Models of communication - Knowledge (XXG)

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to be fully communicated and only its most significant aspects are expressed. Selection also concerns the choice of the code and channel to be used. The availability of a channel differs from person to person and from situation to situation. For example, many people do not have access to mass media, like television, to send their message to a wide audience. Gerbner's emphasis on the relation between message and reality has been influential for subsequent models of communication. However, Gerbner's model still suffers from many of the limitations of the earlier models it is based on. An example is the focus on the linear transmission of information without an in-depth discussion of the role of feedback loops. Another issue concerns the question of how meaning is created.

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responsible for generating the message. This message is translated by the transmitter into a signal, which is then sent using a channel. The receiver has the opposite function of the transmitter: it translates the signal back into a message, which is made available to the destination. The Shannon–Weaver model was initially formulated in analogy to how telephone calls work but is intended as a general model of all forms of communication. In the case of a landline phone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter translating the message into an electric signal. The wire acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination, and their telephone is the receiver.

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park or a table in a room. Private cues are only available to one person, like a coin in one's pocket or an itch on one's wrist. Behavioral cues are under the control of the communicators and constitute the main vehicles of communication. They include verbal behavior, like discussing a business proposal, and non-verbal behavior, like raising one's eyebrows or sitting down in a chair. Barnlund's model has been influential, both for its innovations and for its criticisms of earlier models. Some objections to it include that it is not equally useful for all forms of communication and that it does not explain how exactly meaning is produced.

790: 33: 394:: the sender sends a message and then has to wait for the receiver to react. Another example is a question/answer session where one person asks a question and then waits for another person to answer. Interaction models usually put more emphasis on the interactive process and less on the technical problem of how the message is conveyed at each step. For this reason, more prominence is given to the context that shapes the exchange of messages. This includes the physical context, like the distance between the speakers, and the psychological context, which includes mental and emotional factors like stress and anxiety. 786:

Significant discrepancies between them, such as divergent opinions on X, cause a strain in the relation. In such cases, communication aims to reduce the strain and restore balance through the exchange of information about the object. For example, if A and B are friends and X is someone both know, then equilibrium means that they have the same attitude towards X. However, there is a disequilibrium or strain if A likes X but B does not. This creates a tendency for A and B to exchange information about X until they arrive at a shared attitude. The more important X is to A and B, the more urgent this tendency is.

1032:. It is intended as a response to and an improvement over linear and circular models by stressing the dynamic nature of communication and how it changes the participants. Dance sees the fault of linear models as their attempt to understand communication as a linear flow of messages from a sender to a receiver. According to him, this fault is avoided by circular models, which include a feedback loop through which messages are exchanged back and forth. Dance criticizes the circular approach by holding that it "suggests that communication comes back, full circle, to exactly the same point from which it started". 1018: 912: 765: 849: 511: 718: 378: 675: 833: 490:, in contrast, is communication with oneself. An example is a person thinking to themself that they should bring in the laundry from outside because it is about to rain. Most models of communication focus on interpersonal communication by assuming that sender and receiver are distinct persons. They often explore how the sender encodes a message, how this message is transmitted and possibly distorted, and how the receiver decodes and interprets the message. 6667: 435:

that one should not interrupt people or that greetings should be returned. Relational contexts are more specific in that they concern the previous relationship and shared history of the communicators. This includes factors like whether the participants are friends, neighbors, co-workers, or rivals. The cultural context encompasses the social identities of the communicators, such as race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, and social class.

423:, to give some form of feedback. This way, they can signal whether they agree with the message while the speaker is talking. This feedback may in turn influence the speaker's message while it is being produced. On the other hand, transactional models stress that meaning is created in the process of communication and does not exist prior to it. This is often combined with the claim that communication creates social realities like relationships, 527:

manipulative model of animal communication. It argues that the central aspect of communication does not consist in the exchange of information but in causing changes to the behavior of other organisms. This influence provides primarily a benefit to the sender and does not need to involve the transmission of messages. In this way, the sender "exploits another animal's ... muscle power". A slightly different approach focuses more on the

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Communication starts in the horizontal dimension with an event perceived by the sender. The next step happens in the vertical dimension, where the percept is translated into a signal containing the message. The message has two key aspects: content and form. The content is the information about the event. The last step belongs again to the horizontal dimension: the audience perceives and interprets the message about the event.

7012: 407: 170:. They try to provide a simple explanation of the process by highlighting its most basic characteristics and components. As simplified pictures, they only present the aspects that, according to the model's designer, are most central to communcation. Communication can be defined as the transmission of ideas. General models of communication try to describe all of its forms, including 345:

destination. Most early models were transmission models. Due to their linear nature, they are often too simple to capture the dynamic aspects of various forms of communication, such as regular face-to-face conversation. By focusing only on the sender, they leave out the audience's perspective. For example, listening usually does not just happen, but is an active process involving

632:. But as it developed as a science, it started to rely more and more on its own models and concepts. Beginning in the 1940s and the following decades, many new models of communication were developed. Most of the early models were linear transmission models. For many purposes, they were replaced by non-linear models such as interaction, transaction, and convergence models. 337: 578:

example, the teacher's role includes sharing and explaining information while the student's role involves learning and asking clarifying questions. Relational models also describe how communication affects the relationship between the communicators. For example, the communication between patient and hospital staff affects whether the patient feels cared for or

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a total of ten essential components: (1) someone (2) perceives an event (3) and reacts (4) in a situation (5) through some means. This is done with the goal of (6) making available materials (7) in some form (8) and context (9) conveying content (10) of some consequence. Each of these components corresponds to a different area of study. For example,

75:. Despite their usefulness, many models are criticized based on the claim that they are too simple because they leave out essential aspects. The components and their interactions are usually presented in the form of a diagram. Some basic components and interactions reappear in many of the models. They include the idea that a sender 103:. Linear transmission models understand communication as a one-way process in which a sender transmits an idea to a receiver. Interaction models include a feedback loop through which the receiver responds after getting the message. Transaction models see sending and responding as simultaneous activities. They hold that 563:, hold that communication can be reduced to the transfer of ideas, information, or feelings from a sender to a receiver. In them, the message is like a magic bullet that is shot by active senders at passive and defenseless receivers. They are closely related to linear transmission models and contrast with 502:

response can itself produce new stimuli and act as a form of feedback loop for continued intrapersonal communication. Some models of communication try to provide a perspective that includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal communication in order to show how these two phenomena influence each other.

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ink on paper. The destination has to decode and interpret the message in order to reconstruct the original idea. The processes of encoding and decoding correspond to the roles of transmitter and receiver in the Shannon–Weaver model. According to Schramm, these processes are influenced by the fields of

699:. Many theorists treat it as a universal model applying to any form of communication. It is widely cited as a model of communication but some theorists, like Zachary S. Sapienza et al, have raised doubts about this characterization and see it instead as a questioning device, a formula, or a construct. 1039:

is a more adequate representation of the process of communication since it implies that there is always a forward movement. It shows how the content and structure of earlier communicative acts influence the content and structure of later communicative acts. In this regard, communication has a lasting

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For Gerbner, messages are not packages that exist prior to communication. Instead, the message is created in the process of encoding and is affected by the code and the channel. Gerbner assumes that the goal of communication is to inform another person about something they are unaware of. He includes

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The discipline of communication studies and the models of communication proposed in it are not restricted to human communication. They include discussions of communication among other species, like non-human animals and plants. Models of non-human communication usually stress the practical aspects of

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carrying information. These stimuli are processed and interpreted in various ways, for example, by classifying them and by ascribing symbolic meaning to them. Later steps include thinking about them, organizing information, and then encoding the ideas conceived this way in a behavioral response. This

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by Larry L. Barker and Gordon Wiseman. The left side of the diagram shows the start of the process: external and internal stimuli (red and violet arrows) are perceived. This triggers various cognitive processes (green areas) involved in the interpretation of the stimuli. These processes result in the

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For interaction models, the participants in communication alternate the positions of sender and receiver. So upon receiving a message, a new message is generated and returned to the original sender as a form of feedback. In this regard, communication is a two-way process. This adds more complexity to

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despite its complexity. Communication theorist Robert Craig sees the difference in the fact that models primarily represent communication while theories additionally explain it. According to Frank Dance, there is no one fully comprehensive model of communication since each one highlights only certain

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of the receiver. To do so, the source has to express their purpose by encoding it into a message. This message is sent through a channel to the receiver, who has to decode it in order to understand it and react to it. Communication is successful if the reaction of the receiver matches the purpose of

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in 1960 and was influenced by earlier models, such as the Shannon–Weaver model and Schramm's model. It is usually referred to as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model because of its four main components (source, message, channel, and receiver). Each of these components is characterized by

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in 1954 as a response to and an improvement over linear transmission models of communication, such as Lasswell's model and the Shannon–Weaver model. The main difference in this regard is that Schramm does not see the audience as passive recipients. Instead, he understands them as active participants

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in the message to the receiver, how these symbols carry meaning, and how to ensure that the message has the intended effect on the receiver. Shannon and Weaver focus their attention on the technical level by discussing how noise can interfere with the signal. This makes it difficult for the receiver

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Transaction models usually put more emphasis on contexts and how they shape the exchange of information. They are sometimes divided into social, relational, and cultural contexts. Social contexts include explicit and implicit rules about what form of message and feedback is acceptable. An example is

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Barnlund's model is based on the idea that communication consists of decoding cues by ascribing meaning to them and encoding appropriate responses to them. Barnlund distinguishes between public, private, and behavioral cues. Public cues are accessible to anyone in the situation, such as a tree in a

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used to decode messages: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. The SMCR model has inspired subsequent theorists. However, it is often criticized based on its simplicity because it does not discuss feedback loops and because it does not give enough emphasis on noise and other barriers to

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All these steps are creative processes that select some features to be included. For example, the event is never perceived in its entirety. Instead, the communicator has to select and interpret its most salient features. The same happens when encoding the message: the percept is usually too complex

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The relation between message and reality is of central importance to Gerbner. For this reason, his model includes two dimensions. The horizontal dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and event. The vertical dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and message.

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For Schramm, communication is based on the relation between a source and a destination and consists in sharing ideas or information. For this to happen, the source has to encode their idea in symbolic form as a message. This message is sent to the destination using a channel, such as sound waves or

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Newcomb's model was first published by Theodore H. Newcomb in his 1953 paper "An approach to the study of communicative acts". It is called the ABX model of communication since it understands communication in terms of three components: two parties (A and B) interacting with each other about a topic

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is used for any model that includes the phases of encoding and decoding in its description of communication. Such models stress that to send information, a code is necessary. A code is a sign system used to express ideas and interpret messages. Encoding-decoding models are sometimes contrasted with

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For interaction models, these steps happen one after the other: first, one message is sent and received, later another message is returned as feedback, etc. Such feedback loops make it possible for the sender to assess whether their message was received and had the intended effect or whether it was

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are specialized models that do not aim to give a universal account of communication. Another contrast is between linear and non-linear models. Most early models of communication are linear models. They present communication as a unidirectional process in which messages flow from the communicator to

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noise: environmental noise distorts the signal on its way to the receiver, whereas semantic noise occurs during encoding or decoding, for example, when an ambiguous word in the message is not interpreted by the receiver as it was meant by the sender. Feedback means that the receiver responds to the

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Barnlund's model is an influential transactional model of communication first published in 1970. Its goal is to avoid the inaccuracies of earlier models and account for communication in all its complexity. This includes dismissing the idea that communication is defined as the transmission of ideas

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between the communicators in the form of the orientations or attitudes they have toward each other and toward the topic. The orientations can be favorable or unfavorable and include beliefs. They have a big impact on how communication unfolds. It is relevant, for example, whether A and B like each

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between communicators. For example, Wilbur Schramm holds that this relationship informs the expectations the participants bring to the exchange and the roles they play in it. These roles influence how the communicators try to contribute to the communicative goal. In the context of instruction, for

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Models of communication serve various functions. Their simplified presentation helps students and researchers identify the main steps of communication and apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases. The unified picture they provide makes it easier to describe and explain the observed

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and social context of the communicators. Generally speaking, the more source and receiver are alike in regard to these factors, the more likely successful communication is. Communication may fail, for example, if the receiver lacks the decoding skills necessary to understand the message or if the

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sender's idea. Other sources of error are external noise or mistakes in the phases of decoding and encoding. Schramm holds that successful communication is about realizing an intended effect. He discusses the conditions for this to be possible. They include making sure that one has the receiver's

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them of an opinion or a course of action. The same message may have very different effects depending on the audience and the occasion. For this reason, the speaker should take these factors into account and compose their message accordingly. Many of the basic elements of the Aristotelian model of

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aspect of communication and holds that both sender and receiver benefit from the exchange. Models of plant communication usually understand communication in terms of biochemical changes and responses. According to Richard Karban, this process starts with a cue that is emitted by a sender and then

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Craig, this implies that communication is a basic social phenomenon that cannot be explained through psychological, cultural, economic, or other factors. Instead, communication is to be seen as the cause of other social processes and not as their result. Constitutive models are closely related to

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hold that meaning is "reflexively constructed, maintained, or negotiated in the act of communicating". This means that communication is not just the exchange of pre-established bundles of information but a creative process, unlike the outlook found in many transmission models. According to Robert

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The Shannon–Weaver model is another early and influential model of communication. It is a linear transmission model that was published in 1948 and describes communication as the interaction of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source is

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as the paradigmatic form. They usually involve some type of interaction between two or more parties in which messages are exchanged. The process as a whole is very complex, which is why models of communication only present the most salient features by showing how the main components operate and

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of each participant. A field of experience includes past life experiences and affects what the participant understands and is familiar with. Communication fails if the message is outside the receiver's field of experience. In this case, the receiver is unable to decode it and connect it to the

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Some models of animal communication are similar to models of human communication in that they understand the process as an exchange of information. This exchange helps the communicators to reduce uncertainty and to act in a way that is beneficial to them. A further approach is discussed in the

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Linear transmission models describe communication as a one-way process. In it, a sender intentionally conveys a message to a receiver. The reception of the message is the endpoint of this process. Since there is no feedback loop, the sender may not know whether the message reached its intended

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by keeping the different orientations in balance. In Newcomb's words, communication enables "two or more individuals to maintain simultaneous orientation to each other and towards objects of the external environment". The orientations of A and B are subject to change and influence each other.

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Lasswell's model is often criticized due to its simplicity. An example is that it does not include an explicit discussion of vital factors such as noise and feedback loops. It also does not talk about the influence of physical, emotional, social, and cultural contexts. These shortcomings have

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in 1948 and uses five questions to identify and describe the main aspects of communication: "Who?", "Says What?", "In What Channel?", "To Whom?", and "With What Effect?". They correspond to five basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the channel, the

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receiver, and the effect. For a newspaper headline, those five components are the reporter, the content of the headline, the newspaper itself, the reader, and the reader's response to the headline. Lasswell assigns a field of inquiry to each component, corresponding to control analysis,

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Berlo's main interest in discussing the components and their aspects is to analyze their impact on successful communication. Source and receiver are usually persons but can also be groups or institutions. On this level, Berlo identifies four features: communication skills, attitudes,

888:. It is a linear transmission model. It is based on the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model but expands them in various ways. It aims to provide a general account of all forms of communication. One of its innovations is that it starts not with a message or an idea but with an 318:

Models of communication are classified in many ways and the proposed classifications often overlap. Some models are general in the sense that they aim to describe all forms of communication. Others are specialized: they only apply to specific fields or areas. For example, models of

357:, sending an email, posting a blog, or sharing something on social media. Some theorists, like Uma Narula, talk of "action models" instead of linear transmission models to stress how they only focus on the actions of the sender. Linear transmission models include Aristotle's, 813:

B). Another addition is the inclusion of feedback (fBA) from the receiver to the sender. Westley and MacLean also propose a further expansion to account for mass communication. For this purpose, they include an additional component, C, that has the role of a

756:. However, it has been criticized because it simplifies some parts of the communicative process. For example, it presents communication as a one-way process and not as a dynamic interaction of messages going back and forth between both participants. 328:. Non-linear models, on the other hand, are multi-directional: messages are sent back and forth between participants. According to Uma Narula, linear models describe single acts of communication while non-linear models describe the whole process. 98:

Models of communication are classified depending on their intended applications and on how they conceptualize the process. General models apply to all forms of communication while specialized models restrict themselves to specific forms, like

695:, and effect analysis. The model is usually seen as a linear transmission model and was initially formulated specifically for mass communication, like radio, television, and newspapers. Nonetheless, it has been used in other fields, like 586:. For convergence models, the goal of communication is convergence: to reach a mutual understanding. Feedback plays a central role in this regard: effective feedback helps achieve this goal while ineffective feedback leads to divergence. 773:

or object (X). A and B can be persons or groups, such as trade unions or nations. X can be any part of their shared environment like a specific thing or another person. The ABX model differs from earlier models by focusing on the

294:. The process of encoding translates the message into a signal that can be conveyed using a channel. The channel is the sensory route on which the signal travels. For example, expressing one's thoughts in a speech encodes them as 414:

Transaction models depart from interaction models in two ways. On the one hand, they understand sending and responding as simultaneous processes. This can be used to describe how listeners use non-verbal communication, like

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models, which discuss communication with oneself. Models of non-human communication describe communication among other species. Further types include encoding-decoding models, hypodermic models, and relational models.

279:". Their exact meanings vary slightly from model to model and sometimes different terms are used for the same ideas. Simple models only rely on a few of these concepts while more complex models include many of them. 941: 845:

that respond by sending their own message as a form of feedback. Feedback forms part of many types of communication and makes it easier for the participants to identify and resolve possible misunderstandings.

616:. However, the field of communication studies only developed in the 20th century into a separate research discipline. In its early stages, it often borrowed models and concepts from other disciplines, such as 703:

prompted some theorists to expand Lasswell's model. For example, Richard Braddock published an extension in 1958 including two additional questions: "Under What Circumstances?" and "For What Purpose?".

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message by conveying some information back to the original sender. Context consists in the circumstances of the communication. It is a very wide term that can apply to the physical environment and the

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in the preceding decades. His new approach gives special emphasis to the relation between the participants. The relation determines the goal of communication and the roles played by the participants.

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about how communicative processes will unfold and show how these processes can be measured. One of their goals is to show how to improve communication, for example, by avoiding distortions through

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to refer to this selection. It reflects the style of the source as a communicator. The channel is the medium and process of how the message is transmitted. Berlo analyzes it mainly based on the

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categorize and address problems relevant to models of communication at three basic levels: technical, semantic, and effectiveness problems. They correspond to the issues of how to transmit the

1000:. The content is the idea or information expressed in the message. Choosing an appropriate content and the right code to express it matters for successful communication. Berlo uses the term 768:

The basic components of Newcomb's model are two communicators (A and B) and a topic (X). The arrows symbolize the orientations the communicators have toward each other and toward the topic.

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Newcomb understands communication as a "learned response to strain" caused by discrepancies between orientations. The social function of communication is to maintain equilibrium in the

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differences in the process of communication. Some posit, for example, that men and women have different communication styles and aim to achieve different goals through communication.

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in the sense that it does not have a beginning or an end: people decode cues and encode responses all the time, even when no one else is present. For Barnlund, communication is also

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encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback.

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from a sender to a receiver. For Barnlund, communication "is the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". He holds that the world and its objects lack

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them and assign meaning to them by engaging in the processes of decoding and encoding. In doing so, people try to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared understanding.

908:". In this case, "someone" corresponds to the man and the perceived event is the burning house. Other components include his voice (means) and the fire (conveyed content). 1106:: it is not possible to control all these factors to exactly repeat a previous exchange. This is not even the case when the same communicators exchange the same messages. 455:

models, which see communication as the basic process responsible for how people understand, represent, and experience reality. According to social constructionists, like

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Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions".

972:, and social-cultural system. Communication skills are primarily the ability of the source to encode messages and the ability of the receiver to decode them. The 493:

However, some models are specifically formulated for intrapersonal communication. Many of them focus on the idea that intrapersonal communication starts with the

1056:. Dance's model has been criticized based on the claim that it focuses only on some aspects of communication but does not provide a tool for detailed analysis. 652:. His model is primarily concerned with public speaking and is made up of five elements: the speaker, the message, the audience, the occasion, and the effect. 992:

For the message, the main factors are code, content, and treatment, each of which can be analyzed in terms of its structure and its elements. The code is the

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various aspects and the main focus of the model is a detailed discussion of each of them. For Berlo, all forms of communication are attempts to influence the

5931: 1864: 298:, which are transmitted using air as a channel. Decoding is the reverse process of encoding: it happens when the signal is translated back into a message. 1082:

Barnlund's model rests on a set of basic assumptions. For Barnlund, any activity that creates meaning is a form of communication. He sees communication as

158:, were proposed to overcome the limitations of interaction models. They constitute the origin of further developments in the form of constitutive models. 919:

is the communicator who formulates a message about this event. The message is then perceived and interpreted by the audience, labeled in the diagram as

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by seeing communication as a means of growth, learning, and improvement. The basic idea behind Dance's helical model of communication is also found in

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Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.).

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Sereno, Kenneth K.; Mortensen, C. David (1970). "Communication Theory: Decoding-Encoding". In Sereno, Kenneth K.; Mortensen, C. David (eds.).

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only developed into a separate research discipline in the middle of the 20th century. All early models were linear transmission models, like

431:. This also affects the communicators themselves on various levels, such as their thoughts and feelings as well as their social identities. 809:) and has to compose the message (X') to communicate to the receiver (B). B's direct perception is limited to only a few of these topics (X 1065: 852:

One requirement of successful communication is that the message is located in the overlap of the fields of experience of the participants.

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because meaning is not fixed but depends on the human practice of interpretation, which is itself subject to change. Communication is

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Noise is any influence that interferes with the message reaching its destination. Some theorists distinguish environmental noise and

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effect on the communicators and evolves continuously as a process. The upward widening movement of the helix represents a form of

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is concerned with the second component. In Gerbner's example, "a man notices a house burning across the street and shouts 'Fire!

6529: 866:, that the message is understandable, and that the audience is able and motivated to react to the message in the intended way. 742: 350: 5732: 4682:

Craig, Robert (30 January 2013). "Constructing Theories in Communication Research". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.).

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interact. They usually do so in the form of a simplified visualization and ignore some aspects for the sake of simplicity.

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since many components are involved and many factors influence how it unfolds. Because of its complexity, communication is

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to reconstruct the source's intention found in the original message. They try to solve this problem by making the message

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is the positive or negative stance that source and receiver have toward themselves, each other, and the discussed topic.

67:. Their function is to give a compact overview of the complex process of communication. This helps researchers formulate 7046: 6761: 6711: 6651: 5313:

Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model".

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Aristotle and Information Theory: A Comparison of the Influence of Causal Assumptions on two Theories of Communication

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Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map is Not the Territory".

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Berlo's model includes a detailed discussion of the four main components of communication and their different aspects.

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and interpretation. However, some forms of communication can be accurately described by them, such as many types of

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Schramm's model of communication is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. It was published by

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In the 1970s, Schramm proposed modifications to his original model to take into account the discoveries made in

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is communication between two distinct persons, like when greeting someone on the street or making a phone call.

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the model since the participants are both senders and receivers and they alternate between these two positions.

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The sender is responsible for creating the message and sending it to the receiver. Some theorists use the terms

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One of the earliest models of communication was given by Aristotle. He speaks of communication in his treatise

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aspects and distorts others. For this reason, he suggests that a family of different models should be adopted.

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because there is no clear division between sender and receiver as found in linear transmission models. It is

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perceived by a receiver. The receiver processes this information to translate it into some kind of response.

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According to Aristotle's communication model, the speaker wishes to have an effect on the audience, such as

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Boundary Spanners of Humanity: Three Logics of Communications and Public Diplomacy for Global Collaboration

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Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Targeted Communication Programs: A Manual for Business Communicators

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Farley, Mary J. (September 1992). "Thought and Talk: The Intrapersonal Component of Human Communication".

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Baldwin, John R.; Coleman, Robin R. Means; González, Alberto; Shenoy-Packer, Suchitra (3 February 2014).

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stands for the understanding of the topic and the social-cultural system includes background beliefs and

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Lasswell, Harold (1948). "The Structure and Function of Communication in Society". In Bryson, L. (ed.).

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Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication".

911: 832: 764: 2899: 2897: 2895: 797:

An influential expansion of Newcomb's model is due to Westley and MacLean. They introduce the idea of

7041: 6987: 6786: 6736: 6701: 6691: 6686: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 1072: 641: 207: 203: 191: 171: 104: 56: 2458: 1357: 87:. The receiver needs to decode the message to understand the initial idea and provides some form of 6932: 6907: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 567:, which ascribe an active role to the receiver in the process of communication and meaning-making. 456: 390:

distorted by noise. For example, interaction models can be used to describe a conversation through

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Dance's helical model understands communication in analogy to an upward-moving and widening helix.

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communication, ie., what effects it has on behavior. An example is that communication provides an

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models stress that communication is a basic phenomenon responsible for how people understand and

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Lederman, Linda Costigan (2002). "Intrapersonal communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).

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Barker, Larry L.; Wiseman, Gordon (1 September 1966). "A Model of Intrapersonal Communication".

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Some theorists, like Paul Cobley and Peter J. Schulz, distinguish models of communication from

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Animal Cognition in Nature: The Convergence of Psychology and Biology in Laboratory and Field

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Craig, Robert T. Communication Theory as a Field (1999). "Communication Theory as a Field".

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Schramm's model of communication differs from earlier models by including a feedback loop.

774: 683: 574: 206:. This is based on the idea that theories of communication try to provide a more abstract 5315:

2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing

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due to the diverse effects it has on the communicators that cannot be undone. It is also

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The Shannon–Weaver model has been influential in the fields of communication theory and

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Lasswell's model is an early and influential model of communication. It was proposed by

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Visual presentation of Lasswell's model of communication as a linear transmission model.

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Fatal Words and Friendly Faces: Interpersonal Communication in the Twenty-first Century

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forms. In the widest sense, communication is not restricted to humans but happens also

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Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021).

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Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment

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Ruben, Brent D. (2001). "Models Of Communication". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).

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Communicative Behaviour of a Language Learner: Exploring Willingness to Communicate

3521: 3519: 3517: 3397: 3395: 2916: 2914: 2912: 981: 954:

Berlo's model is a linear transmission model of communication. It was published by

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instead. The message itself can be verbal or non-verbal and contains some form of

6312: 6270: 6144: 6069: 5973: 5889: 5868: 5753: 5657: 5531: 5349: 5171: 5150: 4794: 4733: 4683: 4662: 4641: 4528: 4507: 4284: 3994: 3978: 3962: 3946: 3895: 3852: 3778: 3686: 3651: 3529: 3405: 3370: 3354: 3322: 3290: 3255: 3220: 3204: 3188: 3106: 3055: 2924: 2819: 2787: 2566: 2479: 2426: 2410: 2394: 2362: 2329: 2301: 2285: 2269: 2253: 2002: 1836: 1785: 1734: 1673: 1625: 1593: 1552: 1529: 1497: 1481: 1465: 1449: 1433: 1401: 1385: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1227: 1192: 540:

Additional classifications of communication models have been suggested. The term

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The Role of Language and Symbols in Promotional Strategies and Marketing Schemes

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An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community

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McQuail, Denis (2008). "Models of communication". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.).

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Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019).

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Wilbur Schramm and Noam Chomsky Meet Harold Innis: Media, Power, and Democracy

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models describe communicative exchanges with other people. They contrast with

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is created in this process and does not exist prior to it. Constitutive and

6227:

Vieira, Patrícia; Gagliano, Monica; Ryan, John Charles (24 December 2015).

5702: 2763: 2761: 2759: 1028:'s helical model of communication was initially published in his 1967 book 6356: 6186: 5414:

Business Communication: Strategies for Success in Business and Professions

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Hill, Anne; Watson, James; Rivers, Danny; Joyce, Mark (16 November 2007).

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Balda, Russell P.; Pepperberg, Irene M.; Kamil, A. C. (9 September 1998).

2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 150:. For many purposes, they were later replaced by interaction models, like 6089:

Straubhaar, Joseph; LaRose, Robert; Davenport, Lucinda (1 January 2015).

1041: 997: 915:

Gerbner's model of communication starts with the perception of an event.

649: 325: 272: 264: 88: 6447: 6135: 6111: 5057: 5033: 4325:

Strategic Place Branding Methodologies and Theory for Tourist Attraction

3879: 892:. The communicating agent perceives it and composes a message about it. 336: 194:

and between species. However, models of communication normally focus on

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generation and transmission of new stimuli, which are again perceived.

247:

Many basic concepts reappear in the different models, like "sender", "

154:. Beginning in the 1970s, transactional models of communication, like 6634: 6629: 5694: 5372:

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on their own. They are only meaningful to the extent that people

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phenomena. Models of communication can guide the formulation of

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of the communicators as well as the general social situation.

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Models of communication are representations of the process of

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that is strong enough to accurately represent the underlying

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other and whether they have the same attitude towards X.

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Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (5 August 2010).

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and one of the first models of communication is due to

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information in the form of a message and sends it to a

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Source–message–channel–receiver model of communication

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filtering the original message for the mass audience.

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communication are still found in contemporary models.

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The problem of communication was already discussed in

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Healing Through Communication: The Practice of Caring

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source has a demeaning attitude toward the receiver.

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Many models of communication include the idea that a

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Westley and MacLean's expansion of Newcomb's model.

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Routledge. pp. 10–11. 5677:Newcomb, Theodore M. (1953). 4954:. Routledge. pp. 29–32. 4870:10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70190-4 4328:. IGI Global. pp. 53–4. 3549:Beck, Bennett & Wall 2002 1737:, Shannon and Weaver's model. 1308:1.2 The Communication Process 573:stress the importance of the 6652:Text and conversation theory 4906:Feicheng, Ma (31 May 2022). 4778:. Routledge. p. 633-4. 4548:Blythe, Jim (5 March 2009). 514:Steps of plant communication 5936:. Oxford University Press. 5802:. Macmillan Reference USA. 5128:Jandt, Fred Edmund (2010). 4732:Dance, Frank E. X. (1967). 3138:Bowman & Targowski 1987 2507:Eisenberg & Gamble 1991 2234:Baluška & Ninkovic 2010 2131:Baluška & Ninkovic 2010 1430:Sereno & Mortensen 1970 488:Intrapersonal communication 484:Interpersonal communication 7068: 6347:10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n3p245 6068:Steinberg, Sheila (2007). 6047:Steinberg, Sheila (1995). 5915:. IGI Global. p. 52. 5614:Moore, David Mike (1994). 5467:Marsh, Patrick O. (1983). 5254:The Communication of Ideas 5149:Januszewski, Alan (2001). 4814:Ehrlich, Larry G. (2000). 4583:10.1177/002194368702400402 4089:Littlejohn & Foss 2009 4026:Mcquail & Windahl 2015 3699:Melkote & Steeves 2001 3373:, How communication works. 3357:, How communication works. 3325:, How communication works. 3293:, How communication works. 3258:, How communication works. 3223:, How communication works. 3207:, How communication works. 3191:, How communication works. 3109:, How communication works. 3087:Mcquail & Windahl 2015 3036:Mcquail & Windahl 2015 2806:, 1. Communication theory. 2774:, 1. Communication theory. 2423:Chandler & Munday 2011 2407:Chandler & Munday 2011 2359:Chandler & Munday 2011 2326:Chandler & Munday 2011 2298:Chandler & Munday 2011 2282:Chandler & Munday 2011 2266:Chandler & Munday 2011 2256:, encoding-decoding model. 2250:Chandler & Munday 2011 1999:Chandler & Munday 2011 1833:Chandler & Munday 2011 1814:Littlejohn & Foss 2009 1782:Chandler & Munday 2011 1731:Chandler & Munday 2011 1693:Littlejohn & Foss 2009 1549:Chandler & Munday 2011 1494:Chandler & Munday 2011 1478:Chandler & Munday 2011 1462:Chandler & Munday 2011 1446:Chandler & Munday 2011 1341:, Models of communication. 1224:Chandler & Munday 2011 1063: 1030:Human Communication Theory 939: 825: 710: 667: 644:and characterizes it as a 7006: 6663: 6485: 6355:West, Richard L. (2010). 6248:Vocate, Donna R. (1994). 6170:. Routledge. p. 60. 6014:Stead, Bette Ann (1972). 5933:A Dictionary of Sociology 5823:. Routledge. p. 12. 5494:. Routledge. p. 34. 5438:. IGI Global. p. 2. 4909:Information Communication 4775:Communication Yearbook 15 4625:. Routledge. p. 25. 4551:Key Concepts in Marketing 2033:Barker & Wiseman 1966 2015:Barker & Wiseman 1966 1900:Barker & Wiseman 1966 1888:Barker & Wiseman 1966 1861:Scott & Marshall 2009 497:of internal and external 340:Linear transmission model 204:theories of communication 6610:Nonviolent communication 6540:History of communication 6074:. Juta and Company Ltd. 5032:Gerbner, George (1956). 4990:Fujishin, Randy (2009). 4600:Journal of Communication 4527:Berlo, David K. (1960). 4468:10.1515/9783110878752.43 4429:Journal of Communication 4281:Powell & Powell 2010 2455:Cobley & Schulz 2013 2185:, p. 381, cited in 2183:Krebs & Dawkins 1995 1843:Morel & Spector 2022 1638:Cobley & Schulz 2013 1606:Manuela & Clara 2018 1354:Cobley & Schulz 2013 799:asymmetry of information 176:non-verbal communication 61:non-verbal communication 6605:Nonverbal communication 6595:Models of communication 6426:Zaharna, R. S. (2022). 6110:Taylor, Hal R. (1962). 5323:10.1109/WICOM.2007.1332 5155:. Libraries Unlimited. 5113:. SAGE. pp. 57–8. 5017:. Springer. p. 5. 4753:Danesi, Marcel (2009). 4301:Agunga, Robert (2006). 2072:Wodak & Koller 2008 1971:Koutoukidis et al. 2009 1931:Selnow & Crano 1987 1230:, communication models. 1160:Models Of Communication 542:encoding-decoding model 162:Definition and function 146:, Gerbner's model, and 45:Models of communication 5317:. pp. 5439–5442. 4160:Watson & Hill 2015 4064:Watson & Hill 2012 3608:Watson & Hill 2012 3463:Watson & Hill 2012 2904:Watson & Hill 2012 2598:Watson & Hill 2012 2439:Orbe & Harris 2022 2005:, communication models 1870:Lock & Strong 2010 1865:social constructionism 1788:, constitutive models. 1555:, transmission models. 1022: 951: 924: 853: 837: 794: 769: 722: 679: 592:emphasize the role of 559:, also referred to as 515: 480: 411: 382: 341: 231:or by discovering how 41: 18:Model of communication 6757:Mediated cross-border 6479:Communication studies 5354:. SAGE Publications. 4688:. Walter de Gruyter. 4667:. Walter de Gruyter. 2344:, p. 17-9, 34-8. 1020: 949: 914: 871:communication studies 851: 835: 792: 767: 720: 677: 561:magic bullet theories 513: 474: 409: 380: 339: 136:communication studies 55:try to describe both 51:. Most communication 35: 7052:Communication theory 7037:Conceptual modelling 6692:Communication theory 6687:Communication design 5683:Psychological Review 5656:Narula, Uma (2006). 5375:. SAGE. p. 38. 5134:. SAGE. p. 41. 4969:Fiske, John (2011). 4705:Communication Theory 3020:Ahmet & Can 2016 2729:, p. 5439–5442. 2413:, convergence model. 2365:, relational models. 713:Shannon–Weaver model 208:conceptual framework 144:Shannon–Weaver model 7047:Human communication 2647:Baldwin et al. 2014 2429:, difference model. 2304:, hypodermic model. 1035:Dance holds that a 902:perception research 457:George Herbert Mead 448:Constitutive models 425:personal identities 332:Linear transmission 196:human communication 6722:Discourse analysis 6647:Telecommunications 6590:Meta-communication 6206:UMN staff (2010). 6185:UMN staff (2013). 4110:Lawson et al. 2019 3490:, 2. Other models. 3077:, 2. Other models. 2946:, 2. Other models. 2753:, p. 380–382. 2585:, 2. Other models. 2553:, p. 599–622. 2332:, reception model. 1804:, 2. Other models. 1516:, 2. Other models. 1023: 952: 925: 854: 838: 795: 770: 754:information theory 723: 707:Shannon and Weaver 691:, media analysis, 680: 584:convergence models 547:inferential models 516: 481: 421:facial expressions 412: 383: 342: 321:mass communication 101:mass communication 42: 7024: 7023: 6418:978-1-133-71157-5 6397:978-3-11-019898-0 6368:978-0-07-338507-5 6261:978-0-8058-1128-5 6240:978-1-4985-1060-8 5964:978-0-89930-208-9 5943:978-0-19-953300-8 5403:978-1-139-48736-8 5225:978-0-7295-3857-2 5099:978-0-335-23517-9 5003:978-0-7425-6396-4 4940:978-3-031-09206-0 4632:978-1-135-85703-5 4459:Language Behavior 4419:978-3-642-12162-3 4377:978-0-08-052723-9 2286:inferential model 2011:, p. 481–484 1839:, constructionism 1372:, pp. 46–47. 693:audience analysis 630:political science 590:Difference models 571:Relational models 557:Hypodermic models 410:Transaction model 392:instant messaging 381:Interaction model 134:but the field of 91:. In both cases, 16:(Redirected from 7059: 7014: 7013: 6669: 6620:Public relations 6515:Biocommunication 6472: 6465: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6422: 6401: 6380: 6351: 6349: 6328: 6307: 6286: 6265: 6244: 6223: 6202: 6181: 6160: 6139: 6106: 6085: 6064: 6043: 6010: 5989: 5968: 5947: 5926: 5905: 5884: 5863: 5834: 5813: 5792: 5769: 5748: 5727: 5706: 5695:10.1037/h0063098 5673: 5652: 5631: 5610: 5589: 5568: 5547: 5526: 5505: 5484: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5428: 5407: 5386: 5365: 5344: 5309: 5288: 5267: 5248: 5229: 5208: 5187: 5166: 5145: 5124: 5103: 5082: 5061: 5028: 5007: 4986: 4965: 4944: 4923: 4902: 4881: 4852: 4831: 4810: 4789: 4768: 4749: 4728: 4699: 4678: 4657: 4636: 4615: 4594: 4565: 4544: 4523: 4502: 4481: 4452: 4423: 4402: 4381: 4360: 4339: 4318: 4288: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4259:, p. 57-60. 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4190: 4179: 4178:, p. 47-53. 4173: 4167: 4157: 4144: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4071: 4061: 4052: 4042: 4033: 4023: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3988: 3982: 3972: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3911:Januszewski 2001 3908: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3856: 3846: 3837: 3827: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3772: 3766: 3756: 3745: 3735: 3722: 3712: 3706: 3696: 3690: 3680: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3629: 3623: 3622:, p. 176-8. 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3598:, p. 173-6. 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3565: 3556: 3546: 3533: 3523: 3512: 3502: 3491: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3399: 3390: 3380: 3374: 3364: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3326: 3316: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3284: 3278: 3268: 3259: 3249: 3240: 3230: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3198: 3192: 3182: 3176: 3166: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3140:, p. 21–34. 3135: 3126: 3116: 3110: 3100: 3094: 3084: 3078: 3068: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3027: 3017: 3008: 2998: 2987: 2977: 2966: 2956: 2947: 2937: 2928: 2918: 2907: 2901: 2890: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2835:Januszewski 2001 2832: 2823: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2791: 2781: 2775: 2765: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2705:, p. 88–93. 2700: 2694: 2684: 2678: 2677:, p. 245–9. 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2628: 2622: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2523: 2514: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2473: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2382: 2372: 2366: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2289: 2279: 2273: 2263: 2257: 2247: 2241: 2231: 2225: 2215: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2180: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2088:Hill et al. 2007 2085: 2079: 2069: 2063: 2027: 2021: 1984: 1978: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1928: 1922: 1912: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1827: 1821: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1789: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1738: 1728: 1715: 1709: 1700: 1690: 1677: 1667: 1661: 1651: 1645: 1635: 1629: 1619: 1613: 1603: 1597: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1556: 1546: 1533: 1523: 1517: 1507: 1501: 1491: 1485: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1453: 1443: 1437: 1427: 1421: 1411: 1405: 1395: 1389: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1351: 1342: 1332: 1311: 1301: 1264: 1254: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1221: 1212: 1202: 1196: 1186: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1153: 1138: 1128: 1046:education theory 907: 689:content analysis 565:reception models 437:Barnlund's model 347:listening skills 267:", "decoding", " 156:Barnlund's model 140:Lasswell's model 21: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7002: 6791: 6670: 6661: 6508: 6506: 6499: 6481: 6476: 6446: 6440: 6425: 6419: 6404: 6398: 6383: 6369: 6354: 6331: 6325: 6310: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6268: 6262: 6247: 6241: 6226: 6220: 6205: 6199: 6184: 6178: 6163: 6157: 6142: 6109: 6103: 6088: 6082: 6067: 6061: 6046: 6013: 5992: 5986: 5971: 5965: 5950: 5944: 5929: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5866: 5837: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5795: 5789: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5730: 5724: 5709: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5613: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5529: 5523: 5508: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5410: 5404: 5389: 5383: 5368: 5362: 5347: 5333: 5312: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5251: 5245: 5232: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5064: 5031: 5025: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4968: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4884: 4855: 4849: 4834: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4752: 4746: 4731: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4618: 4597: 4568: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4526: 4520: 4505: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4455: 4426: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235:, p. 52-3. 4231: 4227: 4223:, p. 51-2. 4219: 4215: 4211:, p. 48-9. 4207: 4203: 4191: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4158: 4147: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4108: 4095: 4087: 4074: 4062: 4055: 4043: 4036: 4024: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3989: 3985: 3973: 3969: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3909: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3874: 3859: 3847: 3840: 3828: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3757: 3748: 3736: 3725: 3713: 3709: 3697: 3693: 3681: 3677: 3665: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3566: 3559: 3547: 3536: 3524: 3515: 3503: 3494: 3482: 3469: 3461: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3400: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3365: 3361: 3349: 3345: 3333: 3329: 3317: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3262: 3250: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3199: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3167: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3085: 3081: 3069: 3062: 3050: 3046: 3034: 3030: 3018: 3011: 2999: 2990: 2978: 2969: 2957: 2950: 2938: 2931: 2919: 2910: 2902: 2893: 2881: 2877: 2865: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2833: 2826: 2814: 2810: 2798: 2794: 2782: 2778: 2766: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2645: 2641: 2629: 2625: 2613: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2536: 2524: 2517: 2505: 2498: 2492:Rosenfield 2011 2490: 2486: 2474: 2465: 2461:, Introduction. 2453: 2449: 2437: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2405: 2401: 2389: 2385: 2375:Montgomery 1993 2373: 2369: 2357: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2292: 2280: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2232: 2228: 2216: 2212: 2200: 2196: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2098: 2086: 2082: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2035:, p. 173-7 2028: 2024: 2020: 1985: 1981: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1929: 1925: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1828: 1824: 1812: 1808: 1796: 1792: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1741: 1729: 1718: 1710: 1703: 1691: 1680: 1668: 1664: 1652: 1648: 1636: 1632: 1620: 1616: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1584: 1572: 1559: 1547: 1536: 1524: 1520: 1508: 1504: 1492: 1488: 1476: 1472: 1460: 1456: 1444: 1440: 1428: 1424: 1412: 1408: 1396: 1392: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1360:, Introduction. 1352: 1345: 1333: 1314: 1302: 1267: 1255: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1222: 1215: 1203: 1199: 1195:, Introduction. 1187: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1154: 1141: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1068: 1062: 1050:spiral approach 1015: 1009:communication. 944: 938: 905: 879: 830: 824: 812: 808: 804: 775:social relation 762: 715: 709: 684:Harold Lasswell 672: 666: 638: 606: 538: 508: 469: 453:constructionist 445: 404: 396:Schramm's model 375: 334: 316: 314:Classifications 245: 164: 152:Schramm's model 109:constructionist 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7065: 7063: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6762:Organizational 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6712:Cross-cultural 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560:Intrapersonal 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6381: 6367: 6352: 6329: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6287: 6281: 6275:. Bloomsbury. 6266: 6260: 6245: 6239: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6161: 6155: 6140: 6107: 6101: 6086: 6080: 6065: 6059: 6044: 6026:(3): 389–394. 6011: 6001:(3): 379–423. 5990: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5948: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5906: 5900: 5885: 5880:978-0252001970 5879: 5864: 5846:(5): 599–622. 5835: 5829: 5814: 5808: 5793: 5787: 5770: 5764: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5689:(6): 393–404. 5674: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5611: 5605: 5590: 5584: 5569: 5563: 5548: 5542: 5527: 5521: 5506: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5464: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5331: 5310: 5304: 5289: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5209: 5203: 5188: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5125: 5119: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5062: 5044:(3): 171–199. 5029: 5023: 5008: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4945: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4882: 4864:(3): 481–484. 4853: 4847: 4832: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4750: 4744: 4729: 4711:(2): 119–161. 4700: 4694: 4679: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4646:. OUP Oxford. 4637: 4631: 4616: 4595: 4566: 4560: 4545: 4539: 4524: 4518: 4503: 4497: 4482: 4476: 4453: 4435:(3): 172–179. 4424: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4382: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4180: 4168: 4145: 4130: 4118: 4093: 4072: 4053: 4034: 4011: 3999: 3983: 3967: 3951: 3935: 3919: 3900: 3884: 3857: 3838: 3815: 3799: 3783: 3767: 3746: 3723: 3707: 3691: 3675: 3656: 3640: 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 112. 3600: 3588: 3586:, p. 173. 3576: 3557: 3534: 3513: 3492: 3467: 3446: 3444:, p. 171. 3434: 3432:, p. 7-8. 3422: 3410: 3391: 3375: 3359: 3343: 3327: 3311: 3295: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3225: 3209: 3193: 3177: 3158: 3142: 3127: 3119:Steinberg 1995 3111: 3095: 3079: 3060: 3044: 3028: 3009: 2988: 2967: 2948: 2929: 2908: 2891: 2875: 2859: 2843: 2824: 2808: 2792: 2776: 2755: 2743: 2741:, p. 381. 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2639: 2623: 2602: 2587: 2571: 2555: 2534: 2526:Steinberg 2007 2515: 2496: 2484: 2463: 2447: 2431: 2415: 2399: 2383: 2367: 2346: 2334: 2318: 2316:, p. 8-9. 2306: 2290: 2274: 2258: 2242: 2226: 2210: 2194: 2175: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2140:UMN staff 2013 2137: 2128: 2118: 2111: 2096: 2080: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059:, p. 43-8 2054: 2045: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1996: 1986: 1979: 1963: 1961:, p. 164. 1951: 1947:UMN staff 2010 1939: 1923: 1904: 1902:, p. 173. 1892: 1890:, p. 174. 1880: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1829: 1822: 1806: 1790: 1774: 1762: 1739: 1716: 1701: 1678: 1662: 1646: 1630: 1614: 1598: 1582: 1557: 1534: 1518: 1502: 1486: 1470: 1454: 1438: 1422: 1414:Steinberg 2007 1406: 1390: 1374: 1362: 1343: 1312: 1304:UMN staff 2013 1265: 1244: 1232: 1213: 1205:UMN staff 2013 1197: 1176: 1164: 1139: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1014: 1011: 984:common in the 940:Main article: 937: 934: 882:George Gerbner 878: 875: 842:Wilbur Schramm 826:Main article: 823: 820: 810: 806: 802: 761: 758: 730:Claude Shannon 711:Main article: 708: 705: 668:Main article: 665: 662: 637: 634: 610:Ancient Greece 605: 602: 537: 534: 507: 504: 468: 465: 461:conceptualized 444: 441: 403: 400: 374: 371: 363:Shannon-Weaver 355:text messaging 333: 330: 315: 312: 244: 243:Basic concepts 241: 163: 160: 132:Ancient Greece 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7064: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7017: 7009: 7008: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:Media studies 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6742:International 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727:Environmental 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6717:Developmental 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6697:Communicology 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6585:Media ecology 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Interpersonal 6553: 6551: 6550:Intercultural 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Communication 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6441: 6439:9780190930271 6435: 6431: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6324:9780252725463 6320: 6316: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6303:9781628921496 6299: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6282:9781849665636 6278: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6219:9781946135056 6215: 6211: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6198:9781946135070 6194: 6190: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6177:9781000164985 6173: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6156:9781000381412 6152: 6149:. Routledge. 6148: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6102:9781305533851 6098: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6081:9780702172618 6077: 6073: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6060:9780702136498 6056: 6052: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5985:9780060446239 5981: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5922:9781599049328 5918: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5901:9780252001970 5897: 5893: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5830:9781351294713 5826: 5822: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5809:9780028653860 5805: 5801: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5788:9783110813616 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5765:9781135147532 5761: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5744:9781483375533 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5723:9781478650584 5719: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5669:9788126905133 5665: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5648:9781000688252 5644: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5627:9780877782643 5623: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5606:9781452254104 5602: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5585:9789811531477 5581: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5564:9780761994763 5560: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5543:9781317900672 5539: 5536:. Routledge. 5535: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5522:9781405131995 5518: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5501:9781134954148 5497: 5493: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5480:9780877781844 5476: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5447: 5445:9781522557791 5441: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5424:9780873934992 5420: 5416: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5382:9781473909120 5378: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5361:9781412959377 5357: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5332:9781424413119 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5305:9780028653853 5301: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5284:9781108594417 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5263:9780598970824 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5244:9780632009879 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5204:9783732904327 5200: 5196: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5183:9780226264844 5179: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5162:9781563087493 5158: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5141:9781412970105 5137: 5133: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5120:9780761970705 5116: 5112: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5078:9780739152584 5074: 5070: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5024:9783319593333 5020: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4982:9780415596497 4978: 4975:. Routledge. 4974: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4961:9781136870187 4957: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4919:9783031022937 4915: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4898:9780080567174 4894: 4890: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4848:9780819181473 4844: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4827:9780761817208 4823: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4806:9781442550551 4802: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4785:9780415876940 4781: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4764:9780765680983 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4745:9780030635151 4741: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4695:9783110240450 4691: 4687: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4674:9783110240450 4670: 4666: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4653:9780199568758 4649: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4561:9781847874986 4557: 4553: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4540:9780030556869 4536: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4519:9780803973572 4515: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4498:9780415247528 4494: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4477:9783110878752 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4398:9781444332360 4394: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4356:9781498506823 4352: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4335:9781522505808 4331: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4314:9780977035793 4310: 4306: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4271:, p. 54. 4270: 4269:Barnlund 2013 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257:Barnlund 2013 4253: 4250: 4247:, p. 51. 4246: 4245:Barnlund 2013 4241: 4238: 4234: 4233:Barnlund 2013 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221:Barnlund 2013 4217: 4214: 4210: 4209:Barnlund 2013 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176:Barnlund 2013 4172: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4143:, p. 47. 4142: 4141:Barnlund 2013 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126:Barnlund 2013 4122: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3744:, SMCR Model. 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169:Schwartz 2010 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703:Braddock 1958 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:Feicheng 2022 2683: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663:Lasswell 1948 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202:Ferretti 2022 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2187:Ferretti 2022 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2122:Ferretti 2022 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2058: 2057:Barnlund 2013 2055: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2017:, p. 172 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:Lederman 2002 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852:Trenholm 2020 1850: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1772:, p. 58. 1771: 1770:Barnlund 2013 1766: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1714:, p. 48. 1713: 1712:Barnlund 2013 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:Kastberg 2019 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Fujishin 2009 1127: 1124: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1054:Jerome Bruner 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 965: 962: 957: 948: 943: 935: 933: 929: 922: 918: 913: 909: 903: 899: 893: 891: 887: 883: 876: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 850: 846: 843: 834: 829: 821: 819: 817: 800: 791: 787: 784: 783:social system 779: 776: 766: 759: 757: 755: 750: 748: 744: 739: 735: 734:Warren Weaver 731: 727: 719: 714: 706: 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 685: 676: 671: 663: 661: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 635: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 603: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 585: 581: 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 552: 548: 543: 535: 533: 530: 524: 522: 512: 505: 503: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 477: 473: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 449: 442: 440: 438: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 408: 401: 399: 397: 393: 387: 379: 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p. 3038:, p. 3022:, p. 3003:, p. 3001:Fiske 2010 2982:, p. 2961:, p. 2942:, p. 2940:Fiske 2011 2923:, p. 2885:, p. 2869:, p. 2853:, p. 2851:Marsh 1983 2837:, p. 2820:4–9, 18–19 2818:, p. 2802:, p. 2800:Fiske 2011 2786:, p. 2770:, p. 2768:Fiske 2011 2689:, p. 2649:, p. 2633:, p. 2617:, p. 2581:, p. 2579:Fiske 2011 2565:, p. 2528:, p. 2509:, p. 2478:, p. 2457:, p. 2441:, p. 2425:, p. 2409:, p. 2393:, p. 2377:, p. 2361:, p. 2328:, p. 2300:, p. 2268:, p. 2252:, p. 2236:, p. 2220:, p. 2204:, p. 2189:, p. 2169:, p. 2151:, p. 2149:Carey 2008 2133:, p. 2124:, p. 2090:, p. 2074:, p. 2050:, p. 2041:, p. 2039:Deetz 2011 2001:, p. 1992:, p. 1973:, p. 1933:, p. 1917:, p. 1854:, p. 1845:, p. 1835:, p. 1816:, p. 1800:, p. 1798:Fiske 2011 1784:, p. 1733:, p. 1695:, p. 1672:, p. 1656:, p. 1640:, p. 1624:, p. 1608:, p. 1592:, p. 1576:, p. 1551:, p. 1528:, p. 1512:, p. 1510:Fiske 2011 1500:, context. 1496:, p. 1480:, p. 1468:, channel. 1464:, p. 1448:, p. 1432:, p. 1416:, p. 1400:, p. 1384:, p. 1370:Craig 2013 1356:, p. 1337:, p. 1259:, p. 1240:Craig 1999 1226:, p. 1191:, p. 1156:Ruben 2001 1133:, p. 1114:References 1088:continuous 859:experience 816:gatekeeper 657:persuading 618:psychology 495:perception 369:'s model. 221:hypotheses 113:experience 83:through a 69:hypotheses 6782:Technical 6767:Political 6675:Subfields 6600:New media 6377:226356706 6340:: 245–9. 6128:2376-0761 6032:0001-4273 5860:146389958 5454:cite book 5050:0885-727X 4725:1050-3293 4591:145236749 3995:12–13, 21 3742:1588–1589 3530:21, 31–32 3406:22, 30–31 3383:Babe 2015 3335:Meng 2020 1990:Wood 2012 1172:West 2010 1119:Citations 1077:interpret 1002:treatment 978:Knowledge 970:knowledge 864:attention 743:redundant 697:new media 636:Aristotle 622:sociology 614:Aristotle 551:intention 506:Non-human 188:olfactory 7016:Category 6968:Richards 6893:Jakobson 6873:Habermas 6828:Castells 6818:Benjamin 6796:Scholars 6136:43093688 5703:13112341 5341:15690224 5058:30218421 4512:. 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