Modoc War - Knowledge (XXG)

1174: 781: 1468: 1482: 91: 154: 1456: 966:, the soldiers never saw any Modoc. Occupying excellent positions, the Modoc repulsed troops advancing from the west and east. A general retreat of troops was ordered at the end of the day. In the attack, the U.S. Army lost 35 men killed, and 5 officers and 20 enlisted men wounded. Captain Jack's band included approximately 150 Modoc, including women and children. Of that number, there were only 52 warriors. The Modoc suffered no casualties in the fighting, as they had the advantage of terrain and local knowledge over the militia. 25: 892:

the Modoc away. This version claimed that some warriors held their ground while the women and children loaded their boats and paddled south; that Scarfaced Charley, who spoke good English, was foul-tempered from lack of sleep, because he'd been gambling all night and was possibly drunk—but, since there was a warrant out for his arrest on a false murder charge, he wasn't going to go quietly. The official report, however, concealed that the operation had been badly managed, as Captain Jackson later admitted.

1137: 752: 909: 3262: 1508: 805:, Commanding General of the Department of the Columbia, to move Captain Jack's band to Yainax on the Klamath Reservation, his recommended site for their use. Canby forwarded Meacham's request to General Schofield, Commanding General of the Pacific, suggesting that before using force, peaceful efforts should be made. Jack had asked to talk to Meacham, but he sent his brother John Meacham in his place. 621: 901: 1496: 2314: 1186:), in a flat area surrounded by ridges, Captain Thomas and his party were attacked by 22 Modoc led by Scarfaced Charley. Some of the troops fled in disorder. Those who remained to fight were either killed or wounded. US casualties included four officers killed and two wounded, one dying within a few days, and 13 enlisted men killed and 16 wounded. 1151:

of troops on April 16 was under heavy fire from the Modoc positions. That night the troops succeeded in cutting the Modoc off from their water supply at the shore of Tule Lake. By the morning of April 17 everything was in readiness for the final attack on the Stronghold. When the order was given to advance, the troops charged into the Stronghold.

1411: 651:, the future chief also known as Captain Jack, survived the attack but lost some of his family.) To try to end the American encroachment, some Modoc chose to attack the next whites they encountered. In September 1852 the Modoc attacked a wagon train of some 65 men, women, and children on their way to California. 768:, longtime rivals, began to steal the Modoc lumber. The Modoc complained, but the US Indian agent could not protect them against the Klamath. Captain Jack's band moved to another part of the reservation. Several attempts were made to find a suitable location, but the Klamath continued to harass the band. 1543:

Over the years, various individuals and groups have made efforts to memorialize the death of General E.R.S. Canby, the only general to be killed in the Indian Wars. The wooden cross is a replica of an original erected by a U.S. soldier in 1882, nine years after the event. Some of the same troops whom

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After the fighting along the shoreline of Tule Lake on the afternoon and night of April 16, the Modoc defending the Stronghold realized that their water supply had been cut off by the troops commanding the shoreline. On April 17, before the troops had begun to charge the Stronghold, the Modoc escaped

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for a reservation. Captain Jack got up and walked away a few steps. The two Modoc Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux, armed with rifles, ran forward from hiding. Captain Jack turned, giving the signal to fire. His first shot killed General Canby. Reverend Thomas fell mortally wounded. Dyar and Frank Riddle

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On April 8, just as the commissioners were starting for the peace tent, the signal tower on the bluff above Gillem's Camp received a message; it said that the lookout had seen five Modoc warriors at the peace tent and about 20 armed Modoc hiding among the rocks nearby. The commissioners realized that

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and Hooker Jim, they put pressure on Jack to kill the peace commission. They believed that if the Americans lost their leaders, the Army would leave. They shamed Jack for his continuing negotiations by dressing him in women's clothing during council meetings. Rather than lose his position as chief of

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Accounts vary regarding the first clash. One version: that the soldiers and militia had gotten drunk in Klamath Falls and arrived at the Lost River camp disorganized and were outfought; that, furthermore, the militia arrived last and retreated first, with one casualty; and that the Army did not drive

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Wishing to avoid conflict, Captain Jack agreed to go to the reservation, but the situation became tense when Jackson demanded that the Modoc chief surrender his weapons. Although Captain Jack had never fought the Army, he was alarmed at this command, but he finally agreed to put down his weapons. The

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and led an abusive harassment against the white settlers who had occupied the area. The small Modoc group of about 43 Indians demanded rent for the occupation of their land, which most settlers paid. After a few attempts to negotiate in behalf of the complaining settlers, including failed attempts by

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Valley. In return, the Indians would receive food, blankets, and clothing for as many years as would be required to establish themselves. Allen David signed for the Klamath, while Old Schonchin and Kintpuash for the Modoc. Looking around for something to give emphasis to his pledge, Schonchin pointed

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NO. 108 BATTLE OF LAND'S RANCH-1872 - One of the engagements of the Modoc War took place on December 21, 1872, on what was then known as the Land's Ranch. Army supply wagons, escorted by cavalrymen, had reached camp in safety, but several of the soldiers who had dropped behind were suddenly attacked

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The U.S. Army prepared to attack the Stronghold. On April 15 a general attack began, troops advancing from Gillem's camp on the west and Mason's camp at Hospital Rock, northeast of the Stronghold. Fighting continued throughout the day, the troops remaining in position during the night. Each advance

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serving as interpreters, Meacham met Captain Jack at the peace tent; it was erected about one mile east of Gillem's Camp. The meeting lasted several hours. Captain Jack asked for the lava beds to be given to them as a reservation. The meeting ended with no agreement. After Meacham returned to camp,

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and Rev. Eleazer Thomas, and wounded two others, mistakenly believing this would encourage the Americans to leave. The Modoc fled back to the lava beds. After U.S. forces were reinforced, some Modoc warriors surrendered and Captain Jack and the last of his band were captured. Jack and five warriors

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On April 2, the commission and Captain Jack met in the lava beds midway between the Stronghold and Gillem's Camp. At this meeting Captain Jack proposed: (1) Complete pardon of all Modoc; (2) Withdrawal of all troops; and (3) The right to select their own reservation. The Peace Commission proposed:

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as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon. He "knew almost nothing of the background of the situation and had never met Jack or the Modocs" but was charged with "getting the Modocs to leave Lost River." In turn, Odeneal appointed a new US Indian agent, who was also unfamiliar with the parties

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When soldiers suddenly appeared at the meeting, the Modoc warriors fled, leaving behind their women and children. Meacham placed the women and children in wagons and started for the reservation. He allowed "Queen Mary", Captain Jack's sister, to go meet with Captain Jack to persuade him to move to

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sprawled in blood. He sounded an alarm and immediately the camp realized they were under attack by Native Americans, estimated to be several dozen in number. By the time the assailants were beaten off, two other members of Frémont's group were dead. The one dead attacker was judged to be a Klamath

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On December 21, a Modoc party scouting from the Stronghold attacked an ammunition wagon at Land's Ranch. By January 15, 1873, the U.S. Army had 400 troops in the field near the Lava Beds. The greatest concentration of troops was at Van Brimmer's ranch, 12 miles west of the Stronghold. Troops were

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and Lieutenant Frazier A. Boutelle, of company B, 1st Cavalry. They drew their revolvers and shot at each other, both missing. The rest of the Modocs scrambled for their weapons, and briefly fought before fleeing toward California. After driving the remaining Modoc from the camp, Captain Jackson

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that Captain Jack's Modoc band be given a separate reservation at Yainax, in the lower southern part of the reservation. Pending a decision, Meacham instructed Captain Jack to remain at Clear Lake. Oregon settlers complained that Modoc warriors roamed the countryside raiding the homesteads; they

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One badly wounded man escaped to the Oregon settlements in Willamette Valley and told of the attack. His report spread quickly and Oregon volunteers who later reached the scene, reported bodies of men, women and children mutilated and scattered for more than a mile along the lake shore and their

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about the possibility of war with Mexico. Reviewing the messages, Frémont neglected the customary measure of posting a watchman for the camp. Carson was concerned but "apprehended no danger". Later that night Carson was awakened by the sound of a thump. Jumping up, he saw his friend and fellow

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Steele went to the Stronghold. After a night in the Stronghold, Steele returned to Fairchild's ranch and informed the Peace Commission that the Modoc were planning treachery, and that all efforts of the commission would be useless. Meacham wired the Secretary of the Interior, informing him of

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Rounds of hostilities continued in the area as American settlers continued to encroach on Modoc land and urged the government to take over the territory. Warriors of the Klamath and the Yahooskin also attacked settlers and migrants in efforts to repulse them. In 1864 the United States and the

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to arrange for a council with Captain Jack, which the latter refused. On July 6, 1872, the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs repeated his direction to Superintendent Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his band to the Klamath Reservation, peacefully if possible, but forcibly if necessary. Minor

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At first light on May 10, the Modoc attacked an Army encampment at Dry Lake. The troops charged, routing the Modoc. Casualties among the Army included five men killed, two of whom were Warm Spring Scouts, and twelve men wounded. The Modoc reported five warriors killed. Among the five was

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to the distant butte and dramatically declared, "That mountain shall fall, before Schonchin will again raise his hand against his white brother." The old chief kept his word, although his brother and Kintpuash repudiated signing the treaty and left the reservation with a few followers.

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The tragedy of Dokdokwas is deepened by the fact that most scholars now agree that Frémont and Carson, in their blind vindictiveness, probably chose the wrong tribe to lash out against: In all likelihood the band of native Americans that had killed were from the neighboring

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the Modoc were planning an attack and decided to stay at Gillem's. Rev. Thomas insisted on arranging a date for another meeting with Captain Jack. On April 10, the commission sent a message asking Captain Jack to meet with them at the peace tent on the following morning.

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he sent a message to Captain Jack, asking that he meet the commission at the peace tent on April 8. While delivering this message, the Modoc interpreter Tobey Riddle learned of the Modoc plan to kill the peace commissioners. On her return, she warned the commissioners.

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through an unguarded crevice. During the fighting at the Stronghold, April 15–17, US casualties included one officer and six enlisted men killed, and thirteen enlisted men wounded. Modoc casualties were two boys, reported to have been killed when they tried to open a

1422:. These include Captain Jack's Stronghold, where numerous cracks, ridges, and knobs were used by the Modoc to defend their positions. In addition there are numerous Modoc fortified outposts, smoke-stained caves occupied by the Modoc during the months of the war, 916:

For some months, Captain Jack had boasted that in the event of war, he and his band could successfully defend themselves in an area in the lava beds on the south shore of Tule Lake. The Modoc retreated there after the Battle of Lost River. Today it is called

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Captain Jack, Schonchin John, Black Jim, Boston Charley, Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux were tried by a military court for the murders of Canby and Thomas, and attacks on Meacham and others. The six Modoc were convicted, and sentenced to death on July 8.

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Although the council's results were inconclusive, Otis resolved to remove Jack's band of Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. As he needed reinforcements, he recommended waiting until later in the year, when he could put the Modoc at a disadvantage.

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On April 26, Captain Evan Thomas commanding five officers, sixty-six troops and fourteen Warm Spring Scouts left Gillem's camp on a reconnaissance of the lava beds to locate the Modoc. While they were eating lunch at the base of Sand Butte (now

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H. Sides reports the massacre included women and children. Dunlay reports that Carson said, "I directed their houses to be set on fire" and "We gave them something to remember ... the women and children we did not interfere with." (Dunlay,

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In 1870, Captain Jack and his band of nearly 200 left the reservation and returned to Lost River. During the months that his band had been on the reservation, a number of settlers had taken up former Modoc land in the Lost River region.

1107:, Schonchin John, Black Jim, and Hooker Jim. After some talk, during which it became evident that the Modoc were armed, General Canby informed Captain Jack that the commission could not meet his terms until orders came from Washington. 1049: 820:. At the council, Major Otis presented Captain Jack with some settlers who complained about the behavior of Jack's men. Captain Jack countered that the Modoc were abused and unjustly accused of crimes which other Indians had committed. 6512: 1406:

over $ 400,000; a very expensive war in terms of lives and dollars, considering the small number of opposing forces. In contrast, the estimated cost to purchase the land requested by the Modoc for a separate reservation was $ 20,000.

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On February 19, the Peace Commission held its first meeting at Fairchild's ranch, west of the lava beds. A messenger was sent to arrange a meeting with Captain Jack. He agreed that if the commission would send John Fairchild and

501:), those few warriors resisted for months the more numerous United States Army forces sent against them, which were reinforced with artillery. In April 1873 at a peace commission meeting, Captain Jack and others killed General 6517: 1885: 1261:

On October 3, 1873, Captain Jack and his three lead warriors were hanged at Fort Klamath. The remainder of the band of Modoc Indians, consisting of 39 men, 64 women, and 60 children, as prisoners of war were sent to the

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petitioned Meacham to return the Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. In part, the Modoc raided for food; the US did not adequately supply them. Captain Jack and his band did better in their old territory with hunting.

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and Klamath Lake, on May 10, 1846. Accounts by scholars vary, but they agree that the attack completely destroyed the village structures; Sides reports the expedition killed women and children as well as warriors.

1173: 3536: 929:, all such natural features being ideal from the standpoint of defense. At the time the 52 Modoc warriors occupied the Stronghold, Tule Lake bounded the Stronghold on the north and served as a source of water. 780: 1219:

With the death of Ellen's Man, dissent arose among the Modoc, who began to split apart. A group led by Hooker Jim surrendered to the Army and agreed to help them capture Captain Jack. In return, they received

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escaped by running. Meacham fell seriously wounded, but Toby Riddle saved his life and interrupted warriors intending to scalp him by yelling, "The soldiers are coming!" The Modoc warriors broke off and left.

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skirmishes occurred during the summer and early fall, but some of the settlers in California were sympathetic to the Modoc, as they had gotten along well with them before. The Modoc felt mistreated.

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The Commissioner of Indian Affairs never responded to Meacham's request for a separate reservation for the Modoc. After hearing more complaints from settlers, Meacham instead requested General

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selected by the government; (2) That the Modoc guilty of killing the settlers be surrendered and tried for murder. After much discussion, the meeting broke up with no resolution.

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a few years later undermined public confidence in President Grant's peace policy. There was renewed public sentiment to use force against the American Indians to suppress them.

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Captain Jack, his wife, and young daughter were captured by army scouts; Captain William F. Drannan, U.S. Army and Scout George Jones, U.S. Army in Langell's valley, June 4.

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directed US Superintendent T. B. Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his Modoc to the reservation if practicable. He was to ensure the tribe was protected from the Klamath.

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were offered the chance to return to the Klamath Reservation. Twenty-nine people returned to Oregon; the Modoc of Oregon and their descendants became part of the

2589: 1467: 6507: 6015: 5338: 5302: 4767: 3411: 2030: 982:, appointed a Peace Commission to negotiate with Captain Jack. The Commission consisted of Alfred B. Meacham, the former superintendent for Oregon as chairman; 684:, Modoc, and Yahooskin band—over 1000 Indians, mostly Klamath—signed a treaty, by which the Indians ceded millions of acres of lands and the US established the 6383: 5093: 521:. They achieved separate federal recognition and were granted some land in Oklahoma. There are two federally recognized Modoc tribes: in Oregon and Oklahoma. 6522: 3299: 2433: 1320:. The volunteer companies had withdrawn from the field. A small number of civilians were used as runners and packers. Col. Alvin C. Gillem was in command. 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 6537: 4838: 4828: 4678: 4544: 4529: 4390: 4256: 4246: 4107: 4060: 2482: 2395: 881:

ordered a retreat to await reinforcements. One soldier had been killed and seven wounded in the encounter; the Modoc lost two killed and three wounded.

517:. Some at that point were allowed to return to the Klamath Reservation in Oregon. Most Modoc (and their descendants) stayed in what became the state of 6456: 647:, an American militia unit, not familiar with the Indian peoples, retaliated by attacking an innocent Modoc village, killing men, women and children. ( 5860: 4848: 4808: 4715: 4643: 4576: 4554: 4509: 4432: 4400: 4360: 4288: 4266: 4226: 4154: 4132: 4092: 4040: 4013: 4003: 3988: 3951: 3921: 3911: 3406: 3229: 3061: 2988: 2883: 2758: 1481: 1254:

approved the death sentence for Captain Jack, Schonchin John, Black Jim and Boston Charley; Brancho and Slolux were committed to life imprisonment on

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retreated from the battlefield to the Lava Beds south of Tule Lake. In attacks on November 29 and November 30, they killed a total of 18 settlers.

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After the Modoc left the Stronghold, US troops built fortifications to protect against their possible return. The Thomas-Wright battlefield, near

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On April 11, General Canby, Alfred B. Meacham, Rev. E. Thomas, and L. S. Dyar, with Frank and Toby Riddle as interpreters, met with Captain Jack,

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In the First Battle of the Stronghold, January 17, 1873, there were approximately 400 Army troops in the field. The troops included U. S. Army

869:) and by a band of militiamen arrived in Jack's camp on Lost River about a mile above Emigrant Crossing (now Merrill, Oregon) on November 29. 4963: 4803: 4745: 4730: 4611: 4586: 4504: 4467: 4447: 4333: 4298: 4221: 4184: 4169: 4070: 4045: 4035: 3978: 3946: 3936: 3916: 3081: 3006: 2173: 506:

were tried for the murders of the two peace commissioners. Jack and three warriors were executed and two others sentenced to life in prison.

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In the Second Battle of the Stronghold, April 17, 1873, approximately 530 troops were engaged. These included U. S. Army infantry, cavalry,

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Agent Lindsay Applegate in 1864–6 and Superintendent Huntington in 1867, the Modoc finally relocated in 1869 following a council between

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Note: This article was adapted from a series of articles by Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr Jr., published in the public domain

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units; Oregon and California volunteer companies, and some Klamath Indian Scouts. Lt. Col. Frank Wheaton commanded all troops.

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Acknowledging the bad feeling between the Modoc and the Klamath, Meacham recommended to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in

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Drannan, William F, "Thirty One Years on the Plains and in the Mountains" Rhodes & M'Clure Publishing Co. Chicago, 1899

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Following the successful Modoc attack, many soldiers called for Col. Gillem to be removed. On May 2, Bvt. Brigadier General

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the reservation. She succeeded. Once on the reservation, Captain Jack and his band prepared to make their permanent home at

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Including the four Modoc executed at Fort Klamath, Captain Jack's band suffered the loss of seventeen warriors killed.

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were appointed as interpreters. Toby Riddle (sometimes spelled as Tobey) was a Modoc woman and a cousin of Kintpuash.

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On April 5, Captain Jack requested a meeting with Meacham. Accompanied by John Fairchild and Judge Rosborough, with

513:(pre-statehood Oklahoma), where they were held as prisoners of war until 1909, settled on reservation land with the 5794: 5599: 5594: 5553: 5497: 5115: 3637: 3568: 2802: 2653: 2363: 1553: 1194: 1441:, is a feature of the monument; as is the site of Gillem's camp, the former military cemetery, Hospital Rock, and 6296: 6186: 6106: 6066: 5736: 5444: 5292: 5036: 5006: 3426: 3265: 3071: 3014: 2773: 2713: 2633: 2381: 2367: 563: 367: 937:

was in command of all troops, including regular army as well as volunteer companies from California and Oregon.

50: 6562: 6497: 5902: 5789: 5568: 5168: 5163: 4979: 4974: 2915: 2817: 1410: 410: 6457:"The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications: A History of a History (part 1)" 733: 6165: 5809: 608:. By April 1851, 2,000 miners had arrived in "Thompson's Dry Diggings" through the southern route of the old 605: 6398: 6217: 5995: 5979: 5870: 5711: 5548: 5487: 5178: 4957: 3137: 2785: 2768: 2438: 2345: 1275: 862: 695: 573: 562:

fishing village named Dokdokwas, that most likely had nothing to do with the attack, at the junction of the

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Although the Modoc initially had no trouble with Americans, after the murders of settlers in a raid by the

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On April 3, 1872, Major Elmer Otis held a council with Captain Jack at Lost River Gap, near what is now

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Canby had commanded at the Lava Beds were fighting other Indian Wars, and public interest ran high.

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Historical Atlas of California, used with permission of the University of Oklahoma dead Press, 1975

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was established at the edge of the lava beds, two and one-half miles west of the Stronghold. Col.

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was added to the commission. Jesse Applegate and Samuel Case resigned and were replaced by Rev.

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in 1843. On the night of May 9, 1846, Frémont received a message brought to him by Lieutenant

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Steele's opinion. The Secretary instructed Meacham to continue negotiations for peace. Judge

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In the middle of the crisis, the Commission of Indian Affairs replaced Meacham, appointing

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by Indians hiding among the rocks above the road. Two men were killed and several wounded.

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Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr, Jr., "Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War"

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The Modoc began to turn on Captain Jack, who still hoped for a peaceful solution. Led by

2178: 2048: 1058:(Tobey) and her husband Frank Riddle (interpreter), with four Modoc women in front, 1873 1041:

was placed in command of all troops, including those at Hospital Rock commanded by Col.

6487: 6277: 6101: 5426: 3615: 3605: 3339: 3244: 2602: 2317: 2086: 1279: 1258:. Grant ordered that the remainder of Captain Jack's band be held as prisoners of war. 1144: 1100: 908: 904:

U.S. soldiers inspect Captain Jack's cave in the Lava Beds. 1873 Edward Muybridge photo

765: 681: 609: 593: 559: 395: 382: 2004: 1323:

During the Modoc War, the Modoc had no more than 53 warriors engaged in the fighting.

1197:, reported to relieve Gillem of command, and assume control of the army in the field. 529:

The first known explorers from the United States to go through the Modoc country were

6476: 6378: 6342: 6243: 5938: 5721: 5685: 5645: 3620: 3470: 3217: 2807: 1403: 1263: 1007: 934: 817: 809: 538: 405: 219: 183: 178: 158: 6418: 6388: 6180: 5819: 5731: 5507: 5270: 5147: 3625: 3563: 3548: 3543: 3205: 2166:

Remembering the Modoc War: Redemptive Violence and the Making of American Innocence

2138: 1239:

ordered the Modoc to be held for trial. The Army took Captain Jack and his band as

991: 962:

On the morning of January 17, 1873, troops advanced on the Stronghold. Hindered by

858: 802: 636: 502: 464: 322: 203: 193: 1177:

Warm Spring Indian scouts in the Lava Beds with their leader, Donald McKay, center

6226:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

2210:

Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959; reprint 1965, 1979 and more

1767: 1216:, a prominent man in the band. This was the first defeat of the Modoc in battle. 6211: 5619: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3181: 2746: 1083: 1075:

the band, Captain Jack agreed to attack the commission if no progress was made.

1053: 995: 745: 628: 1935: 1159:

and it exploded. Several Modoc women were reported to have died from sickness.

6337: 6193: 2812: 1156: 885: 620: 546: 534: 472: 116: 1922:

Volume 10, No. 2 – July 1937, Crater Lake Institute, accessed 1 November 2011

719:

While the old Modoc chief remained in the reservation, Kintpuash returned to

3558: 2326: 1826: 1677: 1313: 900: 725: 699: 648: 494: 486: 420: 170: 2351: 1449:

provides self-guided trail maps for two walking tours of the battle field.

16:

1872–73 conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the U.S. Army

2158:

A Plea for the Indians: With Facts and Features of the Late War in Oregon.

6403: 3553: 3531: 2515: 1537: 1306: 1298: 1271: 1255: 518: 332: 327: 261: 237: 2357: 2184:, Boston: J. P. Dale & Co., (1875), at Internet Archive, online text 2137: 1418:

Battlefields of the Modoc War are among the outstanding features of the

1235:

General Davis prepared to execute Captain Jack and his leaders, but the

1048: 2226:, Marnell and Company, 1914, Internet Archives, online text with photos 1302: 1221: 660: 514: 1955:

The Modoc War: A Story of Genocide at the Dawn of America's Gilded Age

933:

also stationed at Land's ranch, 10 miles east of the Stronghold. Col.

671:, the brother of the Modoc chief, was one of the natives who escaped. 612:

to test their luck, which took them straight through Modoc territory.

3277: 1427: 1423: 664: 663:

led by an Indian fighter named Ben Wright killed 41 Modoc at a peace

476: 120: 6513:

Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in California

2250:

River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West

1118:

US efforts for peace ended when the Modoc killed the commissioners.

95:

Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873

2373: 1983:

Frontier regulars: the United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891

764:

Shortly after the Modoc started building their homes, however, the

2223:

The Indian History of the Modoc War, and the Causes that Led to It

1431: 1409: 1172: 1135: 1047: 907: 899: 779: 750: 493:. Occupying defensive positions throughout the lava beds south of 2051:

The Indian History of the Modoc War and the Causes that Led to It

6518:

Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America in Oregon

5189:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

926: 922: 740:. Meacham was from Oregon, and knew Captain Jack and the Modoc. 3281: 2377: 1285:

The historian Robert Utley believes that the Modoc War and the

265: 2327:

Warren A. Beck and Ynez D. Hasse, "Indian Wars: The Modoc War"

1274:). In 1909, after Oklahoma had become a state, members of the 963: 18: 3432:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

2350:, Documentary on the Modoc War produced by students from the 2329:, California State Military Museum, first published in their 1699:

This account is described in Dunlay p. 115, and Sides p. 78.

1647: 1645: 1643: 1224:

for the murders of settlers at Tule Lake, Canby and Thomas.

940:

On January 16, troops from Land's ranch, commanded by Col.

6200:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

1904: 1902: 655:

wagons plundered and burned. The location became known as

6409:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

2168:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014. 706:

regions of California, and moved to a reservation in the

555:

Lake native. Frémont's group fell into "an angry gloom."

2127:

Winema and the Modoc War: One Woman's Struggle for Peace

1871:

1965; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 71

2232:

A Chronological History of the Oregon War, 1850 to 1878

1805:

Modoc NF History, 1945 – Chapter I, General Description

853:

On November 27, Superintendent Odeneal requested Major

483:

photographed the early part of the US Army's campaign.

6369:

African American founding fathers of the United States

6271:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

3437:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

2093:, vol. 1 & 2, University of Nebraska Press, 1995. 1326:

The casualty lists for the Modoc War are as follows:

873:

rest of the Modoc warriors began to follow his lead.

4943:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

2191:"en:The Californian/Volume 1/In the Lava Beds" 6361: 6320: 6236: 6035: 6028: 5957: 5921: 5848: 5775: 5699: 5638: 5587: 5526: 5475: 5409: 5316: 5243: 5156: 5076: 5050: 4999: 4916: 4909: 4859: 3881: 3835: 3789: 3662: 3655: 3514: 3491: 3322: 3315: 3160: 3127: 3005: 2987: 2946: 2876: 2858: 2835: 2734: 2677: 2626: 2588: 2491: 2426: 2306: 2215:

Hell With the Fire Out: A History of the Modoc War,

2016:

californiahistoricallandmarks.com Landmarks chl-108

876:Suddenly an argument erupted between Modoc warrior 5194:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 2336:Gary Brecher, "The Modocs: A Beautiful Little War" 1617: 1615: 4985:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 2181:Wigwam and Warpath; or, The Royal Chief in Chains 1567:California Historical Landmark number 108 reads: 509:The remaining 153 Modoc of the band were sent to 2005:California Parks, California Historical Landmark 1014:as the judge had been friendly to Captain Jack. 596:from southern Oregon. The discovery sparked the 2264:Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West 1600:California Historical Landmarks in Modoc County 83: 5329:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 2115:, vol. x, nº 1–3, National Park Service, 1937. 1772:, Lava Beds Natural History Association, 1975. 834:On May 14, Odeneal sent Ivan D. Applegate and 736:, sub-agent at Yainax on the reservation; and 659:. In another round of retaliation, California 5303:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 3293: 2389: 2031:United States Army Center of Military History 1932:Reports of the Otis Conference, 3 April 1873; 1731:Las Mariposas Civil War – TheCivilWarDays.com 277: 8: 1402:The Modoc War is estimated to have cost the 1243:to Fort Klamath, where they arrived July 4. 1122:marks the site where Canby and Thomas died. 694:as their leader, gave up their lands in the 588:, a mule train packer, discovered gold near 2352:Advanced Laboratory for Visual Anthropology 2161:Third Edition. New York: John Beeson, 1858. 2113:Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park 1063:(1) That Captain Jack and his band go to a 378:Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859 6032: 4913: 3659: 3319: 3300: 3286: 3278: 3002: 2585: 2396: 2382: 2374: 584:" missed the Modoc country, in March 1851 284: 270: 262: 89: 80: 5861:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 2318:Map of the campaigns during the Modoc War 1859: 1857: 1855: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1762: 1760: 1523: 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 6384:History of the United States (1865–1917) 2709:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 2699:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 1528:A memorial plaque and a reproduction of 1328: 1316:and the U.S. Army Wasco Scouts from the 619: 32:This article includes a list of general 6447: 2286:Devil's Backbone: The Modoc War, 1872–3 1815:United States Department of Agriculture 1611: 1451: 6043:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 5089:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 2354:at California State University, Chico. 2303: 2148:This chapter was primarily written by 2061:, University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 1414:Commemorative Plaque for Edward Canby. 6533:Native American history of California 6328:Women's suffrage in the United States 5017:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 1595:Native American history of California 912:Captain Jack's Stronghold 1992. {NPS} 460:), was an armed conflict between the 7: 6508:Indian wars of the American Old West 5435:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 5123:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 4935:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 2867:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 2618:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 2234:. Anchorage, AK: White Stone Press. 1934:and Otis to Odeneal, 11 April 1872. 1293:Appendix to history of the Modoc War 6523:History of Modoc County, California 6291:United Daughters of the Confederacy 5422:American Woman Suffrage Association 5417:National Woman Suffrage Association 5344:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 3643:Women during the Reconstruction era 2054:, Printed by Marnell and Co., 1914. 1676:Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Hasse. 1052:L to R, standing: US Indian agent, 639:during the late nineteenth century. 558:In retaliation, Frémont attacked a 6333:Labor history of the United States 5369:South Carolina readmitted to Union 5366:North Carolina readmitted to Union 5349:Impeachment managers investigation 5288:Constitutional conventions of 1867 4964:National Women's Rights Convention 2295:, Berkley Trade Publications, 1999 1836:, California State Military Museum 921:. The Modoc took advantage of the 401:California's Pitt River Expedition 234:1,000 infantry, scouts and cavalry 38:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 6538:Native American history of Oregon 5574:United States expedition to Korea 5281:Reconstruction military districts 3050:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 2774:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 2188:Bunker, William Mitchell (1880). 2129:, Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005. 1688:California State Military Museum. 1556:and the Old Alturas Highway is a 1524:Canby's memorial plaque and cross 1110:Angrily, Schonchin John demanded 944:, skirmished with the Modoc near 925:ridges, cracks, depressions, and 797:Failure of US to respond to Modoc 254:83 soldiers and volunteers killed 5128:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 3422:African-American representatives 3261: 3260: 2434:Grant and the American Civil War 2312: 2139:"19: Some Indian Episodes" 2072:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1953:McNally, Robert Aquinas (2017). 1874:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1506: 1494: 1480: 1466: 1454: 392:Northeast California Indian Wars 152: 23: 6130:Black Reconstruction in America 6003:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5913:1876 State of the Union Address 5840:1875 State of the Union Address 5767:1874 State of the Union Address 5691:1873 State of the Union Address 5630:1872 State of the Union Address 5579:1871 State of the Union Address 5518:1870 State of the Union Address 5467:1869 State of the Union Address 5462:First transcontinental railroad 5401:1868 State of the Union Address 5308:1867 State of the Union Address 5143:1865 State of the Union Address 5068:1864 State of the Union Address 5042:1863 State of the Union Address 4951:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 2217:New York: Faber and Faber, 1998 2027:"Named Campaigns – Indian Wars" 1888:from the original on 2016-05-12 1629:from the original on 2010-08-08 1318:Warm Springs Indian Reservation 1132:Second Battle of the Stronghold 1126:Second Battle of the Stronghold 6543:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 5203:Petition for Universal Freedom 5184:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 2418:President of the United States 1920:Nature Notes From Crater Lake, 1558:California Historical Landmark 1548:California Historical Landmark 1141:The Modocs in Their Stronghold 958:First Battle of the Stronghold 952:First battle of the Stronghold 728:(also known as Captain Jack); 1: 6250:A Visit from the Old Mistress 5949:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 5815:Specie Payment Resumption Act 5440:Board of Indian Commissioners 5372:Louisiana readmitted to Union 5334:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5198:Tennessee readmitted to Union 5032:Women's Loyal National League 3735:Straight-Out Democratic Party 3506:Confederate States of America 2664:Specie Payment Resumption Act 675:Great Treaty of Council Grove 425:Mojave Desert Indian Campaign 5876:Battle of the Little Bighorn 5360:Arkansas readmitted to Union 5266:Knights of the White Camelia 5228:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 5174:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 5148:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 5106:Special Field Orders No. 15 4929:Slavery in the United States 2538:State of the Union addresses 1959:University of Nebraska Press 1678:The Modoc War, 1872 to 1873. 884:A small band of Modoc under 829:Commission of Indian Affairs 525:Events leading up to the war 388:Second Pitt River Expedition 373:Klamath and Salmon River War 6463:Oregon Historical Quarterly 6394:Race (human categorization) 5784:United States v. Cruikshank 5375:Alabama readmitted to Union 5363:Florida readmitted to Union 3107:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 2288:, New York: Macmillan, 1991 1534:Lava Beds National Monument 1461:Schonchin and Captain Jack 1420:Lava Beds National Monument 1250:On September 10, President 1193:, the new commander of the 760:Mistreatment by the Klamath 499:Lava Beds National Monument 107:July 6, 1872 – June 4, 1873 6584: 6568:1870s in the United States 6528:History of the Great Basin 5595:General Mining Act of 1872 5564:New York custom house ring 5554:Meridian race riot of 1871 5498:Naturalization Act of 1870 2803:Naturalization Act of 1870 2694:U.S. Department of Justice 2654:General Mining Act of 1872 2364:Oregon Public Broadcasting 2362:, Documentary produced by 2059:Kit Carson and the Indians 1554:California State Route 139 1204: 1195:Department of the Columbia 1166: 1129: 970:Peace Commission appointed 955: 846: 592:while traveling along the 6431: 6187:Been in the Storm So Long 6107:William Archibald Dunning 6067:The American Commonwealth 5737:Election Massacre of 1874 5445:Public Credit Act of 1869 5384:Fourth Reconstruction Act 5293:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5037:New York City draft riots 5007:Emancipation Proclamation 3682:National Union Convention 3427:Reconstruction Amendments 3417:African-American senators 3239: 2714:Yellowstone National Park 2634:Public Credit Act of 1869 2411: 2368:Oregon Historical Society 2311: 2208:The Modocs and Their War, 2068:Murray, Keith A. (1984). 1869:The Modocs and Their War, 1864:Murray, Keith A. (1959). 980:Secretary of the Interior 919:Captain Jack's Stronghold 896:Fortifying the Stronghold 755:Major General E.R.S Canby 368:Sacramento River Massacre 303: 243: 225: 164: 140: 99: 88: 5903:Safe burglary conspiracy 5790:Civil Rights Act of 1875 5569:Civil service commission 5169:Memphis massacre of 1866 5164:Civil Rights Act of 1866 4980:Confiscation Act of 1862 4975:Confiscation Act of 1861 3730:Liberal Republican Party 3412:Conservative Republicans 2916:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 2818:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2726:Electoral Commission Act 2704:Civil Service Commission 2366:in cooperation with the 2347:The Beginning of the End 2189: 2070:The Modocs and Their War 1095:Murder at the peace tent 857:, commanding officer at 600:area to expand from the 411:Bitter Spring Expedition 6399:Reconstruction Treaties 6218:A Nation Under Our Feet 6166:From Slavery to Freedom 5996:Williams v. Mississippi 5980:United States v. Harris 5871:Great Sioux War of 1876 5810:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 5712:Battle of Liberty Place 5600:Crédit Mobilier scandal 5549:Alcorn State University 5488:Enforcement Act of 1870 5354:Articles of impeachment 5261:Indian Peace Commission 5179:Swing Around the Circle 5116:Freedmen's Bureau bills 4958:Seneca Falls Convention 3687:Radical Democracy Party 3638:Freedman's Savings Bank 2786:Enforcement Act of 1870 2144:California Inter Pocula 2049:Riddle, Jeff C. Davis. 1981:Robert Marshall Utley, 1623:"INDIAN WARS Campaigns" 1276:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma 606:Northeastern California 433:Calloway Affair of 1880 416:Owens Valley Indian War 53:more precise citations. 6374:Forty acres and a mule 6097:Walter Lynwood Fleming 5882:United States v. Reese 5539:Second Enforcement Act 3769:Prohibition Convention 3501:Southern United States 3077:Ohio Statehouse statue 2791:Second Enforcement Act 2754:Native American policy 2483:Commanding generalship 1590:Modoc War topics index 1562:Battle of Land's Ranch 1501:Boston Charley in 1873 1415: 1178: 1147: 1059: 913: 905: 785: 756: 640: 580:Although most of the " 578: 363:Sutter Buttes Massacre 313:Bloody Island Massacre 295:California Indian Wars 165:Commanders and leaders 6348:Civil rights movement 6284:The Birth of a Nation 5893:Centennial Exposition 5747:Black Hills Gold Rush 5662:Slaughter-House Cases 5534:Ku Klux Klan hearings 5012:General Order No. 143 3631:James Mitchell Ashley 3252:Rutherford B. Hayes → 2689:Judiciary Act of 1869 2639:Copyright Act of 1870 2533:Judicial appointments 2230:Smith, J. L. (2010). 2150:Frances Fuller Victor 2134:Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1585:Indian Campaign Medal 1447:National Park Service 1413: 1176: 1139: 1051: 911: 903: 867:Klamath Falls, Oregon 783: 754: 623: 569: 358:Kabyai Creek Massacre 338:Bridge Gulch Massacre 244:Casualties and losses 132:United States victory 6548:Events in California 5929:Electoral Commission 5805:Clifton Riot of 1875 5559:Treaty of Washington 5251:Tenure of Office Act 5209:National Labor Union 4924:American Indian Wars 3774:Electoral Commission 3764:Greenback Convention 3527:Free people of color 3467:Federal bureaucracy 3407:Moderate Republicans 3212:Ulysses S. Grant III 3194:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 3188:Frederick Dent Grant 3170:Hannah Simpson Grant 3020:Presidential library 2845:Bid for a third term 2644:Currency Act of 1870 2598:Treaty of Washington 1722:John Charles Fremont 1532:have been set up at 1169:Battle of Sand Butte 1163:Battle of Sand Butte 849:Battle of Lost River 843:Battle of Lost River 776:Return to Lost River 598:California Gold Rush 531:John Charles Frémont 318:El Dorado Indian War 251:39 warriors captured 6503:1870s in California 6278:D. W. Griffith 6263:The Leopard's Spots 6153:The American Crisis 6087:Columbia University 6054:The Prostrate State 6048:James Shepherd Pike 5965:Posse Comitatus Act 5888:Trader post scandal 5676:Coinage Act of 1873 5450:Black Friday (1869) 5298:Peonage Act of 1867 5276:Reconstruction Acts 5256:Command of Army Act 4991:Militia Act of 1862 3402:Radical Republicans 3350:Rutherford B. Hayes 3224:Ulysses S. Grant IV 3200:Jesse Root Grant II 3129:Cultural depictions 3092:U.S. Postage stamps 3082:Philadelphia statue 3062:U.S. Capitol statue 2649:Funding Act of 1870 2506:Second inauguration 2464:Richmond–Petersburg 2284:Johnston, Terry C. 2179:Meacham, Alfred B. 2100:, Doubleday, 2006. 708:Upper Klamath River 686:Klamath Reservation 543:Archibald Gillespie 491:Klamath Reservation 479:from 1872 to 1873. 456:(also known as the 6558:1873 in California 6553:1872 in California 6297:Gone with the Wind 6160:John Hope Franklin 6016:Disenfranchisement 5988:Plessy v. Ferguson 5972:Civil Rights Cases 5934:Compromise of 1877 5825:Wheeler Compromise 5742:Vicksburg massacre 5727:Timber Culture Act 5717:Coushatta massacre 5656:Timber Culture Act 5610:Star Route scandal 5493:Justice Department 5390:Georgia v. Stanton 5379:Opelousas massacre 4970:American Civil War 3779:Compromise of 1877 3481:Justice Department 3445:Federal judiciary 3324:Federal government 3309:Reconstruction era 3141:(2002 documentary) 3087:San Francisco bust 3038:General Grant tree 2659:Timber Culture Act 2501:First inauguration 2342:, 23 February 2007 1992:2016-04-28 at the 1940:2014-05-29 at the 1914:2012-05-26 at the 1832:2006-11-08 at the 1810:2014-05-29 at the 1766:Harry V. Sproull. 1727:2012-07-23 at the 1683:2006-11-08 at the 1653:"Modoc Indian War" 1416: 1343:Officers (U.S.A.) 1207:Battle of Dry Lake 1201:Battle of Dry Lake 1191:Jefferson C. Davis 1179: 1148: 1060: 914: 906: 786: 757: 704:Lower Klamath Lake 641: 481:Eadweard Muybridge 469:United States Army 249:17 warriors killed 200:Jefferson C. Davis 197:Edwin Cooley Mason 6444: 6443: 6427: 6426: 6353:American frontier 6207:Kenneth M. Stampp 6024: 6023: 5866:Ellenton massacre 5707:Brooks–Baxter War 5456:Ex parte McCardle 5222:Ex parte Milligan 5111:Freedmen's Bureau 5027:National Bank Act 4905: 4904: 3740:Victoria Woodhull 3651: 3650: 3522:African Americans 3493:State governments 3476:Freedmen's Bureau 3275: 3274: 3156: 3155: 3149:(2020 miniseries) 3114:Grant High School 2831: 2830: 2613:Korean Expedition 2323: 2322: 2248:Solnit, Rebecca. 2206:Murray, Keith A. 2174:978-1-4696-1860-9 2098:Blood and Thunder 1867:Keith A. Murray, 1817:, Forest Service. 1752:Blood and Thunder 1397: 1396: 878:Scarfaced Charley 827:On April 12, the 734:Ivan D. Applegate 730:Alfred B. Meacham 635:, a chief of the 616:First hostilities 545:, from President 475:and southeastern 445: 444: 343:Yontoket Massacre 260: 259: 136: 135: 79: 78: 71: 6575: 6468: 6467: 6459: 6452: 6310:Race and Reunion 6257:Thomas Dixon Jr. 6147:William R. Brock 6137:C. Vann Woodward 6124:W. E. B. Du Bois 6114:Charles A. Beard 6074:Claude G. Bowers 6033: 5856:Hamburg massacre 5835:Pratt & Boyd 5800:Mississippi Plan 5757:Anti-Moiety Acts 5752:Sanborn incident 5544:Ku Klux Klan Act 5215:Ex parte Garland 5022:Ten percent plan 4914: 3660: 3611:Thaddeus Stevens 3596:Republican Party 3589:Samuel J. Tilden 3579:Bourbon Democrat 3574:Democratic Party 3345:Ulysses S. Grant 3320: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3264: 3263: 3245:← Andrew Johnson 3230:Julia Dent Grant 3176:Jesse Root Grant 3138:Ulysses S. Grant 3119:U.S. Grant Hotel 3003: 2931:speeding arrests 2904:White Haven home 2823:Page Act of 1875 2796:Ku Klux Klan Act 2781:Enforcement Acts 2586: 2421: 2405:Ulysses S. Grant 2398: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2316: 2315: 2304: 2291:Riddle, Paxton. 2245: 2221:Riddle, Jeff C. 2203: 2193: 2147: 2141: 2125:Bales, Rebecca. 2096:Sides, Hampton, 2083: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2033:. Archived from 2018: 2013: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1950: 1944: 1929: 1923: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1861: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1824: 1818: 1802: 1791: 1784: 1773: 1769:Modoc Indian War 1764: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1719: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1655:. Archived from 1649: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1619: 1513:Scarface Charley 1510: 1498: 1484: 1470: 1458: 1329: 1268:Indian Territory 1252:Ulysses S. Grant 1241:prisoners of war 1020:A. M. Rosborough 813:and conditions. 790:Washington, D.C. 738:William.C. McKay 586:Abraham Thompson 564:Williamson River 552:Basil Lajeunesse 511:Indian Territory 497:(in present-day 471:in northeastern 437:Round Valley War 348:Achulet Massacre 298: 296: 286: 279: 272: 263: 212: 175:Scarface Charley 157: 156: 155: 101: 100: 93: 81: 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 49:this article by 40:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6563:1870s in Oregon 6498:1870s conflicts 6473: 6472: 6471: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6423: 6414:White supremacy 6357: 6316: 6304:David W. Blight 6232: 6142:Joel Williamson 6119:Howard K. Beale 6020: 6009:Giles v. Harris 5953: 5944:Desert Land Act 5917: 5844: 5771: 5695: 5681:Long Depression 5651:Colfax massacre 5634: 5615:Salary Grab Act 5583: 5522: 5503:Kirk–Holden war 5471: 5405: 5312: 5239: 5152: 5133:Shaw University 5072: 5058:Wade–Davis Bill 5046: 4995: 4901: 4855: 3877: 3831: 3785: 3665: 3647: 3584:Horatio Seymour 3510: 3494: 3487: 3335:Abraham Lincoln 3325: 3311: 3306: 3276: 3271: 3235: 3232:(granddaughter) 3152: 3123: 3067:Brooklyn relief 3056:The Peacemakers 3001: 2983: 2942: 2872: 2854: 2837:Post-presidency 2827: 2769:Great Sioux War 2730: 2721:Post Office Act 2680: 2673: 2669:Desert Land Act 2627:Economic policy 2622: 2584: 2487: 2427:Military career 2422: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2313: 2302: 2281: 2242: 2229: 2213:Quinn, Arthur. 2196:The Californian 2187: 2164:Cothran, Boyd. 2132: 2122: 2120:Further reading 2091:Kit Carson Days 2087:Sabin, Edwin L. 2080: 2067: 2040: 2038: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1994:Wayback Machine 1980: 1976: 1969: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1942:Wayback Machine 1930: 1926: 1916:Wayback Machine 1907: 1900: 1891: 1889: 1882: 1863: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1834:Wayback Machine 1825: 1821: 1812:Wayback Machine 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1765: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1729:Wayback Machine 1720: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1685:Wayback Machine 1675: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1581: 1550: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1502: 1499: 1490: 1485: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1295: 1287:Great Sioux War 1282:Confederation. 1233: 1209: 1203: 1171: 1165: 1134: 1128: 1097: 1039:Alvan C. Gillem 984:Jesse Applegate 976:Columbus Delano 974:On January 25, 972: 960: 954: 898: 851: 845: 799: 778: 762: 717: 677: 645:Pit River Tribe 625:Schonchin Butte 618: 527: 462:Native American 446: 441: 353:Asbill Massacre 308:Gila Expedition 299: 294: 292: 290: 255: 250: 235: 218: 214: 208: 202: 198: 196: 192: 190: 186: 177: 173: 153: 151: 124: 123:, United States 94: 75: 64: 58: 55: 45:Please help to 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6581: 6579: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6306: 6301: 6293: 6288: 6280: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6196: 6191: 6183: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6102:Dunning School 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6080:The Tragic Era 6076: 6071: 6063: 6058: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6036:Historiography 6030: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5908:1876 elections 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5762:1874 elections 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5625:1872 elections 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5513:1870 elections 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5483:15th Amendment 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5396:1868 elections 5393: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5331: 5326: 5324:14th Amendment 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5235:1866 elections 5231: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5084:13th Amendment 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5063:1864 elections 5060: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4860:U.S. elections 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3616:Lyman Trumbull 3613: 3608: 3606:Charles Sumner 3603: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3340:Andrew Johnson 3337: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3072:Chicago statue 3069: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3015:Grant Memorial 3011: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2759:"Peace Policy" 2751: 2750: 2749: 2742:Reconstruction 2738: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2594: 2592: 2590:Foreign policy 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2355: 2343: 2333: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2307:External image 2301: 2300:External links 2298: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2260: 2246: 2240: 2227: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2185: 2176: 2162: 2155:Beeson, John. 2153: 2130: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2065: 2062: 2055: 2046: 2020: 2019: 2008: 1997: 1974: 1967: 1961:. p. 57. 1945: 1924: 1898: 1880: 1851: 1845:Davis Riddle, 1838: 1819: 1792: 1786:Davis Riddle, 1774: 1756: 1743: 1733: 1714: 1701: 1692: 1669: 1639: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1549: 1546: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1474:Shacknasty Jim 1472: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1453: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376:Indian Scouts 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1294: 1291: 1280:Klamath Tribes 1237:War Department 1232: 1229: 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1167:Main article: 1164: 1161: 1145:wood engraving 1130:Main article: 1127: 1124: 1101:Boston Charley 1096: 1093: 1072:Schonchin John 1024:Eleazer Thomas 971: 968: 956:Main article: 953: 950: 897: 894: 847:Main article: 844: 841: 798: 795: 777: 774: 761: 758: 716: 713: 676: 673: 669:John Schonchin 631:named for Old 617: 614: 610:Emigrant Trail 594:Siskiyou Trail 533:together with 526: 523: 454:Modoc Campaign 443: 442: 440: 439: 434: 431: 426: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 396:Bald Hills War 393: 390: 385: 383:Tule River War 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 304: 301: 300: 291: 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 258: 257: 252: 246: 245: 241: 240: 232: 228: 227: 223: 222: 181: 167: 166: 162: 161: 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 115: 113: 109: 108: 105: 97: 96: 86: 85: 77: 76: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6580: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Modoc Plateau 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6448: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:Habeas corpus 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6244:Winslow Homer 6242: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174:After Slavery 6171: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5939:Nez Perce War 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830:Delano affair 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Red River War 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686:Comstock laws 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Panic of 1873 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 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5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5138:New Departure 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 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3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882:Gubernatorial 3880: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621:Benjamin Wade 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3544:Carpetbaggers 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3471:Edwin Stanton 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3268: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218:Chapman Grant 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3031:General Grant 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735:Social policy 2733: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 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F. Bernard 938: 936: 935:Frank Wheaton 930: 928: 924: 920: 910: 902: 895: 893: 889: 887: 882: 879: 874: 870: 868: 864: 863:James Jackson 860: 856: 850: 842: 840: 837: 832: 830: 825: 821: 819: 818:Olene, Oregon 814: 811: 810:T. B. 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C. Mason 1004:Bob Whittle 996:Toby Riddle 988:Samuel Case 746:Modoc Point 629:cinder cone 51:introducing 6477:Categories 6338:Gilded Age 6194:Eric Foner 5898:Cattellism 5795:Red Shirts 4910:Key events 3836:U.S. House 3569:Red Shirts 3226:(grandson) 3220:(grandson) 3214:(grandson) 3208:(daughter) 3025:Grant Park 2972:convention 2957:convention 2889:Birthplace 2884:Early life 2850:World tour 2813:Poland Act 2679:Government 2493:Presidency 2469:Appomattox 2293:Lost River 2041:2010-07-12 1892:2015-11-12 1663:2016-06-22 1633:2010-07-12 1606:References 1560:# 108 the 1488:Hooker Jim 1426:for their 1365:Civilians 1157:cannonball 1143:, an 1873 1033:In April, 1028:L. S. Dyar 990:. General 886:Hooker Jim 855:John Green 836:L. S. Dyar 721:Lost River 696:Lost River 547:James Polk 535:Kit Carson 473:California 256:46 wounded 188:John Green 117:California 59:April 2008 34:references 6483:Modoc War 5958:Aftermath 5669:Virginius 5605:Modoc War 3656:Elections 3601:Stalwarts 3559:Redeemers 3358:Congress 3102:$ 50 bill 3007:Memorials 2947:Elections 2764:Modoc War 2449:Vicksburg 2340:The Exile 1849:, p. 252. 1712:, p. 492. 1708:Fremont, 1314:artillery 1112:Hot Creek 726:Kintpuash 700:Tule Lake 691:Schonchin 649:Kintpuash 633:Schonchin 495:Tule Lake 487:Kintpuash 452:, or the 450:Modoc War 429:Modoc War 421:Snake War 238:howitzers 171:Kintpuash 84:Modoc War 6436:Category 6404:Suffrage 5339:Timeline 3554:Scalawag 3532:Freedman 3266:Category 3178:(father) 3172:(mother) 3097:Currency 2977:election 2962:election 2516:Grantism 2511:Scandals 2459:Overland 2266:, 2005. 2136:(1888). 1990:Archived 1938:Archived 1912:Archived 1886:Archived 1830:Archived 1808:Archived 1725:Archived 1681:Archived 1627:Archived 1579:See also 1538:Tulelake 1338:Wounded 1307:howitzer 1299:infantry 1272:Oklahoma 1256:Alcatraz 550:trapper 519:Oklahoma 467:and the 333:Yuma War 226:Strength 112:Location 6466:. 1903. 6029:Aspects 5428:Alabama 5094:Address 4917:Prelude 3873:1876–77 3868:1874–75 3863:1872–73 3858:1870–71 3853:1868–69 3848:1866–67 3843:1864–65 3827:1876–77 3822:1874–75 3817:1872–73 3812:1870–71 3807:1868–69 3802:1866–67 3797:1864–65 2681:reforms 2604:Alabama 2528:Cabinet 2523:Pardons 2279:Fiction 2252:, 2003 1985:(1984) 1847:History 1788:History 1754:, p. 87 1750:Sides, 1710:Memoirs 1424:corrals 1387:TOTALS 1335:Killed 1303:cavalry 1222:amnesty 766:Klamath 682:Klamath 661:militia 515:Shawnee 210:† 47:improve 6321:Legacy 6313:(2001) 6300:(1939) 6287:(1915) 6274:(1905) 6266:(1902) 6253:(1876) 6237:Memory 6229:(2019) 6221:(2003) 6203:(1988) 6190:(1979) 6177:(1965) 6169:(1947) 6156:(1963) 6133:(1935) 6083:(1929) 6070:(1888) 6057:(1874) 6012:(1903) 5999:(1898) 5991:(1896) 5983:(1883) 5975:(1883) 5967:(1878) 5671:Affair 5430:Claims 4987:(1862) 4966:(1850) 4960:(1848) 4954:(1839) 4946:(1838) 4938:(1792) 3515:Others 3184:(wife) 3162:Family 2989:Legacy 2606:Claims 2444:Shiloh 2270: 2256: 2238: 2172: 2104: 2076: 1965: 1878: 1741:p.117) 1519:Legacy 1445:. 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