296:, and more. This foundation is as diverse as that of engineering management and brings elements of art, engineering, and science together in a complex and unique way that requires domain experts to enable appropriate decisions when it comes to application or development of M&S technology in the context of this paper. The diversity and application-oriented nature of this new discipline sometimes result in the challenge, that the supported application domains themselves already have vocabularies in place that are not necessarily aligned between disjunctive domains. A comprehensive and concise representation of concepts, terms, and activities is needed that make up a professional Body of Knowledge for the M&S discipline. Due to the broad variety of contributors, this process is still ongoing."
425:
management professional in systems engineering needs to make sure that the systems design captured in a systems architecture is aligned with the systems development, this task needs to be conducted with the same level of professionalism for the model that has to be implemented as well. As the role of big data and analytics continues to grow, the role of combined simulation of analysis is the realm of yet another professional called a simplest – in order to blend algorithmic and analytic techniques through visualizations available directly to decision makers. A study designed for the Bureau of Labor and
Statistics by Lee et al. provides an interesting look at how bootstrap techniques (statistical analysis) were used with simulation to generate population data where there existed none.
136:, increase the quality of products and systems, and document and archive lessons learned. Because the results of a simulation are only as good as the underlying model(s), engineers, operators, and analysts must pay particular attention to its construction. To ensure that the results of the simulation are applicable to the real world, the user must understand the assumptions, conceptualizations, and constraints of its implementation. Additionally, models may be updated and improved using results of actual experiments. M&S is a discipline on its own. Its many application domains often lead to the assumption that M&S is a pure application. This is not the case and needs to be recognized by engineering management in the application of M&S.
264:
25:
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of the car could be used to estimate the effect of different spoiler shapes on the coefficient of friction in a turn. Useful insights about different decisions in the design could be gleaned without actually building the car. In addition, simulation can support experimentation that occurs totally in
365:
is applied for the procurement, development, and testing of systems. This support can start in early phases and include topics like executable system architectures, and it can support testing by providing a virtual environment in which tests are conducted. This style of work is often accomplished by
358:
is conducted in support of planning and experimentation. Very often, the search for an optimal solution that shall be implemented is driving these efforts. What-if analyses of alternatives fall into this category as well. This style of work is often accomplished by simulysts - those having skills in
408:
is understood as the purposeful abstraction of reality, resulting in the formal specification of a conceptualization and underlying assumptions and constraints. M&S is in particular interested in models that are used to support the implementation of an executable version on a computer. The
424:
Conceptualization and implementation – modeling and simulation – are two activities that are mutually dependent, but can nonetheless be conducted by separate individuals. Management and engineering knowledge and guidelines are needed to ensure that they are well connected. Like an engineering
178:
Simulations can often be even more realistic than traditional experiments, as they allow the free configuration of the realistic range of environment parameters found in the operational application field of the final product. Examples are supporting deep water operation of the US Navy or the
330:
More generally, modeling and simulation is a key enabler for systems engineering activities as the system representation in a computer readable (and possibly executable) model enables engineers to reproduce the system (or
Systems of System) behavior. A collection of applicative modeling and
210:
for the final system. If managed correctly, the environment can be migrated from the development and test domain to the training and education domain in follow-on life cycle phases for the systems (including the option to train and optimize a virtual twin of the real system under realistic
139:
The use of such mathematical models and simulations avoids actual experimentation, which can be costly and time-consuming. Instead, mathematical knowledge and computational power is used to solve real-world problems cheaply and in a time efficient manner. As such, M&S can facilitate
388:
is applied to ongoing business operations. Traditionally, decision support systems provide this functionality. Simulation systems improve their functionality by adding the dynamic element and allow to compute estimates and predictions, including optimization and what-if analyses.
145:
software, or in human-in-the-loop environments where simulation represents systems or generates data needed to meet experiment objectives. Furthermore, simulation can be used to train persons using a virtual environment that would otherwise be difficult or expensive to produce.
157:(NSF) Report on "Simulation-based Engineering Science" showed the potential of using simulation technology and methods to revolutionize the engineering science. Among the reasons for the steadily increasing interest in simulation applications are the following:
318:
solve real world problems by focusing on solutions using M&S. Often, the solution results from applying a method, but many solutions are very problem domain specific and are derived from problem domain expertise and not from any general M&S theory or
231:
of military systems. Other application domains, however, are currently catching up. M&S in the fields of medicine, transportation, and other industries is poised to rapidly outstrip DoD's use of M&S in the years ahead, if it hasn't already happened.
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analyses of different alternatives, in particular when the necessary data to initialize the simulation can easily be obtained from operational data. This use of simulation adds decision support simulation systems to the tool box of traditional
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Although the terms "modeling" and "simulation" are often used as synonyms within disciplines applying M&S exclusively as a tool, within the discipline of M&S both are treated as individual and equally important concepts.
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starts – i.e., the computer calculates the results of those conditions on the mathematical model – and outputs results in a format that is either machine- or human-readable, depending upon the implementation.
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understanding a system's behavior without actually testing the system in the real world. For example, to determine which type of spoiler would improve traction the most while designing a race car, a
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which contains key parameters of the physical model. The mathematical model represents the physical model in virtual form, and conditions are applied that set up the experiment of interest. The
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management must ensure that model and simulation are interconnected and on the current state (which means that normally the model needs to be updated in case the simulation is changed as well).
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that allow representing the dynamics of the system via simulation, allows exploring system behavior in an articulated way which is often either not possible, or too risky in the real world.
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strategy. Specifically, M&S is used to conduct Events and
Experiments that influence requirements and training for military systems. As such, M&S is considered an integral part of
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The military and defense domain, in particular within the United States, has been the main M&S champion, in form of funding as well as application of M&S. E.g., M&S in modern
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Modeling and
Simulation has only recently become an academic discipline of its own. Formerly, those working in the field usually had a background in engineering.
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Collins, A.J.; S.R. Shefrey; J. Sokolowski; C.D. Turnitsa; E. Weisel (January 2011). "Modeling and
Simulation Standards Study: Healthcare Workshop report".
993:
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The M&S BoK Index is a set of pointers providing handles so that subject information content can be denoted, identified, accessed, and manipulated.
206:
that allows for integration of simulated systems in the early analysis phase via mixed virtual systems with first prototypical components to a virtual
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Models can be composed of different units (models at finer granularity) linked to achieving a specific goal; for this reason they can be also called
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are sometimes used to simulate the detonation of nuclear devices and their effects in order to support better preparedness in the event of a
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is rooted in Theory but looks for applicable solution patterns. The focus is general methods that can be applied in various problem domains.
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854:
808:
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280:"The emerging discipline of M&S is based on developments in diverse computer science areas as well as influenced by developments in
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is well recognized. Simulation technology belongs to the tool set of engineers of all application domains and has been included in the
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61:
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774:"Department of Defense INSTRUCTION NUMBER 5000.61: Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Verification, Validation, and Accreditation"
705:
518:
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643:(M&S BoK) is the domain of knowledge (information) and capability (competency) that identifies the modeling and simulation
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Padilla et al. recommend in "Do we Need M&S Science" to distinguish between M&S Science, Engineering, and
Applications.
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to train and educate people. This style of work is often accomplished by trainers working in concert with computer scientists.
161:
Using simulations is generally cheaper, safer and sometimes more ethical than conducting real-world experiments. For example,
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1089:"Waite, W. (2004) "Foundations '04: A Workshop for VV&A in the 21st Century, Session 10: V&V Education Initiatives"
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421:, in other words, modeling resides on the abstraction level, whereas simulation resides on the implementation level.
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There are many categorizations possible, but the following taxonomy has been very successfully used in the
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Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on SImulation and Modeling (SIM)
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both simulation and as analysts. This blending of simulation and analyst is well noted in
Kleijnen.
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802:"Department of Defense DIRECTIVE NUMBER 5000.59: DoD Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Management"
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Department of
Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation (M.Tech (Modelling & Simulation))
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Modeling and simulation are important in research. Representing the real systems either via
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execution of a model over time is understood as the simulation. While modeling targets the
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contributes to the Theory of M&S, defining the academic foundations of the discipline.
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Publishing House publishes the
Simulation Foundations, Methods, and Applications Series
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169:. Similar efforts are conducted to simulate hurricanes and other natural catastrophes.
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US Department of Defense (DoD) Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office (M&SCO)
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1058:"Simulation Study to Validate Sample Allocation for the National Compensation Survey"
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In the computer application of modeling and simulation a computer is used to build a
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955:"Engineering Management Challenges for Applying Simulation as a Green Technology"
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Gianni, Daniele; D'Ambrogio, Andrea; Tolk, Andreas, eds. (December 2, 2014).
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simulation method to support systems engineering activities in provided in.
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Three activities have to be conducted and orchestrated to ensure success:
340:
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855:"Supercomputer simulates nuclear explosion down to the molecular level"
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a model must be produced that captures formally the conceptualization,
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The following institutions offer degrees in Modeling and Simulation:
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835:. National Science Foundation (NSF) Blue Ribbon Panel. 2006-05-01.
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Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference
34:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
262:
1164:
877:"Hurricane Force Supercomputing: Petascale Simulations of Sandy"
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simulating the surface of neighbored planets in preparation of
18:
1199:
SimSummit collaborative environment supporting an M&S BoK
536:
1032:
Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook
211:
constraints even before first components are being built).
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National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
39:
1174:
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to develop data utilized for managerial or technical
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started their own Series on Modeling and Simulation
992:
Padilla, Jose; S.Y. Diallo; A. Tolk (October 2011).
153:Technically, simulation is well accepted. The 2006
747:Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization
647:and the M&S profession, industry, and market.
753:Society for Modeling and Simulation International
97:, entity, phenomenon, or process) as a basis for
830:"Report on Simulation-Based Engineering Science"
173:Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model
1185:US Congressional Modeling and Simulation Caucus
186:Simulations can often be conducted faster than
1111:Master of Science, Purdue University Calumet.
899:"NOAA's SciJinks :: Simulate a Hurricane"
8:
1067:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from
695:Glossary of military modeling and simulation
722:Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office
665:a simulation must implement this model, and
1065:JSM 2013 - Survey Research Methods Section
641:Modeling and Simulation Body of Knowledge
634:Modeling and Simulation Body of Knowledge
539:(Savitribai Phule Pune University, India)
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1113:"Modeling, Simulation and Visualization"
1035:(1st ed.). CRC Press. p. 513.
202:Simulations allow setting up a coherent
16:Use of models as a basis for simulations
765:
607:the University of Alabama in Huntsville
513:the University of Alabama in Huntsville
256:reproductions at smaller scale, or via
190:. This allows using them for efficient
1083:
1081:
1056:Lee, Hyunshik J.; et al. (2013).
974:
963:
917:"9 Super-Cool Uses for Supercomputers"
567:Hamburg University of Applied Sciences
574:Professional Science Masters Programs
44:providing more context for the reader
7:
711:Military Operations Research Society
690:Defense Technical Information Center
1175:Society for Modeling and Simulation
458:University of Alabama in Huntsville
14:
927:from the original on 2021-06-07.
905:from the original on 2021-06-07.
887:from the original on 2021-06-07.
865:from the original on 2021-06-07.
842:from the original on 2021-06-07.
706:Microscale and macroscale models
519:Middle East Technical University
89:, mathematical, behavioral, or
23:
1190:Example of an M&S BoK Index
853:George Dvorsky (6 June 2012).
555:Delft University of Technology
370:Training and Education Support
343:, and is currently applied to
1:
994:"Do We Need M&S Science?"
587:Graduate Certificate Programs
580:University of Central Florida
525:University of New South Wales
507:University of Central Florida
464:University of Central Florida
219:organizations is part of the
1003:(4): 161–166. Archived from
811:. 2007-08-08. Archived from
783:. 2009-12-09. Archived from
417:challenges mainly focus on
363:Systems Engineering Support
237:Multi-use simulation models
155:National Science Foundation
1235:
446:University of Pennsylvania
396:
245:
234:
170:
120:The use of M&S within
685:Computational engineering
601:Columbus State University
593:Portland State University
549:Purdue University Calumet
543:Columbus State University
531:Naval Postgraduate School
470:Naval Postgraduate School
366:engineers and architects.
349:transportation simulation
276:As an emerging discipline
267:How modeling extends the
940:VMASC Report, Suffolk VA
557:(Delft, The Netherlands)
495:Arizona State University
197:decision support systems
1170:MODSIM World Conference
737:Power system simulation
620:Old Dominion University
501:Old Dominion University
452:Old Dominion University
294:Artificial Intelligence
271:at the base of research
149:Interest in simulations
75:Modeling and simulation
973:Cite journal requires
614:Undergraduate Programs
272:
130:engineering management
809:Department of Defense
781:Department of Defense
680:Computational science
645:community of practice
491:(Islamabad, Pakistan)
397:Further information:
372:provides simulators,
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246:Further information:
242:Simulation in science
235:Further information:
204:synthetic environment
1219:Military terminology
1001:SCS M&S Magazine
883:. 15 November 2013.
316:M&S Applications
290:Software Engineering
248:Scientific modelling
93:representation of a
742:Rule-based modeling
727:Operations research
717:Military simulation
561:University of Genoa
476:University of Genoa
393:Individual concepts
335:Application domains
310:M&S Engineering
286:Systems Engineering
258:mathematical models
229:systems engineering
142:computer simulation
132:. M&S helps to
40:improve the article
569:(Hamburg, Germany)
448:(Philadelphia, PA)
376:environments, and
345:medical simulation
325:modeling solutions
273:
110:mathematical model
923:. 30 April 2010.
818:on July 10, 2007.
790:on July 14, 2007.
628:(Swabi, Pakistan)
429:Academic programs
411:conceptualization
384:A special use of
269:scientific method
167:nuclear explosion
126:body of knowledge
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609:(Huntsville, AL)
521:(Ankara, Turkey)
515:(Huntsville, AL)
483:Masters Programs
460:(Huntsville, AL)
399:Conceptual model
386:Analyses Support
374:virtual training
356:Analyses Support
208:test environment
81:) is the use of
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52:August 2019
1214:Simulation
1208:Categories
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1099:2010-10-15
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702:(I/ITSEC)
351:as well.
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673:See also
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