95:
280:
611:. Others argue that the failure of MDCs to meet the needs of the very poorest demonstrates that they were a stepping stone towards the inevitable necessity of state intervention to solve the housing crisis. MDCs have been particularly criticised for failing to provide for the very poorest of society, concentrating on the
575:
The MDC movement was strongly supported by individuals like Lord
Shaftesbury, who was president of the Artizan's Company for some time, for providing a plan to "completely alter for the better the domiciliary habits of the people of the metropolis". Others, such as Engels, criticised the movement as
106:
Out of this environment, various societies and companies were formed to meet the housing needs of the working classes. Improved accommodation was seen as a way of ameliorating overcrowding, as well as the moral and sanitary problems resulting from that. The movement started in a small way in London,
522:
The
Newcastle upon Tyne Improved Industrial Dwellings Company was set up by James Hall of Hall Brothers Steamship Company, Tynemouth, after visiting Sir Sydney Waterlow's establishment in London. It built 108 flats at Garth Heads between 1869 and 1878; the chairman, directors and shareholders were
286:
The
Artizans' Company became one of the largest of the MDCs, concentrating on suburban, low-rise estates rather than the central, high-rise model of other companies. It was founded by a former labourer, William Austin, in 1867 and immediately set about building and selling model dwellings first in
242:
levels, leading to complaints from other MDCs. Tenancy in a
Peabody Dwelling came with strict rules: rents had to be paid weekly and punctually, and many trades were not permitted to be carried on at the dwellings. There was also a night-time curfew and a set of moral standards to be adhered to.
241:
for the good of the poor in London. A committee was set up to choose the most appropriate way to spend the money, and it was decided to build a number of block dwellings for the very poorest of the city. These apartments were of similar design to other companies, but rents were offered at lower
219:
The first MAIDIC blocks were completed in 1848, constituting twenty-one two room apartments and ninety three room apartments in Old St
Pancras Road, again on an 'associated' model - that is, with shared amenities such as lavatories and kitchen. This type of large, block residence with shared
188:
of 1851, their block dwellings, in particular, were subject to criticism. The design of SICLC dwellings paid particular attention to sanitation and ventilation but was otherwise functional and utilitarian, and the resulting estate was seen as grim and unpleasant.
204:
198:
108:
65:
in large metropolitan areas. Once
Chadwick's reforms had been implemented poverty remained rife in the overcrowded inner cities, and reformers had to look elsewhere for the solution to the problems of the working class. The publication of
165:, which in 1844 agreed to change its name and purpose towards building houses for labourers that might be adopted by others as a template. Their first urban building project was completed in 1846 at Bagnigge Wells,
1065:
264:
in 1863, which housed around 30,000 individuals by 1900. Its rigorous selection procedure, rules and financial regulations meant that the IIDC was one of the more financially successful of these firms.
274:
123:
600:
economists, asserts that the financial success of some of these companies shows that they could have been a significant help to the poor, if their operation was not interrupted by the arrival of
542:
Baroness
Burdett-Coutts was a private philanthropist who gave to many and varied charitable endeavours. One of the most significant private inputs into the provision of working class housing was
177:
112:
508:
72:
436:
There were a large number of companies operating in the nineteenth century, particularly in London, around twenty-eight at the time of the Cross Act. Other names include the
207:(MAIDIC) was formed in 1841, earlier than the SICLC, but spent several years acquiring capital to begin its building projects. These commenced after the company obtained a
537:
215:
That an association be formed for the purpose of providing the labouring man with an increase of the comforts and conveniences of life, with full return to the capitalist.
211:
which established the company on more commercial grounds, guaranteeing a minimum return of five per cent on investment. This was outlined in the company's resolution:
304:
523:
mostly prominent local businessmen. The company was wound up in 1968 and the buildings at Garth Heads are currently used for private student accommodation.
404:
135:
550:, a block estate completed in 1857. Architecturally, it was a precursor to the imposing Peabody Dwellings, having been designed by Peabody's architect,
251:
130:, however the entrepreneurial focus of the companies was restricted by an inability to make a competitive return and the intervention of large-scale
372:
lines rather than being preoccupied with capital return on investment, which was the biggest reason behind the lack of success of earlier builders.
1080:
414:
115:
finding difficulty in raising sufficient capital to build commercially viable projects. Support from public figures and demonstrations at the
257:
127:
122:
The middle of the century saw the peak in MDC building, with around twenty-eight separate companies operating in London prior to the 1875
473:
678:
673:
261:
626:
388:
596:
In the twentieth century and beyond, opinions over the MDC movements have tended towards two positions. The first, adopted by
488:
457:
437:
41:
by building new homes for them, at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. The principle of
1033:
825:
Stedman Jones, G. (1984) Outcast London: a study in the relationship between classes in
Victorian society. London: Penguin
465:
94:
504:
453:
162:
156:
461:
292:
836:
543:
484:
445:
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384:
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139:
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170:
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built in specific areas only. Other buildings were erected by individuals, such as Hugh
Jackson's New Court, in
449:
1075:
516:
336:
997:
307:
in 1872 as a "workmen's city" for "clerks, artisans and labourers". Building continued at a larger estate in
1018:
1016:
Morris, S. (2001) Market solutions for social problems: working-class housing in nineteenth-century London.
635:
633:
Morris, S. (2001) Market solutions for social problems: working-class housing in nineteenth-century London.
361:
312:
78:
562:
made the design distinct, but the project was seen overall as a failure, finally being demolished in 1960.
428:
The company later renamed itself the
Industrial Dwellings Society (1885) Ltd., and is today known as IDS.
237:
The Peabody Trust was founded after an unprecedented donation in 1862 of £150,000, by the American banker
425:
and South London, with a remit to provide (although not exclusively) for destitute Jews in the East End.
605:
331:. The company also diversified into block dwellings and other, more commercially minded estates such as
86:
in 1848, increased concern for the welfare of the working class amongst the middle and upper classes.
642:
332:
735:
392:
324:
279:
919:
379:'s principles of female residence managers, the company employed female rent collectors including
807:
Dennis, R. (1989) The Geography of Victorian Values: philanthropic housing in London, 1840-1900.
624:
Dennis, R. (1989) The Geography of Victorian Values: philanthropic housing in London, 1840–1900.
612:
365:
126:. The movement picked up pace again after the Act, which granted local authorities the right to
933:
875:
The Red Cliffs of Stepney: History of Buildings erected by the East End Dwellings Co. 1885-1949
736:"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (April 11, 2017, 1:07 am)"
131:
342:
By 1900, the Artizans' Company provided dwellings for 42,000 people in over 6,400 residences
585:
551:
300:
185:
116:
608:
380:
364:. The company was one of the most successful providers of housing to the very poor in the
308:
38:
134:. The most successful builders post-1875 were those making a smaller return, such as the
17:
913:
601:
555:
469:
238:
181:
58:
34:
31:
1059:
547:
500:
387:) and Ella Pycroft. The company built a large number of dwellings in what is now the
232:
208:
918:. American Libraries. Internet Archive: Hazell, Watson and Viney, London. pp.
477:
418:
376:
193:
The Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes
42:
647:
Outcast London: a study in the relationship between classes in Victorian society
597:
512:
357:
166:
205:
Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes
199:
Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes
109:
Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes
581:
46:
223:
The MAIDIC was one of the largest MDCs and by 1900 housed over 6,000 people.
492:
441:
369:
328:
320:
288:
99:
83:
299:
and elsewhere. Their first major contribution to the MDC movement came at
577:
496:
356:
The EEDC was founded in 1882 by a committee from the parish of St Jude,
316:
296:
410:
67:
988:. London: Haringey Council Libraries, Archives & Museum Services
915:
James Hall of Tynemouth: A Beneficent Life of a Busy Man of Business
1031:
Whelan, R. (2008) British social housing and the voluntary sector.
722:
Rothschild Buildings: life in an East End tenement block, 1887-1920
559:
278:
93:
62:
151:
The Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes
1048:
Cruel habitations: a history of working-class housing 1780-1918
796:
The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London
661:
The Eternal Slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London
142:, often founded on religious principles as much as commercial.
888:"IDS Housing Association - Hackney & elsewhere in London"
178:
Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes
113:
Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes
499:, building a number of what have come to be referred to as
82:, as well as fear of further uprisings such as that of the
409:
The Four Per Cent Company was founded by a group of Anglo-
220:
facilities became the norm for model dwellings companies.
119:
all improved public awareness, if not raising investment.
887:
711:
Tarn, J.N. (1973) Five Per Cent Philanthropy. London: CUP
509:
Newcastle upon Tyne Improved Industrial Dwellings Company
49:
return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy".
268:
1066:
Philanthropic organisations based in the United Kingdom
275:
The Artizans', Labourers' and General Dwellings Company
269:
The Artizans', Labourers' and General Dwellings Company
73:
The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844
37:
that sought to improve the housing conditions of the
98:
Peabody Square Model Dwellings in Blackfriars Road,
161:The first of these companies was formed out of the
554:. The addition of a grand marketplace modelled on
538:Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts
256:The largest MDC working in central London was the
61:and others in exposing the sanitary conditions of
57:The precursor to the aims of MDCs was the work of
303:in Battersea, a large, suburban estate opened by
821:
819:
817:
413:philanthropists in 1885, headed by the banker
184:as its first president and contributed to the
986:Noel Park: A Social and Architectural History
421:and Whitechapel, later branching out towards
8:
580:", and a means of ensuring the longevity of
30:(MDCs) were a group of private companies in
615:, the upper strata of the working classes.
405:Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company
399:Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company
136:Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company
862:The Improved Industrial Dwellings Company
252:The Improved Industrial Dwellings Company
246:The Improved Industrial Dwellings Company
689:
489:Edinburgh Co-Operative Building Company
415:Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
417:. They built large residences across
258:Improved Industrial Dwellings Company
7:
873:Connor, JE and Critchley, BJ (1984)
656:. London: Cambridge University Press
466:Real Property Investment Association
505:Chester Cottage Improvement Company
458:London Labourers' Dwellings Society
519:' Rosebank Cottages in Edinburgh.
454:City and Central Dwellings Company
25:
674:List of existing model dwellings
315:, then a still larger estate at
809:Journal of Historical Geography
627:Journal of Historical Geography
503:. Other companies, such as the
389:London Borough of Tower Hamlets
383:(later Webb, co-founder of the
1081:Planned municipal developments
485:Pilrig Model Dwellings Company
446:Chelsea Park Dwellings Company
438:South London Dwellings Company
1:
679:Prince Albert's Model Cottage
1050:. London: Allen & Unwin
1034:Journal of Economic Affairs
938:Newcastle Residential Areas
462:William Alexander Greenhill
1097:
654:Five Per Cent Philanthropy
535:
450:National Dwellings Society
402:
385:London School of Economics
352:East End Dwellings Company
349:
346:East End Dwellings Company
272:
249:
230:
196:
154:
140:East End Dwellings Company
912:Hayward, William (1896).
740:ScottishArchitects.org.uk
163:Labourer's Friend Society
157:Labourer's Friend Society
28:Model dwellings companies
18:Model Dwellings Companies
959:Archives, The National.
835:Archives, The National.
760:Archives, The National.
1019:Economic History Review
984:Welch, Caroline (2006)
965:NationalArchives.gov.uk
961:"The Discovery Service"
841:NationalArchives.gov.uk
837:"The Discovery Service"
798:. London: Edward Arnold
766:NationalArchives.gov.uk
762:"The Discovery Service"
663:. London: Edward Arnold
636:Economic History Review
532:Baroness Burdett Coutts
483:Outside of London, the
260:(IIDC), founded by Sir
79:The Communist Manifesto
639:54(3), pp. 525–54
368:, being founded along
283:
217:
103:
630:15(1), pp. 40–54
606:London County Council
584:through a process of
566:Criticism and support
282:
213:
97:
1000:The Housing Question
362:Canon Samuel Barnett
128:clear slum dwellings
1046:Gauldie, E. (1974)
877:, Connor and Butler
393:Katharine Buildings
860:Tarn, J.N. (1968)
794:Wohl, A.S. (1977)
659:Wohl, A.S. (1977)
652:Tarn, J.N. (1973)
613:labour aristocracy
366:East End of London
284:
104:
1071:Housing in London
1022:54(3), pp. 525–54
649:. London: Penguin
643:Stedman Jones, G.
227:The Peabody Trust
132:municipal housing
16:(Redirected from
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586:embourgeoisement
552:Henry Darbishire
517:Sir James Gowans
391:, starting with
305:Lord Shaftesbury
301:Shaftesbury Park
186:Great Exhibition
180:(SICLC) had the
117:Great Exhibition
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811:15(1), pp.40-54
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619:Further reading
604:in the form of
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544:Columbia Square
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491:were active in
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432:Other companies
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262:Sydney Waterlow
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350:Main article:
347:
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323:, and finally
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250:Main article:
247:
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239:George Peabody
231:Main article:
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197:Main article:
194:
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182:Prince Consort
169:, designed by
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147:
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209:royal charter
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171:Henry Roberts
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