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610:, were given charge of the portfolios of national defence and interior, despite Tshombe's objections. The portfolio for economic affairs was awarded to a CONAKAT member, but this was undercut by the positioning of nationalists in control of the Ministry and Secretariat for Economic Coordination. Mines and land affairs were placed under separate portfolios. Tshombe declared that this diluting of CONAKAT's influence rendered his agreement to support the government "null and void".
539:
356:. CONAKAT was founded in October 1958 to address the perceived problems of "immigration" into Katanga from the other provinces of the Belgian Congo, and its platform called for upholding the rights of the "indigenous" peoples of Katanga by ending the "immigration". The majority of the CONAKAT supporters were Lunda, Batabwa, Tshowke and Bayeke, most of whom lived in southern Katanga.
665:, who met Tshombe several times, wrote: "Tshombe was not stupid, but he desperately wanted to be liked and recognized. He tended to agree with the last person he had talked to and could be counted on to go back on any agreement as soon as he had seen his next visitor. He was also an accomplished hypochondriac, using feigned ill health to avoid answering awkward questions. “
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and then Spain. Tshombe took 890 suitcases full of one million gold pieces with him into exile, which he placed into various
European banks, allowing him to live in comfort and luxury. At the same time, the UN forces found that the Katangese treasury had been stripped bare. The entire vault contained
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wanted very broad autonomy for
Katanga within an independent Congo in order to keep the wealth generated by the mining industry within Katanga. In contrast to CONAKAT with its calls for autonomy and curbs on "immigration", the "immigrants" in Katanga tended to favor the parties that called for a more
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The principal lobbying group for
Tshombe was the American Committee for Aid to Katangan Freedom Fighters that portrayed the United Nations as a communist-dominated organization that was seeking to crush Katanga to achieve Soviet foreign policy goals in Africa. The support for Tshombe was at least in
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Tshombe died in
Algeria in 1969. The Algerian government called in eight Algerian physicians and three French doctors, who concluded that he died in his sleep. Later, an autopsy concluded a natural death. Tshombe's nephew Joseph Kayomb Tshombe stipulated that no medical doctor chosen by the Tshombe
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In 1965, Tshombe's brother, Daniel, became the Mwaant Yav, which greatly added to his appeal in
Katanga. Traditionally, the title of Mwaant Yav alternated between different Lunda royal families, but since 1965 the office of Mwaant Yav has been held by members of the Tshombe family. In 1967, Tshombe
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Most of the economic concessions in the
Belgian Congo were para-statal, as the Belgian state had invested its own funds alongside those of European capitalists in developing the concessions. When Belgium granted independence to the Congo in 1960, the Belgians refused to transfer their shares in the
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wrote: "During the entire month of August, a veritable race against the clock took place with the objective, for
Tshombe and his advisers, of building a more or less efficient gendarmery before the eventual withdraw of the Belgian troops". Tshombe engaged in a successful bluff in the summer of 1960
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In July 1964, he returned to the Congo to serve as prime minister in a new coalition government. His cabinet was sworn in on 10 July. Tshombe's national support was derived from the backing of provincial political bosses, customary chiefs, and foreign financial interests. Among his first acts in
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visited
Leopoldville and agreed to transfer the Belgian shares of the concessions. During the same visit, Spaak seems to have made appointing Tshombe premier the precondition of the share transfer. Finally, the administration of John F. Kennedy was very hostile towards Tshombe, but on 22 November
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supported the United
Nations against Katanga and the support for Tshombe in the United States came mostly from conservative Republicans and Democrats, who used Kennedy's opposition to Tshombe to argue that he was "soft on communism". By contrast, Afro-Americans loathed Tshombe, seeing him as an
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in the 1960s, who saw him as an acceptable
African leader. The American historian Kyle Burke wrote: "To them , Tshombe represented a comfortable kind of decolonization, in which elite Africans would manage the transition from colony to nation without altering the existing racial, political and
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moving into Katanga. In the late 1950s, the Belgians allowed a limited degree of democracy in the Belgian Congo and in the first municipal elections in 1957, the majority of the mayors elected were Baluba, which sparked fears that the Lunda would be a marginalized group in their own province.
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company. The wealth generated by its minerals led to 32,000 Belgians settling in Katanga by the 1950s, which had more white settlers than any other province of the Belgian Congo. The mining industry provided, by the standards of Africa, well paying jobs, and as such Katanga province attracted
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plane to Katanga, Lumumba was beaten by the Congolese soldiers escorting him. In custody in Katanga, Lumumba was visited by Katangese notables and Belgian officers, who included Tshombe, Godefroid Munongo, Kibwe, Kitenge, Grandelet, Son, Gat, Huyghé, Tignée, Verscheure, Segers and Rougefort.
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and Mobutu) to send Lumumba to Katanga. That would have stemmed from Lumumba's increasing popularity among soldiers, who might release him. Meanwhile, soldier mutinies and unrest increased by the day, at Prison Camp Hardy in Thysville. The telegram has still not been shown to exist.
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In September 1961, the United Nations launched Operation Morthor with the aim of reintegrating Katanga into the Congo, causing Tshombe to flee into Northern Rhodesia for a time. However, the Katangese gendarmerie proved to be tougher than expected and in the
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To disguise its military nature, the force being raised and trained was called the Katangese gendarmerie, but this was highly misleading as it was in fact an army. The majority of the officers training the gendarmerie were Belgian. The Belgian historian
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626:, Tshombe asked the Belgian government to send military officers to recruit and train a Katangese army. Tshombe's Belgian military adviser, Major Guy Weber, on 13 July 1960 appointed Major Jean-Marie Crèvecœur to train an army for Katanga.
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in proclaiming Katanga independent. One American diplomat described Katanga as a sham, reporting to Washington that the State of Katanga was "designed mainly for the protection of European lives and property". Favoring continued ties with
915:. The pilots of the plane, Britons Trevor Copleston and David Taylor, were released and returned to the United Kingdom. The Congolese government demanded his extradition to Congo and his Western supporters agitated for his release.
735:, Irish troops serving under the United Nations flag were forced to surrender. The United Nations secretary-general, Dag Hammarskjöld, flew to meet Tshombe to discuss a ceasefire. After the meeting, Hammarskjöld was killed in an
867:. The party won comfortably gaining 38 seats with the alliance as a whole winning 122 seats. Despite this victory Tshombe was dismissed from his position as Prime Minister in October 1965 by President Kasa-Vubu and replaced by
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concessions to the Congolese state under the grounds that the Congo refused to assume the debts that the Belgians had incurred when developing the concessions, which deprived the Congolese state of much needed revenue.
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312:, the son of a successful businessman. The Tshombe family were Lunda royalty and a number of Tshombes had reigned as the Mwaant Yav, the traditional king of the Lunda people. He received his education from an American
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detested Tshombe as an "Uncle Tom", and in a 1964 speech in New York called him "the worst African ever born" and "the man who in cold blood, cold blood, committed an international crime – murdered Patrice Lumumba".
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broke out and the Congolese government rapidly lost control of the entire eastern half of the Congo. At the same time, Tshombe started to correspond with several of his former enemies such as the justice minister,
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economic order, thereby ensuring that communists would not gain a foothold in these countries". American conservatives presented the Belgian Congo as a place of racial harmony, which Tshombe had tried to preserve.
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Tshombe had made extensive use of white mercenaries to fight for Katanga, and as the Congolese premier, he hired the same mercenaries to fight for the Congo. The return of Tshombe to power was met with criticism.
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could not handle the Simbas, Mobutu argued that the Congo needed Western help. Mobutu had been the king-maker of Congolese politics ever since he staged his first coup in 1960. He pressured President
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Larmer, Miles (2013). "Of Local Identities and Transnational Conflict: The Katangese Gendarmes and Central-Southern Africa's Forty-Years War, 1960-1999". In Bruce Collins, Nir Arielli (ed.).
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recognition for independent Katanga, and he announced that any intervention by UN troops would be met with force. Nonetheless, Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and his successor,
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926:, to press for his release and move to Spain. The Tshombe Emergency Committee filed a number of legal challenges to force the Algerians to release Tshombe to no avail. Long-time aide
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253:'s accession to independence in June 1960, Tshombe became president of the autonomous province, and soon came into conflict with the central government's leftist prime minister,
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981:, Belgium. Owing to his role in the death of Lumumba and his association with Western interests, Tshombe's name became synonymous with "sellout" to Black African nationalists.
673:" ("I must immediately get a shot.") And that would be the end of the conversation. Tshombe was basically a weak person who was always being manipulated by others – the
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320:, which failed. Tshombe ran a number of businesses, which all failed, requiring his wealthy family to bail him out. Tshombe later became involved in politics.
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before being sent to Algeria. The film's characters Colonel Allen Faulkner and President Julius Limbani were largely based on Tshombe and his military ally
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292:. Following the November 1965 coup which ended the Congo Crisis, he was charged with treason and was forced into exile again. He died four years later.
962:, Belgian mercenary Joseph Smal told author Stephen J. Rivele that Tshombe was killed by two injections with two different substances, prepared by the
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875:, who had just staged a successful coup against Kasa-Vubu, brought charges of treason against Tshombe, who again fled the country and settled in
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Katanga was different from the other provinces of the Belgian Congo, being rich in copper, tin and uranium, all of which were mined by the
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The Algerians resisted both demands. A part of his supporters gathered to form the Tshombe Emergency Committee in the U.S., including
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677:, right-wing politicians in Europe and the United States, mercenaries, arms dealers and other adventurers who were after his money."
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On the evening of 11 July, Tshombe, accusing the central government of communist leanings and dictatorial rule, announced that
425:
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226:; 10 November 1919 – 29 June 1969) was a Congolese businessman and politician. He served as the president of the secessionist
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598:. One month later, the Congo became an independent republic. Tshombe became President of the autonomous province of Katanga.
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1946:
The Cold War, 1945-1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World
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to appoint Tshombe premier on the grounds that he was the Congolese politician most likely to secure Western support.
654:, successfully requested intervention from UN forces. UN forces were sent under the direction of UN Secretary-General
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Tshombe, like many members of the Lunda royalty, was close to the settler elite, and felt threatened by the flood of
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707:(Belgian minister for African Affairs) sent a highly confidential telegram on 16 January 1961 to the government in
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The following year, he was made prime minister of the country as part of a new coalition government against the
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In common with the other members of the Lunda elite, the aristocratic Tshombe looked back nostalgically to the
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Lumumba's execution, on 17 January, was carried out by a firing squad led by a Belgian mercenary, Julien Gat.
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Gibbs, David N. "Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960–1: a reinterpretation."
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France, wishing to take advantage of Katangese minerals, sent to Tshombe the reinforcement of the mercenary
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as he maintained that Katanga had the military forces to repel an invasion while an army was being raised.
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by Tshombe's supporters in 1961, the Katanga rebellion was suppressed in 1963, forcing Tshombe into exile.
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1963:
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Tshombe's political involvement started in 1957 in response to the perceived threat of Baluba domination.
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1967:
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office were the lifting of a curfew in Léopoldville, the release of 600 political prisoners—including
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1993:
Revolutionaries for the Right Anticommunist Internationalism and Paramilitary Warfare in the Cold War
794:
257:. Accusing Lumumba of communist sympathies, Tshombe declared Katanga's independence as the breakaway
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The Zimbabwe African People's Union, 1961-87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
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of poisoning Tshombe by order of Mobutu. In the context of a series of interviews regarding a
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367:(modern Zambia) in the 17th and 18th centuries. CONAKAT formed an electoral alliance with the
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907:. According to the Congolese government, Tshombe was travelling to Africa. He was taken to
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school and later trained as an accountant. In the 1950s, he took over a chain of stores in
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The Night Malcolm X Spoke at the Oxford Union A Transatlantic Story of Antiracist Protest
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In a New Year's message at the beginning of 1965, Tshombe rejected conciliation with the
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288:. However, he was dismissed as Prime Minister in October of that year, being replaced by
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1007:
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988:, later became an important politician and served as prime minister from 1980 to 1981.
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Katanga 1960-63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World
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travelled to different European cities to lobby for Tshombe, eventually to no avail.
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is based in part on speculation that Tshombe's plane had initially been diverted to
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In 1963, UN forces succeeded in suppressing Katanga, driving Tshombe into exile in
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party that represented the white Belgian settlers of Katanga. Both CONAKAT and the
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2011:
1971:
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801:; and most importantly, the commander of the army, General Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.
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before becoming involved in politics, cofounding the pro-Western, anti-communist
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was more supportive of Tshombe, viewing him as a firmly pro-Western politician.
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party in 1958 and advocating for autonomy for Katanga province. Following the
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Entführung und Tod des Moïse Tshombe: Das Ende einer Hoffnung für den Kongo
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that once covered much of northern Angola, the southern Belgian Congo and
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Histoire secrète du Zaïre: L'autopsie de la barbarie au service du monde
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669:” ("I have a sore throat, Mr. Urquhart"), he would suddenly whisper. "
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from the Congo. Tshombe had the full support of both Belgium and the
352:(CONAKAT) party. CONAKAT promoted a federal Congo independent of the
332:
2333:
The Congo cables: the cold war in Africa--from Eisenhower to Kennedy
2138:
Transnational Soldiers Foreign Military Enlistment in the Modern Era
760:" figure, a black man who was submissive and docile towards whites.
1357:"Jacques Foccart et les mauvais conseils de Félix Houphouët-Boigny"
2538:
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CONAKAT won control of the Katanga provincial legislature in the
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Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians convicted of crimes
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Proudly We Can Be Africans Black Americans and Africa, 1935-1961
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2013:
Remembering Julius Nyerere in Tanzania: History, Memory, Legacy
1747:"Report by Steve Rivele on Second European trip, January, 1986"
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Further doubts were raised regarding Tshombe's death by former
1331:"Character Sketches: Mobutu and Tshombe -Two Congolese Rogues"
2338:
Mazrui, Ali A. "Moise Tshombe and the Arabs: 1960 to 1968."
2016:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
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The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo
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590:
Tshombe at the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference, 1960
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Semonin, Paul (January 1968). "Mobutu and the Congolese".
2098:(expanded ed.). Rochester, VT: Schenkman Books, Inc.
2072:
The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961
328:
immigrants from the other provinces of the Belgian Congo.
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Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad
2055:
Gonze, Colin (September 1964). "Tshombe in Wonderland".
27:
Congolese politician and secessionist leader (1919–1969)
3772:
Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1764:"Tshombe is Buried in Brussels; Sons Weep at His Grave"
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Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2413:
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1976:. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press USA.
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Le rapt de Tshombe: La mise à mort du leader congolais
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and called for their total defeat. Tshombe formed the
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Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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O'Brien, Conor Cruise. "The UN, Congo and Tshombe."
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The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
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only £10 British pounds together with one dead rat.
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2159:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1995:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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1013:Tshombe has been played twice by the French actor
751:part related to American domestic politics as the
350:Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga
3737:Heads of state of states with limited recognition
3727:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
2119:The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa
1735:. Brussels: Editions de l’espérance. p. 127.
1600:The Political Economy of Third World Intervention
950:Daniel Monguya Mbenge, who accused French lawyer
684:and his men. It was supported by the networks of
280:by Lumumba's supporters. In 1965, he founded the
3697:Democratic Republic of the Congo anti-communists
2140:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 160–180.
3702:Democratic Republic of the Congo businesspeople
2297:The rise and fall of Moise Tshombe: A biography
2272:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1838:
863:(CONACO), a bloc of forty-nine parties for the
230:from 1960 to 1963 and as prime minister of the
1858:, 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
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688:, the "Mr. Africa" of the French government.
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8:
3792:Government ministers of the State of Katanga
2250:(illustrated ed.). Africa World Press.
1815:"Tshombe, Geneva and détente in the village"
1581:
1506:
1101:
819:In March 1964, the Belgian Foreign Minister
3707:Democratic Republic of the Congo Christians
1361:Cahiers du Centre de recherches historiques
903:by Francis Bodenan, an agent of the French
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2121:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1649:Freiherr von Müllenheim-Rechberg, Burkard
956:conspiracy theory about the assassination
2926:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
1852:Mercenary 'Mad Mike' Hoare dies aged 100
671:Je dois prendre immédiatement une piqûre
3712:Democratic Republic of the Congo exiles
3052:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
1788:
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125:11 July 1960 – 21 January 1963
72:10 July 1964 – 13 October 1965
1921:"'The Siege of Jadotville': TV Review"
1800:
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1185:
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667:J’ai mal à la gorge, Monsieur Urquhart
395:This article is part of a series about
3767:People sentenced to death in absentia
3621:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
2944:United Nations Operation in the Congo
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241:family and ran several businesses in
7:
2038:(translated ed.). Madison, WI:
1813:Pekeshe, Munhamu (15 January 2015).
1557:
1329:Urquhart, Brian (13 February 2019).
939:family was admitted at the autopsy.
742:Tshombe become an iconic figure for
284:alliance, which comfortably won the
237:Tshombe was born to an aristocratic
3653:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
2180:The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98
3777:Prisoners and detainees of Algeria
3732:Heads of state of former countries
1299:"Katanga Premier Warns U.N. Force"
895:On 30 June 1967, Tshombe was in a
251:Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville
25:
2391:, Royal Museum for Central Africa
2323:Journal of Modern African Studies
2206:. Cheltenham: The History Press.
1893:Marshall, Andrew (18 June 2021).
1710:. Brussels: Quorum. p. 102.
705:Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden
286:March and April general elections
3762:People from the State of Katanga
3045:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
3038:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
3031:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
2894:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
2643:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2010:Fouéré, Marie-Aude, ed. (2015).
1919:Uhlich, Keith (6 October 2016).
1869:"Lumumba - Full Cast & Crew"
1069:A derivative of Tshombe's name,
695:, and Lumumba taken prisoner by
542:
537:
386:
261:, becoming a major actor of the
232:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2417:10 July 1964 – 13 October 1965
1973:Dictionary of African Biography
1731:Monguya Mbenge, Daniel (1977).
1704:Kayomb Tshombe, Joseph (1997).
861:Convention Nationale Congolaise
772:Prime Minister Tshombe touring
3628:Torture and killing of Lumumba
2563:N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu
996:The plot of the 1978 war film
969:Moïse Tshombe was buried in a
699:and detained at Camp Hardy in
522:1964 constitutional referendum
1:
2155:Meriwether, James H. (2009).
2040:University of Wisconsin Press
1770:. UPI. 6 July 1969. p. 6
3752:People from Lualaba Province
3742:People from Katanga Province
2305:The Assassination of Lumumba
2244:Sibanda, Eliakim M. (2005).
1386:The Assassination of Lumumba
1199:"Congo (Kinshasa) provinces"
1073:, was incorporated into the
897:Hawker Siddeley jet aircraft
608:Mouvement National Congolais
606:. Members of his party, the
3787:20th-century businesspeople
2202:Othen, Christopher (2015).
2070:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
1839:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
1677:"Algeria: End in Captivity"
1605:University of Chicago Press
1023:and again in the 2011 film
764:Prime Minister of the Congo
3808:
3757:People of the Congo Crisis
2710:Free Republic of the Congo
1964:Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku
1048:Knight Grand Cross of the
806:Armée Nationale Congolaise
596:May 1960 general elections
3635:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
2701:
2553:Bo-Boliko Lokonga Mihambo
2419:
2410:
2402:
2397:
1944:Frankel, Benjamin (ed.),
1607:. pp. 152, 167–168.
1355:Wauthier, Claude (2002).
1157:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
1077:as a word for "sellout".
1017:, first in the 2000 film
691:Lumumba's government was
213:
153:
118:
65:
53:
48:Tshombe in France in 1963
41:
3747:Leaders ousted by a coup
3660:Decolonisation of Africa
3313:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
2986:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
2663:Louis Alphonse Koyagialo
2183:. Basingstoke, England:
1597:Gibbs, David N. (1991).
1582:Kennes & Larmer 2016
1507:Kennes & Larmer 2016
1102:Kennes & Larmer 2016
826:Kennedy was assassinated
719:Whilst being flown in a
642:Tshombe in Katanga, 1962
602:was tasked with forming
443:President of Katanga,DRC
304:, Tshombe was born near
3411:Force Publique mutinies
3380:William "Rip" Robertson
3136:Cuban Exile Naval Force
2790:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
2303:De Witte, Ludo (2003).
2076:Oxford University Press
1655:. LIT. pp. 72–73.
1638:magazine, 28 July 1967.
1310:. Reuters. 21 July 1960
1036:The Siege of Jadotville
888:was sentenced to death
871:. In November, General
828:. Kennedy's successor,
527:Luluabourg Constitution
354:Belgian colonial empire
3526:Port Francqui incident
2726:Acting Prime Minister.
2708:Prime minister of the
2608:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
2603:Bernardin Mungul Diaka
2558:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
2365:"Moise Kapend Tshombe"
2325:31.1 (1993): 163-174.
1968:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
1925:The Hollywood Reporter
1029:. He was portrayed by
986:Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
777:
753:Kennedy administration
744:American conservatives
643:
591:
265:. Following Lumumba's
3603:Stanleyville mutinies
3232:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
3129:211th Makasi Squadron
2912:Katangese Gendarmerie
2475:Republic of the Congo
2389:Archive Moïse Tshombe
2342:10.3 (1969): 285-304.
1008:Maj. "Mad Mike" Hoare
865:1965 general election
771:
661:The British diplomat
641:
604:a national government
589:
474:Lumumba assassination
220:Moïse Kapenda Tshombe
3584:Violettes Imperiales
3207:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
3161:Conor Cruise O'Brien
3059:5 Mechanised Brigade
2846:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
2032:Gérard-Libois, Jules
1991:Burke, Kyle (2018).
797:; the police chief,
795:Justin-Marie Bomboko
615:Katanga was seceding
582:President of Katanga
136:Position established
3692:CONAKAT politicians
3260:Frédéric Vandewalle
2623:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
2583:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
2568:Léon Kengo wa Dondo
2331:Kalb, Madeleine G.
1895:"Mister Bob (2011)"
944:governor of Katanga
788:In early 1964, the
733:siege of Jadotville
632:Jules Gérard-Libois
499:Siege of Jadotville
449:1960-1963,1964-1965
376:centralized state.
234:from 1964 to 1965.
222:(sometimes written
3613:Other major events
3446:Congo-Stanleyville
2919:South Kasai forces
2712:, in rebellion at
2668:Matata Ponyo Mapon
2628:Étienne Tshisekedi
2613:Étienne Tshisekedi
2598:Étienne Tshisekedi
2578:Sambwa Pida Nbagui
2398:Political offices
2349:15 (1964): 29-31.
2185:Palgrave Macmillan
1899:Military Gogglebox
1768:The New York Times
1560:, p. 155-156.
1307:The New York Times
1235:Gérard-Libois 1966
1146:, p. 162-163.
1050:Order of the Crown
984:Tshombe's nephew,
924:William F. Buckley
778:
644:
592:
456:Katanga Government
302:Lunda ethnic group
148:Position abolished
3669:
3668:
3401:Main operations /
3396:
3395:
3024:White mercenaries
2886:government forces
2804:Christophe Gbenye
2775:Political leaders
2733:
2732:
2539:Republic of Zaire
2429:
2428:
2420:Succeeded by
2194:978-0-230-28648-1
2175:O'Ballance, Edgar
2036:Katanga Secession
1983:978-0-19-538207-5
1629:Floriot loses one
1172:978-1-84277-053-5
1159:(February 2002).
1081:is the verb form.
1033:in the 2016 film
830:Lyndon B. Johnson
782:Northern Rhodesia
646:Tshombe demanded
579:
578:
452:
413:
412:
365:Northern Rhodesia
348:, he founded the
346:Godefroid Munongo
217:
216:
16:(Redirected from
3799:
3662:
3655:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3478:Battle of Kabalo
3473:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3417:Secession crisis
3413:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3327:Siegfried Müller
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3239:Jules Crèvecoeur
3234:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3184:
3177:
3175:Dewan Prem Chand
3170:
3163:
3150:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3006:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2896:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2860:Gaston Soumialot
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2825:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
2820:
2813:
2811:Dag Hammarskjöld
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2725:
2707:
2683:Sylvestre Ilunga
2618:Faustin Birindwa
2455:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2403:Preceded by
2395:
2380:
2374:
2318:
2283:
2261:
2240:
2217:
2198:
2170:
2151:
2132:
2109:
2092:Kanza, Thomas R.
2087:
2066:
2051:
2027:
2006:
1987:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
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1780:
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1754:
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1743:
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1728:
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1579:
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1549:
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1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1439:, p. 47-48.
1434:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
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1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1082:
1067:
958:of US President
934:Death and legacy
928:Michel Struelens
821:Paul-Henri Spaak
810:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
713:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
656:Dag Hammarskjöld
571:
564:
557:
546:
541:
494:Operation Unokat
446:
409:
408:
407:
405:
397:
396:
390:
383:
382:
379:
373:Union Katangaise
369:Union Katangaise
361:Kingdom of Lunda
340:Political career
318:Katanga Province
300:A member of the
259:State of Katanga
243:Katanga Province
228:State of Katanga
185:
166:10 November 1919
158:Personal details
144:
132:
123:
101:
89:
81:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
70:
46:
32:
21:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3608:
3601:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3549:Simba rebellion
3547:
3542:Kwilu rebellion
3540:
3535:Kanyarwanda War
3533:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3460:
3455:UN intervention
3453:
3444:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3360:
3353:
3348:Roger Trinquier
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3292:Charles Gardien
3290:
3283:
3276:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
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3219:
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3205:
3198:
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3173:
3166:
3159:
3141:
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3127:
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3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3016:mercenary units
3015:
3009:
3002:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2839:Patrice Lumumba
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2705:
2697:
2653:Antoine Gizenga
2645:
2637:
2633:Likulia Bolongo
2533:
2529:Léonard Mulamba
2504:Antoine Gizenga
2484:Patrice Lumumba
2469:
2459:
2425:
2416:
2408:
2379:"Moise Tshombe"
2378:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2315:
2302:
2299:(Frewin, 1968).
2291:
2289:Further reading
2286:
2280:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2224:The World Today
2220:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2173:
2167:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2112:
2106:
2090:
2069:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2009:
2003:
1990:
1984:
1970:, eds. (2012).
1962:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1570:O'Ballance 1999
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1534:O'Ballance 1999
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1461:Meriwether 2009
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
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1328:
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1260:
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1207:
1205:
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1184:
1180:
1173:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1045:
994:
977:Cemetery, near
960:John F. Kennedy
948:political exile
936:
885:
877:Francoist Spain
838:Antoine Gizenga
790:Simba rebellion
766:
686:Jacques Foccart
600:Patrice Lumumba
584:
575:
536:
517:Kwilu rebellion
512:Simba rebellion
503:
489:1961 DC-6 crash
453:
451:
440:
403:
401:
400:
399:
398:
394:
393:
342:
298:
278:Simba rebellion
255:Patrice Lumumba
206:
200:Political party
187:
183:
167:
142:
130:
124:
119:
99:
87:
71:
66:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3674:
3673:
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3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3519:Kindu atrocity
3515:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3426:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3355:Hugh van Oppen
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3285:Roger Faulques
3281:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3225:
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3220:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3153:United Nations
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
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3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2996:Other entities
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
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2968:
2961:
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2947:
2939:
2937:
2933:
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2922:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2818:Albert Kalonji
2814:
2807:
2800:
2797:Gaston Eyskens
2793:
2786:
2783:Cyrille Adoula
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2693:Judith Suminwa
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Bruno Tshibala
2675:
2673:Samy Badibanga
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Adolphe Muzito
2655:
2649:
2647:
2646:(1997–present)
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Mulumba Lukoji
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Mpinga Kasenda
2544:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:Évariste Kimba
2521:
2516:
2514:Cyrille Adoula
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Justin Bomboko
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2423:Évariste Kimba
2421:
2418:
2409:
2406:Cyrille Adoula
2404:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2375:
2359:
2358:External links
2356:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2319:
2313:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2218:
2213:978-0750989169
2212:
2199:
2193:
2171:
2165:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2113:Kennes, Erik;
2110:
2104:
2088:
2067:
2052:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1911:
1885:
1860:
1843:
1841:, p. 299.
1831:
1805:
1803:, p. 158.
1793:
1791:, p. 116.
1781:
1755:
1738:
1723:
1716:
1696:
1668:
1661:
1640:
1620:
1613:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1523:
1521:, p. 4-5.
1511:
1499:
1480:
1465:
1463:, p. 224.
1453:
1441:
1429:
1414:
1412:, p. 167.
1402:
1377:
1347:
1335:United Nations
1321:
1290:
1288:, p. 165.
1278:
1276:, p. 164.
1266:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:www.rulers.org
1190:
1188:, p. 163.
1178:
1171:
1148:
1133:
1131:, p. 162.
1121:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1075:Shona language
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1015:Pascal N'Zonzi
999:The Wild Geese
993:
990:
952:Jacques Vergès
935:
932:
920:Marvin Liebman
884:
881:
869:Évariste Kimba
799:Victor Nendaka
765:
762:
737:airplane crash
663:Brian Urquhart
652:Cyrille Adoula
648:United Nations
583:
580:
577:
576:
574:
573:
566:
559:
551:
548:
547:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
506:DRC Government
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
447:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
415:
414:
411:
410:
391:
341:
338:
297:
294:
290:Évariste Kimba
215:
214:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
186:(aged 49)
180:
176:
175:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
116:
115:
108:
107:
105:Évariste Kimba
102:
96:
95:
93:Cyrille Adoula
90:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
63:
62:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3804:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
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3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
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3755:
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3743:
3740:
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3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
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3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
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3688:
3685:
3683:
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3677:
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3657:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3632:
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3625:
3622:
3618:
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3615:
3611:
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3600:
3595:
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3571:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3558:
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3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:Niemba ambush
3468:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:Jean Schramme
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:UN contingent
2934:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2875:
2874:Moïse Tshombe
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:Pierre Mulele
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2722:
2719:
2716:, during the
2715:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
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2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Moïse Tshombe
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:1-85984-410-3
2310:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2295:Colvin, Ian.
2294:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2279:9780520279339
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:Tuck, Stephen
2263:
2259:
2257:9781592212767
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:9780807860410
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2147:9780230319684
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2128:9780253021502
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:Larmer, Miles
2111:
2107:
2105:0-87073-901-8
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2023:9789987753260
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:9781469640747
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1717:9782873990206
1713:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1662:3-8258-3940-0
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1614:0-226-29071-9
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:, p. 68.
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:, p. 85.
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:, p. 20.
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 70.
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:, p. 69.
1508:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:, p. 48.
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1427:, p. 47.
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:1-85984-410-3
1396:
1392:
1391:Ludo De Witte
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1366:
1363:(in French).
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1264:, p. 44.
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:, p. 99.
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:, p. 85.
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:, p. 79.
1224:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1165:. Zed Books.
1164:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1119:, p. 10.
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:, p. 32.
1103:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
991:
989:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
882:
880:
878:
874:
873:Joseph Mobutu
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
850:
847:
841:
839:
833:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
791:
786:
783:
775:
770:
763:
761:
759:
754:
748:
745:
740:
738:
734:
728:
725:
722:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
675:Union Minière
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
640:
636:
633:
627:
625:
620:
619:Union Minière
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
581:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
552:
550:
549:
545:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:
460:
459:
458:
457:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:
406:
404:Moïse Tshombe
392:
389:
385:
384:
380:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
339:
337:
334:
329:
326:
325:Union Minière
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:Belgian Congo
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
181:
177:
174:
173:Belgian Congo
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
149:
146:
140:
137:
134:
128:
122:
117:
114:
111:President of
109:
106:
103:
97:
94:
91:
85:
82:
79:
75:
69:
64:
61:
56:
52:
45:
40:
36:Moïse Tshombe
33:
30:
19:
18:Moise Tshombe
3782:Lunda people
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3557:Dragon Rouge
3556:
3510:
3501:Camp Massart
3492:
3462:
3373:Larry Devlin
3320:Jack Malloch
3299:Hans Germani
3246:Marc Goosens
3214:Norbert Moke
3200:Louis Bobozo
2904:Rebel forces
2873:
2832:Théo Lefèvre
2767:Congo Crisis
2718:Congo Crisis
2714:Stanleyville
2688:Sama Lukonde
2588:Lunda Bululu
2573:Mabi Mulumba
2518:
2494:Albert Ndele
2411:
2370:Find-A-Grave
2368:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2304:
2296:
2269:
2246:
2231:(1): 20–29.
2228:
2222:
2203:
2179:
2156:
2137:
2118:
2095:
2071:
2062:
2058:Africa Today
2056:
2035:
2012:
1992:
1972:
1945:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:
1863:
1855:
1846:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1796:
1789:Sibanda 2005
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1752:. p. 9.
1741:
1732:
1726:
1706:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1599:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1546:Semonin 1968
1541:
1514:
1502:
1497:, p. 5.
1478:, p. 4.
1456:
1444:
1432:
1405:
1385:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1360:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1247:Hoskyns 1965
1242:
1230:
1223:Hoskyns 1965
1218:
1208:17 September
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1181:
1161:
1151:
1124:
1097:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1034:
1031:Danny Sapani
1024:
1019:
1012:
997:
995:
983:
968:
941:
937:
917:
913:René Floriot
894:
889:
886:
854:Simba rebels
851:
842:
834:
818:
814:
805:
803:
787:
779:
774:Stanleyville
749:
741:
729:
724:Douglas DC-4
718:
709:Léopoldville
690:
679:
674:
670:
666:
660:
645:
628:
618:
612:
593:
505:
504:
462:
455:
454:
448:
442:
441:
402:
372:
368:
358:
343:
333:Kasai Baluba
330:
324:
322:
299:
275:
263:Congo Crisis
236:
223:
219:
218:
184:(1969-06-29)
182:29 June 1969
147:
143:Succeeded by
135:
120:
100:Succeeded by
67:
29:
3687:1969 deaths
3682:1919 births
3575:White Giant
3566:Dragon Noir
3430:South Kasai
3387:Che Guevara
3341:Jerry Puren
3334:John Peters
3182:Pat Quinlan
3168:K.A.S. Raja
3122:15 Commando
3115:14 Commando
3108:13 Commando
3101:12 Commando
3094:11 Commando
2769:(1960–1965)
2541:(1971–1997)
2509:Joseph Iléo
2489:Joseph Iléo
2477:(1960–1971)
1856:www.bbc.com
1819:The Patriot
1801:Fouéré 2015
1410:Larmer 2013
1286:Larmer 2013
1274:Larmer 2013
1186:Larmer 2013
1144:Larmer 2013
1129:Larmer 2013
973:service at
890:in absentia
711:(President
484:Gendarmerie
344:Along with
131:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
3676:Categories
3485:Jadotville
3306:Mike Hoare
3278:Bob Denard
3146:Commanders
3087:9 Commando
3080:6 Commando
3073:5 Commando
3066:4 Commando
2347:Transition
2074:. London:
1774:18 January
1689:12 October
1519:Gonze 1964
1495:Gonze 1964
1476:Gonze 1964
1449:Burke 2018
1437:Burke 2018
1425:Burke 2018
1314:10 January
1262:Burke 2018
1117:Othen 2015
1089:References
1026:Mister Bob
992:Portrayals
883:Later life
858:federalist
682:Bob Denard
314:missionary
296:Early life
3511:Grandslam
3463:Rum Punch
3270:Mercenary
3192:Congolese
3014:Belgian /
2884:Congolese
2307:. Verso.
2065:(7): 4–6.
1558:Tuck 2014
975:Etterbeek
971:Methodist
899:that was
846:Malcolm X
758:Uncle Tom
701:Thysville
693:dissolved
532:1965 coup
271:execution
267:overthrow
195:, Algeria
121:In office
77:President
68:In office
3437:Invasion
2979:Ethiopia
2268:(2014).
2237:40394031
2177:(1999).
2117:(2016).
2094:(1994).
2034:(1966).
1948:, p. 339
1930:23 April
1904:23 April
1878:24 April
1873:TV Guide
1651:(1998).
1393:, 2003,
1340:24 April
1079:Kuchomba
1004:Rhodesia
979:Brussels
901:hijacked
469:governor
3645:Related
3423:Katanga
3403:battles
3224:Belgian
2958:Ireland
2867:U Thant
2706:‡
2384:YouTube
2335:(1982).
1956:Sources
1043:Honours
1020:Lumumba
909:Algeria
804:As the
776:in 1964
624:Belgium
463:Katanga
421:CONAKAT
306:Musumba
247:CONAKAT
224:Tshombé
204:CONAKAT
193:Algiers
189:El Biar
169:Musumba
113:Katanga
3493:UNOKAT
2965:Sweden
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3593:South
3365:Other
2972:India
2233:JSTOR
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1302:(PDF)
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