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mentioned in the apocryphal Book of the
Infancy? Jerome says: There was no midwife! No obtrusiveness of women intervened! She, the Virgin, was both mother and midwife! I saw in not a few places the picture of the blessed Virgin lying on a bed, depicting childbirth, and she was suffering pains from this birth, but that is not true. How stupid! Those artists ought to be laughed at who paint Mary in the very act of childbirth pains, accompanied with pain, midwife, bed, little knives (to cut the umbilical cord), with hot compresses, and many other appurtenances. . . . Rather, those pictures should be promoted which show the birth of Christ in which the Blessed Virgin Mary with arms folded and on bended knee before her little son, as though he was just now brought forth into the light.
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Many painters show Mary and John the
Baptist kneeling beside Our lord at the Last Judgment...But we may not think that at that day the Virgin Mary will kneel for us before the Judge, baring her breast to intercede for sinners. Nor may we think that John the Baptist will fall upon his knees to beg
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The Virgin is shown pale with pains, the midwives prepare a small (narcotic) drought for the childbirth. Why this? Is it because the Virgin Mary would have held back from any pain of childbirth, when in fact she brought forth her divine son without pain? And what pertains to the midwives who are
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Nudity, even of the infant Jesus, was to be avoided as much as possible, and drapes must cover the genitals where it could not be. Whilst condemning older depictions without a scriptural basis, he was not hesitant in creating new ones based on his own interpretation.
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mercy for mankind in the way the painters show. Rather, the blessed Virgin and St. John shall sit beside the supreme Judge as assessors. The mercy which is extended now will have no place then. There will only be strict justice at that day.
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L'Art religieux après le
Concile de Trente, étude sur l'iconographie de la fin du XVIe, du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècles en Italie, en France, en Espagne et en Flandre
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182:(1563) into minutely detailed instructions for artists, which were then widely enforced in Catholic countries mostly. His views on the older, originally
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on 27 February 1554, graduating in the
Liberal Arts in 1558 and as Doctor of Theology in 1570. He sat on the committee of theologians overseeing
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De
Historia SS. Imaginum et Picturarum, 1594, Book iv. cap. 24. translated in A. Caiger-Smith, English Medieval Wall Paintings , p. 35.
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215:, or at the foot of the Cross during the Crucifixion itself. He also opposed her being shown supplicating Christ for mankind in
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should not be shown as the old, semi-comical figure of the Middle Ages, but as young, vigorous and firmly in control of the
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Molanus died in
Louvain on 18 September 1585, having made bequests in favour of the college over which he had presided.
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136:, in 1533, the son of Hendrik Vermeulen and Anna Peters. His father was from Holland and his mother from Brabant.
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116:, 1566–1577), and wrote a manuscript history of Louvain that was printed in two volumes in 1861, edited by
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Molanus is today mainly remembered by art historians for being one of the first authorities to turn the
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553:, Jerome H. Neyrey, University of Notre Dame, Abstract, Biblical Theology Bulletin 20 (1990) 65–75.
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This article is about the
Belgian Catholic theologian. For the German Lutheran theologian, see
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should not be shown as an over-dressed prostitute, and generally dress should be simple.
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of St. Peter's Church, Leuven, and a professor of
Theology, serving both as dean of the
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He wrote numerous books, several only published posthumously. He is best known for his
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scenes. She would, he said, in fact be sitting alongside Christ in stern judgement:
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368:(Antwerp, 1595), edited by Henricus van Cuyck for posthumous publication;
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and many other depictions not verifiable from reliable sources – the
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and as rector of the university. In 1579 he was appointed president of
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612:, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107–128, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn),
69:, where he was Professor of Theology, and Rector from 1578. Born at
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De
Picturis et Imaginibus Sacris, pro vero earum usu contra abusus
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as a giant carrying Christ (and as the protector of travellers),
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Molanus, a portrait destroyed by German military action in 1915
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Mary: Mediterranean Maid and Mother in Art and
Literature
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Les quatorze livres sur l'histoire de la ville de Louvain
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Les Quatorze Livres sur l'Histoire de la Ville de Louvain
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Roman Catholic theologians from the Habsburg Netherlands
381:, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1861) Available on Google Books:
657:The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume I
497:, ed. P. F. X. de Ram (2 vols., Brussels, 1861).
572:Online, with example of the depiction condemned
724:Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven
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437:
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655:, National Gallery Catalogues (new series):
635:, Oxford University Press. Web. 4 Apr. 2017.
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659:, 2004, National Gallery Publications Ltd,
458:"Johannes Molanus on Provocative paintings"
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353:Militia sacra ducum et principum Brabantiae
509:, "Lucas, François, dit Lucas Brugensis",
408:"The Library of the University of Louvain"
631:, "Molanus, Johannes", Grove Art Online,
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295:Reworked as the posthumously published
317:De fide haereticis servanda libri tres
199:He objected on similar grounds to the
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610:Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450-1660
429:, vol. 2 (Brussels, 1966), 580-582.
45:(1533–1585), often cited simply as
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426:Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek
252:was, he said, in fact of "lead".
151:, published in 1574. He became a
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534:Biographie Nationale de Belgique
512:Biographie Nationale de Belgique
375:Historiae Lovaniensium Libri XIV
287:De Picturis et Imaginibus Sacris
326:Theologiae Practicae Compendium
205:, or depictions of her as the
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359:for posthumous publication;
355:(Antwerp, 1592), edited by
297:Historia Sanctarum Imaginum
236:Saint George and the Dragon
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519:(Brussels, 1893), 550-563.
308:Indiculus Sanctorum Belgii
242:, the unicorn hunt in the
87:St. Peter's Church, Leuven
26:
583:Blunt 1985, pp. 114, 118.
482:Traité des saintes images
406:Delannoy, P. (May 1915).
370:available on Google Books
361:available on Google Books
348:Available on Google Books
339:Available on Google Books
335:Liber de piis testamentis
330:Available on Google Books
321:Available on Google Books
312:Available on Google Books
301:Available on Google Books
291:Available on Google Books
282:Available on Google Books
212:Christ carrying the Cross
592:Blunt 1985, p. 127; Mâle
541:(Brussels, 1899), 48-55.
366:Natales sanctorum Belgii
188:Nativity of Jesus in art
180:decrees on sacred images
178:'s short and inexplicit
423:, "Molanus, Johannes",
344:De Canonicis libri tres
81:), he was a priest and
65:Catholic theologian of
531:, "Molanus, Joannes",
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100:had swept through the
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29:Gerhard Wolter Molanus
637:subscription required
278:Usuardi martyrologium
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685:at Wikimedia Commons
410:. United Settlement.
230:Also condemned were
128:Molanus was born in
719:Belgian art critics
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202:Death of the Virgin
186:, depiction of the
157:Faculty of Theology
147:'s revision of the
139:He matriculated at
63:Counter Reformation
562:Penny 2004, p. 26.
456:Freedburg, David.
421:Raymond van Uytven
357:Henricus van Cuyck
141:Louvain University
89:, where he died.
75:County of Flanders
67:Louvain University
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714:Dutch art critics
709:People from Lille
681:Media related to
633:Oxford Art Online
507:A. C. De Schrevel
232:Saint Christopher
98:Iconoclastic Fury
61:, an influential
16:(Redirected from
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704:1585 deaths
699:1533 births
643:Mâle, Émile
262:Holy Family
693:Categories
600:References
467:2013-12-13
112:(Antwerp,
480:Molanus,
184:Byzantine
51:Latinized
49:, is the
207:swooning
53:name of
539:vol. 15
517:vol. 12
47:Molanus
18:Molanus
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649:(1932)
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387:vol. 2
383:vol. 1
238:, the
461:(PDF)
393:Notes
153:canon
132:, in
130:Lille
83:canon
71:Lille
661:ISBN
620:ISBN
124:Life
616:OUP
85:of
57:or
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