1308:
1292:
1272:
657:
1229:
38:
371:
1243:
1201:
519:
3060:
47:
1215:
1324:
388:
1925:
144:
1345:
856:
identified as "Z". The full 360° circle around the major crater was then subdivided evenly into 24 parts, like a 24-hour clock. Each "hour" angle, running clockwise, was assigned a letter, beginning with "A" at 1 o'clock. The letters "I" and "O" were omitted, resulting in only 24 letters. Thus a crater due south of its major crater was identified as "M".
917:
762:, and many of its toponyms are presently used. The system was scientifically inclusive and was considered eloquent and poetic in style, and therefore it appealed widely to his contemporaries. It was also readily extensible with new toponyms for additional features. Thus it replaced the nomenclature of Van Langren and Hevelius.
611:. The nomenclature was based on a subdivision of the visible lunar surface into octants that were numbered in Roman style from I to VIII. Octant I referenced the northwest section and subsequent octants proceeded clockwise in alignment with compass directions. Thus Octant VI was to the south and included
819:
authored the nomenclature for satellite craters. The subsidiary craters surrounding a major crater were identified by a letter. These subsidiary craters were usually smaller than the crater with which they were associated, with some exceptions. The craters could be assigned letters "A" through "Z,"
836:
at the time of the telescopic observation, which could change during the lunar day. In many cases the assignments were seemingly random. In a number of cases the satellite crater was located closer to a major crater with which it was not associated. To identify the patronymic crater, Mädler placed
638:
derived from the names of various conditions, including climactic ones, whose causes were historically attributed to the Moon. Thus there were the seas of crises ("Mare
Crisium"), serenity ("Mare Serenitatis"), and fertility ("Mare Fecunditatis"). There were also the seas of rain ("Mare Imbrium"),
855:
When suitable cartographs (maps) of the far side of the Moon became available by 1966, Ewen A. Whitaker denominated satellite features based on the angle of their location relative to the major crater with which they were associated. A satellite crater located due north of the major crater was
595:
contained scientific reference matter based on contemporary knowledge, and contemporary educators across Europe widely used it. Although this handbook of astronomy has long since been superseded, its system of lunar nomenclature is used even today.
1624:
Lemoine, Frank G.; Goossens, Sander; Sabaka, Terence J.; Nicholas, Joseph B.; Mazarico, Erwan; Rowlands, David D.; Loomis, Bryant D.; Chinn, Douglas S.; Caprette, Douglas S.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T. (2013).
831:
The assignment of the letters to satellite craters was originally somewhat haphazard. Letters were typically assigned to craters in order of significance rather than location. Precedence depended on the angle of illumination from the
3036:
590:
was published in 1651 as summary of then current astronomical thinking and recent developments. In particular he outlined the arguments in favor of and against various cosmological models, both heliocentric and geocentric.
112:
sides of the Moon were obtained by orbiting spacecraft during the early space era. Nevertheless, some regions of the Moon remain poorly imaged (especially near the poles) and the exact locations of many features (like
1431:
is "that branch of applied mathematics that determines, by observation and measurement, the exact positions of points and the figures and areas of large portions of the moon's surface, or the shape and size of the
647:. Thus there were the lands of sterility ("Terra Sterilitatis"), heat ("Terra Caloris"), and life ("Terra Vitae"). However, these names for the highland regions were supplanted on later cartographs (maps). See
549:
according to terrestrial features, such that the names of lunar features corresponded to the toponyms of their geographical terrestrial counterparts, especially as the latter were denominated by the ancient
852:(IAU) assumed authority to denominate lunar features in 1919. The commission for denominating these features formally adopted the convention of using capital Roman letters to identify craters and valleys.
2983:
166:
asserted that the Moon's "lofty mountains and hollow valleys" were the cause of its markings. However, not until the end of the 15th century AD did serious selenography begin. Around AD 1603,
2941:
182:
of the Moon were measured, which revealed that more than half of the lunar surface was visible to observers on Earth. In 1750, Johann Meyer produced the first reliable set of lunar
672:
Many of the craters were denominated topically pursuant to the octant in which they were located. Craters in
Octants I, II, and III were primarily denominated based on names from
837:
the identifying letter to the side of the midpoint of the feature that was closest to the associated major crater. This also had the advantage of permitting omission of the
2976:
805:
354:, and that the density of the crust is everywhere the same, then the higher elevations would be associated with a thicker crust. Using gravity, topography and
1478:
2969:
2616:
792:
The IAU later expanded and updated the lunar nomenclature in the 1960s, but new toponyms were limited to toponyms honoring deceased scientists. After
2550:
1307:
1291:
1282:
1271:
308:
of the Moon. The highest elevations are found just to the northeast of this basin, and it has been suggested that this area might represent thick
2948:
656:
1602:
712:
and Arabic regions. The outer extremes of
Octants V, VI, and VII, and all of Octant VIII were denominated in honor of contemporaries of
468:
made a drawing of the Moon in which he denominated a dozen surface features in the late 16th century; it was published posthumously in
2955:
1818:
1723:
1704:
1586:
427:
515:
for terrestrial seas and oceans. Minor craters were denominated in honor of astronomers, mathematicians, and other famous scholars.
151:
by H. D. Warren D. D., 1879. Later study showed that the surface features are much more rounded due to a long history of impacts.
3014:
2999:
849:
801:
782:
221:
200 years earlier, their quality rapidly improved. By 1890 lunar photography had become a recognized subdiscipline of astronomy.
2421:
1378:
1031:
2573:
2566:
2543:
1853:
409:
312:
deposits that were emplaced during an oblique South Pole-Aitken basin impact event. Other large impact basins, such as the
2234:
2039:
1393:
1085:
981:
877:
770:
665:
405:
198:
190:
2602:
881:
649:
465:
167:
59:
2315:
2745:
2308:
2294:
2250:
1696:
1398:
1388:
545:, which was the first lunar atlas. Hevelius ignored the nomenclature of Van Langren and instead denominated the lunar
1075:
800:
of the Moon, many of the newly discovered features were denominated in honor of Soviet scientists and engineers. The
704:. Toward the southern half of the lunar cartograph (map) craters were denominated in honor of scholars, writers, and
1772:
2414:
2407:
2062:
1956:
1942:
1890:
1578:
953:
931:
The following historically notable lunar maps and atlases are arranged in chronological order by publication date.
398:
2225:
1475:
1383:
1368:
1011:
997:
969:
816:
701:
104:, mountain ranges, and other various features. This task was largely finished when high resolution images of the
268:(1973) traversed almost 50 km of the lunar surface, making detailed photographs of the lunar surface. The
2639:
2499:
957:
608:
121:, which itself is most often referred to as simply "lunar science." The word selenography is derived from the
3105:
2962:
2593:
2467:
2207:
1897:
1874:
1358:
885:
301:
138:
201:
published the first large cartograph (map) of the Moon, comprising 4 sheets, and he subsequently published
3100:
3095:
2506:
2137:
1911:
1867:
1811:
1373:
1228:
1051:
991:
1787:
249:
spacecraft between 1961 and 1965 to photograph the lunar surface until the instant they impacted it, the
3043:
2559:
2529:
2257:
2241:
2172:
1206:
1021:
786:
778:
755:
713:
565:
496:
342:
Another distinguishing feature of the Moon's shape is that the elevations are on average about 1.9
250:
105:
174:
was invented, initial drawings of poor accuracy were made, but soon thereafter improved in tandem with
1058:, 1898. Two additional volumes were published posthumously in 1912 by the Vienna Academy of Sciences.
688:. Toward the middle in Octants IV, V, and VI craters were denominated based on names from the ancient
3110:
2872:
2858:
2676:
2625:
2179:
1638:
1539:
1504:
1220:
277:
238:
126:
109:
31:
743:
pursuant to the nomenclature of Van
Langren. All of them were, however, connected in some mode with
3085:
2655:
2492:
1836:
1575:
Planetary
Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton
1495:
Mark
Wieczorek, M. A.; et al. (2006). "The constitution and structure of the lunar interior".
1350:
1261:
1138:
1105:
935:
492:
118:
1759:
1459:
117:) are uncertain by several kilometers. Today, selenography is considered to be a subdiscipline of
2840:
2692:
2460:
2361:
2108:
2046:
2004:
1555:
1095:
491:
Denominations of the surface features of the Moon, based on telescopic observation, were made by
485:
457:
269:
258:
206:
58:
with 10× elevation exaggeration rendered with data from the Lunar
Orbiter Laser Altimeter of the
1172:
370:
362:
thick, with the far-side crust being on average thicker than the near side by about 15 km.
170:
made the first lunar drawing based on naked-eye observation. Others soon followed, and when the
1764:
841:
of the major craters from the cartographs (maps) when their subsidiary features were labelled.
558:
civilizations. This work of
Hevelius influenced his contemporary European astronomers, and the
3022:
2481:
2439:
1933:
1924:
1804:
1791:
1719:
1700:
1666:
1582:
1530:
Stooke, Philip J. (February 1994). "Neolithic Lunar Maps at Knowth and
Baltinglass, Ireland".
1041:
941:
697:
681:
536:
461:
375:
183:
89:
51:
3090:
2918:
2582:
2384:
2200:
2193:
2153:
1995:
1949:
1656:
1646:
1547:
1512:
1248:
1234:
1118:
1071:
962:
612:
604:
586:
569:
320:
254:
1242:
639:
clouds ("Mare Nubium"), and cold ("Mare
Frigoris"). The topographical features between the
92:. Historically, the principal concern of selenographists was the mapping and naming of the
2925:
2662:
2515:
2278:
1776:
1482:
1061:
897:
797:
781:
nomenclature perpetuated it as the universally standard lunar nomenclature. A vote of the
729:
573:
481:
347:
289:
1642:
1543:
1508:
1453:
1200:
2685:
2609:
2474:
2391:
2368:
925:
869:
865:
673:
616:
555:
477:
332:
246:
122:
518:
257:
between 1966 and 1968 to photograph and softly land on the lunar surface. The Soviet
3079:
3063:
3029:
2911:
2805:
2738:
2347:
2287:
2124:
2101:
2069:
2055:
2032:
1754:
1559:
946:
765:
Later astronomers and lunar cartographers augmented the nomenclature with additional
733:
693:
541:
441:
336:
242:
210:
101:
93:
2897:
2713:
2632:
2453:
2331:
1986:
1485:: an account of Maedler's work and the creation of the first wax model of the Moon.
1007:
975:
889:
793:
728:. These persons were "banished" to it far from the "ancients," as a gesture to the
689:
551:
527:
523:
500:
449:
328:
324:
316:
230:
114:
17:
1689:
3006:
2990:
2932:
2904:
2890:
2865:
2756:
2706:
2377:
2115:
2094:
1881:
1748:
1363:
1314:
1298:
1278:
773:, who published a very detailed cartograph (map) of the Moon in 1791 titled the
709:
387:
293:
1551:
1323:
1214:
205:. All lunar measurement was based on direct observation until March 1840, when
46:
2819:
2398:
2324:
2301:
2264:
2218:
2160:
1979:
1423:
1340:
901:
825:
717:
705:
685:
546:
355:
313:
297:
273:
265:
261:
194:
163:
97:
85:
1670:
626:
nomenclature had two components: the first denominated the broad features of
2826:
2812:
2798:
2782:
2775:
2724:
2446:
2354:
2078:
2018:
1972:
1904:
1716:
Mapping and Naming the Moon: A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature
1661:
789:, which included 600 lunar toponyms, as universally official and doctrinal.
744:
473:
343:
305:
218:
214:
179:
171:
81:
824:
of craters were masculine, the major craters were generically denominated "
143:
1516:
272:
spacecraft obtained the first nearly global cartograph (map) of the lunar
37:
2833:
2791:
2768:
2646:
2011:
1782:
1769:
737:
351:
280:. Successive missions transmitted photographs of increasing resolution.
2271:
2025:
1651:
1626:
838:
821:
766:
748:
725:
635:
634:(seas) and the second denominated the craters. Riccioli authored lunar
453:
412: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
229:
The 20th century witnessed more advances in selenography. In 1959, the
1573:
Taton, Reni (2003). Reni Taton; Curtis Wilson; Michael Hoskin (eds.).
155:
The idea that the Moon is not perfectly smooth originates to at least
1735:
Epic Moon: A history of lunar exploration in the age of the telescope
845:
844:
Over time, lunar observers assigned many of the satellite craters an
721:
445:
346:
higher on the far side than the near side. If it is assumed that the
309:
234:
175:
916:
296:, including data obtained during several missions. The most visible
1016:
Mappa Selenographica totam Lunae hemisphaeram visibilem complectens
643:
were comparably denominated, but were opposite the toponyms of the
2699:
2522:
2340:
1963:
905:
740:
677:
655:
623:
581:
577:
517:
512:
504:
369:
217:. At first, the images were of very poor quality, but as with the
142:
44:
36:
253:
between 1966 and 1967 to photograph the Moon from orbit, and the
2731:
2087:
1827:
1610:
1191:
1162:
873:
69:
55:
1800:
562:
was the standard reference on selenography for over a century.
833:
804:
assigned all subsequent new lunar toponyms. Some craters were
381:
1627:"High‒degree gravity models from GRAIL primary mission data"
1455:
The Moon and the Condition and Configurations of Its Surface
716:. Features of Octant VIII were also denominated in honor of
1434:. US Department of Defense and The free dictionary (online)
464:
made and annotated some sketches of the Moon in c. 1500.
440:
The oldest known illustration of the Moon was found in a
68:
is the study of the surface and physical features of the
747:. Later cartographs (maps) removed the "St." from their
1796:
335:, also possess regionally low elevations and elevated
193:
began meticulous observation and measurement of lunar
186:
that permitted astronomers to locate lunar features.
88:, selenography is a subdiscipline within the field of
1422:
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (2005).
820:
with "I" omitted. Because the great majority of the
785:(IAU) in 1935 established the lunar nomenclature of
2882:
2850:
2755:
2672:
2592:
2431:
2134:
1932:
1843:
1788:
Virtual exhibition about the topography of the Moon
495:in 1645. Many of his denominations were distinctly
1688:
1637:(8). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 1676–1698.
358:data, the crust is thought to be on average about
1760:Observing the Moon: The Modern Astronomer's Guide
1329:Topographic map of the Moon, with landing sites.
1281:– rectangular structure (visible – topography –
1131:Hermann Fauth and Philipp Fauth (posthumously),
769:. The most notable among these contributors was
503:and capes and promontories in honor of Catholic
1452:Neison, Edmund; Nevill, Edmund Neville (1876).
213:of the Moon and thus introduced photography to
1751:(1982), Leif E. Andersson and Ewen A. Whitaker
1733:William P. Sheehan; Thomas A. Dobbins (2001).
241:, giving the first view of it in history. The
1812:
1577:. General History of Astronomy. Vol. 2.
758:was widely used after the publication of his
288:The Moon has been measured by the methods of
189:Lunar mapping became systematic in 1779 when
8:
499:, denominating craters in honor of Catholic
1819:
1805:
1797:
1002:Topographie der sichtbaren Mondoberflaeche
892:of 1,737.4 km (1,079.6 mi). The
470:De Mondo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova
27:Study of the surface and shape of the Moon
1660:
1650:
972:, engraved map, 1679 (reprinted in 1787).
428:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:transmitted the first photographs of the
1631:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1458:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p.
978:, engraved map, 1749, published in 1775.
915:
1603:"Moon LRO LOLA Elevation Model 118m v1"
1414:
806:denominated in honor of space explorers
209:, using a 5-inch reflector, produced a
125:word Σελήνη (Selene, meaning Moon) and
1497:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
1464:democritus moon valleys and mountains.
7:
1770:The Rise And Fall of Lunar Observing
1749:NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature
1532:Journal for the History of Astronomy
410:adding citations to reliable sources
988:, 1st volume 1791, 2nd volume 1802.
576:and scholar who lived in northern
25:
3037:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
178:. In the early 18th century, the
3059:
3058:
3000:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1923:
1691:The Moon and Western Imagination
1343:
1322:
1306:
1290:
1270:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1199:
1167:Lunar Topographic Orthophotomaps
900:for the Moon) has been measured
880:(LOLA), an instrument on NASA's
850:International Astronomical Union
783:International Astronomical Union
386:
2422:Selenographic coordinate system
1379:Selenographic coordinate system
986:Selenotopografisches Fragmenten
775:Selenotopografisches Fragmenten
599:The lunar illustrations in the
580:authored the present scheme of
397:needs additional citations for
2949:Artificial objects on the Moon
1718:. Cambridge University Press.
662:Selenetopographische Fragmente
366:Lunar cartography and toponymy
300:feature is the giant far-side
1:
2040:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
1765:Lunar control networks (USGS)
1755:The Galileo Project: The Moon
1394:List of mountains on the Moon
1317:– closeup (artist's concept).
1036:Charte der Gebirge des Mondes
922:Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
878:Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter
864:The Moon obviously lacks any
736:were denominated in honor of
660:Samples of lunar maps in the
472:. After the invention of the
304:, which possesses the lowest
156:
3015:Moon is made of green cheese
2309:Permanently shadowed craters
1687:Scott L. Montgomery (1999).
888:(DEM) that uses the nominal
882:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
796:spacecraft photographed the
650:List of features on the Moon
60:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1697:University of Arizona Press
1399:List of valleys on the Moon
1389:List of craters on the Moon
1157:Atlas Obratnoi Storony Luny
488:(1614) made drawings also.
147:"Lunar Day," from the book
3127:
2942:Craters named after people
2415:Transient lunar phenomenon
2063:Solar eclipses on the Moon
1790:on the digital library of
1579:Cambridge University Press
1552:10.1177/002182869402500103
1159:, Moscow, 1967–1975.
1082:, 2 volumes, London, 1935.
982:Johann Hieronymus Schröter
954:Giovanni Battista Riccioli
754:The lunar nomenclature of
732:. Many craters around the
666:Johann Hieronymus Schröter
203:The Universal Selenography
199:Johann Heinrich von Mädler
136:
129:graphō, meaning to write.
29:
3053:
1921:
1834:
1714:Ewen A. Whitaker (1999).
1384:List of maria on the Moon
1369:Grazing lunar occultation
970:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
920:Map of the Moon from the
777:. Schröter's adoption of
522:A study of the Moon from
30:For the music album, see
1783:Consolidated Lunar Atlas
1113:Photographic Lunar Atlas
994:, engraved images, 1805.
958:Francesco Maria Grimaldi
584:lunar nomenclature. His
539:produced the rival work
149:Recreations in Astronomy
2963:Moon in science fiction
2468:Giant-impact hypothesis
2316:South Pole–Aitken basin
1359:Gravitation of the Moon
1283:GRAIL gravity gradients
1146:System of Lunar Craters
886:digital elevation model
603:were drawn by a fellow
302:South Pole-Aitken basin
139:Exploration of the Moon
41:Topography of the Moon.
2984:futuristic exploration
2507:Late Heavy Bombardment
1476:Wax and the Honey Moon
1374:Planetary nomenclature
1080:Named Lunar Formations
1012:Johann Heinrich Mädler
928:
669:
609:Francesco Grimaldi, SJ
532:
379:
152:
62:
42:
3044:Splitting of the Moon
2956:Memorials on the Moon
2560:Lunar sample displays
2242:Peak of eternal light
1517:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3
1126:Rectified Lunar Atlas
938:, engraved map, 1645.
919:
912:Historical lunar maps
756:Giambattista Riccioli
714:Giambattista Riccioli
659:
653:for a complete list.
566:Giambattista Riccioli
521:
373:
352:isostatic equilibrium
294:stereo image analysis
146:
74:geography of the Moon
50:
40:
1581:. pp. 119–126.
1285:) (October 1, 2014).
511:were denominated in
406:improve this article
278:multispectral images
239:far side of the Moon
32:Selenography (album)
2544:Lunar laser ranging
1643:2013JGRE..118.1676L
1544:1994JHA....25...39S
1509:2006RvMG...60..221W
1351:Solar System portal
1264:("Ocean of Storms")
1262:Oceanus Procellarum
936:Michael van Langren
860:Reference elevation
493:Michael van Langren
374:Map of the Moon by
18:Moon's surface
2693:Lunisolar calendar
2362:Lunar basalt 70017
2109:Tidal acceleration
1964:Perigee and apogee
1854:Internal structure
1775:2017-08-09 at the
1652:10.1002/jgre.20118
1481:2007-07-24 at the
1018:, Berlin, 1834-36.
929:
771:Johann H. Schröter
670:
533:
486:Christoph Scheiner
380:
153:
63:
43:
3073:
3072:
3023:Natural satellite
2482:Lunar magma ocean
2258:Volcanic features
1792:Paris Observatory
1177:Atlas of the Moon
1100:300-inch Moon map
1042:Thomas Gwyn Elger
942:Johannes Hevelius
908:twin satellites.
884:(LRO), employs a
812:Satellite craters
537:Johannes Hevelius
462:Leonardo da Vinci
460:to 3330–2790 BC.
438:
437:
430:
376:Johannes Hevelius
225:Lunar photography
90:planetary science
16:(Redirected from
3118:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2875:
2868:
2866:Meridian passage
2861:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2585:
2583:Lunar seismology
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2516:Lunar meteorites
2509:
2502:
2495:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2385:Space weathering
2380:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2127:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1950:Orbital elements
1945:
1927:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1738:
1737:. Willmann-Bell.
1729:
1710:
1694:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1662:2060/20140010292
1654:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1492:
1486:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1419:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1310:
1294:
1274:
1249:Lunar south pole
1245:
1235:Lunar north pole
1231:
1217:
1203:
1119:Ewen A. Whitaker
1115:, Chicago, 1960.
1004:, Leipzig, 1824.
998:Wilhelm Lohrmann
963:Almagestum novum
817:Johann H. Mädler
760:Almagestum Novum
601:Almagestum novum
593:Almagestum Novum
587:Almagestum novum
433:
426:
422:
419:
413:
390:
382:
361:
284:Lunar topography
161:
158:
49:
21:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3057:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2926:Man in the Moon
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2851:Daily phenomena
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2799:Super and micro
2797:
2790:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2674:
2668:
2663:Lunar resources
2661:
2654:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1779:, Kevin S. Jung
1777:Wayback Machine
1745:
1732:
1726:
1713:
1707:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1623:
1622:
1618:
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1600:
1596:
1589:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1483:Wayback Machine
1474:
1470:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1349:
1344:
1342:
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1286:
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1255:
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1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1207:Lunar near side
1204:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1128:, Tucson, 1963.
1096:Hugh P. Wilkins
1092:, Bremen, 1936.
1068:, London, 1910.
1066:Map of the Moon
1062:Walter Goodacre
1048:, London, 1895.
1038:, Berlin, 1878.
1028:, London, 1876.
914:
902:gravimetrically
862:
814:
730:Catholic Church
710:medieval Europe
607:educator named
574:Catholic priest
482:Galileo Galilei
466:William Gilbert
456:. The tomb was
434:
423:
417:
414:
403:
391:
368:
359:
290:laser altimetry
286:
227:
191:Johann Schröter
168:William Gilbert
159:
141:
135:
72:(also known as
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3106:Selenographers
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3054:
3051:
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3048:
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3019:
3010:
3003:
2996:
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2987:
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2795:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2746:Lunar distance
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2696:
2689:
2686:Lunar calendar
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2610:Apollo program
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
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2579:
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2411:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2392:Micrometeorite
2381:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:Changesite-(Y)
2365:
2351:
2348:Wrinkle ridges
2344:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2231:
2230:
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2197:
2185:
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2176:
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2157:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2132:
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2128:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2022:
2015:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1946:
1943:Lunar distance
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1901:
1894:
1891:Magnetic field
1887:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
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1795:
1794:
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1780:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1743:External links
1741:
1740:
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1711:
1705:
1682:
1679:
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1594:
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1565:
1522:
1503:(1): 221–364.
1487:
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1396:
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1267:
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1226:
1225:
1221:Lunar far side
1219:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1151:Yu I. Efremov
1149:
1136:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1069:
1059:
1052:Johann Krieger
1049:
1039:
1032:Julius Schmidt
1029:
1019:
1005:
995:
989:
979:
973:
967:
951:
939:
926:Richard Andree
913:
910:
870:vertical datum
868:to be used as
866:mean sea level
861:
858:
813:
810:
674:ancient Greece
524:Robert Hooke's
478:Thomas Harriot
436:
435:
394:
392:
385:
367:
364:
285:
282:
251:Lunar Orbiters
226:
223:
134:
131:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3123:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Space science
3099:
3097:
3096:Lunar science
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:Double planet
3027:
3024:
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3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
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2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:Moon illusion
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:Lunar deities
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
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2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:Lunar station
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
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2690:
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2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:Time-telling
2671:
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2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
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2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
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2611:
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2606:
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2600:
2599:
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2222:
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2209:
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2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2125:Lunar station
2122:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:Tidal locking
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:Eclipse cycle
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:Solar eclipse
2053:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:Lunar eclipse
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
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2002:
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1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:Gravity field
1872:
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1725:0-521-62248-4
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1706:0-8165-1711-8
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1588:0-521-54205-7
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1143:
1140:
1139:Gerard Kuiper
1137:
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1127:
1123:
1120:
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1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:Gerard Kuiper
1104:
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1086:Philipp Fauth
1084:
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1072:Mary A. Blagg
1070:
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1022:Edmund Neison
1020:
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947:Selenographia
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734:Mare Nectaris
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443:
442:passage grave
432:
429:
421:
411:
407:
401:
400:
395:This section
393:
389:
384:
383:
377:
372:
365:
363:
357:
353:
349:
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340:
338:
334:
330:
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299:
298:topographical
295:
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267:
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260:
256:
252:
248:
245:launched the
244:
243:United States
240:
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232:
224:
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220:
216:
212:
211:daguerreotype
208:
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200:
196:
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165:
160: 450 BC
150:
145:
140:
132:
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128:
124:
120:
116:
115:crater depths
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:lunar terrane
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
57:
53:
48:
39:
33:
19:
2898:Lunar effect
2714:Nodal period
2640:Colonization
2454:Lunar theory
2147:Selenography
2146:
1987:Nodal period
1860:
1734:
1715:
1690:
1681:Bibliography
1634:
1630:
1619:
1606:
1597:
1574:
1568:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1428:
1424:"selenodesy"
1417:
1315:rift valleys
1299:rift valleys
1279:rift valleys
1176:
1173:Antonín Rükl
1166:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1008:Wilhelm Beer
1001:
992:John Russell
985:
976:Tobias Mayer
961:
945:
930:
921:
893:
890:lunar radius
863:
854:
843:
830:
815:
791:
774:
764:
759:
753:
706:philosophers
690:Roman Empire
671:
661:
648:
644:
640:
631:
630:(lands) and
627:
621:
600:
598:
592:
585:
564:
559:
540:
534:
528:Micrographia
526:
508:
507:. The lunar
490:
484:(1609), and
469:
458:carbon dated
450:County Meath
439:
424:
415:
404:Please help
399:verification
396:
341:
287:
228:
202:
188:
154:
148:
96:identifying
77:
73:
66:Selenography
65:
64:
52:STL 3D model
3111:Cartography
3007:Moon Treaty
2991:Hollow Moon
2933:Moon rabbit
2905:Earth phase
2707:Lunar month
2594:Exploration
2538:Experiments
2440:Observation
2302:Ray systems
2167:Hemispheres
2135:Surface and
2116:Tidal range
2095:Tidal force
1898:Sodium tail
1882:Hill sphere
1364:Google Moon
1076:Karl Müller
828:" craters.
321:Serenitatis
276:, and also
264:(1970) and
233:spacecraft
207:J.W. Draper
184:coordinates
3086:Topography
3080:Categories
2977:Apollo era
2919:Pareidolia
2677:navigation
2399:Sputtering
2279:Lava tubes
2201:South pole
2194:North pole
2154:Terminator
1996:Precession
1912:Earthshine
1868:Atmosphere
1861:Topography
1846:properties
1607:Astropedia
1438:2010-06-20
1429:Selenodesy
1405:References
1301:– context.
1090:Unser Mond
1056:Mond-Atlas
924:(1881) by
826:patronymic
779:Riccioli's
718:Copernicus
692:, such as
686:Archimedes
676:, such as
547:topography
418:March 2024
360:50 ± 15 km
306:elevations
274:topography
270:Clementine
197:. In 1834
195:topography
180:librations
164:Democritus
137:See also:
119:selenology
86:areography
78:selenodesy
2725:Fortnight
2617:Explorers
2574:Apollo 17
2567:Apollo 11
2530:Volcanism
2500:Timescale
2447:Libration
2235:Mountains
2173:Near side
2079:Supermoon
2019:Full moon
1973:Libration
1905:Moonlight
1671:2169-9097
1560:120584696
1538:: 39–55.
1410:Citations
1184:Galleries
1133:Mondatlas
745:astronomy
702:Taruntius
619:Craters.
535:In 1647,
474:telescope
333:Orientale
259:Lunokhods
255:Surveyors
219:telescope
215:astronomy
172:telescope
82:geography
3064:Category
2859:Moonrise
2792:Crescent
2732:Sennight
2647:Moonbase
2603:Missions
2272:Calderas
2180:Far side
2138:features
2026:Eclipses
2012:New moon
1957:Distance
1844:Physical
1773:Archived
1479:Archived
1337:See also
1313:Ancient
1297:Ancient
1277:Ancient
1192:The Moon
1046:The Moon
1026:The Moon
894:selenoid
839:toponyms
822:toponyms
798:far side
787:Riccioli
767:toponyms
749:toponyms
738:Catholic
636:toponyms
497:Catholic
480:(1609),
80:). Like
3091:Geodesy
2883:Related
2873:Moonset
2656:Tourism
2633:Landing
2493:Geology
2432:Science
2288:Craters
2251:Valleys
1837:Outline
1639:Bibcode
1540:Bibcode
1505:Bibcode
1432:moon".)
1260:Moon –
1179:, 2004.
1169:, 1978.
1148:, 1966.
1135:, 1964.
1102:, 1951.
966:, 1651.
950:, 1647.
904:by the
872:. The
726:Galileo
698:Tacitus
613:Clavius
531:of 1665
501:royalty
454:Ireland
356:seismic
329:Smythii
325:Crisium
317:Imbrium
162:, when
133:History
102:craters
54:of the
2841:Tetrad
2757:Phases
2626:Probes
2461:Origin
2408:Quakes
2341:Rilles
2332:swirls
2047:Tetrad
2005:Syzygy
1722:
1703:
1669:
1585:
1558:
1153:et al.
1142:et al.
1122:et al.
1109:et al.
848:. The
846:eponym
794:Soviet
741:saints
724:, and
722:Kepler
700:, and
684:, and
628:terrae
605:Jesuit
505:saints
446:Knowth
378:(1647)
350:is in
331:, and
310:ejecta
247:Ranger
235:Luna 3
231:Soviet
176:optics
2820:Black
2806:Blood
2783:Names
2761:names
2700:Month
2551:ALSEP
2523:KREEP
2475:Theia
2378:Water
2355:Rocks
2265:Domes
2219:Maria
2188:Poles
1980:Nodes
1934:Orbit
1556:S2CID
906:GRAIL
898:geoid
896:(the
682:Atlas
678:Plato
645:maria
641:maria
632:maria
624:Latin
617:Tycho
582:Latin
578:Italy
556:Greek
552:Roman
513:Latin
509:maria
348:crust
314:maria
127:γράφω
123:Greek
98:maria
76:, or
2970:list
2827:Dark
2813:Blue
2776:Full
2675:and
2325:Soil
2295:List
2226:List
2208:Face
2161:Limb
2088:Tide
1828:Moon
1720:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1667:ISSN
1611:USGS
1583:ISBN
1163:NASA
1074:and
1010:and
956:and
874:USGS
622:The
615:and
572:, a
554:and
337:rims
292:and
108:and
106:near
84:and
70:Moon
56:Moon
2834:Wet
2769:New
2759:and
1657:hdl
1647:doi
1635:118
1548:doi
1513:doi
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834:Sun
802:IAU
708:of
664:by
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408:by
110:far
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1024:,
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1000:,
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960:,
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808:.
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720:,
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344:km
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157:c.
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420:)
416:(
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266:2
262:1
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