Slavery in the 21st century

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him, to slavery, forcing her to wear a bell throughout the day to be available at for his "family's beck and call". The employee, Josephine Wong, was first hired by the Basfar household in November 2015 in Saudi Arabia and brought to the UK to work for him in August 2016. According to court's hearing, Wong was confined to the house except to take the rubbish out. She was allegedly subjected to incessant shouting, offensive names and given leftover food only. The court was requested to judge the issue and determine whether Basfar's treatment of Wong was protected by diplomatic immunity or not, if the case did amount to modern slavery. The concluded that Ms Wong's was a case of modern slavery.

2943:, effective from September 30, 2017. Under the latter act, there is transparency in regards to interbank information sharing with law enforcement agencies to help to crack down on money laundering agencies related to contemporary slavery. The Act also aims at reducing the incidence of tax evasion attributed to the modern slave trade conducted under the domain of the law. Despite this, the government has been refusing asylum and deporting children trafficked to the UK as slaves. Several British charities have claimed this puts the deportees at risk of being subject to control by slavery gangs a second time, and deters child victims from coming forward with information. 64: 2420:, 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico were forced to work in a food truck. and essentially enslaved by their employer. The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they quit their job, as this would be a violation of their visas. A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed "Operation Blooming Onion" revealed that a years-long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern 2389:. There have been over 6,500 recorded migrant deaths during the construction of the stadiums. Amnesty International researched into the construction of the stadiums and found 3,200 migrant workers work on the stadiums everyday, in which at least 224 of them have reported abusive and exploitative behaviour. Workers reported issues of expensive recruitment fees, poor living conditions, false salaries, delayed payments of salary, being unable to leave the stadium or camp, being unable to leave the country or change jobs, being threatened, and most importantly forced labour. 3017:. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking. 2435:, Diana Chepkemoi went viral. Following growing pressure from the public, the government repatriated Chepkemoi along with a few other domestic workers facing a similar fate in the Kingdom. Among those rescued was Joy Simiyu, who went to Saudi to work as a domestic help, but within months returned to Kenya with a harrowing but known tale of abuse by her employer. According to reports, migrant housekeepers complained of being subjected to physical, mental as well as sexual abuse while working in the Gulf state. 7767: 2091: 2157: 1907:. In countries that lack education and the rule of law, poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations. 1774: 3041:, Australia). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions". In March 2020, released 3073:, and an influx of online clothing shopping, which has led factories in third world countries to rapidly expand to deal with the influx of demand. A result, this rapid increase in demand for clothes and PPE has led to some companies using the pandemic as an excuse to exploit vulnerable workers, even forcing them to work through the pandemic, putting them at risk of contracting the disease. The pandemic has led to multiple impacts across the globe. 2103: 2519: 2679: 2643: 2454: 2401:

accommodation must be provided by employers which is 300 QAR and 500 QAR respectively. Moreover, Qatar introduced a wage protection system to ensure the employers are complying with the reforms. The wage protection system monitors the workers in the private sector. This new system has reduced wage abuses and disputes among migrant labours.

2337:(tribespeople). Puspal, a former brick kiln worker in Punjab, India, stated in an interview to antislavery.org; "We do not stop even if we are ill – what if our debt is increasing? So we don't dare to stop." In India, when compared to the price of land, paid labor or oxen, the price of slaves is currently 95% less than it was in the past. 2832:

achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

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passed down for generations. People become trapped in this system working ostensibly towards repayment though they are often forced to work far past the original amount they owe. They work under the force of threats and abuse. Sometimes the debts last a few years, and sometimes the debts are even passed onto future generations.

2037:, the government forces many people to work for the state, both inside and outside North Korea itself, sometimes for many years. The 2018 Global Slavery Index estimated that 2.8 million people were slaves in the country. The value of all the labor done by North Koreans for the government is estimated at US$ 975 million, with 2285:

packing boxes. Finally, prisoners can work in specialist workshops run by third parties, in which the prisoners can do tasks such as building window-frames, graphic design and other tasks requiring some form of machinery. Reports suggest prisoners in the UK can earn as little as £10 for a 40-hour week's worth of work.

1866:, modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation". The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children. According to this definition, research from the 2658:, Thailand's billion-dollar fish export industry remains plagued with human rights maltreatment in spite of government vows to stamp out servitude in its angling industry. Human Rights Watch conducted interviews with 248 fishermen, it documented the forced labor of trafficked workers in the Thai fishing industry. 2424:. The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water. 2717:

or fraud parks, notably in Southeast Asian countries, which involve human trafficking and typically run by Chinese criminal gangs. Fraud factory victims are forced to scam internet users around the world into fraudulently buying cryptocurrencies or withdrawing cash, via social media and online dating

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and peonage, occurs when people give themselves into slavery as a security against a loan or when they inherit a debt from a relative. The cycle begins when people take extreme loans under the condition that they work off the debt. The "loan" is designed so that it can never be paid off, and is often

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Since slavery has been officially abolished, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labour, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that

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that continues to occur in present-day society. Estimates of the number of enslaved people today range from around 38 million to 49.6 million, depending on the method used to form the estimate and the definition of slavery being used. The estimated number of enslaved people is debated, as there is no

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I spent seven years in hell," says Raju, now 21, trying hard not to cry. Thapa Magar took him to Rani Haveli, a brothel in Mumbai that specialized in male sex workers and sold him for Nepali Rs 85,000. A Muslim man ran the flesh trade there in young boys and girls, most of them lured from Nepal. For

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Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US $ 150 billion each year. The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.

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In the UK there are three key types of prison labour. First, prisoners can be made to maintain the jail—for example cleaning, maintenance, or working in the kitchens. Second, prisoners have the option to do mundane/repetitive work for external companies; this includes tasks such as bagging nails and

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The highest court in UK stripped diplomats with a history of domestic worker abuse from claiming diplomatic immunity, saving them from compensatory claims. The July 2022 ruling concerned the case of a London-based Saudi diplomat, Khalid Basfar, who allegedly treated a Filipino staff member hired by

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Children comprise about 26% of the slaves today. Although children can legally engage in certain forms of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations; although child labor isn't considered slavery, it inevitably hinders their education. Forced begging is a common way that

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under the threat of violence to them or their families. Undocumented immigrants may also be taken advantage of, as without legal residency they often have no legal recourse. Along with sex slavery, this is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy countries such as the United States, in

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have exploited the pandemic as well, by firing Haratine domestic workers, or allowing them to work on the condition that they are confined within the workplace to avoid travel. This entraps the Haratine people, since if they do not take the work they starve, but if they continue to work they leave

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is defined by the International Labour Organization as events "which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities." When the threats come

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Victims of modern-day slavery are often hesitant to go to the authorities for help due to a fear of being criminalised, detained or deported rather than being treated as victims of a crime. Victims of modern-day slavery often live in cramped conditions in which the Covid virus can spread quickly.

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article exposed that the Obama administration placed migrant children with human traffickers; they failed to do proper background checks of adults who claimed the children, allowed sponsors to take custody of multiple unrelated children, and regularly placed children in homes without visiting the

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are children who may be trafficked from their homes and forced or coerced by armed forces. The armed forces could be government armed forces, paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups. While in these groups the children may be forced to work as cooks, guards, servants or spies. It is common for

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is a form of slavery that affects millions of women and girls all over the world. When families cannot support their children, the daughters are often married off to the males of wealthier, more powerful families. These men are often significantly older than the girls. The females are forced into

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In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so

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Trafficking victims are often tricked by brokers' false promises of "good" factory jobs, then forced onto fishing boats where they are trapped, bought and sold like livestock, and held against their will for months or years at a time, forced to work grueling 22-hour days in dangerous conditions.

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commercial sexual exploitation." However, "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries, is a form of human trafficking that can be hard to track from afar". It is estimated that 50,000 people are trafficked every year in the United States.

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Signs that someone may have been forced into slavery include a lack of identity documents, lack of personal possessions, clothing that is unsuitable or has seen much wear, poor living conditions, a reluctance to make eye contact, unwillingness to talk, and unwillingness to seek help. In the UK,

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Additionally in the UK two individuals in Kent were found guilty of trafficking six Lithuanian men. They were forced to work back to back 8 hour shifts as chicken catchers. Further investigations into this highlighted that the farms these individuals were working at were supplying eggs to large

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and introduced basic minimum wage and wage protection system for migrant workers. Under these reforms workers can change jobs without employer's permission and are now paid basic minimum wage regardless of their nationality. The basic minimum wage is set to 1,000 QAR and allowances for food and

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Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN

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data, as of 2013, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children trafficked across international borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The data also illustrates that the majority of transnational victims are trafficked into

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The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to

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are trafficked from these areas to the West and the Middle East. An estimated 20% of slaves to date are active in the sex industry. Sexual exploitation can also become a form of debt bondage when enslavers insist that victims work in the sex industry to pay for basic needs and transportation.

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estimates that, by their definitions, over 40 million people are in some form of slavery today. Some 24.9 million people are in forced labor, of whom 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture, 4.8 million people in forced sexual

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As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million), China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).

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two years, Raju was kept locked up, taught to dress as a girl and castrated. Many of the other boys there were castrated as well. Beatings and starvation became a part of his life. "There were 40 to 50 boys in the place," a gaunt, brooding Raju recalls. "Most of them were Nepalese.

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The Home Office has stated the number of suspected modern slavery victims in the UK has fallen for the first time in 4 years, as a result of the pandemic. Officials say this is due to the restrictions implemented in the UK and an increase of self-isolation and businesses shutting.

1837:' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion". Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal 2049:. The workers are often unpaid. Additionally, North Korea's army of 1.2 million conscripted soldiers is often made to work on construction projects unrelated to defense, including building private villas for the elite. The government has had as many as 100,000 workers abroad. 3141:

Since most countries have adopted lockdowns, this has led to limited operations of anti-slavery organisations since people were not allowed to meet up during the lockdown. Anti-slavery support services and educational centres have also shut down as a result of the lockdown.

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the 'market' for exploitative labour is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such basic transactions do still occur, in contemporary cases people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.

1845: 2145:, which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted", providing a legal basis for slavery, now referred to as penal labor, to continue in the country. Historically, this led to the system of 7563: 4863: 3045:

records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.

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The national referral mechanism has recorded 2,871 referrals of potential modern day slavery victims in the 1st quarter of 2020, which is a 14% fall from the previous 3 months. There has been an increase of child victims "partially driven" by an increase of

2257:), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently house between 500,000 and 2 million prisoners, and to have caused tens of millions of deaths. In parallel with laogai, China operated the smaller 1911:

replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter. Slaves are more attractive for unpleasant work, and less for pleasant work.

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Victims of human trafficking can be made to beg on the streets with the earnings being given back to the traffickers. It has been suggested many children across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are forced to beg on the streets.

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for negligence as she speculated that executives were aware of a situation that occurred back in 2012 where she was sexually abused and trafficked by someone posing as her "friend". Social media and smartphone apps are also used to sell the slaves.

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By the general estimate China's prison and labor camp population was roughly 10 million in any one year under Mao. Descriptions of camp life by inmates, which point to high mortality rates, indicate a probable annual death rate of at least 10 per

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Self-isolation and social isolation is a major aspect of the pandemic, and it may increase the chances for young people being vulnerable to grooming and abuse due to a lack of contact with friends and family. Ordinarily some Quranic schools in

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Despite some improvements, the situation has not changed much since a large-scale survey of almost 500 fishers in 2012, that found almost one in five "reported working against their will with the penalty that would prevent them from leaving".

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The use of lockdowns has been implemented to attempt to stop the spread of the virus. This has led to mass firings as a result of global brands cancelling orders resulting in factories shutting down. By March 2020 over 1 million workers in

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system, which is associated with outdated laws and procedures, which ties migrant workers to local Emirati sponsors with very little government oversight. This has often led to forced labor and human trafficking. As of 2017, the

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Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice for enslavers, despite the ethical concerns. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the

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2018 estimated that there were about 40.3 million slaves around the world. In another estimate that suggests the number is around 13 million, it is estimated that around 12.3 million of these contemporary slaves are children.

2304:. Some prisoners work for private companies. In NSW some are paid as little as $ 0.82 per hour, while in the NT some are paid as much as $ 16 per hour (compared to $ 35 per hour for a regular union employee in the same job). 6939: 5434: 4855: 6919: 2276:

In North Korea, tens of thousands of prisoners may be held in forced labor camps. Prisoners suffer harsh conditions and have been forced to dig their own graves and to throw rocks at the dead body of another prisoner. At

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Many of those who become victims of sex slavery initially do so willingly under the guise that they will be performing traditional sex work, only to become trapped for extended periods of time, such as those involved in

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is also prominent. Uzbekistan's government has worked to reduce the forced labor in recent years, and in March 2022 a major boycott of Uzbek cotton was lifted, upon reports that coerced labor had been almost eliminated.

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assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country's problem but on the extent of governments' efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".

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constitute half of the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $ 3.5 billion in 2015. The value of all the labor done by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions. In

2560:, allow marriage of minors as long as there is judicial consent, parental consent or if the minor is pregnant. In 2017–2018, several states began passing laws to either restrict child marriage or ban it altogether. 6895: 3344: 3086:

practice forced begging. Since many of the pupils began to reside within the school premises due to the pandemic, they are subject to further abuse/punishment as a result of them not bringing in as much income.

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and local laws. Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $ 150 billion, though profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of

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from the government the threats can be much different. Many governments that participate in forced labor shut down their connections with the surrounding countries to prevent citizens from leaving.

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In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US

6511: 5467: 5313: 2071:, every year, forcing them to abandon their other responsibilities in the process. In this example the use of students, including those in primary, secondary, and higher education, means that 6220: 4680: 1838: 1683: 5795: 3037:

Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,

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apps. Trafficking victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ theft, organ harvesting or forced prostitution if they do not scam sufficiently successfully.

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have experienced similar problems. A lack of government support for citizens has led to an increase of human trafficking as a result of people turning to bonded labour for survival.

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This, along with the combination of being fearful to get help from the authorities such as the NHS, leads to victims catching diseases and potentially dying as a result.

2153:, an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population at being 2.3 million individuals, and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion. 7421: 6489: 5864: 4038: 3639: 2063:

Government-forced labor comes in different forms, as governments have also been known to participate in forced-labor practices that do not include military service. In

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Forced marriages also happen in developed nations. In the United Kingdom there were 3,546 reports to the police of forced marriage over three years from 2014 to 2016.

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In recent years, the internet and popular social networking sites have become tools that traffickers use to find vulnerable people who they can then exploit. A 2017

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Bonded labor is used across a variety of industries in order to produce products for consumption around the world. It is most common in India, Pakistan and Nepal.

7155: 7091: 5939: 5771: 5588: 4893: 4488: 856: 7718: 5717: 5043: 4397: 3972: 6728: 5287: 3994: 1402: 6860: 4824: 6636: 4366: 1950: 1552: 5335: 2470:, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. It is the primary form of slavery in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly in Moldova and Laos. Many 5373: 5261: 4642: 2764:– Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs, licence plates, and body armour. 1963:(chattel) of someone else, and can usually be bought and sold. It stems historically either from conquest, where a conquered person is enslaved, as in the 883: 2363:, some foreign workers are exploited and more or less enslaved. The majority of the UAE resident population are foreign migrant workers rather than local 3497: 1629: 381: 5750: 5069: 4124: 3466: 3820: 6420: 5529: 831: 7685: 5457: 5309: 4102: 7533: 6204: 2222:, protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement. 1805:

universally agreed definition of modern slavery; those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available.

1602: 1422: 595: 7556:"Major apparel brands delay & cancel orders in response to pandemic, risking livelihoods of millions of garment workers in their supply chains" 4672: 2458: 6039: 3189:. But slavery has been silently perpetuated since that time until the present, through criminalizing behavior, and enabling police to arrest poor 1760: 7624: 6446: 5687: 4983: 3759: 2484:

reported that boys from Nepal had been lured to India and enslaved for sex. Many of these boys had also been subject to male genital mutilation (

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Modern slavery can be quite profitable, and corrupt governments tacitly allow it, despite its being outlawed by international treaties such as

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exploitation, and 4 million people in forced labour imposed by state authorities. An additional 15.4 million people are in forced marriages.

1444: 1121: 893: 5128: 2281:, children and political prisoners were subject to forced labor. Yodok closed in 2014 and its prisoners were transferred to other prisons. 2226: 1636: 1597: 1240: 7197: 4277: 1979: 6666: 6061: 7274: 4524: 4457: 2545: 1678: 1315: 975: 826: 622: 531: 7806: 7243: 6545: 6099: 6009: 4611: 4547: 4270:"13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)" 3379: 6964: 5972: 5916: 5192: 4061: 2954:. The government also initiated a nationwide campaign against modern slavery: the "Modern slavery is closer than you think" campaign. 1698: 1392: 1146: 4198: 7838: 7810: 7149: 6819: 6321: 3684: 3560: 2877: 2837: 1826: 1809: 1520: 1397: 821: 590: 457: 1367: 63: 7853: 5593: 2986: 2947: 2863:

locations. Several Guatemalan teens were found being held captive by traffickers and forced to work at a local egg farm in Ohio.

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Those who resist or try to run away are beaten, tortured, and often killed. This is commonplace because of the disposability of

7653: 6598:"El Parlamento Europeo calificó como trata de personas y esclavitud moderna a las misiones de médicos cubanos en el extranjero" 6242: 5562: 4343: 3214: 1646: 1417: 223: 7413: 6481: 6129: 5856: 4950:"'We were forced to throw rocks at a man being hanged': Prisoner exposes life inside notorious North Korea forced labour camp" 3720: 3564: 1926:

Bales explains, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."

1557: 7587:"COVID-19 and Human Trafficking—the Amplified Impact on Vulnerable Populations | Pediatrics | JAMA Pediatrics | JAMA Network" 4030: 3651: 2548:

were legally married from 2002 to 2017, with the youngest being only 10 years old. Most were married to adults. Currently 48

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Along with migrant slavery, forced prostitution is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy regions such as the

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which amounts to mass slavery, according to UN investigators. Their report also found sexual slavery and other forced labor.

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citizens, with there being over 1.7 million migrant workers, making up 90% of the constructive workforce. The country has a

3934: 3592: 7843: 6397: 4924: 3236: 3156: 2881: 2647: 2637: 2250: 1968: 1856: 1688: 1471: 332: 7783: 6301: 6272: 5886: 3904: 7772: 7745: 4243: 4221: 3272: 2493: 2202:, prisoners are not paid at all for their work. In other states, prisoners are paid between $ 0.12 and $ 1.15 per hour. 1693: 1537: 1407: 1068: 836: 816: 376: 344: 7139: 7083: 4885: 4480: 2726:

In addition to sex slavery, modern slaves are often forced to work in certain occupations. Common occupations include:

1959:, is the form most often associated with the word "slavery". In chattel slavery, the enslaved person is considered the 3964: 3851: 1848:, including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor". 1753: 1703: 1427: 1345: 472: 253: 5035: 4387: 6720: 5283: 5154: 5013: 3435: 2416:

In the United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010

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Procurement Policy Note – Tackling Modern Slavery in Government Supply Chains: Action Note PPN 05/19 September 2019

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is pushing towards a better labor system as it has recently passed laws to protect the rights of domestic workers.

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Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).

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paid inmates an average of $ 0.90 per hour in 2017. Inmates who refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into

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lives whose main purpose is to serve their husbands. This often fosters an environment for physical, verbal and

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industries. Many are trafficked and sexually exploited. Forced child labor is the dominant form of slavery in

2067:, for example, the government coerces students and state workers to harvest cotton, of which the country is a 364: 7740: 5743: 5065: 4132: 3458: 3812: 3251: 3066: 3038: 2936: 2215: 2211: 2057: 1964: 1673: 1412: 1362: 1290: 1063: 841: 785: 768: 199: 5521: 3523:"Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)" 961: 7682: 6662: 4798: 4094: 2805:

condemned, 386 — 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the

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children are forced to participate in labor without their consent. Most are domestic workers or work in

2313: 2243: 2068: 1997: 1582: 1437: 1350: 1335: 1017: 1005: 751: 736: 521: 296: 218: 31: 6031: 4733:"A New Form of Slavery? Meet Incarcerated Firefighters Battling California's Wildfires for $ 1 an Hour" 3213:

There have been a number of documentaries that highlight worker abuse and other human rights issues in

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has taken specific steps to ensure that modern slavery risks are identified and managed in government

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Allegations of forced migrant labor have been highlighted within the preparations of stadiums for the

2351:

People may be enticed to migrate with the promise of work, only to have their documents seized and be

2156: 2017:

in the modern world are often effectively chattel, especially when they are forced into prostitution.

7823: 7814: 5649: 4580: 3781: 3522: 3262: 2421: 2373: 2360: 2293: 2207: 2191: 2000:. Chattel slavery was formally made illegal in the country but the laws against it have gone largely 1972: 1871: 1782: 1778: 1720: 1624: 1587: 1515: 1459: 1328: 1285: 1099: 1029: 704: 484: 386: 270: 177: 6688: 4732: 3624:

Fudge, Judy (Fall 2018). "Slavery and Unfree Labour: The Politics of Naming, Framing, and Blaming".

3311: 4702: 3218: 2858: 2802: 2448: 2386: 1208: 1188: 1073: 1058: 927: 898: 888: 778: 726: 694: 491: 349: 317: 312: 265: 122: 3193:, forcing them to work for the states plus the prevalence of massive "carceral states" managed by 2570:

as property, in a similar manner to chattel slavery. It can also be related to human trafficking.

1773: 7777: 7616: 7363: 7171: 4179: 3935:"Unshackled Yet Far From Free, Former Slaves Struggle in Mauritania | Voice of America – English" 3290:- According to many sources, human rights violations similar to slavery are occurring frequently. 3241: 3178: 2774:– Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to do farming and forestry work. See 2743: 2655: 2405:

supermarket chains such as Tesco's, Asda and M&S. Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the

2301: 1987: 1454: 1300: 1275: 1265: 1230: 1225: 1193: 1158: 1151: 1092: 1085: 942: 761: 756: 746: 516: 369: 327: 322: 275: 243: 233: 170: 7012: 4269: 391: 337: 7013:"Basfar (Respondent) v Wong (Appellant) [2022] UKSC 20 On appeal from: UKEAT/223/19/BA" 3022: 7608: 7390: 7355: 7233: 7145: 7062: 6825: 6815: 6658: 6212: 4171: 4069: 3680: 3058: 2966: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2518: 1986:, and the subsequent breakdown of law and order, there have been reports of enslaved migrants 1960: 1846:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children

1834: 1542: 1260: 1255: 1198: 1183: 1163: 985: 980: 915: 878: 711: 677: 506: 359: 248: 127: 5120: 4514: 4449: 2413:

farms. When police raid the cannabis farms, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison.

2004:. It is estimated that around 90,000 people (over 2% of Mauritania's population) are slaves. 7598: 7347: 7336:"Addressing modern slavery in supply chains: an awareness-motivation-capability perspective" 7227: 6807: 6541: 6091: 6001: 4163: 3369: 3267: 3206: 3169: 2978: 2612:

In war-torn countries, children have been kidnapped and sold to political parties to use as

2553: 2471: 1732: 1310: 1305: 1295: 1270: 1235: 1203: 1173: 1046: 1034: 1012: 990: 937: 773: 741: 43: 6956: 5184: 4154:

Bhat, Bilal Ahmad (1 May 2011). "Socioeconomic Dimensions of Child Labor in Central Asia".

7819: 7723: 7689: 7183: 6943: 6923: 6903: 6899: 6869: 6864: 6756: 6308: 5778: 5589:"'This has been happening for a long time': Modern-day slavery uncovered in South Georgia" 3597: 2531: 2513: 2289: 2146: 1946: 1863: 1777:

The prevalence of modern slavery as percentage of the population, by country according to

1641: 1532: 1527: 1280: 1250: 1245: 968: 932: 731: 649: 354: 100: 7766: 5284:"A Culture of Slavery: Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates – Human Rights Brief" 2242:

in 2018, 2,500 incarcerated workers fought wildfires for $ 1 per hour through the CDCR's

7741:

UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of slavery – Ohvhr.org

4737: 3194: 3070: 2897: 2613: 2509: 2444: 2406: 2346: 2261:

system of prisons up until 2013. In addition to both of these, China is also operating

2014: 1860: 1842: 1725: 1619: 511: 189: 152: 110: 4367:"Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated" 2102: 7832: 7620: 7603: 7367: 6987:"Diplomats who exploit domestic staff cannot rely on immunity, says UK supreme court" 5310:"Is the Kafala System over in the UAE? Law Improving Domestic Worker Rights Approved" 5236:

Fifteen migrant workers from Burma and Cambodia also told how they had been enslaved.

4803: 4771: 4552: 4307: 4183: 3277: 3231: 3210:

follows the life of a 52-year-old woman in Hungary who is kept as a modern-day slave.

3198: 2951: 2893: 2761: 2714: 2696: 2467: 2397: 2219: 2134: 1663: 1592: 1039: 1022: 797: 627: 617: 401: 51: 7275:"Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? – World" 6893:

Home Office refusing asylum to growing number of child slavery victims, figures show

6799: 5551: 5336:"Report Reveals More Than 6,500 Migrant Workers Have Died In Qatar's World Cup Prep" 4856:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture" 4335: 7761: 5782: 5462: 5429: 4510: 3339: 3282: 3014: 2798:

people are encouraged to report suspicions to a modern-slavery telephone helpline.

2731: 2663: 2579: 2563: 2536: 2505: 2432: 2431:

in early September 2022, when pictures of a frail looking young Kenyan worker from

2352: 2319: 2085: 2072: 2007: 1668: 1505: 1481: 1387: 1380: 1111: 639: 612: 575: 553: 440: 157: 137: 115: 105: 95: 90: 80: 6152: 3712: 3185:, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended 920: 7113: 6749: 6512:"Thailand accused of failing to stamp out murder and slavery in fishing industry" 6447:"As Myanmar Coup Intensifies Regional Human Trafficking, How Will China Respond?" 5826: 3674: 7789: 7706: 6568:"Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates" 4303:"Prison labour is a billion-dollar industry, with uncertain returns for inmates" 3173: 3083: 2990: 2958: 2889: 2775: 2767: 2678: 2642: 2625: 2557: 2453: 2034: 1852: 1510: 1498: 851: 654: 644: 602: 416: 7351: 6389: 4916: 4167: 2957:

In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are

2888:

The governments credited with the strongest response to modern slavery are the

4420:"Time to Reckon with Prison Labor | Institution for Social and Policy Studies" 3105: 3091: 3061:, there has been an impact on the global supply chains including factories in 3049:

There is an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.

2790: 2749: 2594: 2526:. Child slavery and forced labor continues to be a problem in the 21st century 2485: 2480: 2297: 2239: 2064: 2046: 2001: 1993: 1658: 955: 659: 526: 17: 7359: 6829: 6216: 5621:"'Modern-day slavery': Kenyan domestic workers tell of abuse in Saudi Arabia" 5216:"Revealed: Asian slave labor producing prawns for supermarkets in the US, UK" 4175: 4073: 3401: 30:"Modern slavery" redirects here. For the song by Travis Scott and Quavo, see 7756: 7309:

State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney General

7264:

worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-that-still-have-slavery

3010: 2970: 2905: 2752:(cosmetic). Many people are trafficked from Vietnam to the UK for this work. 2549: 2234: 2230: 1867: 903: 568: 430: 7612: 7205: 3843: 585: 7683:

Manohla Dargis, "Review: '13TH,' the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars"

6770:"Obama administration placed children with human traffickers, report says" 6179:"Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK" 1891:

of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly.

6811: 6482:"Modern slavery in the UK is inflicting misery under our noses every day" 6160: 6121: 5162: 5005: 4519: 4392: 3552: 3427: 3190: 3109: 3062: 3018: 2909: 2849: 2771: 2737: 2702: 2583: 2410: 2364: 2199: 1879:

investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from

1493: 1051: 995: 947: 607: 452: 307: 213: 6352:

Employment Practices and Working Conditions in Thailand's Fishing Sector

3873: 2939:, supported by major reforms in the legal system instituted through the 5944: 5490: 4612:"US inmates stage nationwide prison labor strike over 'modern slavery'" 3490:"Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage" 3257: 3121: 3117: 3006: 2962: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2755: 2706: 2602: 2334: 2270: 2266: 2265:, imprisoning hundreds of thousands (possibly as many as a million) of 2195: 2053: 1904: 1801: 1476: 558: 238: 55: 5744:"Nigeria's trafficking curse: the battle to dispel the black magic..." 5092:"Bed linen and boomerangs — the surprising products made by prisoners" 4643:"US inmates sent to solitary confinement over 'prison slavery' strike" 1923:

40,000 in today's money. Today, a slave can be bought for $ 90–$ 100.

7229:

Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage

6542:"Human Trafficking, Slavery and Murder in Kantang's Fishing Industry" 6322:"Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing" 5772:

Thousands enslaved in forced marriages across UK, investigation finds

5419: 5417: 4031:"North Koreans perform $ 975 million worth of forced labor each year" 2982: 2929: 2901: 2598: 2368: 2347:

Migrant worker § Exploitation and enslavement of migrant workers

2254: 2225:

Forced prison labor occurs in both public/government-run prisons and

1178: 1000: 580: 563: 425: 260: 228: 7414:"Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in US, report finds" 6205:"Thai seafood: are the prawns on your plate still fished by slaves?" 4673:"Capitalizing on Mass Incarceration: U.S. Growth in Private Prisons" 6421:"Cyber criminals hold Asian tech workers captive in scam factories" 4244:"Uzbek cotton is free from systemic child labour and forced labour" 3995:"North Korea has 2.6 million 'modern slaves', new report estimates" 6858:

India Tops Global Slavery Index With 18.35 Million People Enslaved

5458:"Trafficked and enslaved: the teenagers tending UK cannabis farms" 4548:"The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week" 3113: 2917: 2677: 2641: 2606: 2567: 2517: 2452: 2428: 2393: 2380: 2330: 2187: 2155: 2089: 1983: 435: 421: 396: 7794: 5913:"It's official: The marriage age is raised in NH – New Hampshire" 3335:"46 million people living as slaves, latest global index reveals" 3273:

Slavery in the United States § Reconstruction to the present

2701:

There are significant reports of forced fraud in Southeast Asia (

2638:

Human trafficking in Thailand § Fishing industry trafficking

2621:

both boys and girls to be sexually abused while in these groups.

2273:, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities and political dissidents. 27:

Contemporary slavery, also known as modern slavery or neo-slavery

7719:"Workers at Qatar's World Cup stadiums toil in debt and squalor" 7477:"Research projects explore impact of COVID-19 on modern slavery" 7444:"UK police record 51% rise in modern slavery offences in a year" 6165:

Unpaid internships have been likened to a form of modern slavery

4703:"The Uncounted Workforce : The Indicator from Planet Money" 4454:

Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists

3905:"Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'" 2710: 2383: 302: 132: 7340:

International Journal of Operations & Production Management

6243:"Thailand: Forced Labor, Trafficking Persist in Fishing Fleets" 4581:"America's prisoners are going on strike in at least 17 states" 1920: 7750: 7334:

Geng, Ruoqi; Lam, Hugo K.S.; Stevenson, Mark (10 March 2022).

7084:"Campaigners launch first anti-slavery organizations database" 6177:

Hodal, Kate; Kelly, Chris; Lawrence, Felicity (10 June 2014).

6153:"Unpaid internships likened to modern slavery in Lords debate" 4371: 3647: 2785:(youth workers) are often forced to work in construction, and 2097: 2041:(youth workers) forced to do dangerous construction work, and 2010:

can also be passed down to descendants, like chattel slavery.

1880: 6419:

Nagaraj, Anuradha; Wongsamuth, Nanchanok (14 November 2022).

5425:"Court finds UK gangmaster liable for modern slavery victims" 2827:

The United Nations have defined human trafficking as follows:

7037:

Foundation, Humanity United; Legatum Foundation; Walk Free.

5214:

Hodal, Kate; Chris Kelly; Felicity Lawrence (10 June 2014).

5036:"Are Britain's Prisons Turning Into Slave Labour Factories?" 4199:"Uzbek Cotton Industry Greets End of 13-Year Global Boycott" 4062:"North Korean Workers Flock Home as Sanctions Deadline Hits" 7312: 5006:"Prison Labour | Incarcerated Workers Organising Committee" 3813:"How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?" 2210:, or have family visitation revoked. From 2010 to 2015 and 7114:"Global Metrics | Our Impact | The Freedom Fund" 6721:"Woman sues Facebook, claims site enabled sex trafficking" 5121:"Bonded Labor | Debt Bondage or Peonage – End Slavery Now" 2713:). Currently, forced fraud activities are mainly found in 2530:

Mainly driven by the culture in certain regions, early or

2164:

is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022

1839:

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000

7039:"$ 100 Million Freedom Fund to Combat Modern-Day Slavery" 4825:"China abolishes its labour camps and releases prisoners" 3217:, for example Qatar. There are also calls to boycott the 3197:

that have created the current carceral capitalism in the

2935:

In the United Kingdom, the British government passed the

2246:, which saved the state as much as $ 100 million a year. 7232:. International Labour Organization. 19 September 2017. 5940:"Florida approves limit, but not ban, on child marriage" 3488:

International Labour Organization (19 September 2017).

2114: 5650:"Forced labour, modern slavery, and human trafficking" 4770:. The Laogai Research Foundation. 2006. Archived from 4095:"As many as 400,000 enslaved in Eritrea, UN estimates" 3183:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

3005:

In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the

2758:, mainly associated with Thailand's sea food industry. 4388:"Unpaid Labor in Texas Prisons Is Modern-Day Slavery" 2149:

which still primarily affects African-Americans. The

5973:"Delaware becomes first state to ban child marriage" 4944: 4942: 3713:"Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll" 3676:

Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019)

3021:

also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners

2045:(women and girl workers) forced to make clothing in 1916:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

1433:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

7141:

Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour

6946:, published September 2019, accessed 2 January 2021 6937:

Tackling Modern Slavery in Government Supply Chains

5680:"Human Trafficking and Slavery in the 21st Century" 3673:Nolan, Justine; Boersma, Martijn (September 2019). 3557:

Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons

2056:, an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people are in an 1823:

Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons

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Retrieved February 20, 2017 5887:"Arizona Sets Minimum Age for Marriage of Minors" 3177:explores the "intersection of race, justice, and 3053:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery 2427:Reports of migrant abuse and neglect surfaced in 1833:'modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and ' 7654:"Coronavirus lockdown halts surge in UK slavery" 7585:Todres, Jonathan; Diaz, Angela (February 2021). 6302:A Shocking Look at Thailand's Modern Day Slavery 3595:[There are 45.8 million modern slaves]. 2734:work, such as laying driveways, and other labor. 1903:Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of 1548:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 7784:Report on trafficking in human beings in Europe 6750:Slave markets found on Instagram and other apps 5796:"13,000 children a year are married in America" 5716:. Gulf-Times.com. 10 April 2005. Archived from 5710:"Former sex worker's tale spurs rescue mission" 4807: 2789:(women workers) are forced to work in clothing 2288:In Australia, prison labour occurs in at least 1990:, including open slave markets in the country. 6800:"Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018" 6659:"Introduction – Trafficking in Persons Report" 5522:"State fair vendor abused workers from Mexico" 3181:in the United States;" It is titled after the 2329:In India, the majority of bonded laborers are 5396:"Qatar: Significant Labor and Kafala Reforms" 2624:Situations where young people work in unpaid 1754: 8: 7526:"Covid-19 and slavery: the five big impacts" 7067:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4297: 4295: 3878:Liluye | by and for people with Great Spirit 3402:"What is Modern Slavery? | Hope for Justice" 3077:Creation of new risks and abuses for victims 1951:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 1553:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 7560:Business & Human Rights Resource Centre 6853: 6851: 5857:"California Marriage Age Requirements Laws" 4980:"Camp 15 Gone But No Liberty for Prisoners" 7765: 6544:. Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF). 2648:Workers can be kept on the ships for years 1761: 1747: 38: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7602: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7471: 7469: 5066:"Sydney PC assembler using prison labour" 2253:system of labor prisons (formerly called 1855:, co-founder and former president of the 7809:, 2016, including means of oppression – 7795:Modern Slavery Laws: 21st Century Plague 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6032:"Human Trafficking Emily and Mary Clare" 5996: 5994: 5644: 5642: 5248: 5246: 5244: 4336:"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020" 3364: 3362: 2546:In the United States over 200,000 minors 2356:Western Europe, and in the Middle East. 1772: 1558:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1423:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1403:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 7198:"Global Slavery Index 2018: Highlights" 6804:Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 4024: 4022: 4020: 3903:Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). 3679:. University of New South Wales Press. 3517: 3515: 3299: 2025:Government-forced labor, also known as 50: 7285:from the original on 23 September 2020 7179: 7169: 7060: 6578:from the original on 13 September 2018 6492:from the original on 20 September 2017 6311:, Hilary Cadigan, Chiang Mai city news 5979:from the original on 10 September 2018 5952:from the original on 27 September 2018 5316:from the original on 13 September 2018 4927:from the original on 13 September 2018 4745:from the original on 12 September 2018 4653:from the original on 13 September 2018 4622:from the original on 12 September 2018 4560:from the original on 16 September 2016 4527:from the original on 13 September 2018 4315:from the original on 13 September 2018 3792:from the original on 18 September 2018 3640:"Cost of slaves falls to historic low" 3586: 3584: 3582: 3247:Labor trafficking in the United States 2867:Organizational efforts against slavery 2848:report discusses how a woman is suing 1935:Slavery by descent and chattel slavery 6731:from the original on 22 February 2019 6390:"What does modern slavery look like?" 6283:from the original on 10 December 2018 6092:"Child Soldiers | Human Rights Watch" 5587:Grinspan, Lautaro (3 December 2021). 5148: 5146: 5115: 5113: 4917:"How harsh is prison in North Korea?" 4896:from the original on 21 December 2019 4591:from the original on 17 December 2020 4222:"The Boycott of Uzbek Cotton is Over" 3593:"Er zijn 45,8 miljoen moderne slaven" 3500:from the original on 20 December 2019 2746:, sometimes with sexual exploitation. 2628:have been likened to modern slavery. 1445:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1122:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 7: 7664:from the original on 1 November 2020 7120:from the original on 12 October 2020 7094:from the original on 17 October 2020 7049:from the original on 15 October 2020 6780:from the original on 22 January 2020 6701:from the original on 20 October 2013 6639:from the original on 1 November 2019 6365:"Trafficking into crime and begging" 6332:from the original on 7 December 2019 5601:from the original on 9 December 2021 5520:Eisenstadt, Marnie (17 April 2011). 4836:from the original on 12 January 2022 4491:from the original on 27 October 2017 4479:Benns, Whitney (21 September 2015). 4346:from the original on 19 October 2021 4280:from the original on 10 October 2011 4105:from the original on 24 January 2019 4041:from the original on 20 October 2019 3693:from the original on 28 October 2020 3591:Maral Noshad Sharifi (8 June 2016). 3137:Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns 3128:Increase in risk for migrant workers 3108:were fired or suspended. Workers in 3009:Foundation, Humanity United and the 1637:Slave marriages in the United States 1241:Human trafficking in the Middle East 7424:from the original on 25 August 2018 6669:from the original on 19 August 2019 5971:Thomsen, Jacqueline (10 May 2018). 5867:from the original on 10 August 2018 5491:"Children work in 'cannabis farms'" 4400:from the original on 14 August 2018 4365:Radde, Kaitlyn (17 November 2022). 4029:Borowiec, Steven (6 October 2016). 4005:from the original on 28 August 2018 3605:from the original on 6 October 2016 3099:Increased susceptibility to slavery 2058:indefinite military service program 1971:, or from slave trading, as in the 976:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 7807:Global Estimates of Modern Slavery 7627:from the original on 23 April 2021 7566:from the original on 23 April 2021 7536:from the original on 26 April 2021 7487:from the original on 23 April 2021 7454:from the original on 26 March 2020 6967:from the original on 20 April 2021 6836:from the original on 18 April 2022 6400:from the original on 21 April 2021 6223:from the original on 23 April 2019 6132:from the original on 18 April 2022 6102:from the original on 21 April 2021 6072:from the original on 22 April 2021 6042:from the original on 22 April 2021 6012:from the original on 30 April 2019 5938:Wulfhorst, Ellen (10 March 2018). 5690:from the original on 21 April 2019 5660:from the original on 16 April 2019 5456:Amelia Gentleman (25 March 2017). 5376:from the original on 22 April 2021 5346:from the original on 22 April 2021 5264:from the original on 22 April 2021 5226:from the original on 28 April 2020 5195:from the original on 30 April 2019 5046:from the original on 21 April 2021 5016:from the original on 21 April 2021 4986:from the original on 6 August 2018 4641:Fryer, Brooke (5 September 2018). 4546:Speri, Alice (16 September 2016). 4386:Walker, Jason (6 September 2016). 3975:from the original on 28 March 2019 3945:from the original on 22 April 2021 3884:from the original on 22 April 2021 3854:from the original on 18 April 2022 3823:from the original on 22 April 2021 3723:from the original on 21 April 2019 3567:from the original on 18 April 2022 3533:from the original on 22 April 2021 3438:from the original on 28 April 2019 3382:from the original on 30 April 2019 3095:their families without resources. 2500:Forced marriage and child marriage 2094:Neixiang Yamen Jail - Forced Labor 1630:last survivors of American slavery 25: 7811:International Labour Organization 7775:collected news and commentary at 7759:collected news and commentary at 7246:from the original on 30 June 2020 7158:from the original on 28 June 2020 7082:Caspani, Maria (9 October 2014). 6608:from the original on 11 June 2021 6604:(in European Spanish). Infoabae. 6253:from the original on 7 March 2021 5893:from the original on 29 June 2018 5831:LII / Legal Information Institute 5753:from the original on 6 March 2019 5654:International Labour Organization 5568:from the original on 28 June 2020 5532:from the original on 29 June 2020 5501:from the original on 2 April 2019 5470:from the original on 5 April 2019 5290:from the original on 3 April 2019 4960:from the original on 29 July 2021 4866:from the original on 3 April 2019 4822:Moore, Malcolm (9 January 2014). 4610:Pilkington, Ed (21 August 2018). 4460:from the original on 9 March 2021 4430:from the original on 13 June 2021 4220:Putz, Catherine (10 March 2022). 4197:Imamova, Navbahor (11 May 2022). 3969:International Labour Organization 3561:United States Department of State 3494:International Labour Organization 3469:from the original on 19 July 2020 3347:from the original on 12 July 2018 2838:United States Department of State 1827:United States Department of State 1810:International Labour Organization 591:Field slaves in the United States 458:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 7604:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3610 7412:Helmore, Edward (19 July 2018). 6548:from the original on 15 May 2018 6522:from the original on 15 May 2018 6203:Kelly, Annie (23 January 2018). 5837:from the original on 13 May 2019 5806:from the original on 13 May 2019 5594:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 5489:Bridge, Rowan (17 August 2010). 5437:from the original on 22 May 2021 4713:from the original on 31 May 2021 4683:from the original on 6 June 2021 4579:Lopez, German (22 August 2018). 4248:International Labor Organization 3915:from the original on 20 May 2019 3811:Batha, Emma (16 November 2017). 2987:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2181: no mention in constitution 2101: 1955:Slavery by descent, also called 1851:According to American professor 468:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 463:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 292:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 62: 7311:. 31 March 2015. Archived from 6935:Government Commercial Function, 6480:Abda Khan (20 September 2017). 5131:from the original on 5 May 2019 5098:from the original on 8 May 2021 5072:from the original on 7 May 2021 4915:Evans, Stephen (14 June 2017). 4796:Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. 4156:Problems of Economic Transition 4060:Yoon, Dasl (20 December 2019). 3965:"The Meanings of Forced Labour" 3762:from the original on 7 May 2019 3268:Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era 3215:Arab states of the Persian Gulf 2682:Girl begging for money in India 2013:Those trapped in the system of 1418:Committee of Experts on Slavery 969:East, Southeast, and South Asia 6445:Hunt, Luke (7 February 2023). 5155:"Modern Slavery: Bonded Labor" 5094:. news.com.au. 28 March 2017. 4481:"American Slavery, Reinvented" 4334:Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter. 3650:. 7 March 2011. Archived from 3195:for profit prison corporations 2409:and forced to work in illegal 2263:forced labor camps in Xinjiang 1941:Slavery in contemporary Africa 1117:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 4806:, London, 2005. p. 338: 3844:"Kevin Bales | Speaker | TED" 3237:County lines drug trafficking 2882:Trafficking In Persons Report 2160:Map of US states where slave 1857:non-governmental organization 7820:Global Slavery Index reports 7102:– via www.reuters.com. 6629:"What is Human Trafficking?" 6354:(Bangkok: ILO, 2013), p. 75. 6350:Supang Chantavanich et al., 5684:Council on Foreign Relations 5068:. crn.com.au. 20 June 2019. 4982:. DailyNK. 7 November 2014. 3717:Council on Foreign Relations 3333:Kelly, Annie (1 June 2016). 2318:Bonded labor, also known as 1408:Temporary Slavery Commission 1069:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 5825:LII Staff (14 April 2008). 3842:Bales, Kevin (March 2010). 3752:"Human Trafficking Numbers" 2566:is the act of purchasing a 2524:The Child Slaves of Britain 2522:Illustration from the book 2494:Nigeria's human trafficking 2218:, some prisoners in the US 1428:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 473:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 7870: 7790:Historians Against Slavery 7530:Anti-Slavery International 7352:10.1108/IJOPM-07-2021-0425 6882:Criminal Finances Act 2017 6369:Anti-Slavery International 6006:Anti-Slavery International 5366:"Qatar World Cup of Shame" 5254:"Qatar World Cup of Shame" 5189:Anti-Slavery International 4168:10.2753/pet1061-1991540108 4129:Anti-Slavery International 3459:"Badges of Modern Slavery" 3375:Anti-Slavery International 2941:Criminal Finances Act 2017 2820: 2694: 2635: 2577: 2503: 2442: 2344: 2311: 2259:re-education through labor 2143:United States Constitution 2083: 1944: 1938: 1800:, refers to institutional 1792:, also sometimes known as 1613:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1450:Anti-Slavery International 1215:North Africa and West Asia 29: 7383:"Modern Slavery Act 2018" 6926:, accessed 2 January 2021 6122:"What is Modern Slavery?" 6002:"What is modern slavery?" 4125:"End Uzbek Cotton Crimes" 3553:"What is Modern Slavery?" 3370:"What is modern slavery?" 3310:. Ilo.org. Archived from 3288:Xinjiang internment camps 2244:Conservation Camp Program 2204:Federal Prison Industries 1998:long history with slavery 1709:Emancipation Proclamation 1381:Opposition and resistance 1139:Sex trafficking in Europe 1127:Blackbirding in Polynesia 690:Trans-Saharan slave trade 7839:21st century in politics 7705:Copied from the article 6062:"Slavery in a free land" 5552:"Contract of employment" 5185:"What is bonded labour?" 5153:Network, Dalit Freedom. 4886:"Xinjiang's New Slavery" 4515:"America's Slave Empire" 4450:"America's Slave Empire" 3308:"Forced labour – Themes" 2975:Central African Republic 2588:children in the military 2279:Yodok Concentration Camp 2151:Prison Policy Initiative 1870:Foundation based on its 1489:Compensated emancipation 700:Indian Ocean slave trade 7854:21st century in slavery 6689:"Economics and Slavery" 3432:The Minderoo Foundation 3252:Modern Slavery Act 2015 3013:Foundation founded the 2937:Modern Slavery Act 2015 2646:A Thai fishing vessel. 2021:Government-forced labor 1413:1926 Slavery Convention 1169:Germany in World War II 786:North and South America 308:Contract of manumission 7387:www.legislation.gov.au 6663:US Department of State 4812: 4799:Mao: The Unknown Story 4677:The Sentencing Project 2834: 2683: 2651: 2527: 2463: 2183: 2095: 2027:state-sponsored labor, 1786: 894:British Virgin Islands 446:Circassian slave trade 412:Safavid imperial harem 407:Ottoman Imperial Harem 5749:. 18 September 2018. 5312:. 26 September 2017. 5159:Dalit Freedom Network 4956:. 28 September 2017. 4741:. 12 September 2018. 3628:– via ProQuest. 3463:The Modern Law Review 3204:The documentary film 3187:involuntary servitude 3065:providing PPE to the 2829: 2681: 2645: 2521: 2462:, by Jean-Léon Gérôme 2456: 2314:Debt bondage in India 2159: 2093: 1776: 1133:Europe and North Asia 1093:Australia and Oceania 793:Pre-Columbian America 365:Slave raid of Suðuroy 297:Slavery in al-Andalus 219:Black Sea slave trade 148:21st-century jihadism 32:Modern Slavery (song) 7844:Contemporary slavery 7824:Walk Free Foundation 7815:Walk Free Foundation 7727:. 20 September 2022. 7202:Global Slavery Index 7017:The Supreme Court UK 6922:24 June 2021 at the 6812:10.18356/9805f543-en 5286:. 30 November 2016. 4340:www.prisonpolicy.org 3263:Slavery in antiquity 3090:Wealthy families in 2813:and modern slavery. 2809:around the world as 2361:United Arab Emirates 2341:Forced migrant labor 2208:solitary confinement 1988:being sold in public 1973:Atlantic slave trade 1872:Global Slavery Index 1790:Contemporary slavery 1783:Walk Free Foundation 1779:Global Slavery Index 1588:Indentured servitude 1516:Underground Railroad 1316:United Arab Emirates 705:Zanzibar slave trade 672:By country or region 485:Atlantic slave trade 387:Ma malakat aymanukum 271:Venetian slave trade 7786:European Commission 6806:. 29 January 2019. 6774:The Washington Post 6277:Chiang Mai Citylife 6249:. 23 January 2018. 5627:. 27 September 2022 5402:. 24 September 2020 4135:on 26 February 2019 4066:Wall Street Journal 3874:"Human Trafficking" 3758:. 7 December 2017. 3644:CNN Freedom Project 3219:2022 FIFA World cup 3001:Private initiatives 2803:European Parliament 2449:forced prostitution 2418:New York State Fair 2333:(Untouchables) and 1825:, an agency of the 1674:Slave Route Project 805:Americas indigenous 695:Red Sea slave trade 685:Contemporary Africa 548:Topics and practice 318:Crimean slave trade 313:Bukhara slave trade 266:Genoese slave trade 143:Contemporary Africa 123:Forced prostitution 7778:The New York Times 7694:The New York Times 7688:2021-10-23 at the 7305:"SB 657 Home Page" 7043:www.prnewswire.com 6942:2021-06-24 at the 6898:2018-08-15 at the 6863:2016-06-03 at the 6755:2019-11-02 at the 6727:. 3 October 2018. 6307:2018-05-15 at the 6247:Human Rights Watch 6068:. 29 August 2012. 5919:on 25 October 2018 5802:. 28 August 2018. 5777:2018-09-12 at the 5720:on 18 January 2012 5559:media.syracuse.com 5400:Human Rights Watch 3756:Human Rights First 3654:on 24 October 2019 3408:. 23 December 2021 3406:hopeforjustice.org 3314:on 9 February 2010 3242:History of slavery 3179:mass incarceration 2948:British government 2872:Government actions 2744:Domestic servitude 2684: 2656:Human Rights Watch 2652: 2528: 2464: 2302:Northern Territory 2184: 2113:. You can help by 2096: 1787: 1455:Blockade of Africa 762:Somali slave trade 678:Sub-Saharan Africa 370:Turkish Abductions 328:Khivan slave trade 323:Khazar slave trade 276:Balkan slave trade 234:Prague slave trade 7849:Human trafficking 7450:. 26 March 2020. 7239:978-92-2-130132-5 6627:martin.margesin. 6574:. 16 March 2017. 6518:. 30 March 2017. 5889:. 13 April 2018. 5372:. 31 March 2016. 5260:. 31 March 2016. 5125:endslaverynow.org 4765:"Laogai Handbook" 4679:. 2 August 2018. 4311:. 16 March 2017. 4035:Los Angeles Times 3971:. 10 March 2014. 3457:Paz-Fuchs, Amir. 3059:COVID-19 pandemic 2967:Equatorial Guinea 2823:Human trafficking 2811:human trafficking 2807:COVID-19 pandemic 2131: 2130: 1961:personal property 1835:human trafficking 1771: 1770: 1721:Freedmen's Bureau 1543:Third Servile War 1538:International law 1105:Human trafficking 867:Human trafficking 542:Thirteen colonies 360:Sack of Baltimore 128:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 7861: 7769: 7729: 7728: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7650: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7606: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7532:. 15 July 2020. 7522: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7393:on 14 April 2020 7389:. 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The Diplomat 4212: 4189: 4146: 4116: 4086: 4052: 4016: 3986: 3956: 3926: 3895: 3865: 3834: 3803: 3773: 3743: 3734: 3704: 3685: 3665: 3631: 3616: 3578: 3544: 3511: 3480: 3449: 3419: 3393: 3358: 3325: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3211: 3202: 3164: 3161: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3100: 3097: 3078: 3075: 3054: 3051: 3043:British police 3030: 3027: 3002: 2999: 2898:United Kingdom 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2821:Main article: 2818: 2815: 2795: 2794: 2779: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2723: 2720: 2692: 2689: 2675: 2674:Forced begging 2672: 2633: 2630: 2618:Child soldiers 2614:child soldiers 2575: 2572: 2510:child marriage 2501: 2498: 2445:Sexual slavery 2440: 2437: 2407:United Kingdom 2387:2022 World Cup 2353:forced to work 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2309: 2306: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2139:13th Amendment 2129: 2128: 2108: 2106: 2084:Main article: 2081: 2078: 2022: 2019: 2015:sexual slavery 1980:2014 Civil War 1969:Ottoman Empire 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1896: 1893: 1861:advocacy group 1843:United Nations 1818: 1815: 1794:modern slavery 1769: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1620:List of slaves 1617: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164:Dutch Republic 1161: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 988: 983: 978: 972: 971: 965: 964: 959: 952: 951: 950: 945: 935: 930: 925: 924: 923: 913: 908: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 881: 876: 871: 870: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 814: 813: 812: 802: 801: 800: 789: 788: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 765: 764: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 708: 707: 697: 692: 687: 681: 680: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 635: 631: 630: 625: 623:Child soldiers 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 599: 598: 588: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 566: 561: 550: 549: 545: 544: 539: 534: 532:Spanish Empire 529: 524: 519: 514: 512:Middle Passage 509: 504: 499: 494: 488: 487: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 374: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 342: 341: 340: 333:Ottoman Empire 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 294: 288: 287: 281: 280: 279: 278: 268: 263: 258: 257: 256: 251: 246: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 209: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 181: 180: 174: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 155: 153:Sexual slavery 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 119: 118: 113: 111:Child marriage 108: 98: 93: 88: 86:Child soldiers 83: 77: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 48: 47: 26: 24: 18:Modern slavery 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7866: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7679: 7676: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 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6762: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6746: 6743: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6638: 6634: 6633:www.unodc.org 6630: 6623: 6620: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6577: 6573: 6572:The Economist 6569: 6563: 6560: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6438: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6412: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6196: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6151:Anon (2017). 6147: 6144: 6131: 6127: 6126:www.state.gov 6123: 6117: 6114: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5964: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5931: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 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4908: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4835: 4831: 4830:The Telegraph 4826: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4804:Jonathan Cape 4802: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4773: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4603: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4553:The Intercept 4549: 4542: 4539: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4511:Hedges, Chris 4506: 4503: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4424:isps.yale.edu 4421: 4415: 4412: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4308:The Economist 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4147: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3692: 3688: 3686:9781742244631 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3666: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278:Unfree labour 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232:Child slavery 3230: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3199:United States 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2952:supply chains 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:United States 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2836:According to 2833: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2762:Manufacturing 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2697:Fraud factory 2690: 2688: 2680: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2654:According to 2649: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2552:, as well as 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2478:In 2005, the 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468:United States 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2398:Kafala system 2395: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:again in 2016 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137:ratified the 2136: 2135:United States 2133:In 1865, the 2125: 2122:December 2019 2116: 2112: 2109:This section 2107: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069:main exporter 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1889:disposability 1884: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1664:Slave catcher 1662: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1593:Forced labour 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438:Abolitionists 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040:comfort women 1038: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1023:Chukri System 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 970: 967: 966: 963: 960: 957: 953: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 922: 919: 918: 917: 914: 912: 911:Latin America 909: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 865: 863: 862:interregional 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 847:prison labour 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 818: 817:United States 815: 811: 808: 807: 806: 803: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 790: 787: 784: 783: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 763: 760: 759: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 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