721:
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31:
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739:, which continues to be used for Temple No. 9. Demographic and cultural changes have decreased the attraction of young people to the Moorish Science Temple. Only about 200 members attended a convention in 2007, rather than the thousands of the past. In the early 2000s, the temples in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., had about 200 members each, and many were older people.
681:. In September 1953, the Department of Justice determined that prosecution was not warranted for the alleged violations. The file that the FBI created on the temple grew to 3,117 pages during its lifetime. They never found any evidence of any connection or much sympathy of the temple's members for Japan.
673:, who investigated claims of members committing subversive activities by adhering to and spreading of Japanese propaganda. The investigation failed to find any substantial evidence, and the investigations were dropped. The federal agency later investigated the organization in 1953 for violation of the
410:
or El to their surnames, to signify
Moorish heritage as well as their taking on the new life as Moorish Americans. It was also a way to claim and proclaim a new identity over that lost to the enslavement of their ancestors. These suffixes were a sign to others that while one's African tribal name may
160:
by faith. Ali put together elements of major traditions to develop a message of personal transformation through historical education, racial pride, and spiritual uplift. His doctrine was also intended to provide
African Americans with a sense of identity in the world and to promote civic involvement.
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Perkins, p. 186, as well as other less reputable sources. Perkins cites "Standard
Certificate of Death No. 22054, Timothy Drew, issued July 25, 1929, Office of Cook County Clerk, Cook County, Illinois". The certificate was filed by Dr. Clarence Payne-El, who was reportedly at Drew Ali's bedside when
539:
In early 1929, following a conflict over funds, Claude Green-Bey, the business manager of
Chicago Temple No. 1 split from the Moorish Science Temple of America. He declared himself Grand Sheik and took a number of members with him. On March 15, Green-Bey was stabbed to death at the Unity Hall of the
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There he instructed followers not to be confrontational but to build up their people to be respected. In this way, they might take their place in the United States by developing a cultural identity that was congruent with Drew Ali's beliefs on personhood. In the late 1920s, journalists estimated the
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As Drew Ali began his version of teaching the
Moorish-Americans to become better citizens, he made speeches like, "A Divine Warning By the Prophet for the Nations", in which he urged them to reject derogatory labels, such as "Black", "colored", and "Negro". He urged Americans of all races to reject
362:
Drew Ali crafted
Moorish Science from a variety of sources, a "network of alternative spiritualities that focused on the power of the individual to bring about personal transformation through mystical knowledge of the divine within". In the inter-war years in Chicago and other major cities, he used
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Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Abu Shouk (p. 147), Hamm (p. 14), and Lippy (p. 214) all state that Fard claimed to be, or was considered by many Moors to be, the reincarnation of Drew Ali. According to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, also known as Abdul Wali Farad
Muhammad Ali, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali in
353:
The fallen sons and daughters of the
Asiatic Nation of North America need to learn to love instead of hate; and to know of their higher self and lower self. This is the uniting of the Holy Koran of Mecca for teaching and instructing all Moorish Americans, etc. The key of civilization was and is in
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Drew Ali was out of town at the time, as he was dealing with former
Supreme Grand Governor Lomax Bey (professor Ezaldine Muhammad), who had supported Green-Bey's attempted coup. When Drew Ali returned to Chicago, the police arrested him and other members of the community on suspicion of having
191:
One primary tenet of the
Moorish Science Temple is the belief that African Americans are of "Moorish" descent, specifically from the "Moroccan Empire". According to Ali, this area included other countries around Northwest Africa. To join the movement, individuals had to proclaim their "Moorish
815:
states that the Temple has disavowed any affiliation with those responsible, calling them "radical and subversive fringe groups" and also states that "Moorish leaders are looking into legal remedies." The article also quotes an academic who has been advising authorities on how to distinguish
632:, known within the temple as David Ford-el, also claimed (or was taken by some) to be the reincarnation of Drew Ali. When his leadership was rejected, Ford El broke away from the Moorish Science Temple. He moved to Detroit, where he formed his own group, an organization that would become the
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On September 25, 1929, Kirkman Bey's wife reported to the Chicago police his apparent kidnapping by one Ira Johnson. Accompanied by two Moorish Science members, the police visited the home of Johnson, when they were met by gunfire. The attack escalated into a shoot-out that spilled into the
1541:, whose news articles had turned critical, said that "it is believed that the ordeal of the trial together with the treatment he received at the hands of police in an effort to obtain true statements are directly responsible for the illness which precipitated his death" (July 27, 1929).
192:
nationality". They were given "nationality cards". In religious texts, adherents refer to themselves racially as "Asiatics", as the Middle East is also western Asia. Adherents of this movement are known as "Moorish-American Moslems" and are called "Moorish Scientists" in some circles.
207:, establishing a center there, as well as temples in other major cities. The movement expanded rapidly during the late 1920s. The quick expansion of the Moorish Science Temple arose in large part from the search for identity and context among black Americans at the time of the
358:
Drew Ali and his followers used this material to claim, "Jesus and his followers were Asiatic." ("Asiatic" was the term Drew Ali used for all dark or olive-colored people; he labeled all whites as European. He suggested that all Asiatics should be allied.)
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surrounding neighborhood. In the end, a policeman as well as a member were killed in the gun battle, and a second policeman later died of his wounds. The police took 60 people into police custody, and a reported 1000 police officers patrolled the Chicago
652:
One-third of the members, or 10,000, lived in Chicago, the center of the movement. There were congregations in numerous other cities where African Americans had migrated in the early 20th century. The group published several magazines: one was the
2149:
Abu Shouk, Ahmed I.; Hunwick, J. O.; O'Fahey, R. S. (1997). "A Sudanese Missionary to the United States: Sāttī Mājid, 'Shaykh al-Islām in North America,' and His Encounter with Noble Drew Ali, Prophet of the Moorish Science Temple Movement".
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Shortly after his release by the police, Drew Ali died at age 43 at his home in Chicago on July 20, 1929. Although the exact circumstances of his death are unknown, the Certificate of Death stated that Noble Drew Ali died from
530:
stated that his trip included "interviews with many distinguished citizens from Chicago, who greeted him on every hand." With the growth in its population and membership, Chicago was established as the center of the movement.
708:("the foundation" in Arabic), also known as "Circle Seven El Rukn Moorish Science Temple of America" and the "Moorish Science Temple, El Rukn tribe". Scholars are divided over the nature of the relationship, if any, between
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and the later Nation of Islam. By 1928, members of the Moorish Science Temple of America had obtained some respectability within Chicago and Illinois, as they were featured prominently and favorably in the pages of
395:. He claimed that Islam and its teachings are more beneficial to their earthly salvation, and that their "true nature" had been "withheld" from them. In the traditions he founded, male members of the Temple wear a
746:, as part of a diversity program, proclaimed July 15 to be "Morocco Day". The city mistakenly invited members of the local Moorish Science temple to the ceremony, believing them to be of actual Moroccan descent.
648:
Despite the turmoil and defections, the movement continued to grow in the 1930s. It is estimated that membership in the 1930s reached 30,000. There were major congregations in Philadelphia, Detroit, and Chicago.
608:
With the support of several temples each, Mealy El and Givens El both went on to lead separate factions of the Moorish Science Temple. All three factions (Kirkman Bey, Mealy El, and Givens El) are active today.
560:". Despite the official report, many of his followers speculated that his death was caused by injuries from the police or from other members of the faith. Others thought it was due to pneumonia. One Moor told
367:
and uplift. His approach appealed to thousands of African Americans who had left severely oppressive conditions in the South through the Great Migration and faced struggles in new urban environments.
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Hence it is in the Moorish Science Temple that we encounter fables about the "ancient Moabite kingdom now known as Morocco, which existed in northwest Amexem. which is now known as northwest Africa."
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in the 1930s. The number of Moorish sovereign citizens is uncertain but possibly ranges between 3,000 and 6,000 organized mostly in small groups of several dozen. Moorish sovereign citizens believe
214:
Competing factions developed among the congregations and leaders, especially after the death of the charismatic Ali. Three independent organizations developed from this ferment. The founding of the
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2854:
598:, Drew Ali's chauffeur, declared that he was Drew Ali reincarnated. He is said to have fainted while working on Drew Ali's automobile and "the sign of the star and crescent in his eyes".
1772:
Nash (p. 167) says Fort did join the Milwaukee temple. Hamm (p. 25) states otherwise: "Fort tried to join the Moorish Science Temple in Milwaukee but Temple elders refused to have him."
1808:
See also Nashashibi ("In 1982 the El Rukns dropped their affiliation with the Moorish Science Temple of America and moved closer toward a more orthodox understanding of Sunni Islam.")
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1814:("The sinister El Rukn group is a breakaway faction from the Moorish Science Temple of America ... apparently it no longer has any connection with the Moorish Science Temple.").
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2020:
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magic. In one version of Drew Ali's biography, the leader saw him as a reincarnation of the founder. In others, he says that the priest considered him a reincarnation of
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807:
used in court appearances and filings. Various groups and individuals identifying as Moorish sovereign citizens have used the unorthodox "quantum grammar" created by
489:
Moorish Science Temple had 35,000 members in 17 temples in cities across the Midwest and upper South. It was reportedly studied and watched by the Chicago police.
2182:
Blakemore, Jerome; Mayo, Yolanda; Blakemore, Glenda (2006). "African-American and Other Street Gangs: A Quest of Identity (Revisted)". In See, Letha A. (ed.).
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and the Moorish Science Temple of America. Fort reportedly hoped that an apparent affiliation with a religious organization would discourage law enforcement.
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At the September Unity Conference, Givens again made his claim of reincarnation. However, the governors of the Moorish Science Temple of America declared
2819:
2123:
701:, Fort associated himself with the Moorish Science Temple of America. It is unclear whether he officially joined or was instead rejected by its members.
195:
The Moorish Science Temple of America was incorporated under the Illinois Religious Corporation Act 805 ILCS 110. Timothy Drew, known to its members as
262:
attempted to link Timothy Drew to one Thomas Drew, born January 8, 1886, using census records, a World War I draft card, and street directory records.
2824:
2839:
2383:
Nance, Susan (December 2002). "Respectability and Representation: The Moorish Science Temple, Morocco and Black Public Culture in 1920s Chicago".
307:
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2373:
2326:
2232:
2191:
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Nance, Susan (Summer 2002). "Mystery of the Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality in 1920s Chicago".
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Main, Frank (June 25, 2006). "Dad: Sears Tower suspect under spell of mystery man: But claims of religious ties are puzzling, experts say".
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Kirkman Bey went on to serve as Grand Advisor of one of the most important factions until 1959, when the reins were given to F. Nelson-Bey.
1906:"The Sovereign Citizen Movement: A Comparative Analysis with Similar Foreign Movements and Takeaways for the United States Judicial System"
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465:. He left the city after agitating people with his views on race. Drew Ali and his followers migrated, while planting congregations in
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Quoted by Paghdiwala, p. 24. Also quoted by Nance (2002, p. 659, note 84) with a reference to "Cult Leader Dies; Was in Murder Case",
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in 1930 also created competition for members. In the 1930s membership was estimated at 30,000, with one third in Chicago. During the
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formed an offshoot of the sovereign citizen movement which came to be known as Moorish sovereign citizens. Members believe the
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Terrorist Recruitment in American Correctional Institutions: An Exploratory Study of Non-Traditional Faith Groups Final Report
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constitute an elite class within American society, despite the fact that much of their underlying ideology originated among
1943:
1905:
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1318:"African-American Muslims and the Question of Identity: Between Traditional Islam, African Heritage, and the American Way"
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stated that he had been declared Drew Ali's successor by Drew Ali himself. In August, within a month of Drew Ali's death,
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with minor changes in style and wording. They are instructions on how to live, and the education and duties of adherents.
564:, "The Prophet was not ill; his work was done and he laid his head upon the lap of one of his followers and passed out."
354:
the hands of the Asiatic nations. The Moorish, who were the ancient Moabites, and the founders of the Holy City of Mecca.
1733:
2844:
2025:
1948:
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636:. The Nation of Islam denied any historical connection with the Moorish Science Temple until February 26, 2014, when
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1806:
Blakemore, et al. (p. 335) says that "The Moorish Science Temple of America has always denied such a connection."
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During the 1940s, the Moorish Science Temple (specifically the Kirkman Bey faction) came to the attention of the
2859:
2718:
1244:"Mystery of the Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality in 1920s Chicago"
2138:
1115:
246:, United States. Sources differ as to his background and upbringing: one reports he was the son of two former
305:" because of its cover, which features a red "7" surrounded by a blue circle. The first 19 chapters are from
2713:
855:
30:
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years, the Moorish Science Temple of America continued to increase in membership, albeit at a slower rate.
2864:
2748:
2744:
876:
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acknowledged the contribution(s) of Noble Drew Ali to the Nation of Islam and their founding principles.
602:
387:, as the name suggests). This claim does not align with scientific studies of human history, such as the
2693:
901:"Chapter 6: Breaking Away – Noble Drew Ali and the Foundations of Contemporary Islam in African America"
629:
523:
219:
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428:
379:, who he claimed were descended from the ancient Moabites (the kingdom which he says is now known as
595:
2585:
986:
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422:
The ushers of the Temple wore black fezzes. The leader of a particular temple was known as a Grand
66:
2643:
511:, and conspicuously collaborated with African American politician and businessman Daniel Jackson.
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anti-government group. Tactics used by the group include filing false deeds and property claims,
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982:"Moorish Science Temple, The Divine and National Movement of North America, Incorporated, N"
920:
812:
470:
349:
Drew Ali wrote the last four chapters of the Circle Seven Koran himself. In these he wrote:
492:
Building Moorish-American businesses was part of their program, and in that was similar to
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During the 1990s, some former followers of the Moorish Science Temple of America and the
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never be known to them, European names given by their enslavers were not theirs, either.
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and other religious prophets. According to the biography, the high priest trained Ali in
2539:
Scopino, A. J. Jr. (2001). "Moorish Science Temple of America". In Mjagkij, Nina (ed.).
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697:, announced at his parole from prison in 1976 that he had converted to Islam. Moving to
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Moorish Science Temple teaching the full National side of the Moorish Movement", is the
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2484:
2479:
2000:"'Rise of the Moors' classified as antigovernment group by Southern Poverty Law Center"
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833:
423:
243:
141:
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73:
36:
2513:
Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity
2813:
2465:
2414:
1691:"Saviours' Day 2014 Keynote Address: 'How Strong Is Our Foundation; Can We Survive?'"
1267:
956:
912:
773:
493:
2076:"Bogus court filings spotlight little-known sect Moorish Science Temple of America"
1303:
800:
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554:
466:
316:
144:(born as Timothy Drew) in the early 20th century. He based it on the premise that
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The death of Drew Ali brought out a number of candidates to succeed him. Brother
485:
was "closer to Islam". The following year he officially registered Temple No. 9.
2793:
2708:
2557:
2444:(2007). "The Blackstone Legacy, Islam, and the Rise of Ghetto Cosmopolitanism".
577:
482:
339:
128:
2242:
Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2004). "Ali, Noble Drew".
1870:"Moorish Science Temple of America Represents Morocco at Flag-Raising Ceremony"
1784:, "El Rukn street gang joins drive to register voters", August 25, 1982, p. 17.
1008:
841:
335:
during the years of his life which are not accounted for by the New Testament.
35:
Attendees of the 1928 Moorish Science Temple Of America Convention in Chicago.
2457:
2049:"The Sovereign Citizen Movement Common Documentary Identifiers & Examples"
1295:
1259:
823:
796:
743:
657:. During the 1930s and 1940s, continued surveillance by police (and later the
2184:
Human Behavior in the Social Environment from an African-American Perspective
1924:
2734:
2703:
2698:
2273:
Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas
1460:
Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas
1431:
Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas
908:
905:
Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas
816:
registered Temple members from impostors in the sovereign citizen movement.
792:
698:
690:
661:) caused the Moors to become more withdrawn and critical of the government.
396:
287:
165:
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to be illegitimate, which they attribute to a variety of factors including
544:
instigated the killing. No indictment was sworn for Drew Ali at that time.
2541:
Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations
2798:
2398:
2004:
804:
729:
678:
313:
283:
251:
199:
Noble Drew Ali, founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in 1913 in
169:
2406:
1185:
A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order
270:
Drew Ali reported that during his travels, he met with a high priest of
2560:(December 27, 1985). "Chicago Gang Sues to Be Recognized as Religion".
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380:
255:
223:
204:
196:
2366:
Five Percenter Rap: God Hop's Music, Message, and Black Muslim Mission
2021:"Judge Ignores 'Martian law,' Tosses 'Sovereign Citizen' Into Slammer"
704:
In 1978, Fort returned to Chicago and changed the name of his gang to
498:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
415:
hate and embrace love. He believed that Chicago would become a second
258:
Muslim father and a Cherokee mother. In 2014 an article in the online
234:
865:
617:
that evening. Johnson and two others were later convicted of murder.
400:
279:
247:
242:
Timothy Drew was believed to have been born on January 8, 1886, in
203:, a booming industrial city. After some difficulties, Ali moved to
2494:
Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture
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328:
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1463:, Cambridge University Press, p. 260. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
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149:
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1434:, Cambridge University Press, p. 219. Retrieved August 29, 2009
211:
to northern cities, as they were becoming an urbanized people.
670:
658:
426:, or Governor. Noble Drew Ali had several wives. According to
407:
140:
is an American national and religious organization founded by
605:
to be the successor to Drew Ali and named him Grand Advisor.
2830:
African and Black nationalist organizations in North America
1350:"The American Religion That Makes Its Members 'Moroccans'"
1248:
Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation
772:
following the U.S. Civil War and the abandonment of the
728:
In 1984 the Chicago congregation bought a building from
1973:
A Kind of Magic: The Origins and Culture of 'Pseudolaw'
1110:
F. Abdat, "Before the Fez-Life and Times of Drew Ali",
1035:, Chapter XXV – "A Holy Covenant of the Asiatic Nation"
1033:
The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America
2212:"Drew Ali, 'Prophet' of Moorish Cult, Dies Suddenly".
2124:"Before the Fez- Life and Times of Drew Ali 1886-1924"
1320:. In Hadda, Yvonne Yazbeck; Esposito, John L. (eds.).
1236:
1234:
1232:
540:
Moorish Science Temple, on Indiana Avenue in Chicago.
2885:
Religious belief systems founded in the United States
2319:
Faith in America: Changes, Challenges, New Directions
1679:
Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Lippy (p. 214), Miyakawa (p. 12).
1083:
Wilson, p. 15; Gomez, p. 203; Paghdiwala; Gale Group.
432:, he claimed the power to marry and divorce at will.
1636:"Supreme Grand Advisor and Moderator C. Kirkman-Bey"
2762:
2727:
2686:
2107:
Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America
514:Drew Ali attended the January 1929 inauguration of
299:
Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America
182:
Divine and National Movement of North America, Inc.
124:
110:
102:
92:
82:
72:
62:
52:
44:
23:
1740:. FBI. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010
444:Noble Drew Ali (top center) with Chicago Alderman
461:In 1913, Drew Ali formed the Canaanite Temple in
383:, as opposed to the ancient Canaanite kingdom of
2855:Islamic organizations based in the United States
2201:"Cult Head Took Too Much Power, Witnesses Say".
1758:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1595:"Patrolmen Jesse D. Hults and William Gallagher"
1979:. Queensland Magistrates’ State Conference 2022
351:
323:, Dowling described Jesus' supposed travels in
2664:
2298:(Report). U.S. Department of Justice. 220957.
338:Chapters 20 through 45 are borrowed from the
8:
2680:New religious movements in the United States
2644:FBI on the Moorish Science Temple of America
2615:Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam
2530:"Religious Cult Head Sentenced For Murder".
894:
892:
791:classifies Moorish sovereign citizens as an
375:Ali believed that African Americans are all
16:American national and religious organization
2875:Religious organizations established in 1913
1938:
1936:
1934:
1188:. Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
2671:
2657:
2649:
2483:. Vol. 37, no. 8. Archived from
2165:A Religious History of the American People
2473:Paghdiwala, Tasneem (November 15, 2007).
2364:Miyakawa, Felicia M. (January 28, 2024).
1839:Paghdiwala, Tasneem (November 15, 2007).
254:; another describes Drew as the son of a
2596:Islam in the African-American Experience
2548:"Seize 60 After So. Side Cult Tragedy".
1899:
1897:
1868:Owen-Jones, Juliette (August 13, 2019).
1324:. Oxford University Press. p. 223.
1128:"10 Things To Know About Noble Drew Ali"
1101:Gomez and Paghdiwala give both versions.
799:against government officials, frivolous
571:
233:
180:, with registered business names of the
2583:"Three Deaths Laid to Fanatical Plot".
2248:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
2167:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
2137:(8). Sopher Press: 1–39. Archived from
2131:Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Religion
1212:Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History
1155:The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ
888:
403:as head covering; women wear a turban.
308:The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ
2301:
1751:
1689:Farrakhan, Louis (February 26, 2014).
1563:"Hold Final Rites for Moorish Chief",
1112:Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion
266:Founding of the Moorish Science Temple
260:Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion
20:
2424:World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime
742:On July 15, 2019, Philadelphia mayor
628:The community was further split when
393:genetic history of sub-Saharan Africa
290:and gave him a "lost section" of the
164:An organization with headquarters in
7:
1322:Muslims on the Americanization Path?
39:is in white in the front row center.
2019:Steinback, Robert (July 20, 2011).
1734:"Moorish Science Temple of America"
1640:moorishamericannationalrepublic.com
1537:McCloud, p. 18; Wilson, p. 35. The
1215:. Infobase Publishing. p. 46.
312:published in 1908 by esoteric Ohio
2543:. Garland Publishing. p. 346.
1998:Morrison, Heather (July 6, 2021).
871:Moorish Orthodox Church of America
803:to overwhelm courts, and invented
297:This text came to be known as the
186:Moorish American National Republic
119:Moorish Orthodox Church of America
14:
2820:Moorish Science Temple of America
2122:Abdat, Fathie Ali (August 2014).
2082:. Associated Press. July 28, 2011
1812:Johnson-Bey et al. v. Lane et al.
724:Temple No 9, in Chicago, Illinois
138:Moorish Science Temple of America
129:MoorishScienceTempleofAmerica.org
24:Moorish Science Temple of America
2589:. September 27, 1929. p. 2.
2552:. September 26, 1929. p. 1.
840:
826:
766:United States federal government
29:
2825:1913 establishments in Illinois
2291:Hamm, Mark S. (December 2007).
2047:Anti-Defamation league (2016),
1585:McCloud, p. 18. Gardell, p. 45.
811:. An article syndicated by the
477:. Finally, Drew Ali settled in
448:(to his right) and Congressman
2840:African-American organizations
2789:The Power of Positive Thinking
2613:Wilson, Peter Lamborn (1993).
2594:Turner, Richard Brent (2003).
2492:Perkins, William Eric (1996).
2276:. Cambridge University Press.
2225:In the Name of Elijah Muhammad
1913:Emory International Law Review
1810:See also the 1988 court case,
250:who was adopted by a tribe of
1:
2534:. April 19, 1930. p. 20.
2308:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1348:Koura, Chloe (May 27, 2017).
1287:Religion and American Culture
675:Selective Service Act of 1948
581:
389:genetics of African-Americans
2598:. Indiana University Press.
2576:Religious Leaders of America
2368:. Indiana University Press.
2163:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (2004).
1944:"Moorish Sovereign Citizens"
1597:, Officer Down Memorial Page
1306:. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
925:10.1017/CBO9780511802768.008
2496:. Temple University Press.
2218:. July 27, 1929. p. 1.
2026:Southern Poverty Law Center
1970:Cash, Glen (May 26, 2022).
1949:Southern Poverty Law Center
1114:, Vol 5, No 8, August 2014
789:Southern Poverty Law Center
301:. It is also known as the "
2903:
2578:. Detroit, MI: Gale. 1999.
2317:Lippy, Charles H. (2006).
2270:Gomez, Michael A. (2005).
1849:. Vol. 37, no. 8
1528:he died. See also Scopino.
1209:Curtis, Edward E. (2010).
1126:Brown, Ann (May 7, 2019).
917:Cambridge University Press
899:Gomez, Michael A. (2005).
756:Moorish sovereign citizens
753:
750:Moorish sovereign citizens
509:African-American newspaper
2458:10.1080/10999940701382573
2422:Nash, Jay Robert (1993).
2227:. Duke University Press.
2223:Gardell, Mattias (1996).
1567:, August 3, 1929, page 3.
1458:Gomez, Michael A. (2005)
1429:Gomez, Michael A. (2005)
1296:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.123
1260:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.123
535:Internal split and murder
363:these concepts to preach
28:
2475:"The Aging of the Moors"
2345:McCloud, Aminah (1995).
1841:"The Aging of the Moors"
1625:, April 19, 1930, p. 20.
1472:Nance (2002), p. 635–637
522:in the state capital of
406:They added the suffixes
2511:Prashad, Vijay (2002).
1316:Yusuf Nuruddin (2000).
856:Black Hebrew Israelites
148:are descendants of the
2870:Religious corporations
2850:Cultural appropriation
2835:African-American Islam
2347:African American Islam
2321:. Praeger Publishers.
2245:African American Lives
1904:Ligon, Mellie (2021).
1152:Dowling, Levi (1907).
1052:. 2019. Archived from
1013:Moorish Science Temple
961:Moorish Science Temple
877:New religious movement
725:
693:, leader of Chicago's
655:Moorish Guide National
587:
453:
356:
239:
178:Moorish Science Temple
172:, claiming to be "the
156:" by nationality, and
2694:Purification movement
2617:. City Lights Books.
1242:Nance, Susan (2002).
1180:Ghaneabassiri, Kambiz
723:
630:Wallace Fard Muhammad
580:in an undated photo,
575:
568:Succession and schism
548:The death of Drew Ali
443:
371:Practices and beliefs
237:
220:Wallace Fard Muhammad
2880:Religious syncretism
2774:Azusa Street Revival
2754:Ghost Dance movement
2532:The Hartford Courant
2399:10.1353/aq.2002.0039
2144:on October 27, 2014.
1290:12, no. 2: 123–166.
987:Dun & Bradstreet
919:. pp. 200–217.
695:Black P Stone Nation
562:The Chicago Defender
528:The Chicago Defender
520:Governor of Illinois
504:The Chicago Defender
429:The Chicago Defender
83:Distinct fellowships
2749:Jehovah's Witnesses
2586:The Washington Post
1611:The Washington Post
1304:10.1525/rac.2002.12
1050:newafricacenter.com
861:Five-Percent Nation
603:Charles Kirkman Bey
321:The Aquarian Gospel
2845:COINTELPRO targets
2563:The New York Times
2487:on March 14, 2008.
2386:American Quarterly
2105:Ali, Drew (1928).
2099:General references
1882:on August 14, 2019
1875:Morocco World News
1795:The New York Times
1714:Paghdiwala, p. 26.
1609:, September 1929.
1401:Paghdiwala, p. 23.
1354:Morocco World News
873:, a splinter group
726:
685:El Rukn connection
588:
463:Newark, New Jersey
454:
303:Circle Seven Koran
240:
201:Newark, New Jersey
78:Circle Seven Koran
2807:
2806:
2740:Christian Science
2433:978-0-306-80535-6
2426:. Da Capo Press.
2375:978-0-253-21763-9
2338:Chicago Sun-Times
2328:978-0-275-98605-6
2234:978-0-8223-1845-3
2193:978-0-7890-2831-0
2186:. Haworth Press.
1826:Chicago Sun-Times
1613:, September 1929.
1274:on April 15, 2012
809:David Wynn Miller
782:white supremacist
737:Ukrainian Village
558:broncho-pneumonia
516:Louis L. Emmerson
446:Louis B. Anderson
344:Unto Thee I Grant
230:Biography of Drew
146:African Americans
134:
133:
2892:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2650:
2639:Official website
2628:
2609:
2590:
2579:
2567:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2515:. Beacon Press.
2507:
2488:
2469:
2442:Nashashibi, Rami
2437:
2418:
2379:
2360:
2341:
2332:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2238:
2219:
2215:Chicago Defender
2208:
2197:
2178:
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2016:
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1995:
1989:
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1978:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:. Archived from
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1738:FBI FOIA Archive
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1660:Prashad, p. 109.
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1623:Hartford Courant
1620:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:Chicago Defender
1561:
1555:
1554:, July 27, 1929.
1552:Chicago Defender
1548:
1542:
1539:Chicago Defender
1535:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1518:, July 27, 1929.
1515:Chicago Defender
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1482:Chicago Defender
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:Chicago Defender
1387:
1381:
1378:Chicago Defender
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1313:
1307:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1238:
1227:
1226:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
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1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:on July 22, 2019
1046:"Noble Drew Ali"
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
978:
972:
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953:
947:
946:
896:
850:
845:
844:
836:
831:
830:
829:
813:Associated Press
665:FBI surveillance
586:
583:
481:in 1925, saying
471:Washington, D.C.
125:Official website
33:
21:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2860:Nation of Islam
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2784:Nation of Islam
2779:Moorish Science
2758:
2723:
2682:
2677:
2635:
2625:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2582:
2570:
2556:
2550:Chicago Tribune
2547:
2538:
2529:
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2472:
2440:
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2376:
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2295:
2290:
2284:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2222:
2211:
2207:. May 14, 1929.
2204:Chicago Tribune
2200:
2194:
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1782:Chicago Tribune
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1670:Newark in 1914.
1668:
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1607:Chicago Tribune
1605:
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1494:Chicago Tribune
1492:
1488:
1484:, January 1929.
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1448:, May 14, 1929.
1445:Chicago Tribune
1442:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1374:Chicago Tribune
1372:
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1332:
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1125:
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1109:
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1100:
1096:
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1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:Turner, pg. 93.
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1007:
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990:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
955:
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950:
935:
898:
897:
890:
885:
848:Religion portal
846:
839:
832:
827:
825:
822:
762:Washitaw Nation
758:
752:
718:
687:
667:
646:
638:Louis Farrakhan
634:Nation of Islam
626:
624:Nation of Islam
592:Edward Mealy El
584:
570:
550:
537:
459:
450:Oscar De Priest
438:
373:
268:
232:
216:Nation of Islam
209:Great Migration
117:
115:Nation of Islam
87:Washitaw Nation
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2776:
2770:Pentecostalism
2766:
2764:
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2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:Bible Students
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2719:Rosicrucianism
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
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2641:
2634:
2633:External links
2631:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2580:
2572:"Timothy Drew"
2568:
2566:. p. A14.
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2489:
2480:Chicago Reader
2470:
2452:(2): 123–131.
2438:
2432:
2419:
2393:(4): 623–659.
2380:
2374:
2361:
2355:
2342:
2340:. p. A03.
2333:
2327:
2314:
2288:
2282:
2267:
2255:978-0195160246
2254:
2239:
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2220:
2209:
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2173:
2160:
2152:Sudanic Africa
2146:
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2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2067:
2039:
2011:
1990:
1962:
1930:
1919:(2): 297–332.
1893:
1860:
1846:Chicago Reader
1831:
1816:
1799:
1786:
1774:
1765:
1725:
1723:Nance, p. 659.
1716:
1707:
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1653:
1627:
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1576:Gomez, p. 273.
1569:
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1543:
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1486:
1474:
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1419:Wilson, p. 29.
1412:
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1394:
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1366:
1340:
1330:
1308:
1254:(2): 123–166.
1228:
1221:
1201:
1195:978-0521614870
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1092:Wilson, p, 15.
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244:North Carolina
238:Noble Drew Ali
231:
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152:and thus are "
142:Noble Drew Ali
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97:Noble Drew Ali
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