1324:
signal is negative. The point where the signal is zero is called a lock point. Laser locking based on an error signal which is a function of frequency is called frequency locking and if the error signal is a function of phase deviation of laser then this locking is referred to as phase locking of laser. If the signal is created using an optical setup involving references like frequency references. Using the reference, the optical signal is directly converted in over frequencies which can be detected directly. The other way is to record the signal using a photodiode or camera and further change this signal electronically.
916:
transmits light of sufficiently high intensity. When placed in a laser cavity, a saturable absorber attenuates low-intensity constant-wave light (pulse wings). However, because of the somewhat random intensity fluctuations experienced by an un-mode-locked laser, any random, intense spike is transmitted preferentially by the saturable absorber. As the light in the cavity oscillates, this process repeats, leading to the selective amplification of the high-intensity spikes and the absorption of the low-intensity light. After many round trips, this leads to a train of pulses and mode locking of the laser.
895:. This device, when placed in a laser cavity and driven with an electrical signal, induces a small, sinusoidally varying frequency shift in the light passing through it. If the frequency of modulation is matched to the round-trip time of the cavity, then some light in the cavity sees repeated upshifts in frequency, and some repeated downshifts. After many repetitions, the upshifted and downshifted light is swept out of the gain bandwidth of the laser. The only light unaffected is that which passes through the modulator when the induced frequency shift is zero, which forms a narrow pulse of light.
49:
2344:
1239:
1678:
1315:
voltage, acoustic vibration or change in pressure and temperature of the surrounding. So, to narrow down these frequency fluctuations, it is necessary to stabilize the phase or frequency of the laser to an external extent. Stabilizing laser property using any external source or external reference is generally called ‘Laser locking’ or simply ‘Locking’.
526:
Ti:sapphire laser, this spectral width would correspond to a pulse of only 3.4 femtoseconds duration. These values represent the shortest possible
Gaussian pulses consistent with the laser's bandwidth; in a real mode-locked laser, the actual pulse duration depends on many other factors, such as the actual pulse shape and the overall
884:, then a single pulse of light will bounce back and forth in the cavity. The actual strength of the modulation does not have to be large; a modulator that attenuates 1% of the light when "closed" will mode-lock a laser, since the same part of the light is repeatedly attenuated as it traverses the cavity.
359:
modes, whereas the 128 THz bandwidth of the Ti:sapphire laser could support approximately 250,000 modes. When more than one longitudinal mode is excited, the laser is said to be in "multi-mode" operation. When only one longitudinal mode is excited, the laser is said to be in "single-mode" operation.
1314:
are those elements. With the help of these elements, frequency selection leads to a very narrow spectral emission of light. However, when observed closely, there are frequency fluctuations that occur on different time scales. There can be different reasons for their origin, e.g. fluctuation in input
546:
is most commonly used for this purpose, consisting of two parallel mirrors separated by some distance. This method is based on the fact that light can resonate and be transmitted only if the optical path length of a single round trip is an integral multiple of wavelength of light. Deviation of laser
541:
There are many ways to lock frequency but the basic principle is the same which is based on the feedback loop of the laser system. The starting point of the feedback loop is the quantity that must be stabilized (frequency or phase). To check whether frequency changes with time or not, a reference is
525:
Using this equation, the minimum pulse duration can be calculated consistent with the measured laser spectral width. For the HeNe laser with a 1.5 GHz bandwidth, the shortest
Gaussian pulse consistent with this spectral width would be around 300 picoseconds; for the 128 THz bandwidth
1323:
The reason for generation to create error signals is to create an electronic signal which is proportional to the laser's deviation from a particular set frequency or phase which is called ‘Lock point’. If the laser frequency is large then the signal is positive, if frequency is very small then the
242:
of the cavity. These modes are the only frequencies of light that are self-regenerating and allowed to oscillate by the resonant cavity; all other frequencies of light are suppressed by destructive interference. For a simple plane-mirror cavity, the allowed modes are those for which the separation
898:
The third method of active mode locking is synchronous mode locking, or synchronous pumping. In this, the pump source (energy source) for the laser is itself modulated, effectively turning the laser on and off to produce pulses. Typically, the pump source is itself another mode-locked laser. This
358:
Using the above equation, a small laser with a mirror separation of 30 cm has a frequency separation between longitudinal modes of 0.5 GHz. Thus for the two lasers referenced above, with a 30 cm cavity, the 1.5 GHz bandwidth of the HeNe laser would support up to 3 longitudinal
915:
A saturable absorber is an optical device that exhibits an intensity-dependent transmission, meaning that the device behaves differently depending on the intensity of the light passing through it. For passive mode locking, ideally a saturable absorber selectively absorbs low-intensity light, but
998:
In some semiconductor lasers a combination of the two above techniques can be used. Using a laser with a saturable absorber and modulating the electrical injection at the same frequency the laser is locked at, the laser can be stabilized by the electrical injection. This has the advantage of
394:
If instead of oscillating independently, each mode operates with a fixed phase between it and the other modes, the laser output behaves quite differently. Instead of a random or constant output intensity, the modes of the laser will periodically all constructively interfere with one another,
907:
Passive mode-locking techniques are those that do not require a signal external to the laser (such as the driving signal of a modulator) to produce pulses. Rather, they use the light in the cavity to cause a change in some intracavity element, which will then itself produce a change in the
871:
given by the original independent phases. This locking is better described as a coupling, leading to a complicated behavior and not clean pulses. The coupling is only dissipative because of the dissipative nature of the amplitude modulation. Otherwise, the phase modulation would not work.
1073:-like interactions may stabilize the mode locking and help to generate shorter pulses. The shortest possible pulse duration is usually accomplished either for zero dispersion (without nonlinearities) or for some slightly negative (anomalous) dispersion (exploiting the soliton mechanism).
1084:
in a hollow-core fibre or during filamentation. However, the minimum pulse duration is limited by the period of the carrier frequency (which is about 2.7 fs for Ti:sapphire systems), therefore shorter pulses require moving to shorter wavelengths. Some advanced techniques (involving
846:, then these sidebands correspond to the two cavity modes adjacent to the original mode. Since the sidebands are driven in-phase, the central mode and the adjacent modes will be phase-locked together. Further operation of the modulator on the sidebands produces phase locking of the
866:
modes, and so on until all modes in the gain bandwidth are locked. As said above, typical lasers are multi-mode and not seeded by a root mode. So multiple modes need to work out which phase to use. In a passive cavity with this locking applied, there is no way to dump the
168:
A mode-locked, fully reflecting cavity supporting the first 30 modes. The upper plot shows the first 8 modes inside the cavity (lines) and the total electric field at various positions inside the cavity (points). The lower plot shows the total electric field inside the
875:
This process can also be considered in the time domain. The amplitude modulator acts as a weak "shutter" to the light bouncing between the mirrors of the cavity, attenuating the light when it is "closed" and letting it through when it is "open". If the modulation rate
990:, which results in high-intensity light being focussed differently from low-intensity light. By careful arrangement of an aperture in the laser cavity, this effect can be exploited to produce the equivalent of an ultra-fast response-time saturable absorber.
447:
from the laser. In practice, the actual pulse duration is determined by the shape of each pulse, which is in turn determined by the exact amplitude and phase relationship of each longitudinal mode. For example, for a laser producing pulses with a
781:
is the reflectivity of mirrors. As it’s clear from the equation, to obtain a small cavity line width, mirrors must have higher reflectivity. Therefore to reduce the line width of the laser to the lowest extent, a high finesse cavity is required.
165:
381:
In a simple laser, each of these modes oscillates independently, with no fixed relationship between each other, in essence like a set of independent lasers, all emitting light at slightly different frequencies. The individual
612:
1525:
1125:
386:
of the light waves in each mode is not fixed and may vary randomly due to such things as thermal changes in materials of the laser. In lasers with only a few oscillating modes, interference between the modes can cause
1206:
surgery (this is sometimes referred to as
Intralasik or all-laser surgery). Bubbles can also be created in multiple layers so that a piece of corneal tissue between these layers can be removed (a procedure known as
981:
effects in intracavity components are used to provide a method of selectively amplifying high-intensity light in the cavity and attenuation of low-intensity light. One of the most successful schemes is called
756:
427:
The duration of each pulse of light is determined by the number of modes oscillating in phase (in a real laser, it is not necessarily true that all of the laser's modes are phase-locked). If there are
505:
966:. Semiconductor absorbers tend to exhibit very fast response times (~100 fs), which is one of the factors that determines the final duration of the pulses in a passively mode-locked laser. In a
663:
124:
can be made to produce pulses of light of extremely short duration, on the order of picoseconds (10 s) or femtoseconds (10 s). A laser operated in this way is sometimes referred to as a
1080:
Ti-sapphire lasers and are around 5 femtoseconds long. Alternatively, amplified pulses of a similar duration are created through the compression of longer (e.g. 30 fs) pulses by
391:
effects in the laser output, leading to fluctuations in intensity; in lasers with many thousands of modes, these interference effects tend to average to a near-constant output intensity.
342:
1065:
of the cavity modes can not be locked over a large bandwidth, and it will be difficult to obtain very short pulses. For a suitable combination of negative (anomalous) net GDD with the
1945:
1015:
in the cavity. Such findings open the way to phase locking of light sources integrated onto chip-scale photonic circuits and applications, such as on-chip Ramsey comb spectroscopy.
687:
1455:
1171:
generally relies on nonlinear photochemistry. For this reason, many examples use mode-locked lasers, since they can offer a very high repetition rate of ultrashort pulses.
1029:
Fourier-domain mode locking (FDML) is a laser mode-locking technique that creates a continuous-wave, wavelength-swept light output. A main application for FDML lasers is
794:
of the intracavity light. Passive methods do not use an external signal, but rely on placing some element into the laser cavity which causes self-modulation of the light.
533:
Subsequent modulation could, in principle, shorten the pulse width of such a laser further; however, the measured spectral width would then be correspondingly increased.
413:
is the time taken for the light to make exactly one round trip of the laser cavity. This time corresponds to a frequency exactly equal to the mode spacing of the laser,
790:
Methods for producing mode locking in a laser may be classified as either "active" or "passive". Active methods typically involve using an external signal to induce a
1105:, can generate very high average output powers (tens of watts) in sub-picosecond pulses, or generate pulse trains with extremely high repetition rates of many GHz.
1129:
78:
779:
362:
Each individual longitudinal mode has some bandwidth or narrow range of frequencies over which it operates, but typically this bandwidth, determined by the
1667:
1214:
A laser technique has been developed that renders the surface of metals deep black. A femtosecond laser pulse deforms the surface of the metal, forming
189:
from which the laser is constructed, and the range of frequencies over which a laser may operate is known as the gain bandwidth. For example, a typical
557:
1519:
1552:
977:
There are also passive mode-locking schemes that do not rely on materials that directly display an intensity-dependent absorption. In these methods,
1826:
1570:
1302:
is the property of the laser depends on the fundamental working principle of the laser which contains frequency selective elements. For example in
2304:
395:
producing an intense burst or pulse of light. Such a laser is said to be "mode-locked" or "phase-locked". These pulses occur separated in time by
148:
between these modes can cause the laser light to be produced as a train of pulses. The laser is then said to be "phase-locked" or "mode-locked".
1218:. The immensely increased surface area can absorb virtually all the light that falls on it, thus rendering it deep black. This is one type of
1844:
1510:
547:
frequency from this condition will decrease frequency transmission. The relation between transmission and frequency deviation is given by a
1562:
Qiaoliang Bao, Han Zhang, Yu Wang, Zhenhua Ni, Yongli Yan, Ze Xiang Shen, Kian Ping Loh, and Ding Yuan Tang, Advanced
Functional Materials,
1208:
699:
690:
543:
370:
217:
1286:
1121:
100:
157:
2043:
1041:
In practice, a number of design considerations affect the performance of a mode-locked laser. The most important are the overall
951:
and enables much stronger mode locking for shorter pulses and more stability than active mode locking, but has startup problems.
1980:
1660:
462:
225:
1563:
1224:
Photonic sampling, using the high accuracy of lasers over electronic clocks to decrease the sampling error in electronic ADCs.
620:
2213:
1902:
1264:
1260:
1157:
182:
1030:
2269:
1142:
1024:
542:
needed. A common way to measure laser frequency is to link it with the geometrical property of an optical cavity. The
1089:
with amplified femtosecond laser pulses) can be used to produce optical features with durations as short as 100
1422:"Fourier Domain Mode Locking (FDML): A new laser operating regime and applications for optical coherence tomography"
205:) solid-state laser has a bandwidth of about 128 THz (a 300 nm wavelength range centered at 800 nm).
2073:
1653:
1153:
1149:
303:
1746:
1058:
61:
1820:
1701:
1249:
1086:
71:
65:
57:
1520:
H. Zhang et al, “Induced solitons formed by cross polarization coupling in a birefringent cavity fiber laser”
2373:
2010:
1460:
1268:
1253:
1168:
803:
511:
2368:
2243:
2063:
1803:
983:
82:
2131:
1619:
1174:
Femtosecond laser nanomachining – the short pulses can be used to nanomachine in many types of materials.
281:
are large (around 10 to 10). Of more interest is the frequency separation between any two adjacent modes
190:
1834:
1814:
1184:
1081:
1077:
999:
stabilizing the phase noise of the laser and can reduce the timing jitter of the pulses from the laser.
1409:"Long-term mutual phase locking of picosecond pulse pairs generated by a semiconductor nanowire laser"
810:
of the light in the cavity. Considering this in the frequency domain, if a mode has optical frequency
2238:
2121:
2109:
2036:
1595:
1500:
1469:
1368:
1219:
986:(KLM), also sometimes called "self-mode-locking". This uses a nonlinear optical process, the optical
892:
888:
807:
1535:
H. Zhang et al., "Coherent energy exchange between components of a vector soliton in fiber lasers",
668:
2289:
2208:
2148:
2068:
1797:
1338:
1311:
1299:
1161:
1094:
1042:
548:
527:
519:
899:
technique requires accurately matching the cavity lengths of the pump laser and the driven laser.
1611:
1585:
1526:
D.Y. Tang et al, “Observation of high-order polarization-locked vector solitons in a fiber laser”
1421:
1358:
1191:
1098:
909:
186:
129:
1985:
1542:
1108:
Pulse durations less than approximately 100 fs are too short to be directly measured using
1007:
Coherent phase-information transfer between subsequent laser pulses has also been observed from
1543:
H. Zhang et al, “Multi-wavelength dissipative soliton operation of an erbium-doped fiber laser”
2309:
2183:
2158:
1809:
1681:
1506:
1373:
1046:
1012:
955:
449:
238:
224:, when bouncing between the mirrors of the cavity, the light constructively and destructively
202:
145:
137:
236:, between the mirrors. These standing waves form a discrete set of frequencies, known as the
2319:
2284:
2264:
2233:
1603:
1477:
1383:
1054:
1050:
978:
515:
388:
216:
facing each other, surrounding the gain medium of the laser (this arrangement is known as a
665:
is the frequency difference between adjacent resonances (i.e. the free spectral range) and
212:(or resonant cavity) of the laser. In the simplest case, this consists of two plane (flat)
2347:
2228:
2218:
2029:
1343:
1177:
An example of pico- and femtosecond micromachining is drilling the silicon jet surface of
1117:
1008:
141:
1553:
L.M. Zhao et al, “Polarization rotation locking of vector solitons in a fiber ring laser”
806:
into the laser cavity. When driven with an electrical signal, this produces a sinusoidal
185:
or range of frequencies. A laser's bandwidth of operation is determined primarily by the
1599:
1473:
522:-squared (sech) pulse shape is often assumed, giving a time–bandwidth product of 0.315.
2324:
2314:
2274:
2223:
2141:
2094:
2078:
1913:
1767:
1388:
1353:
1178:
1109:
1011:. Here, the phase information has been stored in the residual photon field of coherent
963:
764:
444:
352:
209:
1640:
1097:
spectral region (i.e. <30 nm). Other achievements, important particularly for
173:
Although laser light is perhaps the purest form of light, it is not of a single, pure
2362:
2279:
2259:
2200:
2126:
1995:
1955:
1940:
1615:
1215:
1199:
1062:
971:
383:
229:
133:
37:
33:
2168:
2163:
2104:
2005:
2000:
1950:
1714:
1709:
1102:
1434:
607:{\displaystyle \Delta \nu _{c}={\frac {\Delta \nu _{\text{FSR}}}{\mathcal {F}}}.}
2329:
2190:
2173:
2153:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1908:
1693:
1636:
1363:
1348:
1303:
1238:
1066:
987:
233:
842:. If the modulator is driven at the same frequency as the cavity mode spacing Δ
2178:
1918:
1792:
1784:
1408:
1333:
1113:
1090:
791:
178:
1198:. A line of bubbles can be used to create a cut in the cornea, replacing the
2294:
2136:
2116:
2099:
1762:
1307:
201:
at a central wavelength of 633 nm), whereas a titanium-doped sapphire (
198:
174:
1571:"Graphene mode locked, wavelength-tunable, dissipative soliton fiber laser"
17:
1645:
1564:"Atomic layer graphene as saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers "
919:
Considering this in the frequency domain, if a mode has optical frequency
1990:
1923:
928:
819:
363:
1101:, concern the development of mode-locked lasers that can be pumped with
1076:
The shortest directly produced optical pulses are generally produced by
164:
1859:
1677:
1378:
1070:
959:
868:
289: + 1; this is given (for an empty linear resonator of length
156:
1607:
1481:
1126:
spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction
1195:
802:
The most common active mode-locking technique places a standing wave
213:
208:
The second factor to determine a laser's emission frequencies is the
117:
2052:
1975:
1590:
1203:
887:
Related to this amplitude modulation (AM), active mode locking is
751:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\frac {\pi R^{\frac {1}{2}}}{1-R}}}
194:
163:
155:
121:
1167:
Optical data storage uses lasers, and the emerging technology of
221:
2025:
1649:
908:
intracavity light. A commonly used device to achieve this is a
1232:
891:(FM) mode locking, which uses a modulator device based on the
42:
1053:
or some dispersive mirrors placed in the cavity, and optical
1637:
Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology on mode locking
705:
674:
595:
514:" of the pulse and varies depending on the pulse shape. For
373:), is much smaller than the intermode frequency separation.
1194:). Femtosecond lasers can be used to create bubbles in the
2021:
500:{\displaystyle \Delta t={\frac {0.441}{N\,\Delta \nu }}.}
247:
is an exact multiple of half the wavelength of the light
658:{\displaystyle \Delta \nu _{\text{FSR}}={\frac {c}{2L}}}
1946:
ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser
Ordnance Neutralization System)
1435:"Ultra-Intense Laser Blast Creates True 'Black Metal'"
767:
702:
671:
623:
560:
465:
452:
temporal shape, the minimum possible pulse duration Δ
306:
2252:
2199:
2087:
1933:
1895:
1782:
1755:
1700:
1688:
970:the absorber steepens the leading edge, while the
773:
750:
681:
657:
606:
499:
336:
132:. The basis of the technique is to induce a fixed
1456:"Colorizing metals with femtosecond laser pulses"
1454:Vorobyev, A. Y.; Guo, Chunlei (28 January 2008).
443:, and the wider this bandwidth, the shorter the
70:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1130:multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan
880:is synchronised to the cavity round-trip time
2037:
1661:
181:. All lasers produce light over some natural
8:
337:{\displaystyle \Delta \nu ={\frac {c}{2L}},}
1267:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
958:dyes, but they can also be made from doped
2044:
2030:
2022:
1668:
1654:
1646:
923:and is amplitude-modulated at a frequency
814:and is amplitude-modulated at a frequency
551:with a full width half maximum line width
431:modes locked with a frequency separation Δ
1589:
1420:R. Huber, M. Wojtkowski, J. G. Fujimoto,
1287:Learn how and when to remove this message
974:steepens the trailing edge of the pulse.
766:
723:
713:
704:
703:
701:
673:
672:
670:
640:
631:
622:
594:
587:
577:
568:
559:
484:
475:
464:
316:
305:
228:with itself, leading to the formation of
101:Learn how and when to remove this message
1827:Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride
1549:, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 12692–12697
1411:. Nature Communications 8 (2017): 15521.
954:Saturable absorbers are commonly liquid
197:(a wavelength range of about 0.002
2305:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
1400:
435:, the overall mode-locked bandwidth is
266:is an integer known as the mode order.
193:has a gain bandwidth of about 1.5
1003:Mode locking by residual cavity fields
27:Way to produce very short laser bursts
1845:Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate
1202:, e.g. for the creation of a flap in
7:
1424:, Opt. Express 14, 3225–3237 (2006).
1265:adding citations to reliable sources
1116:), and so indirect methods, such as
537:Principle of phase and mode locking.
1522:, Opt. Lett., 33, 2317–2319.(2008).
1209:small incision lenticule extraction
624:
580:
561:
485:
466:
307:
25:
1856:Yttrium calcium oxoborate (YCOB)
1229:Locking mechanism of laser cavity
1122:frequency-resolved optical gating
1049:, which can be controlled with a
968:colliding-pulse mode-locked laser
510:The value 0.441 is known as the "
38:Inharmonicity § Mode-locking
2343:
2342:
1676:
1237:
47:
1981:Laboratory for Laser Energetics
1569:Zhang, H.; et al. (2010).
1061:(GDD) of the laser cavity, the
2214:Amplified spontaneous emission
1903:Diode-pumped solid-state laser
1158:optical parametric oscillators
682:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}
1:
273:is usually much greater than
1037:Practical mode-locked lasers
1031:optical coherence tomography
277:, so the relevant values of
2270:Chirped pulse amplification
1143:inertial confinement fusion
1025:Fourier domain mode locking
1019:Fourier-domain mode locking
927:, the resulting signal has
818:, the resulting signal has
2390:
2074:List of laser applications
1154:parametric down-conversion
1150:second-harmonic generation
1148:Nonlinear optics, such as
1022:
371:Fabry–Pérot interferometer
220:cavity). Since light is a
31:
2338:
2059:
1499:Andrew M. Weiner (2009).
1308:external mirror resonator
146:Constructive interference
136:relationship between the
128:, for example, in modern
1821:Yttrium lithium fluoride
1702:Yttrium aluminium garnet
1559:, 16,10053–10058 (2008).
1539:, 16,12618–12623 (2008).
1087:high-harmonic generation
355:(≈ 3×10 m/s).
243:distance of the mirrors
56:This article includes a
2011:List of petawatt lasers
1578:Applied Physics Letters
1530:Physical Review Letters
1461:Applied Physics Letters
1319:Error signal generation
1169:3D optical data storage
931:at optical frequencies
822:at optical frequencies
804:electro-optic modulator
85:more precise citations.
2064:List of laser articles
1804:Terbium gallium garnet
1059:group delay dispersion
984:Kerr-lens mode locking
775:
752:
683:
659:
608:
512:time–bandwidth product
501:
338:
170:
161:
1835:Yttrium orthovanadate
1815:Solid-state dye laser
1532:, 101, 153904 (2008).
1190:Corneal surgery (see
1185:Two-photon microscopy
1082:self-phase modulation
1078:Kerr-lens mode-locked
776:
753:
684:
660:
609:
502:
339:
167:
159:
2239:Population inversion
1369:Saturable absorption
1261:improve this section
1160:, and generation of
1057:. For excessive net
903:Passive mode locking
893:acousto-optic effect
889:frequency-modulation
808:amplitude modulation
786:Mode-locking methods
765:
700:
669:
621:
558:
463:
304:
160:Laser mode structure
32:For other uses, see
2290:Laser beam profiler
2209:Active laser medium
2149:Free-electron laser
2069:List of laser types
1798:Yttrium iron garnet
1694:Semiconductor laser
1600:2010ApPhL..96k1112Z
1474:2008ApPhL..92d1914V
1339:Dissipative soliton
1300:Monochromatic light
1162:terahertz radiation
1095:extreme ultraviolet
798:Active mode locking
549:Lorentzian Function
544:Fabry- Perot cavity
377:Mode-locking theory
369:of the cavity (see
1682:Solid-state lasers
1641:mode-locked lasers
1407:Mayer, B., et al.
1359:Laser construction
1192:refractive surgery
1099:laser applications
994:Hybrid modelocking
910:saturable absorber
771:
748:
679:
655:
604:
497:
334:
239:longitudinal modes
171:
162:
152:Laser cavity modes
138:longitudinal modes
130:refractive surgery
116:is a technique in
58:list of references
2356:
2355:
2310:Optical amplifier
2159:Solid-state laser
2019:
2018:
1817:(SSDL/SSOL/SSDPL)
1810:Ti:sapphire laser
1689:Distinct subtypes
1625:on July 16, 2011.
1608:10.1063/1.3367743
1512:978-0-471-41539-8
1482:10.1063/1.2834902
1374:Solid state laser
1297:
1296:
1289:
1112:techniques (i.e.
1067:Kerr nonlinearity
1047:optical resonator
1013:Rabi oscillations
979:nonlinear optical
774:{\displaystyle R}
746:
731:
653:
634:
599:
590:
520:hyperbolic-secant
492:
329:
191:helium–neon laser
126:femtosecond laser
111:
110:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2381:
2346:
2345:
2320:Optical isolator
2285:Injection seeder
2265:Beam homogenizer
2244:Ultrashort pulse
2234:Lasing threshold
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
1680:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1626:
1624:
1618:. Archived from
1593:
1575:
1516:
1502:Ultrafast Optics
1486:
1485:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
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1412:
1405:
1384:Ultrafast optics
1292:
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1233:
1141:Nuclear fusion (
1051:prism compressor
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516:ultrashort pulse
506:
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106:
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92:
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81:this article by
72:inline citations
51:
50:
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21:
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2359:
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2248:
2229:Laser linewidth
2219:Continuous wave
2195:
2088:Types of lasers
2083:
2055:
2050:
2020:
2015:
1986:Laser Mégajoule
1934:Specific lasers
1929:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1850:
1840:
1778:
1751:
1696:
1684:
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1493:Further reading
1490:
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1344:Femtotechnology
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1293:
1282:
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1273:
1258:
1242:
1231:
1179:inkjet printers
1138:
1118:autocorrelation
1045:of the laser's
1039:
1027:
1021:
1009:nanowire lasers
1005:
996:
942:
932:
905:
857:
847:
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823:
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539:
530:of the cavity.
480:
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379:
321:
302:
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252:
154:
142:resonant cavity
140:of the laser's
107:
96:
90:
87:
76:
62:related reading
52:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2374:Laser medicine
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2325:Output coupler
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2315:Optical cavity
2312:
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2275:Gain-switching
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2256:
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2250:
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2224:Laser ablation
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2122:Carbon dioxide
2114:
2113:
2112:
2110:Liquid-crystal
2107:
2097:
2095:Chemical laser
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2079:Laser acronyms
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
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2041:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2016:
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1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
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1916:
1914:Figure-8 laser
1911:
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1644:
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1632:
1631:External links
1629:
1628:
1627:
1584:(11): 111112.
1566:
1560:
1557:Optics Express
1550:
1547:Optics Express
1540:
1537:Optics Express
1533:
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1491:
1488:
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1389:Vector soliton
1386:
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1354:Frequency comb
1351:
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1216:nanostructures
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1110:optoelectronic
1055:nonlinearities
1038:
1035:
1023:Main article:
1020:
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1004:
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992:
964:semiconductors
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445:pulse duration
378:
375:
353:speed of light
345:
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327:
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320:
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309:
230:standing waves
210:optical cavity
153:
150:
109:
108:
66:external links
55:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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2369:Laser science
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2280:Gaussian beam
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2260:Beam expander
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2201:Laser physics
2198:
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2012:
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1996:Mercury laser
1994:
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1989:
1987:
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1969:
1967:
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1956:Cyclops laser
1954:
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1941:Trident laser
1939:
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1468:(4): 041914.
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1277:December 2023
1270:
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1255:
1251:
1246:This section
1244:
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1234:
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1200:microkeratome
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1018:
1016:
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1002:
1000:
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991:
989:
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975:
973:
972:lasing medium
969:
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272:
269:In practice,
267:
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94:
91:December 2021
84:
80:
74:
73:
67:
63:
59:
54:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:Arnold tongue
30:
19:
2300:Mode locking
2299:
2253:Laser optics
2006:Vulcan laser
1951:Nova (laser)
1715:Er:YAG laser
1710:Nd:YAG laser
1620:the original
1581:
1577:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1529:
1501:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1429:
1416:
1403:
1322:
1298:
1283:
1274:
1259:Please help
1247:
1136:Applications
1107:
1103:laser diodes
1075:
1040:
1028:
1006:
997:
976:
967:
953:
947:
943:
937:
933:
924:
920:
918:
914:
906:
897:
886:
881:
877:
874:
862:
858:
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848:
843:
838:
834:
828:
824:
815:
811:
801:
789:
760:
616:
540:
532:
524:
509:
456:is given by
453:
440:
436:
432:
428:
426:
420:
416:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
380:
364:
361:
357:
348:
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294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
268:
263:
257:
253:
251:, such that
248:
244:
237:
207:
172:
125:
114:Mode locking
113:
112:
97:
88:
77:Please help
69:
29:
2330:Q-switching
2191:X-ray laser
2184:Ti-sapphire
2154:Laser diode
2132:Helium–neon
1971:Shiva laser
1966:Argus laser
1961:Janus laser
1909:Fiber laser
1772:Er:Yb:glass
1364:Q-switching
1349:Fiber laser
1304:diode laser
1114:photodiodes
1091:attoseconds
988:Kerr effect
218:Fabry–Pérot
203:Ti:sapphire
187:gain medium
120:by which a
83:introducing
18:Modelocking
2363:Categories
1919:Disk laser
1896:Structures
1793:Ruby laser
1785:gain media
1440:2007-11-21
1395:References
1334:Disk laser
1220:black gold
1132:are used.
1043:dispersion
792:modulation
528:dispersion
518:lasers, a
226:interferes
179:wavelength
2295:M squared
2117:Gas laser
2100:Dye laser
1743:Ce:Gd:YAG
1725:Nd:Ce:YAG
1719:Nd:Cr:YAG
1616:119233725
1591:1003.0154
1505:. Wiley.
1248:does not
929:sidebands
820:sidebands
740:−
717:π
629:ν
625:Δ
585:ν
581:Δ
566:ν
562:Δ
489:ν
486:Δ
467:Δ
311:ν
308:Δ
183:bandwidth
175:frequency
2348:Category
2142:Nitrogen
1991:LULI2000
1924:F-center
1870:Ce:LiCAF
1867:Ce:LiSAF
1829:(Nd:YLF)
1775:Yb:glass
1768:Er:glass
1763:Nd:glass
1328:See also
960:crystals
450:Gaussian
409:, where
262:, where
2127:Excimer
2001:ISKRA-6
1905:(DPSSL)
1888:Yb:SFAP
1873:Cr:ZnSe
1860:Nd:YCOB
1847:(Nd:YVO
1596:Bibcode
1470:Bibcode
1379:Soliton
1312:grating
1269:removed
1254:sources
1093:in the
1071:soliton
956:organic
869:entropy
691:finesse
689:is the
389:beating
351:is the
214:mirrors
169:cavity.
79:improve
2169:Nd:YAG
2164:Er:YAG
2105:Bubble
2053:Lasers
1882:Sm:CaF
1823:(YLF)
1783:Other
1747:Gd:YAG
1740:Ce:YAG
1737:Tb:YAG
1734:Sm:YAG
1731:Dy:YAG
1728:Ho:YAG
1722:Yb:YAG
1614:
1509:
1196:cornea
761:where
617:where
367:factor
347:where
293:) by Δ
118:optics
2174:Raman
1976:HiPER
1926:laser
1876:U:CaF
1862:laser
1806:(TGG)
1800:(YIG)
1756:Glass
1623:(PDF)
1612:S2CID
1586:arXiv
1574:(PDF)
1310:and
1204:LASIK
1063:phase
478:0.441
384:phase
234:modes
232:, or
134:phase
122:laser
64:, or
2179:Ruby
1837:(YVO
1639:and
1507:ISBN
1252:any
1250:cite
962:and
941:and
856:and
832:and
419:= 1/
285:and
222:wave
36:and
2137:Ion
1604:doi
1478:doi
1263:by
1128:or
861:+ 2
851:− 2
633:FSR
589:FSR
400:= 2
195:GHz
177:or
2365::
1841:)
1610:.
1602:.
1594:.
1582:96
1580:.
1576:.
1555:,
1545:,
1528:,
1476:.
1466:92
1464:.
1458:.
1306:,
1211:).
1156:,
1152:,
1145:).
1124:,
1120:,
1069:,
1033:.
948:nf
946:+
938:nf
936:−
925:nf
912:.
837:+
827:−
693:,
424:.
297::
260:/2
258:qλ
256:=
199:nm
144:.
68:,
60:,
2045:e
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