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investigation was "tinged with some romanticism", but also insisted he had serious scientific intent. Prothero argues the Powell-Mackall expedition almost single-handedly popularized the modern concept of mokele-mbembe to
Westerners, yet was seriously flawed. Mackal's training was in virology, which arguably did not qualify him to search for a large, exotic creature; and Mackal seemed to uncritically accept eyewitness statements without considering the possibility people might lie or exaggerate for financial gain, for attention, or to impress an American visitor. Furthermore, Mackal was dismissive of Africans who "denied knowledge of mokele-mbeme" or who asserted the creature did not exist. Zoologist Marcellin Agnagna said he took a film of mokele-mbeme in 1983 but the footage did not develop properly. Prothero describes the story as "suspicious", noting critical details of Agnagna's account have changed and none of it was supported by other witnesses. Scottish explorer William "Billy" Gibbons led two expeditions in 1985 and 1992, though Prothero question his motives as a creationist and describes Gibbons as not following even basic scientific principles. Journalist
383:. Loxton and Prothero claimed it "launched what would become the modern cryptozoological legend of mokele-mbembe". They concluded that the reports of the monster were not result of hard evidence or genuine first-hand accounts of native encounters with the creature, but rather a "distillation of many creatively varied stories from widely separated regions. The absence of evidence supporting the creature's existence, despite several centuries of Western contact with the region, numerous expeditions in search of the animal, and periodic aerial and satellite surveillance, all of which have detected elephants and other large animals - but no sauropods - all argue against the existence of mokele-mbembe.
174:. Canoes coming near it are said to be doomed; the animal is said to attack the vessels at once and to kill the crews but without eating the bodies. The creature is said to live in the caves that have been washed out by the river in the clay of its shores at sharp bends. It is said to climb the shores even at daytime in search of food; its diet is said to be entirely vegetable. This feature disagrees with a possible explanation as a myth. The preferred plant was shown to me, it is a kind of
29:
226:
only after the description of the mokele-mbembe surfaced that the rest of the world started interpreting those legends as possessing a dinosaur-like body structure. A notable example would be the emela-ntouka, an elephant-sized creature that shares a lot of similarities with the mokele-mbembe. It is described as having smooth skin, a strong and muscular tail, and a "horn" or "tooth". Another similar creature, the
242:
186:-like fruits. At the Ssombo River I was shown a path said to have been made by this animal in order to get at its food. The path was fresh and there were plants of the described type nearby. But since there were too many tracks of elephants, hippos, and other large mammals it was impossible to make out a particular spoor with any amount of certainty.
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visited the Congo region and interviewed native residents. They did not find any direct physical evidence, but nonetheless argued consistent statements from claimed eyewitnesses tended to support the creature's existence. Mackal published a book in 1987 detailing his expeditions. Mackal admitted his
153:
in 1913. He heard stories of an enormous reptile called "Mokele-mbembe" alleged to live in the jungles, and included a description in his official report. According to Ley, "von Stein worded his report with utmost caution," knowing it might be seen as unbelievable. Nonetheless, von Stein thought the
225:
Tales of entities like mokele-mbembe, living saurians or large scientifically unidentified creatures walking around the
African rain forest, are not rare; there have been multiple tales of large, smooth-skinned quadrupeds with long necks that fed on large prey still living in central Africa. It was
329:
swamp region visiting various Aka (pygmy) villages, collecting stories of the creature's existence. They pointed out the difficulty of differentiating between a mokele-mbembe's metaphysical and physical existence. While they interviewed people who believed in its presence, others stated it died at
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remarks that "the quest for Mokele-Mbembe ... is part of the effort by creationists to overthrow the theory of evolution and teaching of science by any means possible". Additionally, Prothero noted that "the only people looking for mokele-mbembe are creationist ministers, not wildlife biologists."
263:, and newspapers in Europe and North America carried many articles on the subject in the early 1910s; some took the reports at face value, while others were more skeptical. It is notable that Western Europe and the Americas were going through a pop cultural interest in dinosaurs, of which the
154:
tales were credible: trusted native guides had related the tales to him, and the stories were related to him by independent sources, yet featured many of the same details. Though von Stein's report was never formally published, Ley quoted von Stein as writing:
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The lack of physical evidence and the conflicting witnesses have made the existence of the entity doubted by the large majority of scientists and historians. The most reasonable and agreed upon explanation is that the mokele-mbembe is a legend based on the
74:, resulting in numerous expeditions led by cryptozoologists and/or funded by young Earth creationists and other groups with the objective to find evidence that invalidates or contradicts the scientific consensus regarding
274:
Several expeditions, of varying scientific credibility, were undertaken in the 20th
Century to search for mokele-mbembe or interview claimed eyewitnesses. In 1980 and again in 1981, explorer Henry Powell and biologist
377:. Based on recently discovered dinosaur bones, Hagenbeck speculated that sauropods may still live in Africa. Although he offered no evidence other than legends, the claims were circulated by the press, including
576:
In the second season of the Goblin Slayer anime, the adventurers encounter a large creature referred to as "Mokele
Mubenbe", a huge sauropod-like creature with purple crystals protruding from its hide.
795:
55:. Variously described as a living creature or a spirit, mokele-mbembe descriptions vary widely based on conflicting purported eyewitness reports, but it is often described as a large quadrupedal
491:
revolves around a search for the mokele-mbembe and successful recovery of two of its eggs (the only known adult specimens having died beforehand) from the jungles of the Congo.
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was published in 1993 by
Houghton Mifflin. Nugent's book included a photograph he claimed was possibly mokele-mbembe, but which Prothero argues was more likely a floating log.
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was one of the most popular. This cultural trend could have contributed to both the reports as well as the tendency for newspapers to claim the reported beast was a
310:
while looking at an illustrated manual of wildlife. Neither species of
African rhinoceros is common in the Congo Basin, and the mokele-mbembe may be a mixture of
539:
mentions a Titan dubbed Mokele-mbembe, though it is not seen in the film. But the creature's figure was seen in its misty and foggy containment in
Outpost 75
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which one might well confuse with the crocodile were it not that its skin has no scales and its toes are armed with claws. I did not succeed in shooting a
535:
198:, Bölsche wrote that von Stein clearly believed that the creature described was not an actual animal, but instead was nothing more than local folklore.
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that as a young man he travelled to the Congo in search of Mokele-mbembe after reading about it in a magazine while he was living in Israel.
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made a documentary about searching for mokele-mbembe, which they later sold to
Discovery Africa. The team spent roughly four weeks in the
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90:, which once thrived in the region. Historian Edward Guimont has argued that the mokele-mbembe myth grows out of earlier
99:
1024:"Lensgreve Christoffer Knuth har brugt kæmpe summer på vild dinosaur-jagt: 'Vi fandt noget, som ingen har set før'"
86:
Most mainstream experts believe that mokele-mbembe, as reported by
Congolese natives, was probably inspired by the
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in Congo, in search of the mokele-mbembe. They did not find the cryptid; however, they found a new species of
71:
366:, a species once common to central Africa, where the stories of the mokele-mbembe originated. According to
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The animal is said to be of a brownish-gray color with a smooth skin, its size is approximately that of an
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Mackal, Roy. A Living
Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe. New York: E.J. Brill, 1987. ISBN 90-04-08543-2
561:
471:, Mokele-mbembe is one of the cryptids said to be dinosaurs that the character Chico tells Big Boss about.
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alongside the other 17 titans. The creature is featured more prominently in the film's novelization.
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373:, the origin of the creature can be traced back to a 1909 book by zoologist Carl Hagenbeck called
59:
with smooth skin, a long neck, and a single tooth or horn, much like the extinct lineage known as
28:
1146:
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367:
865:
American Men & Women of Science - Volume 5. Thomson/Gale. 2009. p. 85. ISBN 978-0787665289.
554:, mokele-mbembe is what a village of Mbochi people call a specimen of SCP-1265, specifically a
421:, rumors of a sighting of mokele-mbembe lead the main characters to a family of live sauropods.
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1177:
The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution
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In the early to mid 20th century, the entity would become a point of focus among adherents of
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Reports of entities described to be dinosaur-like in Africa caused a minor sensation in the
87:
166:. It is said to have a long and very flexible neck and only one tooth but a very long one;
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457:, the two mentioned superheroes stop a band of poachers who tried to hunt mokele-mbembe.
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episode "Earnest." It is among the creatures that have been caught by Earnest Anyway.
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Drums Along The Congo: On The Trail Of Mokele-Mbembe, the Last Living Dinosaur
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Drawing of Mokele-mbembe reflecting its supposed resemblance with the extinct
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In the book Mortal Engines, Captain Khora's airship is named Mokele Mbembe.
1152:
Abominable Science: Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and other Famous Cryptids
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268:
159:
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51:") is a mythical water-dwelling entity that is believed to exist in the
591:
526:, the Mokole are a breed of were-reptiles who serve as the "memory" of
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Mokele-mbembe is one of six cryptids sought by comedian and journalist
454:
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in the late 19th century, who briefly mentions it in his 1927 memoir.
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Water-dwelling entity that supposedly lives in the Congo River Basin
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Trader Horn : being the life and works of Alfred Aloysius Horn
969:
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According to German adventurer Lt. Paul Gratz's account from 1911:
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27:
221:, but on the island of Mbawala I came by some strips of its skin.
194:, in a 1929 German book by science author Wilhelm Bölsche called
1077:
Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths
527:
126:
The first report of the mokele-mbembe comes from German Captain
234:, who had worked for a British trading company in what is now
179:
840:"Misreading the Mokele-Mbembe (the Mokele-Mbembe, Part 1)"
205:
The crocodile is found only in very isolated specimens in
170:. A few spoke about a long, muscular tail like that of an
464:, the mokele-mbembe can be discovered in the Congo River.
1050:"The hunt for Mokele-mbembe: Congo's Loch Ness Monster"
827:. Internet Archive. New York : Simon and Schuster.
341:, Adam Christoffer Knuth, along with a film crew from
318:
from a time when rhinoceroses were found in the area.
145:(1941). Von Stein was ordered to conduct a survey of
690:"History of Mokele Mbembe And Expeditions To Africa"
474:
In May 2013 the Norwegian experimental music outfit
255:; depictions like this may have influenced the myth
543:while it arises and escapes after being awoken by
1092:"Mokele-Mbembe: The Search for a Living Dinosaur"
564:also being a part of SCP-1265, with it being a
306:pygmies, who identified the mokele-mbembe as a
797:A Living Dinosaur?: In Search of Mokele-Mbembe
635:
8:
19:For the Cameroonian political theorist, see
213:, much feared by the natives, a degenerate
1200:"Skeptoid #727: Hunting the Mokele-Mbembe"
995:Almbjerg, Sarah Iben (28 November 2018).
478:released a song entitled "mokele-mbembe".
245:Outdated 1897 restoration of a submerged
647:
399:is named after the creature: the "mokele
321:In 2016, a travel documentary crew from
296:In 2001, BBC broadcast in the TV series
178:with large white blossoms, with a milky
1228:Fictional characters introduced in 1941
1120:, Hypermodern Press, 1995, pp. 120–21.
821:Horn, Trader; Lewis, Ethelreda (1927).
628:
302:a collective interview with a group of
1022:Madsen, Fie West (28 November 2018).
770:"Hunting Dinosaurs in Central Africa"
757:. New York, Viking Press. p. 70.
665:"Hunting Dinosaurs in Central Africa"
392:A rather disadvantageous line of the
128:Ludwig Freiherr von Stein zu Lausnitz
7:
1090:Radford, Benjamin (13 August 2013).
658:
656:
1233:Central African legendary creatures
943:"New on TV Today: Tuesday 7 August"
903:"Spirits of the Forest – min 45:00"
892:Loxton and Prothero (2013), p. 284.
883:Loxton and Prothero (2013), p. 284.
98:, and in turn influenced the later
1136:Bibliography & further reading
1075:Naish, Darren (1 September 2017).
406:The mokele-mbembe was featured in
14:
1030:(in Danish). Berlingske Media A/S
768:Guimont, Edward (18 March 2019).
663:Guimont, Edward (18 March 2019).
345:and a DNA scientist, traveled to
844:Scientific American Blog Network
409:The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs
1258:Rhinoceroses in popular culture
1116:John Watson and Eric Schiller,
997:"Uimodståelig Dino-jagt på DR2"
500:Scary Monsters and Super Creeps
437:On the Track of Unknown Animals
418:Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend
1253:Mythological aquatic creatures
918:"Backpacking into the Unknown"
916:Cowen, Nick (24 August 2018).
536:Godzilla: King of the Monsters
469:Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker
462:Uncharted Waters: New Horizons
1:
1180:. Columbia University Press.
1174:Prothero, Donald R. (2015).
710:The Lungfish and the Unicorn
636:Loxton & Prothero (2013)
143:The Lungfish and the Unicorn
726:"Hunting the Mokele-Mbembe"
196:Dragons: Legend and Science
100:reptilian conspiracy theory
1279:
874:Loxton and Prothero (2013)
597:Human–dinosaur coexistence
18:
1157:Columbia University Press
970:"hitched.congo Webseries"
509:claimed on an episode of
512:The Joe Rogan Experience
446:The Punisher War Journal
1248:Young Earth creationism
794:MacKal, Roy P. (1987).
505:Korean American artist
467:In the 2010 video game
460:In the 1994 video game
72:young Earth creationism
256:
223:
190:However, according to
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36:
1118:The Big Book of Busts
732:. Skeptoid Media, Inc
524:White Wolf Publishing
244:
232:Alfred Aloysius Smith
203:
168:some say it is a horn
162:; at least that of a
156:
31:
694:The Daily Journalist
562:Mbielu-Mbielu-Mbielu
560:. They also mention
357:Possible explanation
330:least a decade ago.
1147:Prothero, Donald R.
751:Ley, Willy (1959).
713:. pp. 138–139.
707:Ley, Willy (1941).
669:Contingent Magazine
650:, pp. 233–235.
638:, pp. 262–295.
541:Jebel Barkal, Sudan
498:in his travel book
380:The Washington Post
230:, was described by
1056:. 28 December 2011
441:Endangered Species
403:mbembe variation".
397:Alekhine's Defence
387:In popular culture
257:
137:, as described by
47:(also written as "
37:
1187:978-0-231-53942-5
1166:978-0-231-52681-4
807:978-90-04-08543-5
800:. Brill Archive.
607:Loch Ness Monster
520:World of Darkness
415:In the 1985 film
253:Charles R. Knight
78:. Paleontologist
53:Congo River Basin
41:Bantu mythologies
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