2270:), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died. The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" groups during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as during
2227:, bringing it too into the war on the side of the Allies. China also joined the Allies, as did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time and attacked Japanese armies through guerrilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the alignment of the major combatants was as follows: the British Commonwealth, the Soviet Union, and the United States were fighting Germany and Italy; China, the British Commonwealth, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China were referred to as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during World War II and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in the
987:"early modern" was not coined until the mid-20th century and only gained substantial traction in the 1960s and 1970s. Nipperdey (2022) pointed to its widespread usage by American historians around 1900 already, adding: 'In the interwar years the term permeated all areas of professional activity from textbooks and graduate school seminars to conferences, research articles, and job descriptions.' The difference between "early modern" and just "modern" was defined by the
1607:
84:
2099:, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and — for the first time — from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and
147:
43:
2404:
First of all, the gap between rich and poor nations continued to widen. Some said that this problem could not be fixed, arguing that there was a set amount of wealth and it could only be shared by so many. Others claimed that powerful nations with large economies were not doing enough to help improve
2400:
At the end of the twentieth century, the world was at a major crossroads. Throughout the century, more technological advances had been made than in all of preceding history. Computers, the
Internet, and other technologies radically altered daily lives. However, several problems faced the world during
986:
The term "early modern" was introduced in the
English language by American historians at the turn of the 20th century (around 1900). It was long thought that the concept was invented either in the 1930s to distinguish the time between the Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800), or that
1169:
Some events of modern history, though born out of context not entirely new, show a new way of perceiving the world. The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments. Historians analyze the events taking place in Modern Times, since
2107:
at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a
2212:", Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940. Six weeks later, France, in the meantime attacked by Italy as well, surrendered to Germany, which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain. On September 27, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement, the
2068:. The war caused the disintegration of four empires — the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones — as well as radical change in the European and Middle Eastern maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are sometimes referred to as the
1038:
These terms stem from
European History; in worldwide usage, such as in China, India, and Islam, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the
2473:
continued to lead their nations toward the development of nuclear weapons. The fear existed that not only were terrorists already attempting to obtain nuclear weapons, but that they had already acquired them.
2243:, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean, and in the air over Japan. Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany-occupied
2409:. Developing countries faced many challenges, including the scale of the task to be surmounted, rapidly growing populations, and the need to protect the environment, along with the associated costs.
1974:. It also saw the former British Empire lose most of its remaining political power over Commonwealth countries, most notably by the dividing of the British crown into several sovereignties by the
2189:
invaded Poland. Within two days, the United
Kingdom and France declared war on Germany, even though the fighting was confined to Poland. Pursuant to a then-secret provision of its non-aggression
2351:
between the "West" (the United States, Western Europe, and Japan) and the "East" (the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China) dominated politics from the end of World War II in 1945, until the
2119:
that had emerged after the
Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of
2220:. Nine months later, on June 22, 1941, Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, which prompted it to join the Allies. Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts.
1932:
made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to
6168:
4133:
944:
Eras can not easily be defined. 1500 is an approximate starting period for the modern era because many major events caused the
Western world to change around that time: from the
6158:
6033:
94:
765:, often from around the year 1500. From the 1990s, it is more common among historians to refer to the period after the Middle Ages and up to the 19th century as the
6198:
6173:
1836:
where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The
5543:
4454:
6113:
2248:
5387:
5027:
2488:
724:
2661:
5475:
1618:
started the industrial revolution in
England. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond
6053:
4286:
2901:
2818:
2025:
1802:
1694:
in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.
1845:
1853:
2538:
4969:
3739:
2907:
2824:
4823:
4336:
4311:
4156:
4090:
4040:
4015:
3965:
3940:
3915:
3890:
3865:
3840:
3815:
3790:
3733:
3681:
3631:
3606:
3553:
3528:
3500:
3475:
3450:
3425:
3379:
3354:
3329:
3304:
3258:
3233:
3208:
3183:
3158:
3112:
3087:
3062:
3037:
3012:
2987:
2962:
2937:
2791:
2766:
2741:
2716:
2691:
2137:
The
Interwar period was the period between the end of World War I in 1918 and the beginning of World War II in 1939. It included the
170:
157:
6218:
4361:
4065:
3990:
3706:
3656:
3581:
2874:
2853:
828:
of the rest of the world. It also created a new modern lifestyle and has permanently changed the way people around the world live.
207:
189:
128:
70:
1779:
became the world's leading power, controlling one-quarter of the world's population and one-third of the land area. It enforced a
6048:
5409:
4954:
4549:
6148:
6083:
5128:
4979:
4582:
4447:
2352:
1250:
1123:. In each case, the identification of the change over time can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern.
1031:
than a period of history, and is usually applied to arts, but not to any events of the very recent history. This changed, when
5339:
4766:
4599:
4537:
2276:(Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.
1450:
678:
614:
431:
5492:
4974:
4883:
2455:. English was quickly becoming the global language, with people who did not speak it becoming increasingly disadvantaged.
2320:
2228:
1829:
1429:
1398:
2562:
6103:
6088:
5983:
1872:
1748:
312:
2197:
were initially made up of Poland, the United
Kingdom, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, as well as
2190:
5509:
5020:
4933:
4928:
4544:
2631:
2493:
2379:
2185:
Although Japan had invaded China in 1937, the conventional view is that World War II began on
September 1, 1939, when
2096:
2080:
1975:
790:
717:
476:
56:
31:
110:
2103:
committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide
769:. The modern period is today more often used for events from the 19th century until today. The time from the end of
5380:
5103:
4989:
4984:
4440:
2262:; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation,
2116:
1756:
528:
278:
6028:
5988:
5429:
4959:
4713:
4674:
2307:
to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the
1806:
623:
523:
440:
162:. The specific problem is: The article does not reflect actual historical research relating to the modern period.
6254:
6244:
6128:
5856:
5618:
5578:
5568:
5516:
1921:
was distinguished by the unprecedented pace and global scale of economic, technological, and cultural changes.
1639:
1444:
595:
590:
514:
1035:
was coined to describe the major changes in the 1950s and 1960s in economy, society, culture, and philosophy.
6249:
5906:
5814:
5113:
5108:
4964:
4622:
2259:
2198:
2061:
1967:
1751:
around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered
1502:
1381:
4382:
4058:
The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's On-line Pioneers
6078:
6068:
5657:
5588:
5573:
5054:
5013:
4788:
4617:
4383:"Inventing "Early Modern" Europe: Fashioning a New Historical Period in American Historiography 1880–1945"
2867:
Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development
2483:
2236:
2224:
2194:
2193:, the Soviet Union joined Germany on September 17, 1939, to conquer Poland and divide Eastern Europe. The
2073:
2033:
1297:
945:
867:
710:
468:
224:
5277:
2375:
2356:
2342:
1373:
are signed in 1648, which ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states.
6188:
6163:
6093:
5776:
5504:
5235:
5205:
4868:
4127:
2037:
2029:
1861:
1837:
1798:
1687:
1601:
1475:
1388:
1277:
992:
782:
300:
5533:
4733:
2465:, and the spread of nuclear weapons were also issues requiring immediate attention. Dictators such as
1728:
during the 19th century, eventually affecting the majority of the world. The impact of this change on
1006:" refer to a new way of thinking, distinct, from previous ways of thinking such as medieval thinking.
6183:
5938:
5851:
5829:
5752:
5748:
5677:
5593:
5538:
5356:
5200:
5089:
4923:
4918:
4858:
4793:
4698:
2653:
2338:
1903:
failed to keep pace with the other world powers, which led to massive social unrest in both empires.
1733:
1555:
1494:
1417:
1359:
1056:
961:
909:
774:
609:
575:
505:
426:
412:
288:
284:
6208:
6073:
5943:
5733:
5662:
5419:
5392:
5375:
5363:
5185:
5141:
4888:
4818:
4761:
4678:
4504:
2284:
2003:
1857:
1825:
1462:
1456:
1377:
1370:
1191:
1187:
766:
570:
454:
387:
5928:
5844:
5834:
5667:
5630:
5560:
5499:
5482:
5436:
5346:
5260:
5074:
4994:
4898:
4682:
4634:
4629:
4532:
4522:
4479:
4471:
3389:
3268:
3122:
2513:
2252:
1987:
1948:
1821:
1790:
1589:
1231:
1040:
977:
949:
628:
604:
500:
421:
331:
1801:
in 1833, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Slavery was then abolished in
3782:
2239:
and were the primary victors of World War II. Battles raged across all of Europe, in the north
6203:
6058:
5960:
5948:
5933:
5913:
5824:
5771:
5743:
5725:
5528:
5404:
5397:
5210:
5158:
5136:
5064:
4873:
4848:
4828:
4808:
4798:
4688:
4670:
4639:
4572:
4489:
4463:
4402:
4357:
4332:
4307:
4282:
4152:
4086:
4061:
4036:
4011:
3986:
3961:
3936:
3911:
3886:
3861:
3836:
3811:
3786:
3729:
3702:
3677:
3652:
3627:
3602:
3577:
3549:
3524:
3496:
3471:
3446:
3421:
3375:
3350:
3325:
3300:
3254:
3229:
3204:
3179:
3154:
3108:
3083:
3058:
3033:
3008:
2983:
2958:
2933:
2897:
2870:
2849:
2814:
2787:
2762:
2737:
2712:
2687:
2316:
2174:
that took place in 1939–1945. It was the largest and deadliest war in history, culminating in
1944:
1571:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1521:
1513:
1468:
1421:
1355:" is a term usually applied to the history of art, architecture and music during this period.
988:
778:
754:
746:
637:
585:
491:
486:
445:
402:
3723:
2891:
2808:
1701:
held that it "broke out" in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while
5819:
5809:
5635:
5583:
5487:
5351:
5240:
5190:
5168:
5163:
5094:
4863:
4778:
4723:
4693:
4644:
4604:
4587:
4577:
4512:
4484:
4394:
4185:
4115:
2448:
2142:
2138:
2084:
1559:
1436:
1303:
1017:
813:
777:. The common definition of the modern period today is often associated with events like the
656:
317:
4229:
1606:
6193:
6133:
6018:
5866:
5861:
5839:
5759:
5713:
5470:
5424:
5322:
5299:
5282:
5255:
5040:
4903:
4878:
4666:
4649:
4494:
3516:
3402:
3281:
3135:
2444:
2417:
2413:
2383:
2312:
2247:
and an Allies-friendly state in the south; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the
2213:
2132:
1983:
1956:
1933:
1892:
1880:
1794:
1772:
1690:) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal
1643:
933:
821:
758:
673:
355:
106:
62:
983:
The term "modern" was coined shortly before 1585 to describe the beginning of a new era.
3908:
A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War
3055:
The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question
2623:
2424:
and other diseases affected the majority of the population. Millions were infected with
2386:
changed society in different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.
6223:
6143:
6098:
6038:
6003:
5795:
5708:
5613:
5521:
5312:
5146:
5069:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4813:
4803:
4718:
4661:
4554:
4517:
4149:
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It
3775:
2433:
2412:
Secondly, disease threatened to destabilize many regions of the world. Viruses such as
2304:
2296:
2288:
2240:
2232:
2069:
2065:
2053:
1896:
1780:
1776:
1760:
1721:
1675:
1631:
1537:
1517:
1509:
1440:
1363:
1325:
1315:
1235:
1126:
Starting in western countries, the modern world has seen a systematic re-evaluation of
953:
859:
392:
4119:
2447:, was also occurring. While not necessarily a threat, it was causing anti-Western and
2319:
continued through and after the war, eventually resulting in the establishment of the
932:
of Western Europe and North America over the rest of the world has been criticized by
6238:
6178:
6063:
5978:
5923:
5783:
5703:
5598:
5448:
5441:
5334:
5287:
5180:
5036:
4949:
4748:
3569:
2440:
2272:
2175:
2057:
2049:
1884:
1876:
1865:
1725:
1698:
1651:
1647:
1525:
1293:
1282:
1175:
1080:
1076:
1032:
1024:
973:
925:
879:
875:
871:
863:
817:
750:
666:
341:
232:
6213:
6013:
5918:
5764:
5738:
5647:
5329:
5317:
5265:
5225:
5220:
5084:
5079:
4908:
4738:
4609:
4527:
4427:
4205:
2462:
2244:
2186:
2162:
2120:
1999:
1925:
1912:
1900:
1814:
1702:
1691:
1679:
1615:
1567:
1488:
1411:
1308:
1206:
1202:
1127:
929:
921:
887:
825:
770:
363:
336:
3297:
The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World
2083:, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "
1810:
4253:
6153:
5901:
5896:
5888:
5873:
5698:
5603:
5414:
5250:
5215:
5195:
5175:
5153:
5118:
4893:
4771:
4756:
4728:
4564:
2470:
2466:
2452:
2406:
2371:
2300:
2217:
2202:
2104:
2092:
2015:
1888:
1849:
1841:
1737:
1710:
1619:
1498:
1333:
1256:
1216:
1212:
1171:
1013:
969:
957:
796:
The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of
786:
762:
542:
537:
407:
257:
4190:
4173:
2654:"Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: Late Medieval and Early Modern Medicine"
2323:. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.
5684:
5672:
5642:
5608:
5548:
5230:
4656:
4398:
3983:
For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War
3151:
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa
2570:
2367:
2209:
1979:
1929:
1706:
1627:
1575:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1155:
1143:
1096:
1084:
883:
809:
368:
321:
296:
242:
17:
4406:
1924:
Still, advancing technology and medicine have had a great impact even in the
1705:
held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 (in effect the reigns of
824:
and later their colonies, strengthened its political, economic, and cultural
6118:
5955:
5690:
5652:
5245:
5059:
5005:
4703:
3833:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
2980:
Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves
2709:
The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution
2458:
2267:
2179:
2168:
2146:
2088:
2021:
1714:
1394:
1239:
1163:
1159:
1139:
1135:
1072:
1064:
1003:
999:
913:
890:, and a belief in the positive possibilities of technological and political
840:
661:
382:
246:
1666:-making techniques, and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of
1497:
stretching from 1815 (the Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (the outbreak of the
4174:"West Nile Virus in Europe: Understanding the Present to Gauge the Future"
4008:
The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
1016:(about 1420–1630) is an important transition period beginning between the
6108:
5804:
5625:
5453:
5368:
5307:
5270:
4913:
4708:
2348:
2332:
2308:
2263:
2109:
2100:
1995:
1971:
1952:
1940:
1318:
1246:
1147:
1131:
1100:
1092:
1068:
1052:
965:
917:
908:, many of which come from the effects of rapid change, and the connected
905:
891:
847:
801:
373:
270:
6023:
5878:
5790:
4783:
4594:
2421:
2150:
1832:
in 1884–1885. All the major European powers laid claim to the areas of
1786:
1729:
1659:
1655:
1635:
1582:
1352:
1337:
1151:
1108:
1088:
1060:
1027:", coined 1949, on the other hand, would describe rather a movement in
855:
851:
805:
797:
6043:
3574:
The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History
2280:
2041:
1963:
1833:
1611:
1010:
697:
4432:
2205:. All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939.
3176:
The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress
6008:
5998:
5993:
5465:
5460:
2395:
2360:
2045:
1991:
1741:
1667:
1546:
and Europe. It is generally classified as the fourth stage of the
998:
Sometimes distinct from the modern periods themselves, the terms "
4106:
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2000). "Globalization and Its Discontents".
1051:
Changes, mostly seen as advances, in all areas of human activity—
6138:
3493:
Constitutional Odyssey: Can Canadians Become a Sovereign People?
2429:
2292:
2201:
countries which were controlled directly by the UK, such as the
1752:
1683:
1671:
1663:
1585:
1578:
1321:
1289:
1104:
5009:
4436:
3933:
After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000
1917:
While earlier centuries also saw significant developments, the
878:. The modern era is closely associated with the development of
2425:
2171:
2115:
Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old
1797:
to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans,
1592:
soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days.
1028:
843:
140:
77:
36:
2759:
All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity
1789:
was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful
3777:
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947
3725:
Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945
6123:
3226:
The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991
1755:
and railways, and later in the nineteenth century with the
4279:
Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2072:, and the Central Powers are sometimes referred to as the
2420:
continued to spread quickly and easily. In poor nations,
2303:. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the
2079:
Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the
1638:
change in late 18th and early 19th century that began in
3624:
The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War
2567:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
4354:
Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe
4083:
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
2955:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
1939:
Technological developments included the development of
165:
102:
2613:, Volume 5, Detroit 2005. s.v. "Modernism and Modern".
2569:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Archived from
1642:
and spread throughout the world. During that time, an
3521:
The Constitution of Australia: A Contextual Analysis
1697:
The date of the Industrial Revolution is not exact.
1562:. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon's
1138:
economic systems. These have often been replaced by
5969:
5887:
5724:
5559:
5298:
5127:
5047:
4942:
4747:
4563:
4503:
4470:
2355:in 1991, at which point the Cold War ended and the
2255:, marking the end of the war on September 2, 1945.
4329:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future
3774:
2734:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
2539:"How does colonialism shape the world we live in?"
2451:feelings in parts of the world, especially in the
1860:at various points throughout the continent, while
1650:was replaced by one dominated by industry and the
4132:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3495:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 123–126.
2401:the Cold War period and the 1990s that followed.
1493:Historians sometimes define a nineteenth century
30:"Modern age" redirects here. For other uses, see
4210:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
4010:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–217.
3251:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
3057:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 412–415.
2957:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–145.
2225:Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor
1990:, as well as the independence of countries like
1783:, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy.
1747:The First Industrial Revolution gave way to the
1020:and Early Modern Times, which started in Italy.
866:, but almost every area on the globe, including
3676:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 137–139.
3203:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 134–136.
2982:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 331–335.
2711:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 321–323.
4306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15.
4206:"Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans"
2893:Eco-economy: Building an Economy for the Earth
2208:Following the lull in fighting, known as the "
1824:, and propelled by economic exploitation, the
773:(1945) can also be described as being part of
5021:
4448:
3910:. Stanford University Press. pp. 15–17.
3722:Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005).
3470:. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107.
3468:The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction
3420:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 45–48.
3178:. Oxford University Press. pp. 178–181.
3032:. Oxford University Press. pp. 557–560.
3007:. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–355.
2283:was informally split into Western and Soviet
2258:It is possible that around 62 million people
1566:, overthrowing the Directory and ends at the
1501:); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "
718:
174:that contextualizes different points of view.
91:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3858:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
3728:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 62–63.
2231:. These four countries were considered the "
1928:. Large-scale industry and more centralized
1871:Electricity, steel, and petroleum fuelled a
4151:. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42.
3763:(Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 155–160.
2869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
2786:. Stanford University Press. pp. 3–5.
2686:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–5.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5028:
5014:
5006:
4455:
4441:
4433:
4060:. Walker & Company. pp. 200–202.
3324:. Walker & Company. pp. 100–102.
2807:Meier, Gerald M.; Rauch, James E. (2000).
2784:Society and Culture in Early Modern France
2311:. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its
1962:Major political developments included the
1732:was enormous and is often compared to the
725:
711:
563:
219:
4189:
2930:Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
2598:
2249:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1864:was able to retain his personal fiefdom,
1658:. It began with the mechanisation of the
910:loss of strength of traditional religious
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
3759:Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley.
3699:The Second World War: A Complete History
3347:The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
3030:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
2363:, the last decade of the 20th century).
1626:The Industrial Revolution was the major
1605:
3546:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
2846:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
2813:. Oxford University Press. p. 98.
2505:
2489:Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns
647:
231:
4281:. Metropolitan Books. pp. 45–47.
4125:
4035:. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 3–8.
3935:. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 357–360.
3781:. Columbia University Press. pp.
3398:
3387:
3277:
3266:
3131:
3120:
2810:Leading Issues in Economic Development
2611:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
2405:the rapidly evolving economies of the
2024:, ranging from July 1914 to the final
1596:Spreading of the Industrial Revolution
1542:The Napoleonic era is a period in the
1505:" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914.
1366:decimated the population by up to 20%.
924:have been most recently criticized by
4356:. Henry Holt and Co. pp. 15–18.
2378:, impacted political life, while the
1809:in the United States in 1863, and in
7:
3808:Inferno: The World at War, 1939–1945
3153:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 88–92.
3082:. Harper Collins. pp. 112–115.
2178:and ending with the dropping of the
1893:raced to create empires of their own
1799:banned slavery throughout its domain
914:reactions against modern development
912:and ethical norms, have led to many
4970:History of the Mediterranean region
3523:. Hart Publishing. pp. 68–70.
2634:from the original on 1 January 2008
2514:"Colonialism facts and information"
1686:) and powered machinery (mainly in
753:. It was originally applied to the
160:to personal views on historiography
4254:"Global HIV & AIDS Statistics"
2359:began (which includes most of the
1970:conflict, two world wars, and the
1662:industries and the development of
868:movements thought of as opposed to
25:
6219:Western European and Others Group
4381:Nipperdey, Justus (6 July 2022).
4085:. Penguin Press. pp. 30–32.
3985:. Hill and Wang. pp. 80–85.
3960:. Penguin Press. pp. 35–40.
3548:. Penguin Books. pp. 91–93.
3445:. Penguin Press. pp. 21–25.
901:
836:
832:
52:This article has multiple issues.
4955:Bibliography of European history
4550:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
3761:FDR and the Creation of the U.N.
3701:. Henry Holt. pp. 223–225.
3228:. Michael Joseph. pp. 7–9.
1397:r. 1643–1715, an example of the
898:
145:
82:
41:
4980:History of Western civilization
4583:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4387:Journal of Early Modern History
4234:World Health Organization (WHO)
4033:The Rise of the Network Society
3860:. Basic Books. pp. 67–69.
3742:from the original on 2016-12-03
3349:. Penguin Books. pp. 4–7.
3299:. Times Books. pp. 56–58.
2910:from the original on 2023-04-14
2848:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd.
2827:from the original on 2023-03-31
2664:from the original on 2018-04-23
1820:Following the abolition of the
1251:Voyages of Christopher Columbus
1111:—appear to have transformed an
858:have come to dominate not only
761:for events that came after the
60:or discuss these issues on the
4824:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4767:Christianity in the modern era
4538:Christianity in late antiquity
3253:. Allen Lane. pp. 16–20.
3003:Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2005).
2890:Brown, Lester Russell (2003).
2123:approximately 20 years later.
1828:was initiated formally at the
1720:The effects spread throughout
1451:War of the Austrian Succession
1393:The beginning of the reign of
1:
4975:History of the European Union
4120:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00031-4
3885:. Penguin. pp. 251–255.
3835:. Penguin. pp. 413–416.
3626:. Macmillan. pp. 55–58.
3107:. Routledge. pp. 54–57.
2782:Davis, Natalie Zemon (1975).
2736:. MIT Press. pp. 73–75.
2684:The Consequences of Modernity
2229:Declaration by United Nations
1830:Berlin West Africa Conference
1430:War of the Spanish Succession
1341:
1238:(1450s): information age and
1220:
4304:English as a Global Language
3201:The Age of Empire: 1875–1914
2353:collapse of the Soviet Union
2235:" or "Four Sheriffs" of the
1873:Second Industrial Revolution
1749:Second Industrial Revolution
4934:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4545:Crisis of the Third Century
3981:Leffler, Melvyn P. (2007).
3958:The Cold War: A New History
3956:Gaddis, John Lewis (2005).
3906:Leffler, Melvyn P. (1993).
3810:. Knopf. pp. 510–512.
3773:Gaddis, John Lewis (1972).
3466:Townshend, Charles (2011).
3443:The Cold War: A New History
3441:Gaddis, John Lewis (2005).
2932:. Penguin. pp. 70–72.
2494:Timelines of modern history
2434:epidemic in southern Africa
2380:counterculture of the 1960s
1380:of 1688 establishes modern
956:(1450s), completion of the
922:belief in constant progress
906:other conflicts of this era
791:liberal international order
105:, discuss the issue on the
32:Modern age (disambiguation)
6271:
4990:Military history of Europe
4985:Maritime history of Europe
4191:10.2807/ese.15.10.19508-en
4081:Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2005).
3881:Evans, Richard J. (2008).
3622:Roberts, Geoffrey (1995).
3491:Russell, Peter H. (2004).
3103:Chamberlain, M.E. (2010).
2707:Fukuyama, Francis (2011).
2624:"Definition of POSTMODERN"
2393:
2336:
2330:
2321:People's Republic of China
2160:
2130:
2020:The First World War was a
2013:
1910:
1757:internal combustion engine
1599:
1558:, and the third being the
1535:
1532:Napoleonic era (1799–1815)
1486:
1409:
1311:economic theory and policy
1200:
1185:
745:is considered the current
29:
5989:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
5430:Standard Average European
4960:Genetic history of Europe
4399:10.1163/15700658-bja10051
4031:Castells, Manuel (1996).
4006:Westad, Odd Arne (2007).
3651:. Pimlico. pp. 3–4.
3601:. Penguin. pp. 5–6.
3374:. Knopf. pp. 14–17.
3149:Hochschild, Adam (1998).
3078:Pakenham, Thomas (1991).
3028:McPherson, James (1988).
2978:Hochschild, Adam (2005).
2896:. Earthscan. p. 93.
2761:. Verso. pp. 14–17.
2757:Berman, Marshall (1982).
2732:Habermas, Jürgen (1989).
2682:Giddens, Anthony (1990).
2052:after 1917, defeated the
2028:on 11 November 1918. The
1955:, and the dawning of the
1807:Emancipation Proclamation
1736:, when mankind developed
1614:. The development of the
1520:began to crumble and the
1508:During this century, the
1285:challenges the Church on
1276:and the beginning of the
1197:Late 15th to 17th century
6129:Lancaster House Treaties
5619:Christian existentialism
5579:Ancient Roman philosophy
5569:Ancient Greek philosophy
4352:Allison, Graham (2004).
4331:. Ecco. pp. 20–22.
3856:Snyder, Timothy (2012).
3831:Ferguson, Niall (2007).
3697:Gilbert, Martin (1989).
3053:Bethell, Leslie (1970).
2953:Marshall, P. J. (2001).
2928:Ferguson, Niall (2004).
2432:, which was becoming an
2428:, the virus that causes
2216:, and were known as the
1982:of constitutions by the
1324:enabled the Rise of the
820:. During this time, the
785:, and the transition to
5907:Equality before the law
5114:Romano-Germanic culture
4965:History of Christianity
4327:Cha, Victor D. (2012).
4302:Crystal, David (1997).
3672:Beevor, Antony (2012).
3647:Overy, Richard (1995).
3416:Beevor, Antony (2012).
3295:Diamond, Larry (2008).
3249:Overy, Richard (2005).
3224:Hobsbawm, Eric (1994).
3199:Hobsbawm, Eric (1987).
3105:The Scramble for Africa
3080:The Scramble for Africa
2628:www.merriam-webster.com
2191:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2062:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1840:gained major ground in
1610:A Watt steam engine in
1554:, the second being the
1503:long nineteenth century
1439:marked the change from
1382:parliamentary democracy
1107:, and other aspects of
6069:Eastern European Group
5658:Continental philosophy
5589:Judeo-Christian ethics
5574:Hellenistic philosophy
5055:Cradle of civilization
4789:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4277:Chomsky, Noam (2003).
4147:Collier, Paul (2007).
4122:(inactive 2024-09-14).
4056:Standage, Tom (1998).
3883:The Third Reich at War
3806:Hastings, Max (2011).
3322:The Victorian Internet
3320:Standage, Tom (1998).
2484:Post-classical history
2436:and around the world.
2153:in Italy and Germany.
1976:Statute of Westminster
1682:(fuelled primarily by
1678:. The introduction of
1623:
1550:, the first being the
1174:" (between Modern and
1146:ideas in the areas of
946:fall of Constantinople
812:. It has also been an
6189:Three Seas Initiative
6164:Pacific Islands Forum
6029:British–Irish Council
5777:Greek Orthodox Church
5236:Industrial Revolution
5206:Scientific Revolution
4869:Industrial Revolution
4393:(3). Brill: 199–223.
4172:Reiter, Paul (2010).
3931:Darwin, John (2008).
3597:Keegan, John (1989).
3370:Keegan, John (1998).
2223:On December 7, 1941,
1862:Leopold II of Belgium
1793:, Britain forced the
1791:slave revolt in Haiti
1688:textile manufacturing
1609:
1602:Industrial Revolution
1476:Industrial Revolution
1474:The beginning of the
1389:Scientific Revolution
1278:Scientific Revolution
1270:started to circulate.
1201:Further information:
993:Industrial Revolution
783:Industrial Revolution
313:Age of the human race
168:by rewriting it in a
6184:Special Relationship
5594:Christian philosophy
5539:Western Christianity
5201:Age of Enlightenment
5075:Hellenistic Kingdoms
4924:European debt crisis
4919:European integration
4859:Age of Enlightenment
4699:Republic of Florence
3674:The Second World War
3599:The Second World War
3418:The Second World War
3345:Shlaim, Avi (2000).
3174:Mokyr, Joel (1990).
2339:Contemporary history
2285:spheres of influence
2279:After World War II,
2266:(in particular, the
2199:British Commonwealth
2087:") running from the
1734:Neolithic Revolution
1556:Legislative Assembly
1418:Age of Enlightenment
1387:Continuation of the
1369:The treaties of the
968:(also 1492), to the
962:Christopher Columbus
775:contemporary history
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
93:may not represent a
6209:West Nordic Council
6074:Eastern Partnership
5663:Analytic philosophy
5364:Classical tradition
5186:Early modern period
5142:Classical antiquity
5137:European Bronze Age
4889:Revolutions of 1848
4819:Early modern France
4600:Anglo-Saxon England
4505:Classical antiquity
3544:Judt, Tony (2006).
3372:The First World War
3005:A History of Russia
2167:World War II was a
1826:Scramble for Africa
1463:American Revolution
1378:Glorious Revolution
1371:Peace of Westphalia
1192:Early modern Europe
1188:Early modern period
1182:Early modern period
934:postcolonial theory
767:early modern period
388:Classical antiquity
5668:Post-structuralism
5631:Christian humanism
5261:Universal suffrage
4995:Crusading movement
4899:Russian Revolution
4734:Hundred Years' War
4630:Maritime republics
4533:Early Christianity
4523:Hellenistic period
4480:Paleolithic Europe
3649:Why the Allies Won
3576:. Viking Penguin.
2865:Joseph E Inikori.
2145:, and the rise of
2105:influenza outbreak
2044:until March 1918,
1988:Australia Act 1986
1949:nuclear technology
1624:
1590:Congress of Vienna
1570:and his defeat at
1041:Age of Discoveries
978:Ninety-five Theses
6232:
6231:
6059:Council of Europe
5961:International law
5914:Constitutionalism
5772:Eastern Orthodoxy
5278:Post–Cold War era
5211:Age of Revolution
5065:Greco-Roman world
5003:
5002:
4929:COVID-19 pandemic
4874:French Revolution
4849:Habsburg monarchy
4829:Cossack Hetmanate
4809:Portuguese Empire
4799:Absolute monarchy
4794:Thirty Years' War
4689:Holy Roman Empire
4614:Bulgarian Empire
4573:Early Middle Ages
4490:Bronze Age Europe
4464:History of Europe
4288:978-0-8050-7400-0
4108:World Development
3401:value: checksum (
3280:value: checksum (
3134:value: checksum (
2903:978-1-85383-904-7
2820:978-0-19-511589-5
2384:rise of computers
2376:Soviet–Afghan War
2357:post–Cold War era
2343:Post–Cold War era
2317:China's civil war
2291:later aligned as
2253:Japan surrendered
2172:military conflict
2091:to the border of
1951:, advancement in
1945:space exploration
1767:Late 19th century
1552:National Assembly
1548:French Revolution
1544:history of France
1469:French Revolution
1422:Age of Revolution
1399:Age of Absolutism
1360:Thirty Years' War
1234:'s moveable type
989:French Revolution
964:'s voyage to the
952:'s moveable type
779:French Revolution
755:history of Europe
747:historical period
735:
734:
687:
686:
679:Political history
304:
292:
262:
258:Pleistocene epoch
218:
217:
210:
200:
199:
192:
154:This article may
139:
138:
131:
113:, as appropriate.
75:
27:Period of history
16:(Redirected from
6262:
6104:EU Customs Union
5636:Secular humanism
5584:Christian ethics
5534:East–West Schism
5517:Physical culture
5241:Great Divergence
5191:Age of Discovery
5030:
5023:
5016:
5007:
4864:Great Divergence
4779:Age of Discovery
4724:Late Middle Ages
4694:High Middle Ages
4605:Byzantine Empire
4588:Christianization
4578:Migration Period
4513:Classical Greece
4485:Neolithic Europe
4457:
4450:
4443:
4434:
4428:China and Europe
4417:
4415:
4413:
4368:
4367:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4178:Eurosurveillance
4169:
4163:
4162:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4123:
4114:(6): 1074–1076.
4103:
4097:
4096:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3780:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3517:Saunders, Cheryl
3513:
3507:
3506:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2573:on June 22, 2008
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2510:
2143:Great Depression
2139:Roaring Twenties
1805:in 1861, by the
1740:and gave up its
1457:Seven Years' War
1447:naval supremacy.
1437:Peace of Utrecht
1346:
1343:
1304:Age of Discovery
1225:
1222:
1018:Late Middle Ages
814:Age of Discovery
727:
720:
713:
702:
696:
657:Age of Discovery
564:
332:Earliest records
318:Recorded history
294:
282:
254:
252:
241:
220:
213:
206:
195:
188:
184:
181:
175:
171:balanced fashion
149:
148:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6255:Western culture
6245:Historical eras
6235:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6194:UKUSA Agreement
6134:Lublin Triangle
6019:Baltic Assembly
5971:
5965:
5883:
5720:
5555:
5425:Eurolinguistics
5294:
5283:Information age
5256:Interwar period
5123:
5043:
5034:
5004:
4999:
4938:
4904:Interwar period
4879:Napoleonic Wars
4743:
4714:Mongol invasion
4667:Crown of Aragon
4559:
4499:
4495:Iron Age Europe
4466:
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4424:
4411:
4409:
4380:
4377:
4372:
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4364:
4351:
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2859:
2844:Eric Hobsbawm,
2843:
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2658:www.nlm.nih.gov
2652:
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2647:
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2635:
2630:. 2 June 2023.
2622:
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2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2480:
2445:Americanization
2443:, specifically
2418:Avian influenza
2398:
2392:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2313:democratization
2260:died in the war
2214:Tripartite Pact
2165:
2159:
2135:
2133:Interwar period
2129:
2127:Interwar period
2074:Triple Alliance
2018:
2012:
1984:Canada Act 1982
1957:Information Age
1934:democratization
1915:
1909:
1795:Barbary pirates
1773:Napoleonic Wars
1769:
1604:
1598:
1540:
1534:
1518:Ottoman Empires
1499:First World War
1491:
1485:
1426:
1424:(ca. 1700–1800)
1414:
1408:
1349:
1344:
1228:
1223:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1186:Main articles:
1184:
1170:the so-called "
1049:
1047:Characteristics
942:
822:European powers
759:Western history
731:
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689:
688:
683:
643:
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619:
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196:
185:
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176:
166:help improve it
163:
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135:
124:
118:
115:
100:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6268:
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6258:
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6250:Modern history
6247:
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6230:
6229:
6227:
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6224:Westernization
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6204:Visegrád Group
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
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6176:
6171:
6166:
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6146:
6144:Nordic Council
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6096:
6091:
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6046:
6041:
6039:Bucharest Nine
6036:
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6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Arctic Council
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
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5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5614:Existentialism
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
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5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
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5557:
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5268:
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5258:
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5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
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5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5147:Late antiquity
5139:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Russian Empire
4851:
4846:
4844:British Empire
4841:
4839:Dutch Republic
4836:
4834:Swedish Empire
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:Spanish Empire
4811:
4806:
4804:Ottoman Empire
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Serbian Empire
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4555:Late antiquity
4552:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4518:Roman Republic
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4422:External links
4420:
4419:
4418:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4344:
4338:978-0061998508
4337:
4319:
4313:978-0521592475
4312:
4294:
4287:
4269:
4245:
4221:
4197:
4164:
4158:978-0195311457
4157:
4139:
4098:
4092:978-1594200458
4091:
4073:
4066:
4048:
4042:978-1557866172
4041:
4023:
4017:978-0521703147
4016:
3998:
3991:
3973:
3967:978-1594200625
3966:
3948:
3942:978-1596913936
3941:
3923:
3917:978-0804719247
3916:
3898:
3892:978-1594202063
3891:
3873:
3867:978-0465032976
3866:
3848:
3842:978-0143112396
3841:
3823:
3817:978-0307273598
3816:
3798:
3792:978-0231122399
3791:
3765:
3752:
3735:978-0847694167
3734:
3714:
3707:
3689:
3683:978-0297844976
3682:
3664:
3657:
3639:
3633:978-0333640685
3632:
3614:
3608:978-0140113419
3607:
3589:
3582:
3570:Barry, John M.
3561:
3555:978-0143037750
3554:
3536:
3530:978-1841137346
3529:
3508:
3502:978-0802085917
3501:
3483:
3477:978-0199605415
3476:
3458:
3452:978-1594200625
3451:
3433:
3427:978-0297860709
3426:
3408:
3381:978-0375400525
3380:
3362:
3356:978-0140288704
3355:
3337:
3331:978-0802713667
3330:
3312:
3306:978-0805089134
3305:
3287:
3260:978-0713993090
3259:
3241:
3235:978-0679730057
3234:
3216:
3210:978-0297793670
3209:
3191:
3185:978-0195074772
3184:
3166:
3160:978-0618001903
3159:
3141:
3114:978-0582772552
3113:
3095:
3089:978-0349104492
3088:
3070:
3064:978-0521074599
3063:
3045:
3039:978-0195038637
3038:
3020:
3014:978-0195153941
3013:
2995:
2989:978-0618619078
2988:
2970:
2964:978-0521002547
2963:
2945:
2939:978-0141007540
2938:
2920:
2902:
2882:
2875:
2857:
2837:
2819:
2799:
2793:978-0804709729
2792:
2774:
2768:978-0140109627
2767:
2749:
2743:978-0262581080
2742:
2724:
2718:978-1846682568
2717:
2699:
2693:978-0804718912
2692:
2674:
2645:
2615:
2603:
2601:, p. 199.
2599:Nipperdey 2022
2584:
2554:
2530:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2394:Main article:
2391:
2388:
2331:Main article:
2328:
2325:
2305:British Empire
2297:Eastern Europe
2289:Western Europe
2241:Atlantic Ocean
2233:Four Policemen
2161:Main article:
2158:
2155:
2149:in Russia and
2131:Main article:
2128:
2125:
2070:Triple Entente
2066:Ottoman Empire
2054:Central Powers
2034:British Empire
2022:world conflict
2014:Main article:
2011:
2008:
1911:Main article:
1908:
1905:
1875:which enabled
1813:in 1888. (see
1781:Pax Britannica
1777:British Empire
1771:Following the
1768:
1765:
1761:electric power
1722:Western Europe
1600:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1538:Napoleonic era
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1526:Mughal Empires
1495:historical era
1487:Main article:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1425:
1415:
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1367:
1364:Central Europe
1348:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:British Empire
1316:Spanish Armada
1312:
1306:
1301:
1280:
1271:
1254:
1243:
1236:printing press
1227:
1210:
1198:
1195:
1183:
1180:
1048:
1045:
954:printing press
941:
938:
860:Western Europe
733:
732:
730:
729:
722:
715:
707:
704:
703:
691:
690:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
670:
669:
659:
653:
650:
649:
645:
644:
641:
640:
634:
632:
631:
626:
624:Southeast Asia
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
601:
599:
598:
593:
588:
582:
579:
578:
573:
567:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
546:
545:
534:
532:
531:
526:
524:Southeast Asia
520:
518:
517:
511:
509:
508:
503:
497:
495:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
451:
449:
448:
443:
441:Southeast Asia
437:
435:
434:
429:
424:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
399:
396:
395:
393:Late antiquity
390:
385:
379:
377:
376:
371:
366:
360:
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
334:
328:
326:
325:
315:
309:
306:
305:
275:
274:
269:
268:
265:
264:
236:
235:
229:
228:
216:
215:
198:
197:
153:
151:
144:
137:
136:
119:September 2023
97:of the subject
95:worldwide view
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
18:Modern History
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6267:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6225:
6222:
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6215:
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6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:PROSUR/PROSUL
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
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6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6064:Craiova Group
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5979:ABCANZ Armies
5977:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:Protestantism
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5750:
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5741:
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5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Sovereigntism
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Scholasticism
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5288:War on terror
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5181:Modern period
5179:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:Western world
5031:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5008:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Art of Europe
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4749:Modern period
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
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4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
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4562:
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4548:
4546:
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4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
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4478:
4477:
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4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4363:9780805078527
4359:
4355:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
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4160:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4067:9780802713421
4063:
4059:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3992:9780374531423
3988:
3984:
3977:
3974:
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3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
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3779:
3778:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3708:9780805005349
3704:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3658:9781845950651
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3583:0-670-89473-7
3579:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3547:
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3404:
3391:
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3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
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3177:
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3167:
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3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3099:
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3091:
3085:
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3074:
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3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2876:0-521-01079-9
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:0-349-10484-0
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:anti-American
2446:
2442:
2441:globalization
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:Kristallnacht
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2203:Indian Empire
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:The Holocaust
2173:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:Eastern Front
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:no man's land
2082:
2081:Western Front
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:German Empire
2056:, led by the
2055:
2051:
2050:United States
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:, led by the
2031:
2030:Allied Powers
2027:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:United States
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:North America
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Eric Hobsbawm
1695:
1693:
1692:machine tools
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:manual labour
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:socioeconomic
1629:
1628:technological
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:1618–1648 in
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:the 95 Theses
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:Martin Luther
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:Discovery of
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1176:Ancient Times
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:regimes, and
1133:
1129:
1128:value systems
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:mechanization
1078:
1077:communication
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1033:postmodernity
1030:
1026:
1025:Postmodernism
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
984:
981:
979:
975:
974:Martin Luther
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:postmodernism
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:individualism
877:
876:globalization
873:
872:western world
869:
865:
864:North America
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:globalization
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:human history
748:
744:
743:modern period
740:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
706:
705:
699:
693:
692:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
667:Postmodernity
665:
664:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
639:
636:
635:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
597:
596:South America
594:
592:
591:North America
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
566:
565:
560:
555:
554:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
516:
513:
512:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:Postclassical
465:
464:
456:
453:
452:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
414:
413:South America
411:
409:
408:North America
406:
404:
401:
400:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
352:
351:
343:
342:Proto-writing
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
323:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
302:
298:
291:
290:
286:
280:
277:
276:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
259:
248:
244:
238:
237:
234:
233:Human history
230:
226:
222:
221:
212:
209:
194:
191:
183:
173:
172:
167:
161:
159:
152:
143:
142:
133:
130:
122:
112:
108:
104:
98:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6214:Western Bloc
6014:AUSCANNZUKUS
5970:Contemporary
5919:Human rights
5765:Latin Church
5739:Christianity
5689:
5648:Conservatism
5493:contemporary
5330:Architecture
5266:World War II
5226:Emancipation
5221:Abolitionism
5109:Romanization
5104:Roman legacy
5085:Roman Empire
4909:World War II
4762:Early modern
4739:Kalmar Union
4610:Papal States
4528:Roman Empire
4410:. Retrieved
4390:
4386:
4353:
4347:
4328:
4322:
4303:
4297:
4278:
4272:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:
4248:
4237:. Retrieved
4233:
4224:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4148:
4142:
4128:cite journal
4111:
4107:
4101:
4082:
4076:
4057:
4051:
4032:
4026:
4007:
4001:
3982:
3976:
3957:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3907:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3857:
3851:
3832:
3826:
3807:
3801:
3776:
3768:
3760:
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2542:
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2520:. 2023-10-06
2517:
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2463:dictatorship
2457:
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2257:
2245:puppet state
2222:
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2187:Nazi Germany
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2163:World War II
2157:World War II
2136:
2121:World War II
2114:
2078:
2019:
2000:South Africa
1961:
1938:
1926:Global South
1923:
1919:20th century
1918:
1916:
1913:20th century
1907:20th century
1889:great powers
1870:
1819:
1815:Abolitionism
1785:
1770:
1763:generation.
1746:
1719:
1703:T. S. Ashton
1696:
1625:
1616:steam engine
1568:Hundred Days
1541:
1507:
1492:
1489:19th century
1483:19th century
1478:around 1760.
1412:18th century
1406:18th century
1350:
1314:Fall of the
1309:Mercantilist
1265:
1261:
1207:17th century
1203:16th century
1168:
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837:20th century
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789:towards the
771:World War II
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289:Contemporary
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158:undue weight
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5699:Atlanticism
5604:Rationalism
5410:Immigration
5393:Esotericism
5251:World War I
5216:Romanticism
5196:Reformation
5176:Renaissance
5154:Middle Ages
5119:Christendom
5048:Foundations
4894:World War I
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4772:Reformation
4757:Renaissance
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4662:Kievan Rus'
4565:Middle Ages
4184:(10): 5–6.
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2471:North Korea
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2218:Axis Powers
2117:world order
2093:Switzerland
2016:World War I
2010:World War I
1968:Palestinian
1895:. However,
1850:East Africa
1842:West Africa
1822:slave trade
1744:lifestyle.
1738:agriculture
1680:steam power
1674:, and then
1670:, improved
1652:manufacture
1620:groundwater
1564:coup d'état
1471:(1789–1799)
1465:(1765–1783)
1459:(1754–1763)
1453:(1740–1748)
1432:(1701–1714)
1384:in England.
1345: 1600
1334:Reformation
1298:Reformation
1262:Il Principe
1257:Machiavelli
1224: 1450
1217:Reformation
1213:Renaissance
1172:Middle Ages
1132:monarchical
1014:Renaissance
972:begun with
970:Reformation
960:(1492) and
958:Reconquista
940:Terminology
787:nationalism
763:Middle Ages
543:Renaissance
6239:Categories
6174:Rio Treaty
5685:Relativism
5643:Liberalism
5609:Empiricism
5561:Philosophy
5549:Secularism
5500:Philosophy
5437:Literature
5231:Capitalism
4657:Viking Age
4472:Prehistory
4375:References
4263:2024-09-04
4239:2024-09-04
4215:2024-09-04
3746:2019-10-13
2914:2023-02-08
2831:2023-02-08
2668:2022-10-09
2548:2024-08-01
2543:Al Jazeera
2524:2024-08-01
2439:Increased
2368:Korean War
2337:See also:
2210:Phoney War
1986:, and the
1980:patriation
1887:to become
1883:, and the
1854:Portuguese
1852:, and the
1707:George III
1576:November 9
1522:Holy Roman
1514:Portuguese
1420:and early
1336:and early
1287:31 October
1274:Copernicus
1266:The Prince
1240:newspapers
1215:and early
1156:psychology
1140:democratic
1097:technology
1085:automation
884:capitalism
835:and early
810:technology
739:modern era
674:Futurology
615:South Asia
515:South Asia
432:South Asia
369:Bronze Age
364:Copper Age
322:Common Era
297:10,000 BCE
243:Prehistory
57:improve it
6119:Five Eyes
6114:EU–UK TCA
5956:Democracy
5845:Old Norse
5734:Abrahamic
5691:Peritrope
5673:Tolerance
5653:Socialism
5483:Mythology
5471:Classical
5420:Languages
5398:Astrology
5246:Modernism
5060:Old World
4704:Feudalism
4675:Catalonia
4407:1385-3783
4230:"Malaria"
3390:cite book
3269:cite book
3123:cite book
2638:9 October
2459:Terrorism
2414:West Nile
2268:Holocaust
2180:atom bomb
2147:communism
2095:. On the
2089:North Sea
2026:Armistice
1941:airplanes
1715:George IV
1656:machinery
1646:based on
1560:Directory
1435:The 1713
1395:Louis XIV
1232:Gutenberg
1164:economics
1160:sociology
1121:New World
1115:into the
1113:Old World
1073:transport
1065:economics
1004:modernism
1000:modernity
950:Gutenberg
930:dominance
841:modernist
662:Modernity
629:West Asia
610:East Asia
529:West Asia
506:East Asia
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279:Timelines
247:Stone Age
180:July 2024
107:talk page
63:talk page
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2908:Archived
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2327:Cold War
2309:Cold War
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2110:pandemic
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1972:Cold War
1953:genetics
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1011:European
991:and the
980:(1517).
966:Americas
948:(1453),
920:and the
918:Optimism
892:progress
848:politics
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802:politics
648:See also
492:Americas
477:Timeline
374:Iron Age
271:Holocene
225:a series
223:Part of
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