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1443:, son of Tancred, invaded Sicily in 1060. The island was split between three Arab emirs, and the Christian population in many parts of the island rose up against the ruling Muslims. One year later, Messina fell, and in 1072 Palermo was taken by the Normans. The loss of the cities, each with a splendid harbor, dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. Eventually all of Sicily was taken. In 1091, Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians. Islamic authors noted the tolerance of the Norman kings of Sicily.
1515:
1838:
1129:
727:). Sri Lankan Moors (a combination of "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors") make up 12% of the population. The Ceylon Moors (unlike the Indian Moors) are descendants of Arab traders who settled there in the mid-6th century. When the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century, they labelled all the Muslims in the island as Moors as they saw some of them resembling the Moors in North Africa. The Sri Lankan government continues to identify the Muslims in Sri Lanka as "Sri Lankan Moors", sub-categorised into "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors".
1371:
59:
1027:, were without variation or exception disposed by nature to prefer blondes. I have myself seen them, and known others who had seen their forebears, from the days of al-Nasir's reign down to the present day; every one of them has been fair-haired, taking after their mothers, so that this has become a hereditary trait with them; all but Sulaiman al-Zafir (God have mercy on him!), whom I remember to have had black ringlets and a black beard. As for
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Islam, although for separate reasons. The Arabic language was also adopted. Initially, the Arabs required only vassalage from the local inhabitants rather than assimilation, a process which took a considerable time. The groups that inhabited the
Maghreb following this process became known collectively as Moors. Although a Kharijite rebellion would
40:
1811:
1243:"). The Moorish inhabitants received no military aid or rescue from other Muslim nations. The remaining Jews were also forced to leave Spain, convert to Roman Catholic Christianity, or be killed for refusing to do so. In 1480, to exert social and religious control, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to allow the
1466:. This resulted in a rebellion by Sicilian Muslims, which in turn triggered organized resistance and systematic reprisals and marked the final chapter of Islam in Sicily. The complete eviction of Muslims and the annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s when the final deportations to
1300:
Some
Muslims converted to Christianity and remained permanently in Iberia. This is indicated by a "high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%)" that "attests to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious
842:
rebellion pushed out the Arabs temporarily, the
Romanized urban population preferred the Arabs to the Berbers and welcomed a renewed and final conquest that left northern Africa in Muslim hands by 698. Over the next decades, the Berber and urban populations of northern Africa gradually converted to
703:
were distinguished by the
Portuguese historians into two groups: Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land") and the Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca" or "Paradesi Muslims"). The Mouros da Terra were either descendants of any native convert (mostly from any of the former lower or
1711:
in the 11th century, the four moors' heads around a cross having been adopted to the arms of Aragon around 1281–1387, and
Corsica and Sardinia having come under the dominion of the king of Aragon in 1297. In Corsica, the blindfolds were lifted to the brow in the 18th century as a way of expressing
826:
over the course of a series of campaigns, lasting until 689. A Byzantine counterattack largely expelled the Arabs but left the region vulnerable. Intermittent war over the inland provinces of North Africa continued for the next two decades. Further civil war delayed the continuation of further
686:, where "Moor" implies "alien" and "non-Christian". These beings were siren-like fairies with golden or reddish hair and a fair face. They were believed to have magical properties. From this root, the name moor is applied to unbaptized children, meaning not Christian. In
3496:, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008, Quote: "The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had a relevant impact on modern populations both in Spain, especially in the Balearic Islands, and in Portugal."
1039:, Muhammad al-Mahdi, and `Abd al-Rahman al-Murtada (may God be merciful to them all!); I saw them myself many times, and had the honour of being received by them, and I remarked that they all had fair hair and blue eyes.
1305:, "the number of Arabs who settled in Iberia was very small. 'Moorish' Iberia does at least have the merit of reminding us that the bulk of the invaders and settlers were Moors, i.e., Berbers from Algeria and Morocco."
3168:
Rodd, Francis. "Kahena, Queen of the
Berbers: "A Sketch of the Arab Invasion of Ifriqiya in the First Century of the Hijra" Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 3, No. 4, (1925),
160:
The term has also been used in Europe in a broader sense to refer to
Muslims in general, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in al-Andalus or North Africa. During the colonial era, the
1296:
from 1568 to 1571. In the years from 1609 to 1614, the government expelled
Moriscos. The historian Henri Lapeyre estimated that this affected 300,000 out of an estimated total of 8 million inhabitants.
4154:. Paper presented at an International Conference Organized by The Postgraduate School of Critical Theory and Cultural Studies, University of Nottingham, and The British Council, Morocco, 12–14 April 2001.
3477:, 2008. Quote: "Admixture analysis based on binary and Y-STR haplotypes indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%) ranging from zero in Gascony to 21.7% in Northwest Castile."
2536:
In one sense the word 'Moor' means
Mohammedan Berbers and Arabs of North-western Africa, with some Syrians, who conquered most of Spain in the 8th century and dominated the country for hundreds of years.
1601:
1477:
due to the incentives put in place by
Fredrich II. Some Muslims from Lucera would also later convert due to oppression on the mainland and had their property returned to them and returned to Sicily.
1413:. Four years later, the Fatimid governor was ousted from Palermo when the island declared its independence under Emir Ahmed ibn-Kohrob. The language spoken in Sicily under Muslim rule was
2308:
1190:
began a process of expansion and internal consolidation during the next several centuries under the flag of Reconquista. In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of
1270:
The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly. They were respectively called
1488:
in Sicily were not afforded the same privileges as the Muslims in mainland Italy. The trend of importing a considerable amount of slaves from the Muslim world did not stop with the
1019:
were blond and had light eyes. Ibn Hazm mentions that he preferred blondes, and notes that there was much interest in blondes in al-Andalus amongst the rulers and regular Muslims:
3924:, Mathew N. Schmalz refers to a discussion on the American Heraldry Society's website where at least one participant described the moor's head as a "potentially explosive image".
1393:), with the exception of some minor strongholds in the rugged interior. During that period some parts of southern Italy fell under Muslim control, most notably the port city of
4015:
Shomarka O. Y. Keita, "Further studies of crania from ancient northern Africa: an analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs, using multiple discriminant functions."
1432:
that saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to
3978:
This section's bibliographical information is not fully provided. If you know these sources and can provide full information, you can help Knowledge (XXG) by completing it.
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In the year 827, Mazara was occupied by the Arabs, who made the city an important commercial harbour. That period was probably the most prosperous in the history of Mazara.
1535:
of northern Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal, where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492. The best surviving examples of this architectural tradition are the
1035:(may God be pleased with them!), I have been informed by my late father, the vizier, as well as by others, that both of them were blond and blue-eyed. The same is true of
1160:("Reconquest") soon after the Islamic conquest in the 8th century. Christian states based in the north and west slowly extended their power over the rest of Iberia. The
1075:
983:, putting an end to Eastern dominion over the Maghreb. Despite racial tensions, Arabs and Berbers intermarried frequently. A few years later, the Eastern branch of the
1911:
1707:. In the case of Corsica and Sardinia, the blindfolded moors' heads in the four quarters have long been said to represent the four Moorish emirs who were defeated by
1436:. Despite his success, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines.
1953:
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from the western Maghreb and form temporarily independent Arab, Berber and Persian dynasties, that effort failed to dislodge the usage of the collective term.
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in 1153. This second stage was guided by a version of Islam that left behind the more tolerant practices of the past. Al-Andalus broke up into a number of
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governor of northern Africa to submit and pay tribute, but failed to permanently occupy the region. After an interlude, during which the Muslims fought a
619:
is a humorous name for "wine", especially that which has not been "baptized" or mixed with water, i.e., pure unadulterated wine. Among Spanish speakers,
3471:
Adams et al., "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"
181:
were also called Moors. In the Philippines, the longstanding Muslim community, which predates the arrival of the Spanish, now self-identifies as the "
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Goa, yesterday, to-day, tomorrow: an approach to various socio-economic and political issues in Goan life & re-interpretation of historical facts
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when a fight breaks out over a misprint of the word 'Moors' as 'Moops' on the game card to the question "Who invaded Spain in the 8th century"
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3745:"The account books of the Spanish inquisition in Sicily (1500–1550) as a source for the study of material culture in a Mediterranean country"
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1255:. In 1501, Castilian authorities delivered an ultimatum to the Muslims of Granada: they could either convert to Christianity or be expelled.
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sources in Aljamiado and medieval Spanish texts, neither refer to individuals as Moors nor recognize any such group, community or culture."
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1687:
Armigers bearing moors or moors' heads may have adopted them for any of several reasons, to include symbolizing military victories in the
1102:, some 5,000,000 of Iberia's 7,000,000 inhabitants, most of them descended from indigenous Iberian converts, were Muslim. There were also
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The first Muslim conquest of Sicily began in 827, though it was not until 902 that almost the entire island was in the control of the
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2157:, also referred to as "Stephen the Moor", was an explorer in the service of Spain of what is now the southwest of the United States.
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appear in European heraldry from at least as early as the 13th century, and some have been attested as early as the 11th century in
913:
which depicts the first ten sultans of the Nasrid dynasty. It is a late-14th-century Gothic painting by a Christian Toledan artist.
3487:
Elena Bosch, "The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have had a profound impact on the population of the Iberian Peninsula"
2564:"Assessment of the status, development and diversification of fisheries-dependent communities: Mazara del Vallo Case study report"
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3571:"Offering economic and social benefits as incentives for conversion: The case of Sicily and southern Italy (12th-15th centuries)"
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Eva Borreguero. "The Moors Are Coming, the Moors Are Coming! Encounters with Muslims in Contemporary Spain." p. 417-32 in
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1462:. Many repressive measures were introduced by Frederick II to appease the popes, who were intolerant of Islam in the heart of
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untouchable castes) to Islam or descendants of a marriage alliance between a Middle Eastern individual and an Indian woman.
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origin in particular or Muslims in general. Some authors have pointed out that in modern colloquial Spanish use of the term
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Cornelius Tacitus, Arthur Murphy, The Historical Annals of Cornelius Tacitus: With Supplements, Volume 1 (D. Neall, 1829 )
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can still be found today. The Muslims were resisted in parts of the Iberian Peninsula in areas of the northwest (such as
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Frank Snowden. Before Color Prejudice: the ancient view of blacks. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983.
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continued for three more centuries in southern Iberia. On 2 January 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in
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Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)
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drove the Muslims from Central Iberia. The Portuguese side of the Reconquista ended in 1249 with the conquest of the
1837:
460:) developed different applications and connotations. The term initially denoted a specific Berber people in western
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3706:"Catalan Merchants and the Western Mediterranean, 1236–1300: Studies in the Notarial Acts of Barcelona and Sicily"
1744:, is identified as a Moor. A lesser-known Moorish character, Aaron, appears in Shakespeare's earlier revenge play
1500:, and was in fact continued until as late as 1838 The majority of which would also come receive the label 'Moors'
810:, established after the death of Muhammad, underwent a period of rapid growth. In 647 CE, 40,000 Arabs forced the
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in the early 1st century. This appellation was also adopted into Latin, whereas the Greek name for the tribe was
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2163:, an Islamic scholar and Moorish explorer who is generally considered one of the greatest travelers of all time.
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branch of the Umayyad dynasty. The Moors ruled northern Africa and Al-Andalus for several centuries thereafter.
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in 670 during the Islamic conquest, to provide a place of worship for recently converted or immigrating Muslims.
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350:, which was subsequently rendered as "Moors" in English and in related variations in other European languages.
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1110:. The Berber and Sub-Saharan African soldiers were known as "tangerines" because they were imported through
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was used to refer to Berbers and Arabs in the coastal regions of Northwest Africa. The 16th century scholar
48:
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952:, brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. They continued northeast across the
599:. The term was introduced by Spanish colonisers, and has since been appropriated by Filipino Muslims as an
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1251:. The revolt lasted until early 1501, giving the Castilian authorities an excuse to void the terms of the
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The Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in 1031 and the Islamic territory in Iberia fell under the rule of the
819:
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3057:, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 1936; reprint CUP Archives, 1961, Googlebooks, accessed 12 Jul 2010.
2740:οἰκοῦσι δ᾽ ἐνταῦθα Μαυρούσιοι μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, Μαῦροι δ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων
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Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain
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or 'Moors'. Today this ethnic group in Mindanao, who are generally Filipino Muslim, are called "Moros".
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2743:"Here dwell a people called by the Greeks Maurusii, and by the Romans and the natives Mauri" Strabo,
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lineage, managed to evade the Abbasids and flee to the Maghreb and then Iberia, where he founded the
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Moors—or more frequently their heads, often crowned—appear with some frequency in medieval European
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2789:. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World in the Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from
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2009:
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The use of Moors (and particularly their heads) as a heraldic symbol has been deprecated in modern
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directed Moriscos to give up their Arabic names and traditional dress, and prohibited the use of
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All the Caliphs of the Banu Marwan (God have mercy on their souls!), and especially the sons of
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Adventures and Observations on the North Coast of Africa, Or, The Crescent and French Crusaders
1484:, a large amount of Muslims were brought, as slaves, to farm lands and perform domestic labor.
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3080:, No. 100, 1990, Centro de Estudos de Património, Universidade do Minho, accessed 12 Jul 2010
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intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants." According to historian
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This article is about a historical term for various groups of Muslims. For other uses, see
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can mean "dark-skinned" in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and the Philippines. Also in Spanish,
464:, but the name acquired more general meaning during the medieval period, associated with "
437:
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241:
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Rules for Submissions of the College of Arms of the Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc
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Sicily and the Two Seas: The Cross Currents of Race and Slavery in Early Modern Palermo
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The Muslim problem characterized Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily under Holy Roman Emperors
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232:, which tried to reclaim control of Muslim areas; this conflict was referred to as the
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surrendered to the armies of a recently united Christian Spain (after the marriage of
623:
came to have a broader meaning, applied to both Filipino Moros from Mindanao, and the
4182:
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2147:, 1494–1554, Andalusian geographer, author and diplomat, who was captured by Spanish
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The etymology of the word "Moor" is uncertain, although it can be traced back to the
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3598:"Freedom and Bondage among Muslims in Southern Italy during the Thirteenth Century"
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1015:, the polymath, mentions that many of the Caliphs in the Umayyad Caliphate and the
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The languages spoken in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule were
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Materia Giudaica: Rivista dell'associazione Italiana per Lo Studio del Giudaismo
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228:. Differences in religion and culture led to a centuries-long conflict with the
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Published from Pomona Faculty Publications and Research from Claremont Colleges
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305:. The word "Moor" is presumably of Phoenician origin. Some sources attribute a
27:
Medieval Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta
4069:
Nature Knows No Color Line: research into the Negro ancestry in the white race
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For an introduction to the culture of the Azawagh Arabs, see Rebecca Popenoe,
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3039:, Galicia: Editorial Galaxia, 2004, p. 18, Googlebooks, accessed 12 Jul 2010
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feature a moor's head, crowned and collared red, in reference to the arms of
1447:
wrote: "They were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the
4095:
The Curse of Ham: race and slavery in early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
4090:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1970.
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Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project
2403:, New York University. Quote: "Andalusi Arabic sources, as opposed to later
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The "Moors" of West Africa and the Beginnings of the Portuguese Slave Trade
2169:, a Moorish polymath who was considered one of the leading thinkers of the
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The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History
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The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices
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This is a large mural located on the ceiling of the Hall of Kings of the
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Shomarka O. Y. Keita, "Studies of ancient crania from northern Africa."
3646:
Abolitionism and the Persistence of Slavery in Italian States, 1750–1850
2436:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 812.
1125:(fiefs), which were partly consolidated under the Caliphate of Córdoba.
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4036:. NY: Norton, 1982. Also an article with the same title published in
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Feeding Desire — Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People
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4130:"The Moors" by Ross Brann, published on New York University website
3582:
480:, the term Moors included the derogatory suggestion of "infidels".
192:
In 711, troops mostly formed by Moors from northern Africa led the
43:
Castillian ambassadors attempting to convince Moorish Almohad king
2116:
2112:
1836:
1809:
1723:
urges applicants to use them delicately to avoid causing offence.
1665:
1661:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1568:
1513:
1369:
1257:
1138:
1127:
1122:
1042:
916:
904:
863:, the term in these regions nowadays is rather used to denote the
785:
763:
739:
735:
692:
664:
653:
640:
516:
421:
329:
301:
296:
205:
146:
116:
57:
38:
4046:
Stanley Lane-Poole, assisted by E. J. W. Gibb and Arthur Gilman.
2862:""Diccionario de la lengua española" – Edición del Tricentenario"
1106:
who had been absorbed into al-Andalus to be used as soldiers and
177:, now official ethnic designations on the island nation, and the
4136:
Secret Seal: On the image of the Blackamoor in European Heraldry
4022:
Shomarka O. Y. Keita, "Black Athena: race, Bernal and Snowden."
1947:
1394:
1345:
1154:, a small northwestern Christian Iberian kingdom, initiated the
520:
4169:
Othello's Predecessors: Moors in Renaissance Popular Literature
3992:
David Brion Davis, "Slavery: White, Black, Muslim, Christian."
3434:(first ed.). Lanham, MD: New Amsterdam Books. p. 45.
3023:, in: Thomas Gale, Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2005–2006
2866:«Diccionario de la lengua española» – Edición del Tricentenario
1539:
and the Alhambra in Granada (mainly 1338–1390), as well as the
4139:
2970:
Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach
2909:
Geopolitics of European Union enlargement: the fortress empire
1970:
1266:, a Moorish palace built in the 14th century in Granada, Spain
743:
4088:
Blacks in antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman experience
3987:
Rape of Paradise: Columbus and the birth of racism in America
3835:"Africans in medieval & Renaissance art: the Moor's head"
2738:
1543:
in Seville (1184). Other notable examples include the ruined
1428:
crossed the strait of Messina. This army included a corps of
2425:
189:
introduced by Spanish colonizers due to their Muslim faith.
4158:
Africans in Medieval & Renaissance Art: The Moor's Head
4152:
Khalid Amine, Moroccan Shakespeare: From Moors to Moroccans
3152:"WWW Virtual Library: From where did the Moors come?"
1780:, saved from prison by Robin Hood, is identified as a Moor.
723:, not to be confused with "Indian Moors" of Sri Lanka (see
1473:
The remaining population of Sicilian Muslims converted to
1216:. He was the first Portuguese monarch to claim the title "
240:, which was destroyed by European Christians in 1300. The
4005:
Shomark O. Y. Keita, "Genetic Haplotypes in North Africa"
1094:. Though the number of Moorish colonists was small, many
867:
populations (occasionally somewhat mixed-race) living in
639:, etc. It was also used as a nickname; for instance, the
523:. In Niger and Mali, these peoples are also known as the
244:
in 1492 marked the end of Muslim rule in Spain, although
3963:. Furtado's Enterprises. pp. 254 pages(page xviii).
2553:. American Ceylon Mission Press, Tellippalai Ceylon 1918
2453:
Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa
2309:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
2018:(Avenzoar), 1091–1161, Andalusian physician and polymath
1940:, published in 1000, remained influential for centuries.
1451:. Because of that, they had great love for King Roger."
928:
In 711 the Islamic Arabs and Moors of Berber descent in
806:
In the late 7th and early 8th centuries CE, the Islamic
236:. In 1224, the Muslims were expelled from Sicily to the
3901:"Blindfolded Moors – The Flags of Corsica and Sardinia"
2601:
The Mirror of Spain, 1500–1700: The Formation of a Myth
1950:, historian, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
1699:, possibly to demonstrate the reach of his empire. The
4038:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3318:
Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Manuela Marín (April 14, 2014).
2861:
1480:
During the reigns of Frederick II as well as his son,
1332:
had reached that island archipelago, which they named
224:, developing it as a port. They eventually went on to
3996:, vol. 48, #11 July 5, 2001. Do not have exact pages.
3690:
Slavery and Manumission in Fourteenth-Century Palermo
2997:
Transcultural Modernities: Narrating Africa in Europe
1821:
school of philosophy, and influential in the rise of
1143:
Moorish and Christian Reconquista battle, taken from
4097:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, c2003.
2351:- Hindus, Christians and Muslims are all brothers...
1695:
of Morese, Negri, Saraceni, etc., or in the case of
483:
Apart from these historic associations and context,
47:
to join their alliance (contemporary depiction from
2373:
The Moors: Al-Andalus, Sepharad and Medieval Iberia
2187:) an important medieval text on the history of the
2004:whose theory of motion, including the concept of a
1738:, and the derived title character in Verdi's opera
2502:
2151:and sold as a slave, but later baptized and freed.
1732:The title character in William Shakespeare's play
538:does not list any derogatory meaning for the word
200:as al-Andalus, which at its peak included most of
1605:Arms of the wealthy Bristol merchant and shipper
1374:Muslim musicians at the court of the Norman King
1076:Arabic language influence on the Spanish language
696:means moor and also refers to a mythical people.
397:) as the native Berber inhabitants of the former
196:. The Iberian Peninsula then came to be known in
3693:(PhD dissertation). Western Michigan University.
855:The term has been applied at times to urban and
536:authoritative dictionary of the Spanish language
2882:Translating Sensitive Texts: Linguistic Aspects
2087:and pharmacist who compiled the most extensive
1021:
831:and held it against a Byzantine counterattack.
603:, with many self-identifying as members of the
316:interacted with, and later conquered, parts of
4077:Islam's Black Slaves: the other Black diaspora
2091:and botanical compilation in pre-modern times.
1609:(d.1474), as depicted on his canopied tomb in
4146:Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
4040:, University of London 20(1/3): 409–16, 1957.
3509:p. 10. University of California Press, 1993.
3233:. University of California Press. p. 1.
2183:, a Moorish historian who was the author of (
1817:, a Moorish polymath, was the founder of the
1096:native Iberian inhabitants converted to Islam
8:
4100:Lucotte and Mercier, various genetic studies
3177:
3175:
2783:"'Moors' from Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
2604:. University of Michigan Press. p. 67.
2173:and is widely acknowledged as the father of
2073:commentaries, and established the school of
1617:heads of three Moors wreathed at the temples
1082:, where they were defeated at the battle of
991:and the Umayyad Caliphate overthrown in the
679:) may refer to supernatural beings known as
4043:Bernard Lewis, "Race and Slavery in Islam".
3857:"Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI"
3855:Mons. Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo.
2111:in 1377. Although he is born and raised in
1787:('The Bubble Boy' S4 E7) George is playing
1719:. For example, the College of Arms of the
491:designate a specific ethnic group speaking
354:(Μαῦροι) is recorded as the native name by
4125:'Moors' from Oxford Islamic Studies Online
2906:Warwick Armstrong, James Anderson (2007).
2370:Corfis, Ivy (January 2010), "The Moors?",
975:in 739 that lasted until 743 known as the
940:, and in a series of raids they conquered
542:, a term generally referring to people of
4017:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4010:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2456:. U of Minnesota Press. p. xvi, 18.
1764:" refers to the Moors fighting alongside
1668:, where they have persisted in the local
635:refers to all things dark, as in "Moor",
4107:, 2006, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 417–32.
3879:"Corsica (France, Traditional province)"
3837:. Victoria and Albert Museum. 2011-01-13
3037:(Galician Legends of the Oral Tradition)
2255:Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
1897:, Andalusian scholar who introduced the
1642:, though they are also sometimes called
1308:In the meantime, Spanish and Portuguese
818:, the invasions resumed in 665, seizing
3989:. Brooklyn, NY: A&B Books, c. 1994.
3414:by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling,
3067:Francisco Martins Sarmento, "A Mourama"
2828:the Mauri – or Moors – were the Berbers
2654:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
2362:
1691:, as a pun on the bearer's name in the
921:Depiction of the Moors in Iberia, from
340:tribes of the region were noted in the
320:, a state that covered modern northern
62:Christian and Moor playing chess, from
3829:
3827:
3825:
3792:The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture
2628:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
2123:after the fall of the city during the
1901:school of jurisprudence in Al-Andalus.
123:. Moors are not a single, distinct or
2939:. Taylor & Francis. p. 171.
2815:The History and Description of Africa
2008:force, influenced the development of
1964:and universal (latitude-independent)
719:), Muslims of Arab origin are called
393:(c. 1494–1554) identified the Moors (
7:
4105:Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations
3810:A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry
3254:Blakemore, Erin (12 December 2019).
1806:List of Arab scientists and scholars
1774:'s character Azeem in the 1991 film
1712:the island's newfound independence.
370:). The Moors were also mentioned by
133:observed that the term had "no real
3115:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012-04-30).
3035:Leyendas Gallegas de Tradición Oral
2684:. Derby & Jackson. p. 122.
2550:Ceylon and the Hollanders 1658–1796
1852:, Moorish general who defeated the
1247:. The Muslim population of Granada
1203:
979:. The Berbers revolted against the
956:Mountains but were defeated by the
827:conquest, but an Arab assault took
587:. The word is a catch-all term, as
4080:. NY: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001.
3920:In his July 15, 2005 blog article
3602:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
2066:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
1873:in 756; along with its succeeding
1362:History of Islam in southern Italy
1316:spread Christianity to India, the
1132:The Moors request permission from
851:Modern use in parts of the Maghreb
424:word for the Moors (for instance,
226:consolidate the rest of the island
25:
4062:The History of the Moors in Spain
4055:The Story of the Barbary Corsairs
4029:Bernard Lewis, "The Middle East".
3596:Taylor, Julie Anne (2007-04-01).
875:-speaking populations, mainly in
734:—a minority community who follow
468:", similar to associations with "
312:During the classical period, the
3556:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
3530:. Editions Perrin. p. 168.
2695:Diderot, Denis (1752). "Ceuta".
2678:Ditson, George Leighton (1860).
2131:Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī
1721:Society for Creative Anachronism
1218:King of Portugal and the Algarve
1070:; they became extinct after the
798:was founded by the Arab general
651:because of his dark complexion.
3749:Mediterranean Historical Review
3033:Xosé Manuel González Reboredo,
1986:, a writer to whom a number of
1960:and engineer who developed the
1053:Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz
591:may come from several distinct
374:as having revolted against the
4067:J. A. (Joel Augustus) Rogers.
4034:The Muslim Discovery of Europe
3704:Abulafia, David (1985-01-01).
3643:Bonazza, Giulia (2018-12-13).
3369:University of California Press
3328:. pp. 125, 365, and 463.
3295:University of California Press
2818:. Hakluyt Society. p. 108
2338:
1974:later used as a basis for the
1924:, died 1007, Andalusian writer
1709:Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona
1057:Cantigas de Alfonso X el Sabio
385:During the Latin Middle Ages,
145:variously applied the name to
1:
3528:Les empires normands d'Orient
2719:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2061:classical Islamic philosopher
1914:, poet, and scientist in the
1777:Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
1401:from 847 to 871. In 909, the
1366:Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture
472:". During the context of the
283:, meaning "Westerners". From
74:
4189:Medieval history of Portugal
3743:Zeldes, Nadia (1999-12-01).
3054:Portugal: A Book of Folkways
2933:Wessendorf, Susanne (2010).
2657:. BRILL. 1993. p. 560.
2625:Skutsch, Carl (2013-11-07).
2476:Menocal, María Rosa (2002).
2290:Moorish Revival architecture
2260:Genetic studies on Moroccans
2245:Blackamoor (decorative arts)
2205:Sufi mystic and philosopher.
2119:family that immigrated from
1954:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī
1492:but was amplified under the
993:Abbasid revolution (746–750)
897:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
230:Christian kingdoms of Europe
194:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
4204:Medieval history of Morocco
4199:Medieval history of Algeria
3935:"Part IX: Offensive Armory"
3687:Goodman, Jack (June 2017).
2843:. Routledge, London (2003)
2480:. Little, Brown, & Co.
2376:, BRILL, pp. 151–162,
2115:, he is originally from an
1887:, Andalusian historian and
1567:and baths such as those at
1537:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
1520:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
1288:. In reaction, there was a
1145:The Cantigas de Santa María
923:The Cantigas de Santa Maria
845:later push out Umayyad rule
581:and other southern islands
4260:
4173:Folger Shakespeare Library
4162:Victoria and Albert Museum
3877:Sache, Ivan (2009-06-14).
3321:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
2994:Bekers, Elisabeth (2009).
2973:. Routledge. p. 143.
2739:
2028:and polymath who drew the
1799:
1676:well into modern times in
1582:
1553:Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
1507:
1359:
1344:, the Spaniards named the
1262:Court of the lions in the
894:
755:
746:—are commonly referred as
367:
264:
29:
3899:Curry, Ian (2012-03-18).
3761:10.1080/09518969908569759
3722:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301424
3676:(PhD dissertation). UCLA.
3614:10.1080/13602000701308889
3121:. John Wiley & Sons.
2963:; Triandafyllidou, Anna;
2912:. Routledge. p. 83.
2705:2027/spo.did2222.0000.555
2631:. Routledge. p. 31.
2099:sociology, historiography
1701:arms of Pope Benedict XVI
1072:expulsion of the Moriscos
328:, and the Spanish cities
137:value." Europeans of the
3994:New York Review of Books
3922:"Is that a Moor's head?"
3395:(2003), Atlantic Books,
2397:Ross Brann, "The Moors?"
2059:(Ibn Rushd), 1126–1198,
1946:, 1029–1070, Andalusian
1328:. By 1521, the ships of
1280:. However, in 1567 King
1253:Treaty of Granada (1491)
1098:. By 1000, according to
1047:Moorish army (right) of
971:The Maghreb fell into a
792:Great Mosque of Kairouan
45:Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada
3959:Furtado, A. D. (1981).
3670:De Lucia, Lori (2020).
3208:Board of the Alhambra,
2885:. Rodopi. p. 144.
2812:Africanus, Leo (1526).
2511:Oxford University Press
2433:Encyclopædia Britannica
2265:History of North Africa
2063:and polymath who wrote
2043:and polymath who wrote
1996:(Avempace), died 1138,
1956:(Arzachel), 1029–1087,
1934:and surgeon whose work
1783:In the 1992 episode of
1755:Second Spanish Republic
1192:Alfonso VIII of Castile
1051:during the Reconquista
709:Portuguese colonization
593:ethno-linguistic groups
130:Encyclopædia Britannica
51:Cantigas de Santa María
3569:Zeldes, Nadia (2014).
3430:Maalouf, Amin (1992).
3000:. Rodopi. p. 14.
2965:Zapata-Barrero, Ricard
2137:who helped popularize
1845:
1834:
1618:
1598:
1522:
1378:
1267:
1233:Ferdinand II of Aragón
1147:
1136:
1059:
1041:
925:
914:
820:Byzantine North Africa
803:
707:Within the context of
668:
531:region of the Sahara.
165:introduced the names "
80:
55:
4214:History of al-Andalus
4167:Sean Cavazos-Kottke.
4093:David M. Goldenberg.
3903:. Vaguely Interesting
3558:. London: Allen Lane.
3526:Aubé, Pierre (2006).
3348:Ibn Hazm, طوق الحمامة
3256:"Who were the Moors?"
3196:alhambradegranada.org
3094:"Morris Student Plus"
2386:– via Brill.com
2209:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
2135:Moorish mathematician
1958:Andalusian astronomer
1840:
1813:
1604:
1592:
1517:
1385:, from their capital
1373:
1261:
1237:Isabella I of Castile
1142:
1131:
1046:
1033:al-Hakam al-Mustansir
987:was dethroned by the
920:
908:
895:Further information:
789:
657:
575:local Muslim minority
567:former Spanish colony
265:Further information:
61:
42:
4060:Stanley Lane-Poole,
4053:Stanley Lane-Poole.
3881:. Flags of the World
3393:Islam's Black Slaves
3225:Fletcher, Richard A.
3156:www.lankalibrary.com
3104:on November 4, 2014.
3078:Revista de Guimaraes
2879:Simms, Karl (1997).
2175:Comparative religion
1998:Andalusian physicist
1932:Andalusian physician
1881:for three centuries.
1877:, the dynasty ruled
1875:Caliphate of Córdoba
1613:Church, showing the
1533:Islamic architecture
1526:Moorish architecture
1510:Moorish architecture
1405:was replaced by the
1245:Inquisition in Spain
1104:Sub-Saharan Africans
1017:Caliphate of Córdoba
782:Moors of the Maghreb
770:is derived from the
420:, variations of the
309:origin to the word.
238:settlement of Lucera
173:" in South Asia and
4239:Berbers in Portugal
4050:. NY: Putnam, 1888.
4048:The Story of Turkey
3417:Jewish Encyclopedia
3359:Richard A. Fletcher
3285:Richard A. Fletcher
3260:National Geographic
3192:"Sala de los Reyes"
2571:European Commission
2270:History of Portugal
2185:Al-Bayan al-Mughrib
2139:algebraic symbolism
2085:Andalusian botanist
2051:philosophical novel
2039:, circa 1105–1185,
2024:, circa 1100–1166,
2010:classical mechanics
1990:texts are ascribed.
1607:William II Canynges
1555:, now a church, in
1551:(936–1010) and the
1397:, which formed the
1348:-bearing people as
1334:Las Islas Filipinas
1303:Richard A. Fletcher
1174:Kingdom of Portugal
1152:Kingdom of Asturias
934:Strait of Gibraltar
859:populations of the
699:Muslims located in
143:early modern period
99:populations of the
93:Christian Europeans
4057:. NY: Putnam,1890.
4026:26: 295–314, 1993.
3505:Richard Fletcher.
3492:2009-05-21 at the
3072:2012-03-14 at the
2781:Assouline, David.
2499:John Randall Baker
2097:, who wrote about
2026:Moorish geographer
2022:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1922:Maslama al-Majriti
1916:Emirate of Córdoba
1871:Emirate of Córdoba
1858:conquered Hispania
1846:
1835:
1727:In popular culture
1619:
1599:
1597:with Moors' heads.
1523:
1379:
1376:Roger II of Sicily
1338:Philip II of Spain
1312:westward from the
1268:
1225:Kingdom of Granada
1166:Kingdom of Galicia
1162:Kingdom of Navarre
1148:
1137:
1086:) and the largely
1060:
1037:Hisham al-Mu'aiyad
1005:Emirate of Córdoba
926:
915:
804:
669:
660:Moros y Cristianos
554:in particular and
550:is derogatory for
81:
56:
4224:Arabs in Portugal
4209:Emirate of Sicily
4071:. New York: 1952.
4019:87: 345–54, 1992.
3656:978-3-030-01349-3
3515:978-0-520-08496-4
3240:978-0-520-24840-3
3211:SALA DE LOS REYES
3007:978-90-420-2538-7
2980:978-0-415-35515-5
2946:978-0-415-55649-1
2919:978-0-415-33939-1
2892:978-90-420-0260-9
2749:Lewis and Short,
2664:978-90-04-09796-4
2638:978-1-135-19388-1
2573:. 2010. p. 2
2463:978-0-8166-4832-0
2448:Blackmore, Josiah
2319:Emirate of Sicily
2240:Almoravid dynasty
1866:, founder of the
1844:, born in Granada
1758:Spanish Civil War
1705:Freising, Germany
1634:(the language of
1611:St Mary Redcliffe
1573:Alhama de Granada
1411:Fatimid Caliphate
1241:Catholic Monarchs
1178:Kingdom of Aragon
1134:James I of Aragón
1119:Almohad Caliphate
1064:Andalusian Arabic
948:. Their general,
938:Iberian Peninsula
885:Northwestern Mali
808:Umayyad Caliphate
742:coastal state of
717:Portuguese Ceylon
418:Romance languages
246:a Muslim minority
127:people. The 1911
109:Iberian Peninsula
95:to designate the
16:(Redirected from
4251:
4244:Berbers in Spain
3965:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3831:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3523:
3517:
3503:
3497:
3484:
3478:
3468:
3462:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3421:
3409:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3326:Brill Publishers
3315:
3309:
3308:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:on June 18, 2020
3262:. Archived from
3251:
3245:
3244:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3182:
3181:Lapidus, 200–201
3179:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3100:. Archived from
3098:www1.euskadi.net
3090:
3084:
3083:
3064:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2751:Latin Dictionary
2742:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:. Etymonline.com
2715:
2709:
2708:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2596:Hillgarth, J. N.
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2508:
2495:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2342:
2275:History of Spain
2046:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2031:Tabula Rogeriana
1977:Tables of Toledo
1944:Said Al-Andalusi
1905:Abbas ibn Firnas
1766:Francisco Franco
1747:Titus Andronicus
1636:English heraldry
1593:Coat of arms of
1518:Interior of the
1486:Enslaved persons
1445:Ali ibn al-Athir
1290:Morisco uprising
1249:rebelled in 1499
1205:
1188:Crown of Castile
757:
725:Sri Lankan Moors
577:concentrated in
573:call the large,
493:Hassaniya Arabic
369:
248:persisted until
198:Classical Arabic
155:Muslim Europeans
79:
76:
21:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4179:
4178:
4115:
4110:
4086:Frank Snowden.
4032:Bernard Lewis.
3974:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3812:
3804:Parker, James.
3803:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3552:Abulafia, David
3550:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3504:
3500:
3494:Wayback Machine
3485:
3481:
3469:
3465:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3410:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3082:(in Portuguese)
3081:
3074:Wayback Machine
3065:
3061:
3052:Rodney Gallop,
3050:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3021:Lodovico Sforza
3019:
3015:
3008:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2838:
2834:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2787:Muslim Journeys
2780:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2285:Marinid dynasty
2230:
1968:and compiled a
1895:Yahya al-Laithi
1864:Abd ar-Rahman I
1850:Tariq ibn Ziyad
1833:in 14th century
1831:Andrea Bonaiuto
1823:secular thought
1808:
1802:List of Berbers
1798:
1789:Trivial Pursuit
1729:
1587:
1581:
1512:
1506:
1441:Robert Guiscard
1426:George Maniakes
1399:Emirate of Bari
1368:
1358:
1356:Moors of Sicily
1318:Malay Peninsula
1183:Marca Hispánica
1170:Kingdom of León
997:Abd al-Rahman I
985:Umayyad dynasty
966:Battle of Tours
950:Tariq ibn Ziyad
930:northern Africa
903:
893:
891:Moors of Iberia
853:
784:
738:in the western
645:Ludovico Sforza
607:"Moro Nation".
495:. They inhabit
414:
412:Modern meanings
402:Africa Province
273:
263:
258:
250:their expulsion
242:fall of Granada
216:Moors occupied
204:and modern-day
179:Bengali Muslims
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:Arabs in Spain
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4165:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4133:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4113:External links
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4074:Ronald Segal.
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4030:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4012:83:35–48 1990.
4006:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3985:Jan R. Carew.
3982:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3951:
3926:
3913:
3891:
3869:
3859:. The Holy See
3847:
3821:
3796:
3783:
3774:
3735:
3696:
3679:
3662:
3655:
3635:
3588:
3583:10.1400/229481
3577:(XIX): 55–62.
3561:
3543:
3536:
3518:
3498:
3479:
3463:
3447:
3440:
3422:
3404:
3391:Ronald Segal,
3384:
3377:
3371:. p. 61.
3361:(2006-05-05).
3350:
3341:
3335:978-9004095991
3334:
3310:
3303:
3297:. p. 20.
3287:(2006-05-05).
3276:
3246:
3239:
3216:
3200:
3183:
3171:
3161:
3143:
3134:
3127:
3107:
3085:
3059:
3044:
3025:
3013:
3006:
2986:
2979:
2952:
2945:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2891:
2871:
2852:
2832:
2804:
2793:on 20 May 2018
2773:
2760:
2731:
2710:
2687:
2670:
2663:
2644:
2637:
2617:
2610:
2587:
2555:
2540:
2523:
2490:
2469:
2462:
2439:
2424:, ed. (1911).
2422:Chisholm, Hugh
2413:
2389:
2382:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:Hindu Kristao
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Islam in Spain
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2211:, a judge and
2206:
2196:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2142:
2128:
2092:
2078:
2054:
2034:
2019:
2013:
1991:
1981:
1951:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1902:
1892:
1885:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
1882:
1879:Islamic Iberia
1861:
1827:Western Europe
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1772:Morgan Freeman
1769:
1751:
1728:
1725:
1583:Main article:
1580:
1577:
1549:Medina Azahara
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1498:Spanish crowns
1409:rulers of the
1357:
1354:
1088:Basque Country
962:Charles Martel
892:
889:
881:Western Sahara
869:Western Sahara
852:
849:
783:
780:
760:Goan Catholics
597:Maranao people
569:, many modern
505:Western Sahara
413:
410:
406:Roman Africans
289:ancient Greeks
262:
259:
257:
254:
212:. In 827, the
91:first used by
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4256:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4174:
4171:: (outline).
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:The Histories
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3537:2-262-02297-6
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:Moorish Spain
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3441:1-56131-022-0
3437:
3433:
3432:Leo Africanus
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:1-903809-81-9
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3378:9780520248403
3374:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3364:Moorish Spain
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3304:9780520248403
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:Moorish Spain
3286:
3280:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:Moorish Spain
3226:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3128:9780470672914
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2961:Modood, Tariq
2956:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2860:ASALE, RAE-.
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:0-415-28096-6
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2611:0-472-11092-6
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:Pieris, P.E.
2544:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2524:9780192129543
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:0-316-16871-8
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2427:"Moors"
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2383:9789047441540
2379:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:Leo Africanus
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:, 1412–1486,
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:pharmacopoeia
2086:
2083:, died 1248,
2082:
2081:Ibn al-Baitar
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:Arabic writer
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:(Abulcasis),
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:Leo Africanus
1839:
1832:
1829:. Painted by
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1796:Notable Moors
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:North America
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:and his son,
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1415:Siculo-Arabic
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:, who was of
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Berber Revolt
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
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898:
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888:
886:
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846:
841:
837:
832:
830:
825:
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817:
813:
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800:Uqba ibn Nafi
797:
793:
788:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
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722:
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714:
710:
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694:
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684:
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671:In Portugal,
666:
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642:
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630:
626:
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614:
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557:
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545:
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532:
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525:Azawagh Arabs
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
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499:and parts of
498:
494:
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396:
392:
391:Leo Africanus
388:
383:
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377:
373:
365:
364:Ancient Greek
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
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310:
308:
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294:
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126:
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110:
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102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
72:
68:
67:
66:Book of Games
60:
53:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4104:
4094:
4087:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3972:Bibliography
3960:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3941:. 2008-04-02
3938:
3929:
3916:
3905:. Retrieved
3894:
3883:. Retrieved
3872:
3861:. Retrieved
3850:
3839:. Retrieved
3813:. Retrieved
3809:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3781:Curl p. 502.
3777:
3755:(2): 67–94.
3752:
3748:
3738:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3682:
3672:
3665:
3649:. Springer.
3645:
3638:
3608:(1): 71–77.
3605:
3601:
3591:
3574:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3501:
3482:
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3415:
3407:
3392:
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3363:
3353:
3344:
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3313:
3289:
3279:
3268:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3259:
3249:
3229:
3219:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3117:
3110:
3102:the original
3097:
3088:
3077:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:(in Spanish)
3034:
3028:
3016:
2996:
2989:
2969:
2955:
2935:
2928:
2908:
2901:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2855:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2820:. Retrieved
2814:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2786:
2776:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2713:
2696:
2690:
2680:
2673:
2653:
2647:
2627:
2620:
2600:
2590:
2582:
2577:28 September
2575:. Retrieved
2558:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2528:. Retrieved
2504:
2493:
2477:
2472:
2452:
2442:
2431:
2416:
2400:
2392:
2372:
2365:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2301:
2171:Muslim World
2106:
2071:Aristotelian
2069:and several
2064:
2044:
2029:
1975:
1969:
1935:
1775:
1762:¡Ay Carmela!
1745:
1739:
1733:
1714:
1697:Frederick II
1693:canting arms
1686:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:Anglo-Norman
1620:
1614:
1524:
1504:Architecture
1490:Hohenstaufen
1479:
1472:
1470:took place.
1460:Frederick II
1453:
1438:
1419:
1380:
1333:
1307:
1299:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1223:The Moorish
1222:
1208:
1181:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1116:
1100:Ronald Segal
1061:
1056:
1022:
970:
932:crossed the
927:
854:
840:pagan Berber
833:
805:
775:
767:
747:
732:Goan Muslims
729:
721:Ceylon Moors
720:
706:
698:
691:
682:
676:
672:
670:
663:festival in
658:
648:
636:
632:
620:
616:
610:
609:
604:
595:such as the
588:
582:
560:
558:in general.
547:
539:
533:
527:, after the
488:
484:
482:
457:
449:
441:
433:
416:In medieval
415:
394:
386:
384:
376:Roman Empire
359:
351:
345:
311:
300:
292:
284:
280:
274:
267:Mauri people
191:
171:Indian Moors
167:Ceylon Moors
159:
135:ethnological
128:
125:self-defined
84:
82:
63:
50:
36:
4219:Arab people
3999:Herodotus,
3716:: 209–242.
3456:History of
2745:Geographica
2302:Don Quixote
2295:Orientalism
2161:Ibn Battuta
2125:Reconquista
2095:Ibn Khaldun
1907:, 810–887,
1674:vexillology
1579:In heraldry
1530:articulated
1475:Catholicism
1464:Christendom
1439:The Norman
1424:army under
1420:In 1038, a
1326:Philippines
1310:expeditions
1157:Reconquista
1001:Arab-Berber
865:Arab-Berber
834:Although a
647:was called
563:Philippines
478:Reconquista
234:Reconquista
183:Moro people
139:Middle Ages
121:Middle Ages
119:during the
78: 1285
4183:Categories
3945:2012-01-23
3907:2013-01-25
3885:2013-01-25
3863:2013-01-25
3841:2012-01-23
3815:2012-01-23
3458:Al-Andalus
3420:. 1906 ed.
3270:2020-10-30
2725:2014-05-12
2513:. p.
2357:References
2349:sogle bhau
2250:Böszörmény
2221:al-Andalus
2203:Andalusian
2181:Ibn Idhari
2155:Estevanico
2108:Muqaddimah
2037:Ibn Tufail
1994:Ibn Bajjah
1988:alchemical
1962:equatorium
1928:Al-Zahrawi
1889:grammarian
1800:See also:
1653:blackamoor
1360:See also:
1324:, and the
1294:Alpujarras
1214:Afonso III
1186:, and the
1009:Andalusian
944:Christian
942:Visigothic
901:Al-Andalus
877:Mauritania
778:("Moor").
772:Portuguese
701:South Asia
681:enchanted
675:(feminine,
605:Bangsamoro
544:Maghrebian
497:Mauritania
446:Portuguese
368:Μαυρούσιοι
324:, western
318:Mauretania
277:Phoenician
271:Mauretania
202:Septimania
163:Portuguese
105:al-Andalus
3790:Pevsner,
3769:0951-8967
3730:0083-5897
3630:216117913
3622:1360-2004
2822:30 August
2530:March 12,
2401:Andalusia
2219:law from
2199:Ibn Arabi
2103:economics
2075:Averroism
1984:Artephius
1966:astrolabe
1937:Al-Tasrif
1854:Visigoths
1819:Averroism
1648:blackmoor
1561:Aljafería
1494:Aragonese
1422:Byzantine
1403:Aghlabids
1383:Aghlabids
1322:Indonesia
1314:New World
1282:Philip II
1084:Covadonga
1068:Mozarabic
973:civil war
936:onto the
873:Hassaniya
836:Christian
816:civil war
812:Byzantine
713:Sri Lanka
571:Filipinos
552:Moroccans
261:Etymology
252:in 1609.
175:Sri Lanka
83:The term
71:Alfonso X
4194:Ifriqiya
4142:article.
4024:Arethusa
3554:(1988).
3490:Archived
3227:(2006).
3070:Archived
2967:(2006).
2747:17.3.2.
2598:(2000).
2501:(1974).
2488:, p. 241
2450:(2009).
2300:Ricote (
2228:See also
2177:studies.
2167:Ibn Hazm
2057:Averroes
2016:Ibn Zuhr
2006:reaction
2002:polymath
1912:inventor
1815:Averroes
1785:Seinfeld
1689:Crusades
1682:Sardinia
1670:heraldry
1623:heraldry
1565:Zaragoza
1547:city of
1456:Henry VI
1434:Syracuse
1407:Isma'ili
1387:Kairouan
1342:Mindanao
1336:, after
1330:Magellan
1278:moriscos
1273:marranos
1264:Alhambra
1212:) under
1209:al-Gharb
1092:Pyrenees
1080:Asturias
1049:Almanzor
1029:al-Nasir
1025:al-Nasir
1013:Ibn Hazm
1007:and the
989:Abbasids
981:Umayyads
968:in 732.
954:Pyrenees
946:Hispania
911:Alhambra
829:Carthage
641:Milanese
625:moriscos
579:Mindanao
476:and the
474:Crusades
470:Saracens
454:Romanian
360:Maurusii
342:Classics
299:derives
214:Aghlabid
210:Portugal
141:and the
4234:Berbers
4175:, 1998.
3412:Granada
2757:"Mauri"
2753:, 1879
2699:: 871.
2409:Morisco
2405:Mudéjar
2213:scholar
2189:Maghreb
2149:pirates
2121:Seville
2105:in the
1868:Umayyad
1735:Othello
1678:Corsica
1541:Giralda
1528:is the
1482:Manfred
1430:Normans
1391:Tunisia
1292:in the
1239:, the "
1229:Granada
1196:Algarve
1112:Tangier
1090:in the
1055:, from
964:at the
861:Maghreb
857:coastal
796:Tunisia
752:Konkani
649:Il Moro
629:Granada
617:morapio
601:endonym
561:In the
556:Muslims
529:Azawagh
513:Morocco
509:Tunisia
501:Algeria
489:Moorish
430:Spanish
426:Italian
372:Tacitus
334:Melilla
326:Algeria
322:Morocco
291:derive
285:Mahurin
281:Mahurin
169:" and "
151:Berbers
101:Maghreb
18:Moorish
4148:(2006)
3767:
3728:
3710:Viator
3653:
3628:
3620:
3534:
3513:
3438:
3399:
3375:
3332:
3301:
3237:
3125:
3004:
2977:
2943:
2916:
2889:
2847:
2797:30 May
2661:
2635:
2608:
2521:
2484:
2460:
2380:
2324:Farang
2314:Sicily
2235:Adarga
2217:Maliki
2193:Iberia
1909:Berber
1899:Maliki
1860:in 711
1760:song "
1741:Otello
1662:Maures
1631:blazon
1615:couped
1595:Aragon
1559:, the
1557:Toledo
1545:palace
1468:Lucera
1449:Franks
1286:Arabic
1200:Arabic
1180:, the
1176:, the
1172:, the
1168:, the
1164:, the
1123:taifas
1108:slaves
1074:, but
960:under
958:Franks
883:, and
871:, and
822:up to
764:Hindus
740:Indian
688:Basque
637:moreno
612:Moreno
519:, and
466:Muslim
438:French
378:in 24
356:Strabo
338:Berber
336:. The
314:Romans
307:Hebrew
287:, the
222:Sicily
218:Mazara
187:exonym
185:", an
153:, and
113:Sicily
97:Muslim
89:exonym
87:is an
4164:(n.d)
3806:"Man"
3626:S2CID
3169:731–2
3076:, in
2567:(PDF)
2331:Notes
2113:Tunis
1666:Italy
1658:negro
1644:moore
1640:maure
1638:) is
1585:Maure
1569:Ronda
1350:Moros
1340:. In
1204:الغرب
824:Bugia
776:mouro
774:word
758:) by
736:Islam
711:, in
693:mairu
683:moura
677:moura
673:mouro
665:Oliva
643:Duke
584:Moros
517:Niger
462:Libya
450:mouro
442:maure
422:Latin
399:Roman
395:Mauri
387:Mauri
352:Mauri
347:Mauri
330:Ceuta
302:Mauri
297:Latin
293:Mauro
279:term
206:Spain
147:Arabs
117:Malta
4138:, a
3765:ISSN
3726:ISSN
3651:ISBN
3618:ISSN
3532:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3475:Cell
3454:See
3436:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3373:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3123:ISBN
3002:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2824:2017
2799:2018
2769:p114
2755:s.v.
2659:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2579:2012
2532:2014
2519:ISBN
2505:Race
2482:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2407:and
2378:ISBN
2347:Moir
2191:and
2117:Arab
2101:and
2049:, a
2000:and
1948:Qadi
1856:and
1804:and
1753:The
1680:and
1672:and
1571:and
1496:and
1395:Bari
1364:and
1346:kris
1276:and
1235:and
1150:The
1066:and
1031:and
899:and
838:and
790:The
768:Moir
762:and
748:Moir
730:The
633:Moro
621:moro
589:Moro
565:, a
548:moro
540:moro
534:The
521:Mali
487:and
485:Moor
458:maur
434:moro
428:and
332:and
269:and
256:Name
208:and
115:and
85:Moor
64:The
49:the
32:Moor
4140:PBS
3757:doi
3718:doi
3610:doi
3579:doi
2701:hdl
2515:226
2343:...
2215:of
1971:Zij
1825:in
1656:or
1563:in
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794:in
756:मैर
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1202::
1114:.
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