves" (

188: 5305: 5280: 4014: 3973:, and Neville Agnew. "Cave Temples of Mogao: Art and History on the Silk Road" (2000). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. 3433: 2793: 2508: 2481: 2388: 2361: 2309: 2171: 2983:"From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Eight Men Ferrying a Statue of the Buddha (from Mogao Cave 323, Dunhuang, Gansu province)" 4639: 4004: 3991: 3978: 3946: 3915: 3907: 3880: 3844: 3457: 3285: 3081: 3023: 2762: 2181: 3606: 1928:

Wife of Dunhuang ruler Cao Yanlu and daughter of the King of Khotan, wearing an elaborate jade headdress. Cave 61, Five Dynasties.

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suggested an alternative scenario, that the monks hurriedly hid the documents in advance of an attack by invaders, perhaps when

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perhaps when the place came under threat. Following this interpretation some suggested that the handwritten manuscripts of the

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Buddhist cave art, a dancer spins while the orchestra plays. Grotto 46 Left interior wall, second panel. Also called cave 112.

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Words of Wang's discovery drew the attention of a joint British/Indian group led by the Hungarian-born British archaeologist

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The textiles found in the Library Cave include silk banners, altar hangings, wrappings for manuscripts, and monks' apparel (

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in 1987. From 1988 to 1995 a further 248 caves were discovered to the north of the 487 caves known since the early 1900s.

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scene with groups of mourners. The early sculptures were based on Indian and Central Asian prototypes, with some in the

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Detail of embroidered panel from the Library Cave. A small duck is shown in the middle among the flowers. Tang dynasty.

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Today, efforts are continuing to conserve and research the site and its content. The Mogao Caves became one of the

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Abrams, Jerold J. (2021). "Ancient Chinese cave paintings as cinema: the volcanos and dragons of Mogao Cave 249".

1382: 5310: 4688: 4645: 4547: 4273: 938: 4084: 1270: 4608: 3509: 3452:, and Neville Agnew. "Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Art and History on the Silk Road" (2000). The British Library. 2095: 1603:. It is unclear whether such people owned their own blocks, or visited a monastery to have the images printed. 145: 4079: 2567:"Mogao Cave 254 莫高第254号窟 · A. Stories Behind The Dunhuang Caves 敦煌石窟背后的故事 · UW Dunhuang Project: Exhibitions" 1651:

The caves were cut into the side of a cliff which is close to two kilometers long. At its height, during the

5217: 5151: 4770: 4439: 4288: 4268: 4133: 2996: 2440:[2016 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Duhuang City] (in Simplified Chinese). 1490:(397–439), one of the earliest caves. The crossed ankle figure with a three-disk crown shows influence from 3366:

Huntington, John C. (1986). "A Note on Dunhuang Cave 17, "The Library," or Hong Bian's Reliquary Chamber".

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Indian origin may be found in a single cave, and Chinese elements increased during the Western Wei period.

1145:. Pelliot took almost 10,000 documents for the equivalent of £90, but, unlike Stein, Pelliot was a trained 814: 50: 4776: 4156: 2435: 1400: 1345:), which was originally male but acquired female characteristics later, the most popular. Most caves show 794: 3173:

Huang, Da-Yuan; Chen, Shen-Chi; Chang, Li-Erh; Chen, Po-Shiun; Yeh, Yen-Ting; Hung, Yi-Ping (July 2014).

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and associated lay men's groups. Many of these manuscripts survived only because they formed a type of

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Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China

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Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia

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The Getty Conservation Institute has a dedicated page to the conservation of those wall paintings.

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Rong, Xinjiang (1999). "The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for its Sealing".

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soldiers when they were used by the local authority in 1921 to house Russian soldiers fleeing the

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Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China

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The Library Cave is equally important as a source of rare early images and texts produced by

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in India, with a square-sectioned central column, with sculpture in niches, representing the

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A large collections of images of murals and other artifacts from the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang

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in 111 BC. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the

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soldiers stationed at Dunhuang caused some damage to the murals and statues at the site.

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Wisdom embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

1511:. Over time the sculptures showed more Chinese elements and became gradually sinicized. 1141:

for which he paid £130, although these include many duplicate copies of the Diamond and

755: 5241: 5197: 5008: 4790: 4542: 4395: 4220: 3899: 3614: 3522: 3395: 2077: 1702: 1667: 1624: 1487: 1456: 1338: 1292: 1279: 1154:

whereby papers were reused and Buddhist texts were written on the opposite side of the

910: 898: 819: 798: 721: 706: 678: 1182:), Worshipping Bodhisattvas and Mendicant in cave 57. Figures originally adorned with 871:

who acquired many thousands of items in 1908, and then by a Japanese expedition under

5269: 5079: 5074: 5054: 4848: 4805: 4726: 4532: 4385: 4329: 4240: 4100:

Harvard Art Museums, some murals and a statue removed from Dunhuang by Langdon Warner

3875:(1994) Kenbun-Sha, Inc. / China National Publications Import and Export Corporation, 3244: 2921: 1708: 1683: 1596: 1592: 1491: 1396: 1259: 1119: 1091: 741: 1170: 498:

The caves are commonly referred to in Chinese as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (

5059: 4902: 4506: 4390: 4370: 4311: 4258: 4192: 4177: 3983: 3204: 2409:[Dunhuang City Historical Development] (in Chinese). XZQH.org. 27 June 2016 2056: 2040: 1747: 1731: 1673: 1652: 1504: 1460: 1392: 1376: 1334: 1320: 1275: 1233: 1191: 1134: 1066: 925: 868: 803: 749: 737: 725: 597: 537: 459: 384: 301: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 1701:

Middle Tang (781–847) - 44 caves (This era in Dunhuang is also known as the

1094:. They may be old hemp paper scrolls in Chinese and many other languages, Tibetan 426:, form a system of 500 temples 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the center of 3936: 3155: 2925: 2623: 5064: 4795: 4765: 4757: 4736: 4683: 4613: 4448: 4418: 4375: 4334: 4321: 4283: 4263: 4197: 4172: 2161: 1769: 1741: 1689: 1677: 1644: 1552: 1500: 1431: 1350: 1142: 1027: 988: 941:), at Mogao in 1944 to look after the site and its contents. In 1956, the first 872: 863: 855: 836: 764: 745: 729: 605: 451: 3236: 3174: 2982: 2679:

Cave Temples of Mogao at Dunhuang: Art History on the Silk Road: Second Edition

2353:

Cave Temples of Mogao at Dunhuang: Art History on the Silk Road: Second Edition

1976:

Sculpture of Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara from Mogao Caves, 890–910, Musée Guimet

979: 913:

removed a number of murals as well as a statue from some of the caves. In 1939

5187: 5177: 4933: 4927: 4721: 4708: 4698: 4673: 4650: 4522: 4487: 4306: 4278: 4215: 4187: 4164: 3186: 2404: 2327:"Artifacts from ancient Chinese cave temples head west for California exhibit" 1900:

Depiction of the avadana story of Five Hundred Robbers. Cave 285, Western Wei.

1805: 1789: 1151: 1062: 946: 934: 914: 880: 773: 2544: 93: 80: 5182: 4937: 4876: 4570: 4537: 4526: 4516: 3175:"I-m-Cave: An interactive tabletop system for virtually touring Mogao Caves" 2904: 2817: 2156: 1825: 1372: 1362: 1354: 1246: 1183: 1103: 1099: 1022: 930: 921: 786: 644: 629: 431: 332: 3341: 3156:"The Allure of Dunhuang: The Mogao Grottoes | Silk Road in Rare Books" 2676:

Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan; Agnew, Neville (15 September 2015).

1478: 1391:

secular events associated with them. For example, scenes depicting General

685:

in cave 332; an earlier date of 353 however was given in another document,

620:

Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han dynasty

2012:

Sculptures in a niche above a main Buddha figure, Mogao cave 27, High Tang

1525:

Reproduction of the reclining Buddha of the Tibetan period from cave 158.

608:, Western Indic features and Western influences. The panel represents the 478:, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China. 5156: 4629: 4575: 4511: 4125: 2894: 2267:"Getty Institute helps save China's Mogao Grottoes from tourism's impact" 1508: 1358: 1346: 1146: 1083: 994: 777: 760: 668: 633: 601: 562: 549: 427: 353: 61: 3349: 3041:"The Epochal Significance in Zhang Daqian's Copies of Dunhuang Frescoes" 2027:

in cave 148, second largest reclining figure in Mogao. High Tang period.

1567: 850: 843:

a main cave. Behind the wall was a small cave stuffed with an enormous

4995: 4881: 4815: 4800: 4732: 4618: 4565: 3925:

The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing

3517: 3379: 2552: 2528: 1864:

Vaishravana riding across the waters. Five Dynasties, mid-10th century.

1659:

caves by era, compiled in the 1980s (more have been identified since):

1640: 1422: 1418: 1371:

of Cave 220 is a well-preserved mural of this type. The iconography of

1342: 1324: 1312: 1228: 1179: 1040: 894: 893:

Education to recover the rest of the manuscripts to be sent to Peking (

744:

then constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived

728:. They share many stylistic characteristics in common with some of the 625: 3920:

Murray, Stuart A.P. "The Library: An Illustrated History" 2012. Print.

3276:(1973). edited by Donald D. Leslie, Colin Mackerras, and Wang Gungwu. 2584: 2380:

Frescoes and Fables: Mural Stories from the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang

1768:

10th century mural from Cave 61, showing Tang Buddhist monasteries of

3551:

Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vols.): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960–1368 AD)

2235: 2081: 1773: 1472: 1316: 1288: 1251: 1223: 1195: 1107: 961: 832: 712:

The earliest decorated Mogao Caves remaining to this day (caves 268,

632:, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as 610: 527: 507: 157: 1555:, but many also reflect Indian, Tibetan and Uighur painting styles. 1411:

and their portraits are featured prominently in some of the caves.

822:

towards the Pure Lands. Painting on silk (Library Cave), Late Tang.

600:

period between 475 and 490 CE. It is one of the earliest caves in

5127: 5026: 5021: 5016: 4985: 4655: 2529:"Art and Practice in a Fifth-Century Chinese Buddhist Cave Temple" 1634: 1605: 1539: 1520: 1445: 1413: 1381: 1328: 1297: 1269: 1237: 1199: 1169: 1155: 1095: 849: 813: 754: 682: 677:, which may also be pronounced Yuezun) had a vision of a thousand 467: 435: 65: 430:, an oasis located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the 4561: 3179:

2014 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)

789:

to build giant statues across the country. The site escaped the

4958: 4954: 4452: 4129: 2442:

National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China

1190:

The art of Dunhuang covers more than ten major genres, such as

776:, as visual representations of the quest for enlightenment, as 596:

Sculpture and murals from Mogao cave nb. 254, built during the

3957:

Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route

3425:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

2810:"Chinese Exploration and Excavations in Chinese Central Asia" 2301:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

396: 2610:莫高窟者厥，秦建元二年，有沙门乐僔，戒行清忠，执心恬静。当杖锡林野，行至此山，忽见金光，状有千佛。□□□□□，造窟一龛。 1459:

is generally shown as the central statue, often attended by

3076:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 223. 2896:

Dunhuang shi shi yi shu (Book, 1909) [WorldCat.org]

2350:

Roderick Whitfield; Susan Whitfield; Neville Agnew (2015).

1705:

period because Dunhuang was then under Tibetan occupation.)

3422:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger, eds. (1996).

3016:

Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Art and History on the Silk Road

2298:

Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger, eds. (1996).

1118:

Library Cave include the earliest dated printed book, the

920:

The situation improved in 1941 when, following a visit by

724:

period between 419 and 439 CE, before the invasion of the

4116:

New Yorker article "A Secret Library, Digitally Excavated

372: 358: 344: 3298:"The Provenance and Character of the Dunhuang Documents" 1952:

Uighur king attended by servants. Cave 409, Western Xia.

1337:

started appearing during the Northern Zhou period, with

3134: 643:. According to a book written during the reign of Tang 486:

exists to coordinate and collect scholarly work on the

1130:

and ancient music scores, as well as the image of the

5316:

Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Gansu

1274:

Detail of mural commemorating the victory of General

320: 306: 19:"Dunhuang Caves" redirects here. For other uses, see 4121:

The Magnificent Mogao Caves of China - Amazing World

4089: 3105: 1808:

to the West, details of mural from cave 323, 618–712

1315:

so that identical figures may be replicated. Flying

438:

province, China. The caves may also be known as the

5170: 5144: 5126: 5088: 5035: 5007: 4890: 4857: 4834: 4756: 4664: 4593: 4486: 4361: 4343: 4320: 4297: 4249: 4206: 4163: 752:, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. 705:), and the site gradually grew, by the time of the 458:. The caves contain some of the finest examples of 390: 383: 366: 352: 338: 331: 314: 300: 293: 288: 268: 247: 163: 153: 138: 130: 122: 113: 72: 57: 28: 3816:Whitfield and Farrer, p. 21, and numbers 41 and 42 3521: 3394: 2470:Agnew, Neville; Reed, Marcia; Ball, Tevvy (2016). 1888:An illustration of Sakyamuni's temptation by Mara 699:). He was later joined by a second monk Faliang ( 2356:(2nd ed.). Getty Publications. p. 55. 2039:A fresco shows the style of architecture of the 1840:Vajrapani Painting at Mogao Caves (Library Cave) 3272:Akira, Fujieda, "The Tun-Huan Manuscripts", in 1876:Worshipping Bodhisattva, cave 285, Wei dynasty. 1666:(366–439) - 7 caves, the oldest dated to 1331:. The murals may also depict religious themes. 1069:examining manuscripts in the Library Cave, 1908 1004: 4932:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of 4521:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of 3923:Rong Xinjiang, translated by Valerie Hansen, " 3476: 3474: 3225:International Communication of Chinese Culture 2757:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. 1643:, or celestial beings. Caves 285, 538-539 AD, 4970: 4908:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 4464: 4141: 3941:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Art. 3938:Dunhuang art: through the eyes of Duan Wenjie 3726:Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie 3701:Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie 3651:Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie 3073:Dunhuang art: through the eyes of Duan Wenjie 2899:. publisher not identified. January 7, 1909. 2840:Dunhuang Art: Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie 2754:Dunhuang art: through the eyes of Duan Wenjie 2746: 2744: 2608: 2600: 2454: 2419: 884: 700: 690: 672: 662: 652: 274: 39: 8: 3873:Mural Paintings of the Dunhuang Mogao Grotto 3573: 3571: 2209:. Chicago: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 49. 1323:which are stories of the life of Buddha, or 4105:British Museum The cave-temples at Dunhuang 3397:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith 2997:"Eight Men Ferrying a Statue of the Buddha" 2096:Church of the East painting of Jesus Christ 1499:seven or nine, and some showed large-scale 924:to the site the previous year, the painter 781:other local people such as women's groups. 4977: 4963: 4955: 4471: 4457: 4449: 4148: 4134: 4126: 3753:. The Dunhuang Academy. pp. 170–175. 3524:Three Thousands Years of Chinese Paintings 3401:. British Library, Serindia Publications. 2916: 2914: 2725:Dunhuang Sees Great Changes Over the Years 2503:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 427. 285: 257: 25: 4066:Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 6 4061:Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 5 4056:Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 4 4051:Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 3 4046:Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 2 4041:Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol. 1 3336:. Translated by Valerie Hansen: 247–275. 3274:Essays on the sources for Chinese history 943:Premier of the People's Republic of China 3504: 3502: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2059:style architecture in the Buddhist land. 1566: 1477: 1061: 978: 5223:Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 2865:"A Secret Library, Digitally Excavated" 2197: 1912:Young female Buddhist donors. Cave 98, 1758: 875:in 1911 and a Russian expedition under 858:, discoverer of the hidden Library Cave 5103:Northwest University for Nationalities 3955:Whitfield, Roderick and Farrer, Anne, 3837:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art 3601: 3599: 3512:; Rihard M. Branhart; Nie Chongzheng; 3181:. Chengdu, China: IEEE. pp. 1–6. 2000:Lokapala guardian figure, Musée Guimet 1327:which are parables of the doctrine of 1007:sufficient for two people to stand in. 759:Details of painting of the meeting of 374: 322: 244: 16:Caves near Dunhuang City, Gansu, China 3959:(1990), British Museum Publications, 3796:. The Dunhuang Academy. p. 235. 3728:. Abhinav Publications. p. 163. 3703:. Abhinav Publications. p. 138. 3678:. The Dunhuang Academy. p. 160. 3485:. The Dunhuang Academy. p. 124. 3361: 3359: 3218: 3216: 3214: 2863:Mikanowski, Jacob (October 9, 2013). 2522: 2520: 2285: 2122:List of World Heritage Sites in China 1695:Early Tang (618–704) - 44 caves 162: 152: 137: 129: 121: 112: 7: 5248: 3653:. Abhinav Publications. p. 95. 3098:"The International Dunhuang Project" 2842:. Abhinav Publications. p. 52. 2265:Makinen, Julie (27 September 2014). 1722:Late Tang (848–906) - 60 caves 1698:High Tang (705–780) - 80 caves 1538:been removed. There is also a stone 1102:works, workbooks, books of prayers, 4030:, vol. 2 (1912). London: Macmillan. 3018:. The British Library. p. 37. 2781:The Library: An Illustrated History 2655:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 107. 2207:The Library: An Illustrated History 1964:Figures from cave 409, Western Xia. 1792:to the West, complete view, c. 700 720:), were built and decorated in the 263:"Mogao Caves" in Chinese characters 223: 195: 5296:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China 4867:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 3636:"Wall Paintings at Mogao Grottoes" 3247:– via SpringerLink Journals. 2682:. Getty Publications. p. 55. 2476:. Getty Publications. p. 87. 2172:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1232:styles seen in places such as the 1222:, the local rock is a rather soft 1090:, including the then little-known 736:. Members of the ruling family of 470:Buddhist grottoes and, along with 462:spanning a period of 2,000 years. 14: 3908:University of Massachusetts Press 2182:Tang performance arts in Dunhuang 5247: 5236: 5235: 5113:Lanzhou University of Technology 4602:Ancient Building Complex in the 4584: 4435: 4434: 3825:Whitfield and Farrer, pp. 99–107 2727:. China Intercontinental Press. 2103: 2088: 2064: 2048: 2032: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1813: 1797: 1781: 1761: 1514:The two giant statues represent 1475:and other mythical creatures. 1074:various other languages such as 586: 577: 222: 215: 203:Location of Mogao Caves in Gansu 194: 187: 49: 4743:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries 3889:. (2010) The Dunhuang Academy. 3871:Duan Wenjie (editor-in-chief), 3773:Whitfield and Farrer, pp. 16–17 3468:Whitfield and Farrer, pp. 13–14 2927:Foreign Devils on the Silk Road 2784:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 2383:. New World Press. p. 14. 2080:deities once worshipped by the 1014:Ruins of Desert Cathay: Vol. II 604:, and shows parallels with the 397: 373: 359: 345: 21:Dunhuang Caves (disambiguation) 4090:International Dunhuang Project 3278:Australian National University 3262:Ruins of Desert Cathay: Vol II 3102:International Dunhuang Project 2814:International Dunhuang Project 2704:"Dunhuang – Mogao Caves" 2649:Bell, Alexander Peter (2000). 2609: 2601: 2455: 2420: 2152:International Dunhuang Project 2142:Chinese Manichaean hymn scroll 2127:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves 2098:discovered at the Library Cave 1820:A Tang Chinese silk landscape 1712: 1680:(535-556) - 10 from each phase 1282:. Cave 156, Late Tang dynasty. 1160:International Dunhuang Project 885: 879:in 1914. A well-known scholar 691: 673: 659:An Account of Buddhist Shrines 653: 553: 532: 512: 484:International Dunhuang Project 321: 307: 275: 1: 5286:World Heritage Sites in China 5118:Gansu Agricultural University 4480:World Heritage Sites in China 4415:Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves 4411:Western Thousand Buddha Caves 2882:Aurel Stein, Serindia vol. II 2500:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang 2325:Riefe, Jordan (13 May 2016). 2205:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). 2167:Kumtura Thousand Buddha Caves 1368:Western Paradise Illustration 909:. In 1924, American explorer 448:Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves 444:Western Thousand Buddha Caves 424:Caves of the Thousand Buddhas 4619:Kaiping Diaolou and Villages 3859:Whitfield and Farrer, p. 116 3258:Opening of the hidden chapel 2959:China Intercontinental Press 2951:Yang, Xiuqing (杨秀清) (2006). 1527:National Art Museum of China 1240:round which worshippers may 933:, a prominent member of the 797:in 845 as it was then under 5108:Northwest Normal University 4502:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 4035:Les grottes de Touen-Houang 3782:Whitfield and Farrer, p. 20 3127:"Dunhuang Research Academy" 2573:. University of Washington. 1734:(960–1035) - 43 caves 1581:British Library Or.8210/P.2 1546:Paintings on silk and paper 1450:The Great Buddha of cave 96 818:Bodhisattva leading a lady 5337: 5276:Buddhist grottoes in Gansu 3428:. Routledge. p. 244. 3237:10.1007/s40636-021-00217-1 2907:– via Open WorldCat. 2304:. Routledge. p. 242. 1728:(907–960) - 32 caves 1692:(581–618) - 70 caves 1686:(557–580) - 15 caves 1534:158 measures 15.6 m long. 1471:, and apsaras, along with 1210:The caves are examples of 1055: 116:UNESCO World Heritage Site 18: 5306:Ancient Central Asian art 5281:Sites along the Silk Road 5231: 4993: 4689:Honghe Hani Rice Terraces 4646:Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art 4582: 4432: 3611:Dunhuang Research Academy 3528:. Yale University Press. 3393:Whitfield, Susan (2004). 3187:10.1109/ICME.2014.6890233 2377:McPherson, Naomi (1998). 1575:, the oldest known dated 701: 663: 521: 503: 408: 284: 256: 252: 181: 177: 173: 109: 48: 40: 33: 4609:Historic Centre of Macau 4495:Archaeological Ruins of 3839:. British Museum Press. 3582:. The Dunhuang Academy. 3014:; Neville Agnew (2000). 2953: 2473:Cave Temples of Dunhuang 2436: 2405: 1988:Great Buddha of cave 130 791:persecution of Buddhists 785:earlier by Tang Empress 420:Thousand Buddha Grottoes 5218:Gansu Provincial Museum 5152:Chinese Islamic cuisine 4801:Ancient City of Pingyao 4771:Chengde Mountain Resort 4269:Shuang River Cave Group 3835:Jessica Rawson (1992). 2778:Murray, Stuart (2009). 2497:Rong, Xinjiang (2013). 2437:2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：敦煌市 1591:, including the famous 624:to protect against the 4777:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 4674:Chengjiang Fossil Site 4628:Historic Monuments of 4157:Notable caves of China 3929:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 3342:10.3406/asie.1999.1155 3330:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 2571:dunhuang.ds.lib.uw.edu 2527:Abe, Stanleyk (1990). 1750:(1227–1368) - 10 caves 1744:(1036–1226) - 82 caves 1648: 1611: 1584: 1530: 1495: 1451: 1426: 1387: 1304: 1283: 1187: 1070: 1018: 987:Cave 17 discovered by 984: 859: 823: 768: 4748:Three Parallel Rivers 4552:Cemetery of Confucius 4226:Jiangzhou Cave System 3969:Whitfield, Roderick, 3906:(1980). Amherst: The 3887:The Caves of Dunhuang 3794:The Caves of Dunhuang 3751:The Caves of Dunhuang 3676:The Caves of Dunhuang 3607:"The Art of Dunhuang" 3580:The Caves of Dunhuang 3483:The Caves of Dunhuang 3448:Whitfield, Roderick, 3039:Wei, Xuefeng (n.d.). 3010:Whitfield, Roderick; 2723:Xiuqing Yang (2007). 2625:Buddhist Architecture 2622:Le Huu Phuoc (2010). 2187:Tianlongshan Grottoes 1638: 1609: 1570: 1524: 1481: 1449: 1417: 1385: 1301: 1273: 1212:rock-cut architecture 1173: 1065: 982: 853: 817: 810:Discovery and revival 758: 544:" means "none", and " 134:i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi 94:40.03722°N 94.80417°E 4826:Beijing Central Axis 4640:Gaocheng Observatory 3724:Wenjie Duan (1994). 3699:Wenjie Duan (1994). 3649:Wenjie Duan (1994). 2838:Wenjie Duan (1994). 1676:(439–534) and 1401:Uyghur Gansu Kingdom 1293:portraits of patrons 1058:Dunhuang manuscripts 1052:Dunhuang manuscripts 1000:Dunhuang manuscripts 965:World Heritage Sites 845:hoard of manuscripts 697:Geography of Shazhou 641:Former Liang dynasty 488:Dunhuang manuscripts 418:, also known as the 5171:Visitor attractions 5162:Lanzhou beef lamian 4944:Badain Jaran Desert 4940:of China (Phase II) 4713:Leshan Giant Buddha 4556:Kong Family Mansion 3935:Chung, Tan (1994). 3792:Fan Jinshi (2010). 3749:Fan Jinshi (2010). 3674:Fan Jinshi (2010). 3578:Fan Jinshi (2010). 3481:Fan Jinshi (2010). 3070:Tan, Chung (1994). 2751:Tan, Chung (1994). 2055:A fresco shows the 1579:book in the world, 1425:for Dunhuang murals 1421:used in making the 955:Cultural Revolution 877:Sergei F. Oldenburg 671:monk named Lè Zūn ( 231:Mogao Caves (China) 90: / 5321:Buddhist paintings 5301:Buddhist libraries 5213:Maijishan Grottoes 5098:Lanzhou University 4781:Xumi Fushou Temple 4679:Dazu Rock Carvings 4529:of China (Phase I) 4401:Maijishan Grottoes 3310:on April 14, 2012. 2147:Dunhuang Go Manual 2132:Bhadrakalpikasutra 1824:depicting a young 1726:The Five Dynasties 1649: 1612: 1589:woodblock printing 1585: 1531: 1496: 1452: 1427: 1388: 1305: 1284: 1188: 1128:Dunhuang Go Manual 1124:Jingjiao Documents 1071: 985: 907:Russian Revolution 860: 824: 769: 552:city: Mogao Town ( 536:) was used in the 154:Reference no. 99:40.03722; 94.80417 5263: 5262: 5208:Labrang Monastery 5203:Silk Route Museum 5136:Tangwang language 4952: 4951: 4913:South China Karst 4877:Xinjiang Tianshan 4636:Shaolin Monastery 4446: 4445: 4423:Five Temple Caves 4353:Benxi Water Caves 4095:Mogao caves video 4026:Stein, M. Aurel. 3895:978-1-85759-540-6 3803:978-1-85759-540-6 3760:978-1-85759-540-6 3735:978-81-7017-313-7 3710:978-81-7017-313-7 3685:978-1-85759-540-6 3660:978-81-7017-313-7 3589:978-1-85759-540-6 3561:978-90-04-27164-7 3535:978-0-300-07013-2 3492:978-1-85759-540-6 3408:978-1-932476-13-2 3196:978-1-4799-4761-4 2968:978-7-5085-0916-7 2961:. pp. 158–. 2954:风雨敦煌话沧桑: 历经劫难的莫高窟 2937:978-0-7195-6448-2 2849:978-81-7017-313-7 2734:978-7-5085-0916-7 2689:978-1-60606-445-0 2662:978-3-8258-5134-7 2635:978-0-9844043-0-8 2288:, pp. 29–30. 2272:Los Angeles Times 2216:978-1-61608-453-0 2177:Stele of Sulaiman 2137:Buddhism in China 1486:in cave 275 from 1409:Kingdom of Khotan 1132:Chinese astronomy 1033:kingdom of Khotan 829:Stele of Sulaiman 456:Five Temple Caves 412: 411: 404: 403: 340:Yale Romanization 295:Standard Mandarin 243: 242: 234:Show map of China 206:Show map of Gansu 149: 5328: 5311:Chinese painting 5251: 5250: 5239: 5238: 5070:Qilian Mountains 4979: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4891:Multiple regions 4821:Yungang Grottoes 4811:Temple of Heaven 4787: 4739: 4642: 4624:Longmen Grottoes 4604:Wudang Mountains 4588: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4438: 4437: 4405:Dunhuang Caves ( 4150: 4143: 4136: 4127: 4080:Dunhuang Academy 3952: 3931:(1999): 247–275. 3860: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3613:. Archived from 3603: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3527: 3516:; Lang Shaojun; 3506: 3497: 3496: 3478: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3400: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3325: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3303:. Archived from 3302: 3294: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3260:M. Aurel Stein, 3255: 3249: 3248: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3133:. Archived from 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3104:. Archived from 3094: 3088: 3087: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3051:on July 28, 2011 3047:. Archived from 3036: 3030: 3029: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2816:. Archived from 2806: 2800: 2799: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2232: 2221: 2220: 2202: 2107: 2092: 2068: 2052: 2036: 2025:Reclining Buddha 2021: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1828:cutting his hair 1817: 1801: 1785: 1765: 1714: 1664:Sixteen Kingdoms 1405:Kingdom of Qocho 1373:Tantric Buddhism 1220:Yungang Grottoes 1216:Longmen Grottoes 1016: 975:The Library Cave 939:Dunhuang Academy 888: 887: 704: 703: 694: 693: 676: 675: 666: 665: 661:) by Li Junxiu ( 656: 655: 590: 581: 560: 534: 525: 514: 505: 476:Yungang Grottoes 472:Longmen Grottoes 400: 399: 379: 378: 377: 362: 361: 348: 347: 327: 326: 325: 310: 309: 286: 280: 279: 261: 245: 235: 226: 225: 219: 207: 198: 197: 191: 143: 105: 104: 102: 101: 100: 95: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 53: 44: 43: 42: 26: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5227: 5193:Bingling Temple 5166: 5140: 5122: 5084: 5050:Tibetan Plateau 5031: 5003: 4989: 4983: 4953: 4948: 4886: 4882:Qinghai Hoh Xil 4853: 4830: 4774: 4752: 4730: 4718:Mount Qingcheng 4660: 4633: 4589: 4580: 4482: 4477: 4447: 4442: 4428: 4381:Kizilgaha caves 4357: 4339: 4316: 4293: 4245: 4236:Seven-star Cave 4231:Reed Flute Cave 4202: 4183:Shuanglong Cave 4159: 4154: 4076: 4023: 4021:Further reading 3971:Susan Whitfield 3949: 3934: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3554:. Brill. 2014. 3548: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3450:Susan Whitfield 3447: 3443: 3436: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3327: 3326: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3271: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3222: 3221: 3212: 3197: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3012:Susan Whitfield 3009: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2930:. John Murray. 2920: 2919: 2912: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2447: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2224: 2217: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2099: 2093: 2084: 2069: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2037: 2028: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1965: 1962: 1953: 1950: 1941: 1938: 1929: 1926: 1917: 1910: 1901: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1877: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1853: 1850: 1841: 1838: 1829: 1818: 1809: 1802: 1793: 1786: 1777: 1766: 1757: 1633: 1617: 1565: 1548: 1516:Maitreya Buddha 1484:Maitreya Buddha 1444: 1407:) and the Saka 1268: 1208: 1168: 1060: 1054: 1017: 1011: 977: 812: 618: 617: 616: 615: 593: 592: 591: 583: 582: 571: 496: 264: 239: 238: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 227: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 199: 118: 98: 96: 92: 89: 84: 81: 79: 77: 76: 38: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5245: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5198:Mogao Grottoes 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4791:Forbidden City 4788: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4731:including the 4724: 4715: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4634:including the 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4559: 4545: 4543:Wuyi Mountains 4540: 4535: 4530: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4440:Caves of China 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4403: 4398: 4396:Bezeklik Caves 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4221:Huanglong Cave 4218: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4074:External links 4072: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4033:Pelliot, Paul 4031: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4015:978-4831877314 4007: 3994: 3981: 3967: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3921: 3918: 3900:Hopkirk, Peter 3897: 3883: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3852: 3845: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3802: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3759: 3741: 3734: 3716: 3709: 3691: 3684: 3666: 3659: 3641: 3627: 3595: 3588: 3567: 3560: 3541: 3534: 3498: 3491: 3470: 3461: 3441: 3435:978-1884964046 3434: 3414: 3407: 3385: 3368:Ars Orientalis 3355: 3313: 3289: 3265: 3250: 3210: 3195: 3165: 3147: 3118: 3089: 3082: 3062: 3031: 3024: 3002: 2988: 2974: 2967: 2943: 2936: 2910: 2886: 2874: 2869:The New Yorker 2855: 2848: 2830: 2801: 2795:978-1602397064 2794: 2770: 2763: 2740: 2733: 2715: 2695: 2688: 2668: 2661: 2641: 2634: 2614: 2606:Original text: 2590: 2576: 2558: 2533:Ars Orientalis 2516: 2510:978-9004252332 2509: 2489: 2483:978-1606064894 2482: 2462: 2427: 2396: 2390:978-7800054006 2389: 2369: 2363:978-1606064450 2362: 2342: 2317: 2311:978-1884964046 2310: 2290: 2278: 2257: 2248: 2222: 2215: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2076:depicting two 2073:Sogdian Daēnās 2070: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1940:King of Khotan 1939: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1914:Five Dynasties 1911: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1852:Bandit attacks 1851: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1804:The travel of 1803: 1796: 1794: 1788:The travel of 1787: 1780: 1778: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1671: 1668:Northern Liang 1632: 1629: 1616: 1613: 1564: 1563:Printed images 1561: 1559:10th century. 1547: 1544: 1488:Northern Liang 1465:heavenly kings 1443: 1440: 1339:Avalokitesvara 1280:Tibetan Empire 1267: 1264: 1242:circumambulate 1207: 1204: 1200:wall paintings 1176:Avalokiteśvara 1167: 1164: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 1039:invaders from 1009: 976: 973: 911:Langdon Warner 905:following the 811: 808: 795:Emperor Wuzong 722:Northern Liang 707:Northern Liang 687:Shazhou Tujing 595: 594: 585: 584: 576: 575: 574: 573: 572: 570: 567: 495: 492: 440:Dunhuang Caves 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 394: 388: 387: 381: 380: 370: 364: 363: 360:Mok6-gou1 fat1 356: 350: 349: 342: 336: 335: 333:Yue: Cantonese 329: 328: 318: 312: 311: 304: 298: 297: 291: 290: 289:Transcriptions 282: 281: 272: 266: 265: 262: 254: 253: 250: 249: 241: 240: 230: 221: 220: 214: 213: 212: 211: 202: 193: 192: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 74: 70: 69: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5333: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5080:Liujiaxia Dam 5078: 5076: 5075:Hexi Corridor 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055:Loess Plateau 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4849:Mukden Palace 4847: 4845: 4844:Koguryo sites 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Summer Palace 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4785:Puning Temple 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4727:Potala Palace 4725: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4595:South Central 4592: 4587: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4533:Mount Sanqing 4531: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4497:Liangzhu City 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4441: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Kumtura Caves 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330:Tianyuan Cave 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4241:Tenglong Cave 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4208:South Central 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 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Retrieved 2206: 2200: 2071: 2041:Tang dynasty 1748:Yuan dynasty 1732:Song dynasty 1674:Northern Wei 1657: 1653:Tang dynasty 1650: 1618: 1586: 1572: 1571:The Chinese 1557: 1549: 1536: 1532: 1513: 1505:Greco-Indian 1497: 1453: 1437: 1428: 1393:Zhang Yichao 1389: 1377:Yuan dynasty 1366: 1335:Bodhisattvas 1333: 1321:jataka tales 1310: 1306: 1285: 1276:Zhang Yichao 1256: 1245: 1234:Ajanta Caves 1227: 1209: 1206:Architecture 1192:architecture 1189: 1143:Lotus Sutras 1139: 1135:Dunhuang map 1116: 1072: 1067:Paul Pelliot 1046: 1019: 1013: 1005: 993: 986: 969: 959: 926:Zhang Daqian 919: 891: 869:Paul Pelliot 861: 841: 825: 804:Yuan dynasty 783: 770: 750:Tang dynasty 738:Northern Wei 726:Northern Wei 711: 696: 686: 658: 648: 638: 622:Emperor Wudi 619: 611:Shibi Jataka 609: 598:Northern Wei 545: 541: 538:Tang dynasty 531: 511: 497: 480: 464: 460:Buddhist art 439: 423: 419: 415: 413: 398:Bo̍k-ko khut 385:Southern Min 346:Mohk-gōu fāt 302:Hanyu Pinyin 168:Asia-Pacific 34: 5065:Gobi Desert 4918:Grand Canal 4872:Mogao Caves 4796:Zhoukoudian 4766:Mount Wutai 4737:Norbulingka 4684:Fanjingshan 4614:Shennongjia 4419:Yulin Caves 4407:Mogao Caves 4376:Kizil Caves 4335:Zhoukoudian 4284:Zhijin Cave 4264:Furong Cave 4198:Yilong Cave 4173:Binghu Cave 3055:October 23, 2884:pp. 801–802 2162:Kizil Caves 2078:Zoroastrian 1770:Mount Wutai 1742:Western Xia 1690:Sui dynasty 1678:Western Wei 1645:Western Wei 1501:parinirvana 1432:chiaroscuro 1351:Sravakayana 1198:sculpture, 1037:Karakhanids 989:Wang Yuanlu 873:Otani Kozui 864:Aurel Stein 856:Wang Yuanlu 837:Wang Yuanlu 793:ordered by 767:. Cave 159. 765:Vimalakirti 746:Sui dynasty 730:Kizil Caves 606:Kizil Caves 513:qiānfó dòng 452:Yulin Caves 416:Mogao Caves 248:Mogao Caves 97: / 73:Coordinates 35:Native name 29:Mogao Caves 5270:Categories 5188:Yumen Pass 5178:Jiayu Pass 4934:Yellow Sea 4928:Tusi Sites 4923:Silk Roads 4898:Great Wall 4775:including 4722:Dujiangyan 4709:Mount Emei 4699:Jiuzhaigou 4651:Wulingyuan 4523:Yellow Sea 4307:Luobi Cave 4289:Zhong Cave 4279:Xueyu Cave 4216:Fuyan Cave 4188:Taiji Cave 3965:0714114472 3866:References 3621:2015-09-30 3374:: 93–101. 3231:(2): 290. 3141:2018-02-03 3112:2007-08-05 3045:icm.gov.mo 2824:2007-08-07 2709:2007-07-23 2336:2018-05-28 2286:Chung 1994 2242:2007-08-05 1806:Zhang Qian 1790:Zhang Qian 1529:, Beijing. 1482:Figure of 1442:Sculptures 1152:palimpsest 1147:sinologist 1100:apocryphal 947:Zhou Enlai 935:Kuomintang 929:persuaded 915:Kuomintang 881:Luo Zhenyu 774:meditation 732:, such as 645:Empress Wu 139:Designated 85:94°48′15″E 82:40°02′14″N 5183:Yang Pass 5090:Education 5037:Geography 4938:Bohai Sea 4836:Northeast 4694:Huanglong 4571:West Lake 4538:Mount Tai 4527:Bohai Sea 4517:Huangshan 4345:Northeast 4299:Southeast 3245:236233774 2545:0571-1371 2193:Footnotes 2157:Irk Bitig 1826:Sakyamuni 1507:style of 1363:Pure Land 1355:Theravada 1278:over the 1247:parikrama 1184:gold leaf 1174:Mural of 1112:Christian 1104:Confucian 1092:Khotanese 1023:Tripitaka 931:Yu Youren 922:Wu Zuoren 903:civil war 787:Wu Zetian 748:. By the 630:Silk Road 494:Etymology 432:Silk Road 5291:Dunhuang 5242:Category 5157:Liangfen 5022:Politics 4630:Dengfeng 4576:Kulangsu 3520:(1997). 3510:Yang Xin 3350:44167329 2924:(2006). 2905:52768538 2598:Fokan Ji 2585:"Unesco" 2539:: 1–31. 2238:. UNESCO 2116:See also 2082:Sogdians 1822:painting 1776:province 1711:period ( 1709:Guiyijun 1625:Valances 1615:Textiles 1553:Chang'an 1509:Gandhara 1419:Minerals 1359:Hinayana 1347:Mahayana 1313:stencils 1260:Guiyijun 1084:Sanskrit 1010:— 995:selichah 778:mnemonic 772:aids to 761:Manjusri 669:Buddhist 649:Fokan Ji 634:Buddhism 602:Dunhuang 563:Dunhuang 550:Dunhuang 533:Mògāo kū 428:Dunhuang 354:Jyutping 308:Mògāo kū 131:Criteria 126:Cultural 62:Dunhuang 58:Location 5254:Commons 5145:Cuisine 5128:Culture 5027:Economy 5017:History 5009:General 5000:capital 4996:Lanzhou 4733:Jokhang 4704:Lijiang 4566:Hongcun 4558:in Qufu 3518:Wu Hung 3380:4629343 3205:5573175 2553:4629399 2406:敦煌市历史沿革 1755:Gallery 1703:Tibetan 1670:period. 1647:dynasty 1641:apsaras 1639:Flying 1577:printed 1423:pigment 1397:Uyghurs 1343:Guanyin 1325:avadana 1317:apsaras 1229:chaitya 1180:Guanyin 1126:to the 1110:works, 1106:works, 1088:Sogdian 1076:Tibetan 1041:Kashgar 998:) (see 895:Beijing 799:Tibetan 734:Cave 17 679:Buddhas 626:Xiongnu 569:History 518:Chinese 500:Chinese 468:Chinese 270:Chinese 146:session 68:, China 5045:Cities 4988:topics 4816:Xanadu 4564:, and 4548:Temple 4512:Lushan 4037:1920. 4013: 4003: 3990: 3977: 3963: 3945: 3914: 3893: 3879: 3843: 3800: 3757: 3732: 3707: 3682: 3657: 3586: 3558: 3532: 3489: 3456: 3432: 3405: 3378: 3348: 3284: 3243: 3203: 3193: 3080: 3022: 2965: 2934: 2903: 2846: 2792: 2761: 2731: 2686: 2659: 2632: 2551: 2543: 2507: 2480: 2448:27 May 2444:. 2016 2413:27 May 2387: 2360: 2308: 2213: 1774:Shanxi 1621:kāṣāya 1492:Kushan 1473:yaksas 1457:Buddha 1289:Buddha 1266:Murals 1252:vihara 1224:gravel 1196:stucco 1108:Taoist 1096:pothis 1086:, and 1080:Uighur 1028:Xi Xia 962:UNESCO 886:敦煌石室遺書 854:Abbot 835:named 833:Taoist 530:: 528:pinyin 520:: 510:: 508:pinyin 502:: 454:, and 392:Tâi-lô 164:Region 144:(11th 4986:Gansu 4758:North 4656:Yinxu 4322:North 3376:JSTOR 3346:JSTOR 3308:(PDF) 3301:(PDF) 3241:S2CID 3201:S2CID 2602:《佛龕記》 2549:JSTOR 1631:Caves 1601:merit 1540:stele 1469:devas 1329:karma 1238:stupa 1156:paper 820:donor 683:stele 667:), a 436:Gansu 434:, in 142:1987 66:Gansu 4783:and 4735:and 4720:and 4711:and 4638:and 4562:Xidi 4554:and 4550:and 4488:East 4165:East 4011:ISBN 4001:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3975:ISBN 3961:ISBN 3943:ISBN 3912:ISBN 3891:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3841:ISBN 3798:ISBN 3755:ISBN 3730:ISBN 3705:ISBN 3680:ISBN 3655:ISBN 3584:ISBN 3556:ISBN 3530:ISBN 3487:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3430:ISBN 3403:ISBN 3282:ISBN 3191:ISBN 3078:ISBN 3057:2011 3020:ISBN 2963:ISBN 2932:ISBN 2901:OCLC 2844:ISBN 2790:ISBN 2759:ISBN 2729:ISBN 2684:ISBN 2657:ISBN 2630:ISBN 2541:ISSN 2505:ISBN 2478:ISBN 2450:2018 2415:2018 2385:ISBN 2358:ISBN 2306:ISBN 2211:ISBN 2057:Tang 1916:era. 1494:art. 1403:and 1349:and 1303:Wei. 1218:and 763:and 740:and 716:and 692:沙州土鏡 474:and 414:The 123:Type 3927:," 3338:doi 3233:doi 3183:doi 2456:莫高镇 2421:莫高镇 1713:歸義軍 1357:or 1166:Art 1035:to 889:). 718:275 714:272 664:李君修 654:佛龕記 546:gao 523:莫高窟 504:千佛洞 422:or 368:IPA 316:IPA 277:莫高窟 158:440 41:莫高窟 5272:: 4779:, 4773:, 4729:, 4632:, 4421:, 4417:, 4413:, 4409:, 3910:. 3902:. 3609:. 3598:^ 3570:^ 3501:^ 3473:^ 3372:16 3370:. 3358:^ 3344:. 3334:11 3332:. 3316:^ 3280:, 3239:. 3227:. 3213:^ 3199:. 3189:. 3177:. 3158:. 3129:. 3100:. 3043:. 2957:. 2913:^ 2867:. 2812:. 2788:. 2786:49 2743:^ 2569:. 2547:. 2537:20 2535:. 2531:. 2519:^ 2452:. 2417:. 2329:. 2269:. 2225:^ 1772:, 1467:, 1463:, 1379:. 1194:, 1162:. 1082:, 1078:, 957:. 945:, 702:法良 695:, 674:樂尊 657:, 647:, 555:莫高 542:mo 526:; 506:; 450:, 446:, 64:, 5002:) 4998:( 4978:e 4971:t 4964:v 4936:– 4525:– 4472:e 4465:t 4458:v 4425:) 4149:e 4142:t 4135:v 3951:. 3849:. 3806:. 3763:. 3738:. 3713:. 3688:. 3663:. 3638:. 3624:. 3592:. 3564:. 3538:. 3495:. 3438:. 3411:. 3382:. 3352:. 3340:: 3235:: 3229:8 3207:. 3185:: 3162:. 3144:. 3115:. 3086:. 3059:. 3028:. 2999:. 2985:. 2971:. 2940:. 2871:. 2852:. 2827:. 2798:. 2767:. 2737:. 2712:. 2692:. 2665:. 2638:. 2587:. 2555:. 2513:. 2486:. 2393:. 2366:. 2339:. 2314:. 2275:. 2245:. 2219:. 2043:. 1583:. 1399:( 1353:( 1341:( 1244:( 1178:( 689:( 651:( 614:. 558:镇 148:) 23:.

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