Mojo (African-American culture)

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created different mojos for each of their clients. One mojo created the same can not work for everyone. By the twentieth century, Hoodoo was culturally appropriated by outsiders to African-American culture to make a profit. Spiritual shops began to sell the same mojo for everyone. In traditional Hoodoo, certain songs, prayers, symbols, and ingredients are used to conjure or manifest results. However, when Hoodoo was appropriated by white spiritual merchants, the same mojo was sold to consumers. "For Hoodoo practitioners looking to sell their goods, it has therefore become more profitable to rely 'on stereotypes of…oodoo to attract their primarily white clientele' (ibid.) than to promote the sale of historically accurate ritual objects that appeal to modern, African-American practitioners of Hoodoo. Additionally, white shop owners seem to dominate the mainstream Hoodoo market, undermining the ability of African-American people to rely on their religious beliefs to assure their economic empowerment."

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underneath their clothes. An oral account from Patsy Moses, a former slave from Texas, mentioned the use of red flannel cloth to make conjure bags using frog bones to protect from an enemy. Other Texas slave narratives showed that red flannel cloth was commonly used to make mojo bags incorporating frog bones, snake skins, and roots to protect from their enemies and remove curses. Some mojo bags were made to cause harm and bad luck for slaveholders, and other mojo bags were for protection depending on the ingredients used by the root worker. William Webb made mojo bags for enslaved people in Kentucky to keep the peace between the enslaved and their enslavers. Webb instructed the enslaved to gather roots from their local environment and place them in conjure bags and pray over them to keep the spiritual magic of the mojo bags active.

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cards that make up a hand in card games. Mojo reaches as far back as West African culture, where it is said to drive away evil spirits, keep good luck in the household, manipulate a fortune, and lure and persuade lovers. The ideology of the ancestors and the descendants of the mojo hand used this "prayer in a bag" based on their belief of spiritual inheritance, by which the omniscient forefathers of their families would provide protection and favor, especially when they used the mojo. Through this, a strong belief was placed in the idealism of whoever used mojo, creating a spiritual trust in the magic itself.

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they boarded slave ships heading to the Americas bringing the practice to the United States. Enslaved people went to enslaved black Muslims for conjure services requesting them to make gris-gris bags (mojo bags) for protection against their enslavers. During slavery, the way to identify a conjurer was by the way they dressed, their demeanor, and charms or conjure bags worn by the individual. Some practitioners concealed their charms while others who were in the business of conjure sometimes wear their charms and conjure bags on the outside of their clothes.

2169:. Other times when red cloth was not available, African Americans used whatever cloth they had to create a conjure bag. The contents of each bag vary directly with the aim of the conjurer. For example, a mojo carried for love-drawing will contain different ingredients than one for gambling luck or magical protection. Ingredients can include graveyard dirt, roots, herbs, animal parts, minerals, coins, crystals, good luck tokens, and carved amulets. The more personalized objects are used to add extra power because of their symbolic value. 1801:. The word mojo also refers to magic and charms. Mojo containers are bags, gourds, bottles, shells, and other containers. The making of mojo bags in Hoodoo is a system of African-American occult magic. The creation of mojo bags is an esoteric system that involves sometimes housing spirits inside of bags for either protection, healing, or harm and to consult with spirits. Other times mojo bags are created to manifest results in a person's life such as good-luck, money or love. 1653: 5515: 6353: 5818: 5433: 4772: 5079: 2173:

prayers, Biblical or Quranic scriptures and other ingredients to instruct the spirit to heal or protect a person. Historians have traced this practice to the Bakongo people of Central Africa where Bakongo (Bantu people) utilize graveyard dirt to house spirits of the dead, animal spirits, or ancestral spirits inside conjure bags for healing or protection. African Americans during slavery and freedom combined

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animal parts, graveyard dirt, and other ingredients to conjure a negative or positive effect. They used either Christian or Islamic prayers to spirituality charge the mojo bag. During slavery, many of the mojo bags created were for protection against a harsh slaveholder. The petition papers placed inside a mojo bag can have either a

2311:. The African-American cook had a mojo bag with a "lizard's tail, rabbit's foot, a fish eye, snake skins, a beetle, and a dime with a hole in it." This mojo bag was worn by the cook for good-luck. Other conjure bundles in the hoodoo tradition are hanged on the side of the door or beds where people sleep to protect from conjure. 2339: 1911:) or bad luck. Historians of the time noted that they were frequently worn by non-believers and believers alike, and were also found attached to buildings. The practice of using gris-gris, though originating in West Africa, came to the United States with enslaved Africans and was quickly adopted by practitioners of 2491:

revealed the culture of African Americans during slavery. African American former slaves talked about conjure, rootwork, and Hoodoo. These narratives revealed how enslaved African-Americans made mojo bags for protection against their enslavers and conjure. Other slave narratives explained how African

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Mojos are used to ground spirits in certain locations to prevent the spirits of the dead from coming back and haunting the living by placing the last items they touched on top of their graves. The last items touched by the dead are also placed inside mojo bags to carry the spirit of the deceased with

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described the story of Moses and the task he went through to bring his people out of slavery. It described how "Hoodoo Lost his Hand", as Moses's mojo was hidden through his staff. When he turned it into a snake, the pharaoh made his soothsayers and magicians create the same effect. As a result, the

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A former slave from Texas said to make a conjure bag African-Americans "would take hair and brass nails and thimbles and needles and mix them up in a conjure bag." Prince Johnson, a former slave from Mississippi, said his slaveholder would inspect her slaves to make sure they did not have any charms

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Beginning in the twentieth century, the word mojo underwent semantic change in American culture in movies and songs and came to refer to sexuality and virility. Musicians use the word 'mojo' outside of its meaning within African-American culture and use the word out of its cultural context. In the

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There is a process to fixing a proper mojo. A ritual must be put in place in order to successfully prepare a mojo by being filled and awakened to life. This can be done by smoking incense and candles, or it may be breathed upon to bring it to life. Prayers may be said, and other methods may be used

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On slave plantations in the United States, the creators of gris-gris (mojos) became the root workers, conjure doctors, and Hoodoo doctors in enslaved and free African American communities. Enslaved and free black root workers created mojo bags and placed Bible verses, petition papers, roots, herbs,

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relied on a conjurer to make him a mojo bag to attract more members to his church. For four years, the minister relied on the mojo bag to increase the membership of his church. Every Sunday, the church pews were filled. After four years, the minister did not feel comfortable depending on the spirit

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people created medicine bags using leather or cloth and placed feathers, animal parts, roots, herbs and other ingredients for protection. When Yoruba and Bakongo people were enslaved in the United States, the practice of using feathers, animal parts, animal and human bones, and other ingredients to

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were the first Muslim ethnic group imported from Sierra Leone in West Africa to the Americas. Mandingo people were known for their powerful conjure bags called gris-gris (later called mojo bags in the United States). Some of the Mandingo people were able to carry their gris-gris bags with them when

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in this context is defined as a combination of ingredients. The term may derive from the use of finger and hand bones from the dead in mojo bags, or from ingredients such as the lucky hand root (favored by gamblers). The latter suggests an analogy between the varied bag ingredients and the several

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creates the bag for the individual using ingredients specific to a certain simbi to invoke it into the conjure bag. Bakongo spiritual philosophy influenced the creation of mojo bags as African-Americans include certain natural and animal ingredients such as animal bones, animal teeth, claws, human

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describes a slave who went out and sought a mojo conjurer that gave him a mojo to run away from home. The story describes the slave's mojo as fixing him into many formations, and he ultimately dies because he misuses its power. Had he fixed and believed in the specific mojo himself, he might have

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To house spirits of the dead inside mojo bags, jars, packets, and other containers and charms graveyard dirt from a deceased person's burial plot is used. Spirits of the dead can protect a person from physical and spiritual harm. The conjurer prepares the graveyard dirt with certain incantations,

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Prayer cloths are white church cloths imbued with spiritual power from a pastor of a church. A pastor prays over the cloth speaking the power of God into the cloth with prayer and anointing of Holy Oil and functions like a mojo bag. Church members take prayer cloths with them in their purses or

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Traditionally, a client consulted with a root worker to know what kind of mojo he or she needed as not all mojos are the same, as one mojo can not work for everyone. Each person needs a different mojo. In traditional Hoodoo, if there are several people needing love, the root worker or conjurer

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with African spirituality. Enslaved and free Africans upon arrival to the United States used North American herbs, roots, and animal parts to create conjure bags. However, they applied an African interpretation in the preparation of herbal ingredients by creating nkisi and performing African

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for fertility and other spiritual purposes. Other charms found were mojo hands, lucky roots, raccoon penis bones, ceramics, and blue beads. These items found in a slave cabin showed enslaved African-Americans used local roots and created mojo hands for protection and healing. Enslaved

2377:. They are also commonly pinned to clothes below the waist. Depending on the type of mojo, the hiding place will be crucial to its success, as those who make conjure bags to carry love spells sometimes specify that the mojo must be worn next to the skin. A story from the book 2006:. These African ideals about charm bags influenced the creation of mojo bags and the spiritual philosophical practice in African-American communities. Mojo bags can be hung from trees, tied to a string, worn underneath the clothes to cause an effect on the target. 2210:

of a mojo bag and not the Christian God to grow his church. The minister threw away the mojo bag; when he did, people stopped coming to his church. These written accounts showed that African Americans who identified as Christian continued to believe and practice

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bones or graveyard dirt to house a simbi spirit or an ancestral spirit inside a bag for either protection or healing. However, the practice became African-American when Black people in America used American materials and reinterpreted them applying a

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make cloths with sacred symbols on them. During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, many West African people were taken to the United States and enslaved on plantations and continued to practice their traditions by sewing mojo hands into their quilts.

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verses along with herbs, roots and other ingredients are placed inside a leather bag and concealed by wearing them under the clothes. A few enslaved Africans brought their conjure bags (mojo bags) with them from Africa when they boarded

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marbles for spiritual power. The charms were used to protect from conjure and remove sorcery and reverse curses back onto the conjurer. The knowledge of charm bags was shared and passed down orally amongst people in the

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create mojo bags continued in African-American communities in the tradition of Hoodoo. In West-Central Africa, people wear nkisi, wanga, and other charm bags to ward from and reverse evil and to cure illness. In

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Mojos are traditionally made for an individual and so must be concealed on the person at all times. Men usually keep the trinkets hidden in the pants pocket, while women are more prone to clip it to the

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verse, a Quranic verse, symbols, and other characters to conjure a positive or negative magical result. In the United States, enslaved African Americans called mojo bags "voodoo bags." After the

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African-Americans at Hermitage plantation used prehistoric artifacts for charms to draw spiritual power from ancient artifacts. In addition, archeologists found Kongo cosmograms engraved onto

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the living for protection. A mojo can be a bottle-tree charm, spirit jugs or memorial jugs to capture spirits inside containers to house their spirit to later work with the spirit in rituals.

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and some African American Christians relied on Hoodoo when experiencing tough times in life. Some African-Americans made money making and selling mojo bags as a full-time business.

310: 151: 1342: 1332: 2307:, to attract love, protection, money, employment, or to communicate with spirits. Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett documented a mojo practice of an African-American cook in the 1412: 89: 1402: 1397: 2359:(whiskey, rum) perfume, water, or bodily fluids. The reason it is said to feed the mojo to keep it working is that it is alive with spirit. One story from the work entitled 2330:

for divination to consult with spirit. The creation of mojo bags is an individualized practice based on regional ingredients and ingredients purchased in stores and online.

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looks similar to the Bakongo cosmogram and was interpreted by Black people in the southern United States and in Central Africa as an nkisi that harnessed the spirit of

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creating mojo bags using roots, herbs, and animal parts in the Hoodoo tradition. In 1935, Hurston published what she learned about mojo culture in her book titled,

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Red-White-Black as a Mode of Thought: Study of Triadic Classification by Colours in the Ritual Symbolism and Cognitive Thought of the Peoples of the Lower Congo

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The creation of mojo bags in Hoodoo is a West and Central African practice brought to the United States by enslaved Africans. In Africa, petition papers with

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African-American women sewed charms and mojo hands into their quilts for spiritual protection. Newspaper is placed on the walls to ward off evil spirits.

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Most Southern-style conjure bags are made of red flannel material. The use of red flannel bags for mojo bags was influenced by the Bakongo people's

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looks similar to the mojo bags in Hoodoo. The spiritual philosophy of the mojo bag also has Bakongo influence. For example, in Bakongo belief

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all practiced the spiritual art of creating conjure bags for protection, healing and to communicate with spirits. The gris-gris originated in

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are spirit containers made by hand from a root doctor. These spirits are contained in a bag, gourd, shells and other containers. The

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era. He owned a conjure Hoodoo store and provided medicinal and spiritual healing to his clients using charms and herbal remedies.

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for the United States. Gullah Jack was known to carry a conjure bag with him at all times for his spiritual protection. The

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placed under their beds for protection. This modified version of a mojo bag is mostly found in African-American churches.

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generations are incorporating new techniques such as the use of various crystals in the creation of mojo bags and using

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McCurnin, Mary (2010). "From the Old to the New World: The Transformation of Kongo Minkisi in African American Art".

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traditions. Originally the gris-gris was adorned with Islamic scripture and was used to ward off evil spirits (evil

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Whitten, Norman E., Jr. (1962). "Contemporary Patterns of Malign Occultism among Negroes in North Carolina."

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and became a multi-millionaire by providing conjure services to people all over the United States during the

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in the mid-nineteenth century that incorporates spirituals, African American work songs, slave shout songs,

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in Central Africa, and in Hoodoo red symbolizes protection from evil and spiritual power. Research from the

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Americans in slavery and freedom made mojo charms to stop nose bleeds and reverse and prevent illness. The

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spirits can inhabit conjure bags (mojo bags) for healing or protecting an individual or a community. The

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Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

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to accomplish this essential step. Once prepared, the mojo is "dressed" or "fed" with a liquid such as

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in Nashville, Tennessee, archeologists discovered continued West African traditions of using hexagonal

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on the cross that can be invoked in rituals for healing or protection and for the removal of sorcery.

6576: 5885: 5203: 5168: 5152: 4878: 4854: 3925: 3641: 3019: 1942: 1831: 1657: 1109: 354: 146: 79: 4169:"In the shadows of the invisible institution: Southern Black folk religion and the Great Migrations" 5847: 5018: 4957: 4650: 2493: 2407: 2198: 2110: 1741: 1525: 1008: 1003: 965: 382: 213: 4395: 4222: 3953:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic" 3132: 2620:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic" 2405:. Several blues singers created songs about mojo bags. For example, the Preston “Red” Foster song 6968: 6897: 6331: 5252: 5238: 5233: 4987: 4744: 4457: 4195: 4125: 3972: 3614: 3561: 3553: 3106: 3098: 2948: 2883: 2867: 2820: 2812: 2696: 2688: 2639: 2450: 2300: 2202: 896: 681: 448: 425: 114: 6260: 5766: 4249: 2993: 3744: 3453: 2850:

Handloff, Robert E. (Jun–Sep 1982). "Prayers, Amulets, and Charms: Health and Social Control".

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Liverpool - Minkisi cloth bundles were found on slave plantations in the United States in the

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to conjure spirits, speak to the spirits of the dead and carry and make mojo bags. After the

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The New York African Burial Ground: Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York

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in New York discovered continued West-Central African burial practices in a section of

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During slavery, there are records of African American ministers and church members in

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is placed inside a gris-gris (mojo bag) made by enslaved West African Muslims in the

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Pharaoh's snake was killed by Moses's snake, and that is how Hoodoo lost his hand.

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makers sewed mojo hands into quilts for protection. This practice originates among

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explained that the color red symbolizes sacrifice, transition and power among the

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Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

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Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

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Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

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Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

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Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana

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has 2,300 first-person accounts from former slaves in their digital archive.

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Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Environmental Histories of the Georgia Coast

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A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

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The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

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The Big Book of Soul: The Ultimate Guide to the African American Spirit

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influence of the mojo bag in African-American Hoodoo. For example, the

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Creating Their Own Image The History of African-American Women Artists

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is an ancient alternative to "hoodoo", which is a direct variation of

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the following year, spoke about the spiritual power of the mojo bag.

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Flash of the Spirit African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

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The Politics of Black Joy: Zora Neale Hurston and Neo-Abolitionism

4227:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 41, 65–67, 107, 207–208. 2436: 2390: 2337: 2327: 2296: 2246: 2236: 2162: 2146: 2134: 2128: 2071: 2059: 2044: 2033: 2013: 2008: 1925: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1875: 1822: 766: 5447: 4197:

Black Magic Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

3775:"Adorned by Power: The Individualized Experience of the Mojo Bag" 3616:

Black Magic Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

6631: 6556: 5938: 5787: 3732:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 234–236, 384. 3508:

Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective

2211: 2024:. Minksi bundles influenced the creation of mojo bags in Hoodoo. 1987: 1781: 796: 6371: 5836: 5451: 4788: 4623: 4156:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 234. 3927:

Maroons and the Marooned Runaways and Castaways in the Americas

3779:

Race and Religion: New Approaches to African American Religions

3021:

Maroons and the Marooned Runaways and Castaways in the Americas

2559:

Magic's in the Bag: Creating Spellbinding Gris Gris and Sachets

2569: 2567: 2374: 4320:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. pp. 84–85. 4291:. New York: Indiana University Press, 2002. pp. 47–48. Print. 2178:

religious rituals in the preparation of spiritual medicines.

2899: 2897: 2197:

were known by the members of their congregation and in the

1728: 1722: 4053:

Spirit Deep: Recovering the Sacred in Black Women's Travel

3957:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

3284: 3282: 2907:

Servants of Allah African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

2624:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

1725: 4488:. New York : Perennial Library. pp. 139, 276. 4300:

Brewer, Richard M. (1958). "How Hoodoo Lost His hand."

3672:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

3275:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 222–223. 2151:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

4304:. New York: Indiana University Press, 2002. pp. 63–64. 4302:

From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore

4289:

From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore

4200:. University of California Press. pp. 35, 45–51. 3699:. The University of North Carolina press. p. 226. 3619:. University of California Press. pp. 35, 47–49. 3370:. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 112–117. 3292:

America Bewitched: The Story of Witchcraft After Salem

3248:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 112, 145–146. 2939:(4). Western States Folklore Society: 392. Oct 1948. 2274:

symbols as protective charms into their fabrics. The

1937:

brought their knowledge of conjure bags to Louisiana.

4251:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

3873:

The Global Mobility Project at Ohio State University

3137:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 41, 65–66. 2393:

is a genre of music created in the United States by

1839:(primarily used in the Caribbean) have roots in the 6865: 6824: 6409: 6309: 6243: 6236: 6191: 6150: 6143: 6093: 6052: 5971: 5906: 5899: 5868: 5755: 5707: 5700: 5672: 5619: 5522: 5485: 5292: 5184: 5130: 5099: 5092: 5052: 5011: 4930: 4914: 4889: 4830: 4823: 4732: 4657: 4572:

Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives

4254:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 162, 209. 4224:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

4026:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

3930:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 37–38. 3589:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia Magic, Ritual, and Religion

3192:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

3134:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

1868:, the word mojo refers to magic and a conjure bag. 1752:

bag containing one or more magical items. It is a "

1719: 1716: 1589:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

3160:"Annapolis House Yields Clues to Hoodoo Mysteries" 2594:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 3899:Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project 3708: 3706: 3646:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 131. 2580:. The University of California. pp. 200–201. 3998:"Conjure doctor well remembered in Murfreesboro" 1998:to describe all forms of charms made in Hoodoo, 3043: 3041: 3024:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 37. 2673:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6440: 4344:Listen to the Blues! Exploring a Musical Genre 3511:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 112. 2441:Zora Neale Hurston documented mojo culture in 316:Education of freed people during the Civil War 6701: 6421: 6383: 5848: 5463: 4800: 4635: 4029:. University of Illinois Press. p. 170. 3195:. University of Illinois Press. p. 207. 2858:(2/3). African Studies Association: 185–194. 1687: 8: 3397:. University of Georgia Press. p. 112. 3394:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 3245:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 2972:. University of Georgia Press. p. 131. 2557:Bradley, Jude; Coen, Cheré Dastugue (2010). 1957:who carried a conjure bag (mojo bag) onto a 327:Historically black colleges and universities 4106:"African Symbolism in Afro-American Quilts" 4083:. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. 3768: 3766: 2662: 2660: 311:Education during the slave period in the US 6390: 6376: 6368: 6240: 6147: 5903: 5855: 5841: 5833: 5704: 5470: 5456: 5448: 5096: 4847:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion 4827: 4807: 4793: 4785: 4642: 4628: 4620: 2910:. New York University Press. p. 130. 1694: 1680: 1551: 1142: 1052: 879: 817: 742: 634:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 611: 507: 235: 63: 36: 5024:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 3337:"Kongo, Louisiana, & the Black South" 2845: 2843: 2841: 2553: 2551: 1825:, where magical items are normally stored 90:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 4396:"Junior Wells - Hoodoo Man Blues Lyrics" 2770:. Hampton and Roads Publishing Company. 2318:African American practitioners from the 27:A magical amulet bag in Hoodoo tradition 4602:Library of Congress Digital Collections 4422:"Hoodoo Man Blues--Junior Wells (1965)" 4287:Brewer, Richard M. (1958). "The Mojo." 3295:. Oxford University Press. p. 82. 3164:African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 2547: 2133:A petition paper with a verse from the 2090:African Burial Ground National Monument 1597: 1554: 1484: 1446: 1381: 1273: 1145: 1095: 1055: 1022: 974: 882: 831: 745: 647: 614: 551: 528: 510: 434: 401: 368: 340: 301: 238: 195: 159: 66: 48: 3924:Kelly, Joseph; Bodek, Richard (2020). 3018:Kelly, Joseph; Bodek, Richard (2020). 2793:"Art, Authenticity and Appropriation" 832:Athletic associations and conferences 321:History of African-American education 7: 5197:Timeline of African-American history 3494:: 7, 47, 57, 85–91, 95, 99–100, 102. 2719: 2717: 2577:The Practices of Black Radical Print 1829:Alternative words for mojo, such as 755:Association for the Study of African 4248:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 3505:Galle, Jillian; Young, Amy (2004). 3189:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 2229:Another version of a mojo bag is a 1813:is believed to be derived from the 1569:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1070:African-American Vernacular English 639:National Conference of Black Mayors 4153:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 3729:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 3696:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 3427:The Journal of Pan African Studies 3272:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 1835:(primarily used in Louisiana) and 772:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 6944:African-American cultural history 4898:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl 4539:Federal Writers' Project (1936). 4509:Federal Writers' Project (1936). 3834:Federal Writers' Project (1936). 3804:Federal Writers' Project (1936). 3318:"Nkisi west-central African lore" 2561:. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn. 2423:composed an album in 1965 called 2088:which is now the location of the 1476:Places by plurality of population 142:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 132:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 85:Abolitionism in the United States 6352: 6351: 5817: 5816: 5513: 5432: 5431: 5083: 5077: 5003:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4771: 4770: 4755:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4723: 4221:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 4175:(Eastern Michigan University): 2 4173:Senior Honors Thesis and Project 4056:. University of Virginia Press. 3131:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 2797:Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2739:Jacobson-Widding, Anita (1979). 2591:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2012). 2175:Native American herbal knowledge 2155:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1712: 1651: 173:Black Belt in the American South 4150:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 3269:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 3050:"Gullah Customs and Traditions" 777:National Council of Negro Women 18:Mojo (African American culture) 6441: 4278:. San Francisco: Weiser Books. 3773:Clausnitzer, Danielle (2017). 2364:escaped the plantation alive. 2350:Fixing and feeding a mojo hand 2086:Lower Manhattan, New York City 1986:these conjure bags are called 1574:Racism against Black Americans 1: 2764:Rose Bird, Stephanie (2010). 2667:Fennell, Christopher (2003). 2481:Works Progress Administration 2004:African Traditional Religions 1766:mojo hand, toby, nation sack, 782:National Pan-Hellenic Council 5282:Slavery in the United States 5277:History of the United States 4482:Hurston, Zora Neale (1990). 4004:. WRAL News. 2 February 2015 3726:Puckett, Newbell N. (1926). 3714:Journal of American Folklore 3693:Puckett, Newbell N. (1926). 2443:African-American communities 1933:, West African Muslims from 1584:School segregation in the US 1122:Black American Sign Language 1096:Languages and other dialects 5863:Bantu religion and folklore 5034:Michael Row the Boat Ashore 4596:Library of Congress Staff. 4371:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure 4276:The Voodoo Hoodoo Spellbook 3743:Bankole, Katherine (2019). 3391:Pollitzer, William (2005). 1859:Semantic change of the word 411:African-American businesses 6985: 6251:African diaspora religions 4750:Moses, Man of the Mountain 4740:African American folktales 3586:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 3077:Akinyela, Makungu (2003). 2016:(Kongo - Central Africa), 2000:African Diaspora Religions 1943:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 1919:in the United States, and 1740:spiritual practice called 949:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 624:Congressional Black Caucus 591:African Diaspora Religions 378:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 29: 6702: 6422: 6349: 5814: 5511: 5429: 5176:South Carolina Lowcountry 5075: 4768: 4721: 4347:. ABC-CLIO. p. 185. 4077:Farrington, Lisa (2005). 3674:. Smithsonian Institution 3640:Thompson, Robert (2010). 3592:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 2998:The National Park Service 2809:10.1007/s11466-006-0019-2 2574:Holton, Adalaine (2005). 2445:in Florida and Louisiana. 1853:African-American folklore 1847:, respectively. The word 1456:US states and territories 757:American Life and History 479:Lift Every Voice and Sing 188:Treatment of the enslaved 5229:History of Guinea-Bissau 5192:African-American history 5138:Beaufort, South Carolina 5060:African-American culture 4368:Anderson (August 2008). 4194:Yvonne, Chireau (2006). 3951:Chireau, Yvonne (1997). 3613:Yvonne, Chireau (2006). 3095:10.1177/0021934702238631 3083:Journal of Black Studies 2966:Pressly; Sutter (2018). 2618:Chireau, Yvonne (1997). 2477:Federal Writers' Project 2386:Mojo bags in blues music 2218:was a conjure doctor in 2165:and among the Yoruba in 1973:In West-Central Africa, 1903:and was associated with 1658:United States portal 1065:African-American English 576:African-American Muslims 137:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 6716:Pictish painted pebbles 5265:History of Sierra Leone 5158:Golden Isles of Georgia 4575:. Courier Corporation. 4569:Yetman, Norman (2012). 4167:Hughes, Sakina (2005). 4104:Wahlman, Maude (1986). 4023:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 3875:. Ohio State University 3452:Frohne, Andrea (2015). 3322:Encyclopedia Britannica 3222:Encyclopedia Britannica 2904:Diouf (November 1998). 2685:10.1023/A:1023267019232 1579:Reparations for slavery 667:Back-to-Africa movement 566:Black Hebrew Israelites 444:African-American beauty 4938:Afro-American religion 4341:Perone, James (2019). 3538:Historical Archaeology 3479:Jackson, Cole (2009). 2852:African Studies Review 2446: 2346: 2242: 2142: 2025: 1938: 1885: 1049:Dialects and languages 209:Second Great Migration 6959:Hoodoo (spirituality) 5293:Related ethnic groups 5258:History of the Gambia 5117:Port Royal Experiment 4931:Religion and folklore 4871:Daughters of the Dust 4760:Sukey and The Mermaid 4604:. Library of Congress 4274:Alvarado, D. (2011). 3364:Young, Jason (2011). 3289:Davies, Owen (2013). 2791:Young, James (2006). 2440: 2341: 2266:people as they sewed 2240: 2132: 2012: 1929: 1879: 1461:US metropolitan areas 1288:List of neighborhoods 902:Alabama Creole people 892:African-American Jews 824:Negro league baseball 787:National Urban League 739:Civic/economic groups 571:African-American Jews 461:African-American hair 323:, after the Civil War 152:Post–civil rights era 5886:Proto-Bantu language 5629:Ancestral veneration 5536:Chicamassi-chinuinji 5204:Atlantic slave trade 4879:Gullah Gullah Island 3158:Rivera, Ray (2005). 2726:VCU Scholars Compass 2212:African spirituality 2097:Hermitage plantation 2062:interpretation with 1953:was an African from 1872:History and ideology 1618:Criminal stereotypes 1393:District of Columbia 1110:Afro-Seminole Creole 552:Non-Christian groups 147:Black power movement 111:during the Civil War 80:Atlantic slave trade 6192:Legendary creatures 5019:Charleston red rice 4831:Film and television 4429:Library of Congress 4314:Kail, Tony (2017). 3963:(2): 225, 230–231. 2494:Library of Congress 2408:Got My Mojo Working 2345:by Charles Gandolfo 2258:. African-American 1967:Mandingo (Mandinka) 1014:Sierra Leone Creole 975:Specific ancestries 860:Southwestern (SWAC) 383:Black History Month 214:New Great Migration 168:Agriculture history 6898:Magic and religion 6332:John the Conqueror 5253:History of Senegal 5239:History of Nigeria 5234:History of Liberia 4988:John the Conqueror 4745:John the Conqueror 4658:Magic and concepts 3864:Reinhard, Carley. 3550:10.1007/BF03373603 3335:University Staff. 3316:Wilson, Khonsura. 3242:Pollitzer (2005). 2475:In the 1930s, the 2451:Zora Neale Hurston 2447: 2433:Zora Neale Hurston 2347: 2243: 2203:American Civil War 2143: 2026: 1939: 1886: 1023:Sexual orientation 897:Afro-Puerto Ricans 850:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 485:Self-determination 449:Black is beautiful 115:Reconstruction era 6954:American folklore 6931: 6930: 6365: 6364: 6345: 6344: 6232: 6231: 6139: 6138: 5830: 5829: 5810: 5809: 5505:Kongo Catholicism 5445: 5444: 5425: 5424: 5300:African Americans 5209:History of Angola 5165:(protected site) 5073: 5072: 5065:Culture of Africa 5044:Robot Hive/Exodus 5012:Music and culture 4905:Vibration Cooking 4855:A Soldier's Story 4782: 4781: 3302:978-0-19-162514-5 2455:African-Americans 2403:call-and-response 2395:African Americans 2309:Mississippi Delta 2159:Republic of Congo 2064:Bakongo cosmogram 2034:minkisi and nkisi 1843:language and the 1704: 1703: 1641: 1640: 1539: 1538: 1313:Dallas-Fort Worth 1130: 1129: 1040: 1039: 984:Americo-Liberians 867: 866: 805: 804: 730: 729: 599: 598: 543:Womanist theology 493: 492: 435:Symbols and ideas 221: 220: 100:Antebellum period 95:Revolutionary War 50:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 6976: 6913:Religious fetish 6908:Numismatic charm 6873:Apotropaic magic 6866:Related articles 6707: 6706: 6662:Lapis alectorius 6446: 6445: 6427: 6426: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6369: 6355: 6354: 6241: 6151:Legendary beings 6148: 5904: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5820: 5819: 5705: 5517: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5449: 5435: 5434: 5224:History of Ghana 5219:History of Congo 5214:History of Benin 5148:Eulonia, Georgia 5143:Daufuskie Island 5097: 5087: 5081: 4828: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4786: 4774: 4773: 4727: 4651:Hoodoo tradition 4644: 4637: 4630: 4621: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4545: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4515: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4456:: 97–116. 2021. 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3723: 3717: 3716:75.298: 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narratives 2426:Hoodoo Man Blues 2038:Bakongo people's 2028:There is also a 1996:African Diaspora 1913:Louisiana Voodoo 1866:Gullah community 1845:Kikongo language 1748:consisting of a 1738:African-American 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1603:media depictions 1552: 1447:Population count 1143: 1077:Liberian English 1056:English dialects 1053: 1009:Samaná Americans 934:Creoles of color 880: 818: 762:Black conductors 743: 612: 586:Louisiana Voodoo 508: 253:Family structure 236: 183:Military history 178:Business history 109:military history 64: 37: 21: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6861: 6842:Seal of Solomon 6820: 6567:Good luck charm 6405: 6396: 6366: 6361: 6341: 6305: 6286:Hot foot powder 6261:Candomblé Bantu 6228: 6187: 6135: 6106:Kongo cosmogram 6089: 6048: 5967: 5924:Dini Ya Msambwa 5895: 5891:Bantu languages 5881:Bantu expansion 5864: 5861: 5831: 5826: 5806: 5751: 5732:Hot foot powder 5696: 5668: 5639:Kongo cosmogram 5615: 5518: 5509: 5481: 5476: 5446: 5441: 5421: 5288: 5185:Related history 5180: 5126: 5122:Stono Rebellion 5107:Bilali Document 5088: 5082: 5069: 5053:Related culture 5048: 5007: 4983:Hot foot powder 4953:Flying Africans 4926: 4922:Gullah language 4910: 4885: 4819: 4813: 4783: 4778: 4776:Gullah category 4764: 4728: 4719: 4695:Kongo cosmogram 4685:Hot foot powder 4653: 4648: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4462:j.ctv1wd02rr.12 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4122:10.2307/3336568 4103: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4064: 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University 3052: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2945:10.2307/1497852 2930: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2849: 2848: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2636:10.2307/1123979 2617: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2506:Auntie Caroline 2502: 2473: 2435: 2415:in 1956 and by 2388: 2370: 2368:Hiding the mojo 2352: 2336: 2305:law enforcement 2199:slave community 2127: 2111:slave community 2068:Christian cross 2030:Central African 1994:is used in the 1949:. For example, 1880:A West African 1874: 1861: 1807: 1754:prayer in a bag 1715: 1711: 1700: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1593: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1480: 1442: 1418:Omaha, Nebraska 1383:Historic places 1377: 1269: 1140: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1091: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1018: 970: 912:Black Seminoles 877: 876:Sub-communities 869: 868: 855:Southern (SIAC) 815: 807: 806: 801: 756: 740: 732: 731: 726: 643: 609: 601: 600: 595: 581:Nation of Islam 547: 524: 505: 495: 494: 489: 430: 397: 364: 336: 297: 273:Musical theater 233: 223: 222: 204:Great Migration 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6982: 6980: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6964:Kongo religion 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6936: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6602:Hercules' Club 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6517:Cross necklace 6514: 6512:Corn husk doll 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6457: 6455:Brigid's cross 6452: 6447: 6438: 6433: 6431:Amulet MS 5236 6428: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6258: 6256:Black cat bone 6253: 6247: 6245: 6238: 6237:Bantu diaspora 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6178:Nyongo society 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5946: 5936: 5934:Kongo religion 5931: 5921: 5916: 5914:Bantu religion 5910: 5908: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717:Black cat bone 5713: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Nature spirits 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5479:Kongo religion 5477: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5100:History topics 5094: 5090: 5089: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Black cat bone 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Black cat bone 4661: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4615: 4588: 4581: 4561: 4531: 4501: 4494: 4474: 4441: 4412: 4387: 4380: 4360: 4353: 4333: 4326: 4306: 4293: 4280: 4267: 4260: 4240: 4233: 4213: 4206: 4186: 4159: 4142: 4096: 4089: 4069: 4062: 4042: 4035: 4015: 3989: 3943: 3936: 3916: 3905:(3): 2–3. 1936 3886: 3856: 3826: 3796: 3762: 3755: 3735: 3718: 3702: 3685: 3659: 3652: 3632: 3625: 3605: 3598: 3578: 3524: 3517: 3497: 3471: 3464: 3444: 3410: 3403: 3383: 3376: 3356: 3327: 3308: 3301: 3278: 3261: 3254: 3234: 3208: 3201: 3181: 3150: 3143: 3123: 3069: 3037: 3030: 3010: 2985: 2978: 2958: 2923: 2916: 2893: 2864:10.2307/524216 2837: 2783: 2776: 2756: 2749: 2731: 2713: 2656: 2610: 2603: 2583: 2563: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2472: 2469: 2449:In the 1930s, 2434: 2431: 2411:, recorded by 2387: 2384: 2379:From My People 2369: 2366: 2361:From My People 2351: 2348: 2335: 2332: 2220:North Carolina 2216:Dr. Jim Jordan 2195:South Carolina 2187:Black churches 2126: 2123: 2066:concepts. The 1931:Bambara people 1873: 1870: 1860: 1857: 1806: 1803: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564:Black genocide 1560: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1471:US communities 1468: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1428:South Carolina 1425: 1423:North Carolina 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245:South Carolina 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225:North Carolina 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1082:Samaná English 1079: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1032:LGBT community 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 989:Creek Freedmen 986: 980: 977: 976: 972: 971: 969: 968: 963: 962: 961: 959:Carmel Indians 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 920: 919: 914: 904: 899: 894: 888: 885: 884: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 840:Central (CIAA) 834: 833: 829: 828: 827: 826: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 802: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 751: 748: 747: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 728: 727: 725: 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:Pan-Africanism 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 653: 650: 649: 645: 644: 642: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 617: 616: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 597: 596: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 557: 554: 553: 549: 548: 546: 545: 540: 538:Black theology 534: 531: 530: 526: 525: 523: 522: 516: 513: 512: 506: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 490: 488: 487: 482: 475: 470: 469: 468: 458: 453: 452: 451: 440: 437: 436: 432: 431: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 404: 403: 402:Economic class 399: 398: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 374: 371: 370: 366: 365: 363: 362: 357: 352: 346: 343: 342: 341:Academic study 338: 337: 335: 334: 329: 324: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 244: 241: 240: 234: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 206: 198: 197: 193: 192: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 162: 161: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 123: 122: 112: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 69: 68: 62: 57: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6981: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6918:Superstitions 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6893:Folk religion 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781:Tintinnabulum 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726:Rabbit's foot 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6627:Jackal's horn 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6582:Hanging craft 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6348: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:Mokele-mbembe 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6183:Sudika-mbambi 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Nzambi Mpungu 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5963:Zulu religion 5961: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876:Bantu peoples 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Nzambi Mpungu 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5440: 5439: 5428: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163:Sapelo Island 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:Rabbit's foot 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4816:Gullah people 4810: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4777: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4705:Rabbit's foot 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4589: 4584: 4582:9780486131016 4578: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4562: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4495:9780060916480 4491: 4487: 4486: 4485:Mules and Men 4478: 4475: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4381:9780807135280 4377: 4374:. LSU Press. 4373: 4372: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4354:9781440866159 4350: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4327:9781439659571 4323: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4261:9780252094460 4257: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4234:9780252094460 4230: 4226: 4225: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4207:9780520249882 4203: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4187: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4143: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4090:9780195167214 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4063:9780813948942 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4036:9780252094460 4032: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3937:9781496827234 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3797: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756:9780815330592 3752: 3749:. Routledge. 3748: 3747: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3653:9780307874337 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3626:9780520249882 3622: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3599:9781610692090 3595: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3518:9781572332775 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3465:9780815634300 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3404:9780820327839 3400: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3377:9780807135389 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3255:9780820327839 3251: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3235: 3223: 3219: 3216:Cbanga, Ibo. 3212: 3209: 3204: 3202:9780252094460 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3144:9780252094460 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3124: 3112: 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The word 1984:West Africa 1951:Gullah Jack 1941:During the 1923:in Haiti. 1791:tricken bag 1777:conjure bag 1599:Stereotypes 1526:Nova Scotia 1408:Mississippi 1368:San Antonio 1348:Los Angeles 1283:Black mecca 1210:Mississippi 1117:Negro Dutch 939:Dominickers 883:Multiethnic 792:TransAfrica 702:Nationalism 672:Black power 456:Black pride 421:Upper class 120:Politicians 6938:Categories 6903:Numerology 6857:Wolfsangel 6806:Witch ball 6791:Triskelion 6731:Red string 6711:Palad khik 6572:Gorgoneion 6507:Corn dolly 6495:Cornicello 6475:Bullroarer 6443:Azusa Yumi 6301:Ring shout 6209:Koolakamba 6158:Kimanaueze 5949:Zimbabwean 5747:Ring shout 5585:Moni-Mambu 5550:Kuitikuiti 5417:Toucouleur 5248:Senegambia 4998:Ring shout 4978:Haint blue 4710:Ring shout 4680:Haint blue 3909:11 October 3879:11 October 3789:11 October 3349:31 October 3227:31 January 3116:14 October 3089:(3): 272. 3003:31 October 2803:(3): 471. 2630:(2): 226. 2542:References 2320:Millennial 2022:Deep South 1959:slave ship 1773:lucky hand 1736:), in the 1165:California 1139:Population 712:Patriotism 697:Liberalism 677:Capitalism 648:Ideologies 529:Theologies 388:Juneteenth 360:Literature 288:Newspapers 196:Migrations 127:Juneteenth 6969:Talismans 6888:Feng shui 6837:Navaratna 6825:Talismans 6637:Kabura-ya 6617:Hoko doll 6612:Horseshoe 6592:Hama yumi 6577:Gris-gris 6562:God's eye 6547:Elf-arrow 6501:Crepundia 6403:talismans 6065:Mami Wata 5907:Religions 5763:Candomblé 5756:Religions 5553:Lubangala 5487:Religions 4554:8 January 4524:8 January 3849:8 January 3819:8 January 3433:(10): 169 3111:143459728 2825:144400385 2343:Gris-gris 2301:Civil War 2286:women in 2278:women of 2116:The word 2106:limestone 2056:Christian 1884:gris-gris 1832:gris-gris 1809:The word 1805:Etymology 1787:trick bag 1623:Hollywood 1613:Blackface 1548:Prejudice 1466:US cities 1343:Lexington 1318:Davenport 1298:Baltimore 1274:US cities 1250:Tennessee 1200:Louisiana 1146:US states 954:Melungeon 924:Blaxicans 722:Socialism 687:Garveyism 662:Anarchism 466:Good hair 293:Soul food 263:Folktales 32:Mojo Hand 6883:Evil eye 6847:Swastika 6667:Mandrake 6552:Fascinus 6542:Dzi bead 6490:Cimaruta 6358:Category 6296:Mojo bag 6244:Religion 6094:Concepts 6039:Nzambici 5900:Religion 5823:Category 5792:Convince 5742:Mojo bag 5701:Diaspora 5621:Elements 5600:Nzambici 5565:Ma Kiela 5539:Dinganga 5438:Category 5395:Niominka 5350:Mandinka 4915:Language 4733:Folklore 4608:1 August 4434:31 March 4405:31 March 3566:55642034 3558:25616527 3170:(4): 1–3 2888:45641515 2880:11614145 2817:30209982 2728:: 43–52. 2701:16475959 2693:20853014 2500:See also 2413:Ann Cole 2280:Cameroon 2224:Jim Crow 2207:minister 2191:Virginia 2139:Americas 1963:Zanzibar 1961:leaving 1947:Americas 1795:root bag 1782:juju bag 1744:, is an 1663:Category 1486:Diaspora 1413:Missouri 1338:Kentucky 1265:Virginia 1235:Oklahoma 1220:New York 1215:Nebraska 1205:Maryland 1180:Illinois 1160:Arkansas 999:Merikins 944:Freedmen 917:Mascogos 717:Populism 608:Politics 503:Religion 473:Stepping 239:Lifeways 75:Timeline 42:a series 40:Part of 6949:Amulets 6771:Thokcha 6704:Omamori 6687:Mugwort 6677:Mjölnir 6587:Hama ya 6410:Amulets 6399:Amulets 6317:Boo hag 6310:Culture 6291:Kumbaya 6168:Mwuetsi 6144:Culture 6080:Shetani 6053:Spirits 5989:Kalumba 5972:Deities 5953:Ndebele 5737:Kumbaya 5562:Makanga 5559:Lusunzi 5556:Lusiemo 5547:Kimbazi 5524:Deities 5305:Ambundu 5153:Georgia 5093:History 5029:Kumbaya 4948:Boo Hag 4839:Conrack 4824:Culture 4670:Boo Hag 4467:14 July 4135:21 July 4130:3336568 3977:1123979 3437:14 July 3174:14 July 3103:3180833 3048:Opala. 2953:1497852 2830:22 June 2706:3 March 2644:1123979 2521:Omamori 2457:in the 2357:alcohol 2288:Nigeria 2276:Ejagham 2272:Nsibidi 2268:Adinkra 2247:Quranic 2167:Nigeria 2147:minkisi 2060:Islamic 2014:Minkisi 1975:Bakongo 1935:Senegal 1905:Islamic 1897:Dagomba 1889:Central 1849:conjure 1815:Kikongo 1750:flannel 1521:Liberia 1403:Georgia 1398:Florida 1328:Houston 1323:Detroit 1308:Chicago 1293:Atlanta 1185:Indiana 1175:Georgia 1170:Florida 1155:Alabama 1087:Tutnese 966:Redbone 692:Leftism 393:Kwanzaa 350:Studies 302:Schools 231:Culture 160:Aspects 105:Slavery 67:Periods 59:History 6766:Takrut 6761:Ta'wiz 6741:Sachet 6721:Poppet 6532:Dōtaku 6480:Carnyx 6450:Bonshō 6424:Agimat 6337:Zombie 6276:Hoodoo 6265:Brazil 6224:Obambo 6214:Mbwiri 6163:Mwindo 6131:Zebola 6121:Nganga 6116:Nkondi 6075:Nkondi 6029:Nyambe 6024:Njambe 6009:Mukasa 6004:Mebege 5999:Kibuka 5994:Kianda 5979:Akongo 5955:& 5919:Badimo 5796:Kumina 5727:Hoodoo 5709:Hoodoo 5687:Nkondi 5659:Nlongo 5654:Nganga 5644:Mfinda 5611:Yahweh 5591:Ntangu 5588:Ngonde 5582:Mbumba 5576:Mbenza 5385:Laalaa 5340:Kpelle 4958:Hoodoo 4874:(1991) 4866:(1989) 4858:(1984) 4850:(1982) 4842:(1974) 4818:topics 4579: 4492: 4460: 4420:Hart. 4378: 4351: 4324: 4258: 4231: 4204: 4128: 4087: 4060: 4033: 4008:8 July 3975: 3934: 3753: 3678:2 June 3650: 3623: 3596: 3571:26 May 3564: 3556: 3515: 3462: 3401: 3374: 3299: 3252: 3218:"Juju" 3199: 3141: 3109: 3101: 3062:24 May 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