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17:
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67:; oviparity, with internal fertilisation of large eggs containing a substantial nutritive yolk; ovo-viviparity, that is oviparity where the zygotes are retained for a time in a parent's body, but without any sort of feeding by the parent; histotrophic viviparity, where the zygotes develop in the female's
350:
322:
156:
Oviparity: fertilisation is internal, but the female lays zygotes as eggs with a substantial quantity of yolk to feed the embryo while it remains in the egg. The egg is not retained in the body, or only for a limited time. Oviparity is found in
168:
Ovo-viviparity: or oviparity with retention of zygotes in either the female's or in the male's body, but there are no trophic interactions between zygote and parents. This mode is found in the slowworm,
280:
261:
303:
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Thus the definition of oviparity is narrower in the revised scheme, as it does not include the "ovuliparity" found in most fish, most frogs and many invertebrates.
100:, including any mechanism where young are born live, or where the development of the young is supported by either parent in or on any part of their body.
475:
648:
71:, but are fed on other tissues; and hemotrophic viviparity, where the developing embryos are fed by the mother, often through a
137:
is external, the oocytes being released into the environment and fertilised outside the body by the male. This is common in
55:
However, each of those so-called traditional modes covered a wide range of diverse reproductive strategies. The biologist
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It can be seen that so defined, these traditional modes each cover a range of reproductive strategies.
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177:
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has accordingly proposed five modes of reproduction based on the relationship between the
440:
119:
56:
175:. In the sea horse, zygotes are retained in the male's ventral "marsupium". In the frog
607:
357:
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proposed (2001, 2012) five modes of reproduction based on the relationship between the
63:(the fertilised egg) and the parents. His revised modes are ovuliparity, with external
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to produce their young. Traditionally this variety was classified into three modes,
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194:, but find their nutriments from other tissues, whether skin or glandular tissue,
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612:
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130:
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development inside soft egg (frogspawn) in pond water, fertilised outside body
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Hemotrophic viviparity: nutrients are provided by the female, often through a
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45:
571:
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25:
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Lode, Thierry (2012). "Oviparity or viviparity? That is the question ...".
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447:(Reproduction Strategies in Animal Kingdom). Eds. Dunod Sciences. Paris.
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106:, covering mechanisms which span the modes of oviparity and viviparity.
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181:, the zygotes develop in the vocal sac. In the recently extinct frogs
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gives birth to live young, after retaining the eggs inside her body
15:
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Hemotrophic viviparity: a mammal embryo (centre) attached by its
90:, taken to be the ancestral condition, where either unfertilised
294:
290:
242:
150:
146:
21:
457:
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Histotrophic viviparity: the zygotes develop in the female's
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development inside shelled egg, with large food supply in
585:
552:
529:
491:
83:The three traditional modes of reproduction are:
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251:and most mammals use this form of viviparity.
8:
401:
399:
336:embryo at 50 days, feeding in the mother's
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462:
454:
445:Les stratégies de reproduction des animaux
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241:are fed by the mother through specialized
206:in some sharks or in the black salamander
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52:(intermediate between the first two).
24:combines internal fertilisation with
7:
32:chick has just hatched from its egg.
187:, zygotes developed in the stomach.
126:(fertilised egg) and the parents:
14:
36:Animals make use of a variety of
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321:
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279:
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94:or fertilised eggs are spawned.
297:, after internal fertilisation
1:
420:10.1016/j.repbio.2012.09.001
161:, birds. Among mammals, the
20:The mode of reproduction in
508:(Histotrophic, Hemotrophic)
670:
649:Animal reproductive system
603:Live-bearing aquarium fish
518:
364:(top) which provides food
204:intra-uterine cannibalism
248:Pseudemoia pagenstecheri
149:, and is found in most
48:(young born live), and
544:Internal fertilization
539:External fertilization
33:
598:Gastric-brooding frog
485:Modes of reproduction
38:modes of reproduction
19:
567:fish (mouthbrooding)
408:Reproductive Biology
28:development. Here a
234:Gastrotheca ovifera
178:Rhinoderma darwinii
44:(embryos in eggs),
34:
636:
635:
623:Pregnancy in fish
79:Traditional modes
30:Montagu's harrier
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338:marsupial pouch
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209:Salamandra atra
172:Anguis fragilis
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608:Male pregnancy
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414:(3): 259–264.
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358:umbilical cord
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231:. In the frog
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165:are oviparous.
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118:The biologist
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554:Parental care
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531:Fertilization
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512:Ovoviviparity
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340:(outside the
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328:Histotrophic
324:
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311:
310:Ovoviviparity
305:
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296:
292:
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269:
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258:
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249:
245:. The lizard
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230:
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222:
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205:
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197:
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184:Rheobatrachus
180:
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155:
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136:
135:fertilisation
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114:Revised modes
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105:
104:Ovoviviparity
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86:
85:
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78:
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65:fertilisation
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58:
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51:
50:ovoviviparity
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
23:
18:
593:Adelphophagy
492:
484:
444:
441:Thierry Lodé
436:
411:
407:
254:
246:
232:
207:
200:adelphophagy
182:
176:
170:
120:Thierry Lodé
117:
109:
82:
57:Thierry Lodé
54:
37:
35:
628:Trophic egg
613:Matrotrophy
268:Ovuliparity
223:except for
131:Ovuliparity
643:Categories
506:Viviparity
370:References
330:viviparity
229:monotremes
225:marsupials
163:monotremes
143:arthropods
98:Viviparity
46:viviparity
501:Oviparity
287:Oviparity
88:Oviparity
42:oviparity
26:oviparous
443:(2001).
428:23153695
362:placenta
334:kangaroo
314:slowworm
219:, as in
217:placenta
192:oviducts
139:molluscs
73:placenta
69:oviducts
618:Oophagy
577:mammals
239:embryos
221:mammals
196:oophagy
159:insects
92:oocytes
654:Oology
572:humans
426:
147:fishes
124:zygote
61:zygote
562:birds
493:Modes
360:to a
243:gills
151:frogs
22:birds
424:PMID
342:womb
295:yolk
291:bird
272:frog
227:and
145:and
416:doi
198:or
645::
422:.
412:12
410:.
378:^
332::
312::
289::
270::
237:,
212:).
141:,
133::
75:.
477:e
470:t
463:v
430:.
418::
344:)
202:(
153:.
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