369:), a powerful constitutive promoter for driving expression in plants. Localization signals may be attached to the protein of interest to cause accumulation to occur in a specific sub-cellular location, such as chloroplasts or vacuoles. This is done in order to improve yields, simplify purification, or so that the protein folds properly. Recently, the inclusion of antisense genes in expression cassettes has been shown to have potential for improving the plant pharming process. Researchers in Japan transformed rice with an antisense SPK gene, which disrupts starch accumulation in rice seeds, so that products would accumulate in a watery sap that is easier to purify.
186:(left over from the prior harvest) of one of their GM corn products were harvested with the conventional soybean crop later planted in that field. ProdiGene was fined $ 250,000 and ordered by the USDA to pay over $ 3 million in cleanup costs. This raised a furor and set the pharming field back, dramatically. Many companies went bankrupt as companies faced difficulties getting permits for field trials and investors fled. In reaction, APHIS introduced more strict regulations for pharming field trials in the US in 2003. In 2005,
226:, and urine are other theoretically possible systems, but all have drawbacks. Blood, for instance, as of 2012 cannot store high levels of stable recombinant proteins, and biologically active proteins in blood may alter the health of the animals. Expression in the milk of a mammal, such as a cow, sheep, or goat, is a common application, as milk production is plentiful and purification from milk is relatively easy. Hamsters and rabbits have also been used in preliminary studies because of their faster breeding.
1467:
1392:
1280:
1226:
348:
of proteins in plant cell or hairy root cultures also minimizes risk of gene transfer, but at a higher cost of production. Sterile hybrids may also be used for the bioconfinement of transgenic plants, although stable lines cannot be established. Grain crops are sometimes chosen for pharming because protein products targeted to the endosperm of cereals have been shown to have high heat stability. This characteristic makes them an appealing target for the production of
440:. There are differences in the regulation of GM crops – including those used for pharming – between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.
482:, there are no proteins in plants that are similar to human proteins. On the other hand, plants are still sufficiently closely related to animals and humans that they are able to correctly process and configure both animal and human proteins. Their seeds and fruits also provide sterile packaging containers for the valuable therapeutics and guarantee a certain storage life.
2240:
Pantaleoni, Laura; Longoni, Paolo; Ferroni, Lorenzo; Baldisserotto, Costanza; Leelavathi, Sadhu; Reddy, Vanga Siva; Pancaldi, Simonetta; Cella, Rino (2013-10-25). "Chloroplast molecular farming: efficient production of a thermostable xylanase by
Nicotiana tabacum plants and long-term conservation of
607:
Center for
Veterinary Biologics Dow never intended to market the vaccine. "'Dow Agrosciences used the animal vaccine as an example to completely run through the process. A new platform needs to be approved, which can be difficult when authorities get in contact with it for the first time', explains
347:
issues (see below) are avoided. However, human error could still result in modified crops entering the food supply. Using a minor crop such as safflower or tobacco avoids the greater political pressures and risk to the food supply involved with using staple crops such as beans or rice. Expression
845:
Action on
Molecular Farming – COST Action FA0804 on Molecular Farming provides a pan-European coordination centre, connecting academic and government institutions and companies from 23 countries. The aim of the Action is to advance the field by encouraging scientific interactions, providing expert
791:
vaccine in corn. Was in process of launching trypsin product in 2002 when later that year its field test crops contaminated conventional crops. Unable to pay the $ 3 million cost of the cleanup, it was purchased by
International Oilseed Distributors in 2003 International Oilseed Distributors is
288:
may create a problem in that, in accordance with the ruling in that case, "it may be said that such and such genes manufacture this protein in the same way they always did in a mammal, they produce the same product, and the genetic modification technology used is conventional, so that the steps of
614:
Institute for
Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, with sites in Germany, the US, and Chile is the lead institute of the Pharma Planta consortium of 33 partner organizations from 12 European countries and South Africa, funded by the European Commission. Pharma Planta is developing systems for
1003:
vaccine antigens in tobacco. In 2004, LSBC announced an agreement with Sigma-Aldritch under which LSB would produce recombinant aprotinin in plants of the tobacco family and Sigma-Aldrich would commercially distribute LSBC's recombinant product to its customers in the R&D, cell culture and
941:
in 2003. Genentech licensed the tissue factor program to Altor in 2008 Altor is itself a spinout from Sunol. The product under development, ALT-836, formerly known as TNX-832 and Sunol-cH36, is not the plant-produced antibody, but rather is a mammalian antibody, more specifically, a chimeric
229:
One approach to this technology is the creation of a transgenic mammal that can produce the biopharmaceutical in its milk (or blood or urine). Once an animal is produced, typically using the pronuclear microinjection method, it becomes efficacious to use cloning technology to create additional
278:
decisions hold that a previously known natural product manufactured by artificial means cannot be patented. An argument can be made for the patentability of the process for manufacturing a biopharmaceutical, however, because genetically modifying animals so that they will produce the drug is
454:
There are controversies around GMOs generally on several levels, including whether making them is ethical, issues concerning intellectual property and market dynamics; environmental effects of GM crops; and GM crops' role in industrial agricultural more generally. There are also specific
511:
estimates that nearly 3 million people die each year from vaccine preventable disease, mostly in Africa. Diseases such as measles and hepatitis lead to deaths in countries where the people cannot afford the high costs of vaccines, but pharm crops could help solve this problem.
250:
As indicated above, some mammals typically used for food production (such as goats, sheep, pigs, and cows) have been modified to produce non-food products, a practice sometimes called pharming. Use of genetically modified goats has been approved by the FDA and EMA to produce
273:
The patentability of such biopharmaceuticals and their process of manufacture is uncertain. Probably, the biopharmaceuticals themselves so made are unpatentable, assuming that they are chemically identical to the preexisting drugs that they imitate. Several 19th century
2499:
Cox, Kevin M; Sterling, Jason D; Regan, Jeffrey T; Gasdaska, John R; Frantz, Karen K; Peele, Charles G; Black, Amelia; Passmore, David; Moldovan-Loomis, Cristina (2006). "Glycan optimization of a human monoclonal antibody in the aquatic plant Lemna minor".
352:, as viral coat proteins stored in grains do not require cold storage the way many vaccines currently do. Maintaining a temperature controlled supply chain of vaccines is often difficult when delivering vaccines to developing countries.
582:, in a recent report, says that U.S. demand alone for biotech pharmaceuticals is expanding at 13 percent annually and to reach a market value of $ 28.6 billion in 2004. Pharming is expected to be worth $ 100 billion globally by 2020.
1034:
Novoplant GmgH – therapeutic proteins in tobacco and feed peas. Conducted field trials in US of feed peas for pigs that produced anti-bacterial antibodies. Former CSO is now with another company; appears that
Novoplant is out of
289:
the process 'add nothing to the laws of nature that is not already present. If the argument prevailed in court, the process would also be ineligible for patent protection. This issue has not yet been decided in the courts.
792:
controlled by Harry H. Stine, who owns one of the biggest soybeans genetics companies in the US. ProdiGene's maize-produced trypsin, with the trademark TrypZean is currently sold by Sigma-Aldritch as a research reagent.
413:
Additionally, an
Israeli company, Protalix, has developed a method to produce therapeutics in cultured transgenic carrot or tobacco cells. Protalix and its partner, Pfizer, received FDA approval to market its drug,
952:
in 2004 at which time
Epicyte's portfolio was described as "focused on the discovery and development of human monoclonal antibody products as treatments for a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases."
544:, are not believed to affect the food itself. Other GM foods in development, such as fruits designed to ripen faster or grow larger, are believed not to affect humans any differently from non-GM varieties.
1299:
932:
made a deal with Sunol
Molecular in 2003 to develop antibodies against tissue factor in plants and in mammalian cell culture and to compare them. In 2005 Sunol sold all its tissue factor antagonists to
846:
opinion and encouraging commercial development of new products. The COST Action also provides grants allowing young scientists to visit participating laboratories across Europe for scientific training.
3340:
230:
offspring that carry the favorable modified genome. In
February 2009 the US FDA granted marketing approval for the first drug to be produced in genetically modified livestock. The drug is called
1858:, 111 U.S. 293, 311 (1884) (holding invalid claim to artificially made plant dye; "the product itself could not be patented, even though it was a product made artificially for the first time");
659:
Kentucky Bioprocessing took over Large Scale Biology's facilities in Owensboro, Kentucky, and offers contract biomanufacturing services in tobacco plants, grown in greenhouses or in open fields.
555:
active compounds that accumulate in the plant’s tissues. Considerable attention is focused, therefore, on the restraint and caution necessary to protect both consumer health and environmental
3683:
86:, but pharming offers the advantage to the producer that it does not require expensive infrastructure, and production capacity can be quickly scaled to meet demand, at greatly reduced cost.
2905:
1862:, 90 U.S. 566, 596 (1874) (holding invalid claim to artificially manufactured paper-pulp because "whatever may be said of their process for obtaining it, the product was in no sense new").
1565:
496:
systems, although feasible for some therapeutic products, is not a satisfactory option on several grounds. Many proteins of interest are too complex to be made by microbial systems or by
504:, but the resulting product is often prohibitively expensive for many patients. For these reasons, science has been exploring other options for producing proteins of therapeutic value.
1526:
431:
4611:
3131:
3546:
2460:"Enhanced recovery of a secreted recombinant human growth factor using stabilizing additives and by co-expression of human serum albumin in the moss Physcomitrella patens"
2928:
2390:
Büttner-Mainik, Annette; Parsons, Juliana; Jérôme, Hanna; Hartmann, Andrea; Lamer, Stephanie; Schaaf, Andreas; Schlosser, Andreas; Zipfel, Peter F.; Reski, Ralf (2011).
1875:
case invalidated the product patent but left open the patentability of the process, saying "whatever may be said of their process for obtaining it...." 90 U.S. at 596.
3659:
Release Permits for Pharmaceuticals, Industrials, Value Added Proteins for Human Consumption, or for Phytoremediation Granted or Pending by APHIS as of March 29, 2006
3859:
339:. Tobacco has been a highly popular choice of organism for the expression of transgenes, as it is easily transformed, produces abundant tissues, and survives well
1104:
842:
615:
plant production of proteins in greenhouses in the European regulatory framework. It is collaborating on biosimilars with Plantform and PharmaPraxis (see below).
436:
The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of
3797:
3513:
3318:
1353:
Sijmons, Peter C.; Dekker, Ben M. M.; Schrammeijer, Barbara; et al. (1990). "Production of Correctly Processed Human Serum Albumin in Transgenic Plants".
608:
the plant physiologist Stefan Schillberg, head of the Molecular Biology Division at the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Aachen."
3071:
1637:
1064:, the first cloned animal. Went bankrupt in 2004. Assets were acquired by Pharming and an investment group including University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
2607:
864:. Two Americans who had been infected in Liberia were reported to be improving with the drug. ZMapp was made using antibodies produced by GM tobacco plants.
305:
and associated molecules such as peptides and secondary metabolites. The proteins and molecules can then be harvested and used to produce pharmaceuticals.
4432:
3362:
3118:
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and on growing GM crops in greenhouses. Some companies and academic groups have continued with open-field trials of GM crops that produce drugs. In 2006
3225:
1480:
Ma, Julian K-C.; Drake, Pascal M. W.; Christou, Paul (2003). "Genetic modification: The production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants".
3590:
1654:
Ma, Julian K -C.; Barros, Eugenia; Bock, Ralph; Christou, Paul; Dale, Philip J.; Dix, Philip J.; Fischer, Rainer; Irwin, Judith; et al. (2005).
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in preparing recombinant proteins for medical use. In addition, both species can be engineered to cause secretion of proteins with human patterns of
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111:
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to grow pharm rice in the state. A compromise was reached, but Ventria withdrew its permit to plant in Missouri due to unrelated circumstances.
2904:
Vezina, Louis-P.; D'Aoust, Marc Andre; Landry, Nathalie; Couture, Manon M.J.; Charland, Nathalie; Barbeau, Brigitte; Sheldon, Andrew J. (2011).
2292:
Palaniswamy, Harunipriya; Syamaladevi, Divya P.; Mohan, Chakravarthi; Philip, Anna; Petchiyappan, Anushya; Narayanan, Subramonian (2015-07-16).
1437:
Twyman, Richard M.; Stoger, Eva; Schillberg, Stefan; et al. (2003). "Molecular farming in plants: Host systems and expression technology".
2294:"Vacuolar targeting of r-proteins in sugarcane leads to higher levels of purifiable commercially equivalent recombinant proteins in cane juice"
2868:
394:(as opposed to being grown in fields), secrete the transformed proteins into the growth medium and, thus, substantially reduce the burden of
2953:
4521:
4511:
3678:
3274:
2628:
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industry that involves the process of genetically engineering plants so that they can produce certain types of therapeutically important
2189:
Ma, Julian K-C.; Drake, Pascal M. W.; Christou, Paul (October 2003). "The production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants".
722:
in cow milk The intellectual property behind the fibrinogen project was acquired from PPL Therapeutics when PPL went bankrupt in 2004.
110:
plants. Open field growing trials of these crops began in the United States in 1992 and have taken place every year since. While the
4462:
74:
The products of pharming are recombinant proteins or their metabolic products. Recombinant proteins are most commonly produced using
3462:
3403:
Jiao, J.-a.; Kelly, A. B.; Marzec, U. M.; Nieves, E.; Acevedo, J.; Burkhardt, M.; Edwards, A.; Zhu, X.-y.; Chavaillaz, P.-A. (2009).
3107:
266:. These products "produced by turning animals into drug-manufacturing 'machines' by genetically modifying them" are sometimes termed
4472:
3790:
3405:"Inhibition of acute vascular thrombosis in chimpanzees by an anti-human tissue factor antibody targeting the factor X binding site"
2666:
1067:
726:
578:
corn accidentally ended up in commercial food products. Activists also are concerned about the power of business. According to the
2431:
Gasdaska, John R.; Spencer, David; Dickey, Lynn (2003). "Advantages of Therapeutic Protein Production in the Aquatic Plant Lemna".
2800:
Brennan, Zachary. Brazilian JV looks to tap plant-based manufacturing system for biosimilars. BioPharma-Reporter.com, 23-Jul-2014.
2543:
Decker, Eva L.; Reski, Ralf (2007). "Current achievements in the production of complex biopharmaceuticals with moss bioreactors".
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55:
that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a
3698:
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114:
has approved planting of pharma crops in every state, most testing has taken place in Hawaii, Nebraska, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
3390:
for "Anti-TF Antibody (ALT-836) to Treat Septic Patients With Acute Lung Injury or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome" at
3083:
182:
However, in late 2002, just as ProdiGene was ramping up production of trypsin for commercial launch it was discovered that
4501:
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4242:
4158:
4144:
3814:
1798:
US Food and Drug Administration, from the FDA Veterinarian Newsletter 2008 Volume XXIII, No VI, Retrieved 10 December 2012
1795:
1583:"Bioproduction of Therapeutic Proteins in the 21st Century and the Role of Plants and Plant Cells as Production Platforms"
1094:
56:
3724:
2132:
Chan, Hui-Ting; Xiao, Yuhong; Weldon, William C.; Oberste, Steven M.; Chumakov, Konstantin; Daniell, Henry (2016-06-01).
279:
dissimilar to previous methods of manufacture; moreover, one Supreme Court decision seems to hold open that possibility.
4636:
3998:
3905:
3783:
3309:
Web search on October 6, 2012, found no website for this company and found that executives are all with other companies.
117:
In the early 2000s, the pharming industry was robust. Proof of concept has been established for the production of many
3329:
3016:
2075:"Assessing the bioconfinement potential of a Nicotiana hybrid platform for use in plant molecular farming applications"
4506:
4132:
4117:
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4003:
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3869:
3493:
2134:"Cold chain and virus-free chloroplast-made booster vaccine to confer immunity against different poliovirus serotypes"
1837:
689:
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with conventional, non-GM crops. These concerns have historical validation from the ProdiGene incident, and from the
275:
222:
Milk is presently the most mature system to produce recombinant proteins from transgenic organisms. Blood, egg white,
118:
3261:
639:(relative of tobacco) plants in greenhouses in Halle, Germany or in fields. First product is a vaccine for a cancer,
3739:
Draft Guidance for APHIS Permits for Field Testing or Movement of Organisms with Pharmaceutical or Industrial Intent
2979:"Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of a Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18-55 Years"
4641:
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2343:"Production of recombinant thanatin in watery rice seeds that lack an accumulation of storage starch and proteins"
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http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/biotechnology/content/printable_version/BRS_FS_pharmaceutical_02-06.pdf
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have shown to be useful for the production of biopharmaceuticals. These frugal organisms can be cultivated in
3755:
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Canadian scientists make insulin from plants: 'Bio-pharming' poised to meet huge diabetes demand at less cost
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2341:
Imamura, Tomohiro; Sekine, Ken-Taro; Yamashita, Tetsuro; Kusano, Hiroaki; Shimada, Hiroaki (February 2016).
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600:
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3705:"Pharming the Field: A Look at the Benefits and Risks of Bioengineering Plants to Produce Pharmaceuticals"
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1899:
Mayo v Prometheus: No Patents on Conventional Implementations of Natural Principles and Fundamental Truths
1851:
Mayo v Prometheus: No Patents on Conventional Implementations of Natural Principles and Fundamental Truths
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566:. They worry that once production begins, the altered plants might find their way into the food supply or
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Press release May 15, 2012: SemBioSys Announces First Quarter Results and Provides Update on Activities
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Rice, J; Mundell, Richard E; Millwood, Reginald J; Chambers, Orlando D; Stewart, C; Davies, H (2013).
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Margret Engelhard, Kristin Hagen, Felix Thiele (eds). (2007) Pharming A New Branch of Biotechnology
1974:
1965:
Ramessar, Koreen; Capell, Teresa; Christou, Paul (2008-02-23). "Molecular pharming in cereal crops".
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3132:"Characterization of TrypZean: a Plant-Based Alternative to Bovine-Derived Trypsin (Peer-Reviewed)"
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Biotechnology Regulatory Services Factsheet : US Department of Agriculture; c2006. Available from:
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2018:"Expression of bacterial genes in transgenic tobacco: methods, applications and future prospects"
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1527:"ProdiGene Launches First Large Scale-Up Manufacturing of Recombinant Protein From Plant System"
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and in greenhouses. The advantage of rice and flax is that they are self-pollinating, and thus
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in tobacco – It is developing biosimilars in collaboration with PharmaPraxis (see above) and
666:
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206:
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Society for Moleculture, a non-for-profit organisation for plant- factories, Québec, Canada
1924:
Edgue, Gueven; Twyman, Richard M.; Beiss, Veronique; Fischer, Rainer; Sack, Markus (2017).
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These pharmaceutical crops could become extremely beneficial in developing countries. The
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209:, produced in plant cell culture – the first plant-produced vaccine approved in the U.S.
1978:
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Plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), also referred to as pharming, is a sub-sector of the
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USDA says bio-crop safeguards are tighter ProdiGene is back in Nebraska with test plot
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PharmaPraxis – Developing biosimilars in collaboration with PlantForm (see below) and
4600:
4580:
4457:
4395:
4212:
4101:
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2929:"The hunt for a vaccine: Canadian company begins human testing of COVID-19 candidate"
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Therapeutics developed a duckweed-based expression platform; it sold the business to
399:
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The industry has slowly recovered, by focusing on pharming in simple plants grown in
172:
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2002:
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Humphreys, John M; Chapple, Clint (2000). "Molecular 'pharming' with plant P450s".
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On the other hand, it has been suggested that the recent Supreme Court decision in
256:
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CEO Sam Huttenbauer testified before Congress in 2005 about their GM flax efforts
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to study gene expression in plants, while actual production may be carried out in
3662:
2869:"Iowa State plant scientists tweak their biopharmaceutical corn research project"
2657:
Seeds for the future: The impact of genetically modified crops on the environment
1320:
17:
4232:
3895:
2762:
2392:"Production of biologically active recombinant human factor H in Physcomitrella"
1720:
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manufacturing markets. As of October 2012 SIgma still has the protein in stock.
1000:
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719:
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List of originators (companies and universities), research projects and products
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34:
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Biotech firm puts off rice crop here But company says it plans to sow next year
2784:
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234:, which is antithrombin protein purified from the milk of genetically modified
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1986:
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Your right to know: Genetic engineering and the secret change in your food
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In contrast, molecular farming is not intended for crops destined for the
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75:
3475:
2906:"Plants As an Innovative and Accelerated Vaccine-Manufacturing Solution"
1368:
1256:
4570:
4547:
4127:
4028:
3877:
3849:
3844:
3373:
2954:"Canada's Medicago begins human trials of plant-based COVID-19 vaccine"
1071:
945:
920:
912:
900:
893:
889:
784:
730:
618:
479:
328:
149:
103:
3775:
3038:
2310:
2293:
2149:
1942:
1925:
361:. The protein of interest is often expressed under the control of the
4008:
3946:
3734:
Homepage of the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology
2927:
St. Philip, Elizabeth; Favaro, Avis; MacLeod, Meredith (2020-07-14).
1550:
1008:
949:
471:
463:
403:
107:
2513:
2202:
1521:
1519:
1493:
3673:
3264:, Financial Times, Page 4, Internet article retrieved 8 August 2014
3249:
4325:
2892:
1765:
996:
934:
857:
629:
402:, an improvement over conventional plant gene-expression systems.
373:
316:
252:
235:
231:
156:
were under development by nearly 200 biotech companies, including
79:
190:
threatened to boycott rice grown in Missouri because of plans by
3049:
1074:
in safflower. In May 2012, SemBioSys terminated its operations.
883:
604:
533:
532:. In response, it has been argued that the genes that enhance a
382:
332:
320:
52:
3779:
3694:
Molecular Pharming – pharmaceuticals with the help of GM plants
205:
received USDA approval to market a vaccine for poultry against
725:
Phyton Biotech uses plant cell culture systems to manufacture
3743:
1705:"Production of pharmaceutical proteins by transgenic animals"
1709:
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
652:
bacteria in pollen-free corn as a potential vaccine against
635:
Icon Genetics produces therapeutics in transiently infected
3262:
Biotech groups face ethical dilemmas in race for Ebola Cure
3002:
1242:(2003). "Will we reap what biopharming sows?". Commentary.
948:– spermicidal antibodies in corn Epicyte was purchased by
673:(relative of tobacco) plants in greenhouses. Medicago grew
524:, there are concerns that are unique to it. In the case of
2809:
1914:, 573 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014) (to similar effect).
806:
2"), which Syngenta has donated to the Golden Rice Project
562:
The fact that the plants are used to produce drugs alarms
3275:
Ebola Drug Made From Tobacco Plant Saves U.S. Aid Workers
2603:
Gali Weinreb and Koby Yeshayahou for Globes May 2, 2012.
528:(GM) foods, concerns focus on the safety of the food for
355:
Most commonly, plant transformation is carried out using
1796:
FDA Approves First Human Biologic Produced by GE Animals
1546:
1544:
1041:– abandoned development of pharmaceutical producing corn
500:. These proteins are currently being produced in animal
874:
Agragen, in collaboration with University of Alberta –
779:
ProdiGene – was developing several proteins, including
432:
Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
3765:
963:
to develop reagents and patient-specific vaccines for
1885:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Labs., Inc.
591:
Please note that this list is by no means exhaustive.
152:. By 2003 several PDP products for the treatment of
3860:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
1752:
Dove, Alan (2000). "Milking the genome for profit".
492:
is at unprecedented levels. Expanding the existing
4535:
4489:
4471:
4418:
4388:
4356:
4293:
4286:
4256:
4203:
4194:
4157:
4110:
4060:
4051:
3981:
3963:
3945:
3927:
3904:
3886:
3868:
3835:
3826:
3813:
1860:
American Wood-Paper Co. v. Fibre Disintegrating Co.
684:for development of a candidate vaccine against the
2654:
1406:
3330:Plant production for cancer protein Sept 22, 2003
646:Iowa State University – immunogenic protein from
3637:. The Ottawa Citizen. February 27, 2005. Pg. A1.
3176:"Charles Arntzen | School of Life Sciences"
2458:Baur, Armin; Reski, Ralf; Gorr, Gilbert (2005).
1902:, Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev. 502, 517-18 (quoting
3219:"NEPA Decision Summary for Permit #10-047-102r"
856:, was reported in August 2014 to be developing
603:(first PMP to be approved for marketing by the
1856:Cochrane v. Badische Anili11 & Soda Fabrik
1656:"Molecular farming for new drugs and vaccines"
1105:International Center for Technology Assessment
520:While molecular farming is one application of
372:Recently, several non-crop plants such as the
27:Genetic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals
4612:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
3791:
2830:
2828:
2016:Jube, Sandro; Borthakur, Dulal (2007-07-15).
1926:"Antibodies from plants for bionanomaterials"
1529:(Press release). ProdiGene. February 13, 2002
632:(recombinant human antithrombin) in goat milk
8:
3712:USDA-APHIS Biotechnology Regulatory Services
3453:"GM corn set to stop man spreading his seed"
3012:
3010:
1838:F.D.A. Approves Drug From Gene-Altered Goats
4433:Detection of genetically modified organisms
3707:. The Pew Charitable Trusts. July 18, 2002.
3625:Biotechnology Venture Hits Unexpected Snags
3191:"Potatoes pack a punch against hepatitis B"
2835:Icon press release on clinical trial launch
238:. Marketing permission was granted by the
102:, initially produced in 1990 in transgenic
4290:
4200:
4057:
3832:
3823:
3798:
3784:
3776:
3655:. Omaha World Herald. June 2, 2004 Pg. 01D
3641:GM corn set to stop man spreading his seed
3226:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2796:
2794:
2792:
1587:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1432:
1430:
1428:
3643:. The Observer. September 9, 2001. Pg. 1.
3615:Biotech potato provides hepatitis vaccine
3428:
3202:
2710:"Protein Products for Future Global Good"
2623:
2621:
2619:
2475:
2407:
2358:
2309:
2165:
2108:
2090:
2049:
1941:
1854:, Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev. 502, 517. See
1728:
1679:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1614:
1348:
1346:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
3489:"Large Scale files Ch. 11 after closing"
3273:Langreth, Robert, et al (5 August 2014)
3017:Press on Pharming Purchase of PPL assets
2682:
2680:
2678:
1930:WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology
1293:
1291:
1289:
955:Large Scale Biology Corporation (LSBC) (
3649:. Financial Times. May 3, 2005. Pg. 18.
3277:Bloomberg News, Retrieved 8 August 2014
2821:Press release on opening Halle facility
2661:. Australia: Cornell University Press.
2629:"Molecular Farming – Plant Bioreactors"
2605:FDA approves Protalix Gaucher treatment
1115:
450:Genetically modified food controversies
112:United States Department of Agriculture
2586:Protalix website – technology platform
1887:, 566 U.S. __, 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012).
860:, an experimental cure for the deadly
98:plant-derived protein (PDP) was human
3679:Molecular Farming – Plant Bioreactors
3536:History of bankrupt biotech companies
3130:Ray, Kevin; Jalili, Pegah R. (2011).
2545:Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering
7:
2846:Iowa State Ag School 2006 Newsletter
1413:. California: Earth Aware Editions.
1060:. This is the company that created
3766:Biotechnology Industry Organization
3250:COST Action FA0804 Official Website
3061:Press release from internet archive
2022:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
1300:"Is the Drought Over for Pharming?"
4463:Genetic use restriction technology
3674:molecularfarming.com Official site
2910:BioPharm International Supplements
1809:"Go-ahead for 'pharmed' goat drug"
551:. It produces plants that contain
25:
1298:Kaiser, Jocelyn (25 April 2008).
942:antibody produced in a hybridoma.
727:active pharmaceutical ingredients
470:that might be dangerous to human
410:and declared bankruptcy in 2012.
59:(GMO). Pharming is also known as
3744:PlantPharma.org Online Community
3619:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3465:from the original on 2023-06-03.
2952:Vishwadha Chander (2020-07-14).
2477:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00127.x
2409:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00552.x
1465:
1390:
1278:
1224:
1031:in tobacco. Liquidated in 2008.
926:. Went out of business in 2007.
474:. Additionally, on the level of
4481:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
3647:Pharming plans transgenic first
3028:Phyton Biotech Official Website
2034:10.2225/vol10-issue3-fulltext-4
1703:Houdebine, Louis-Marie (2009).
580:Canadian Food Inspection Agency
455:controversies around pharming.
4607:Genetically modified organisms
3514:Biomanufacturing Press Release
3319:Bloomberg BusinessWeek Profile
3072:Bloomberg BusinessWeek Profile
2893:Kentucky Bioprocessing website
2689:"Molecular Farming Under Fire"
2687:Mandel, Charles (2001-11-06).
937:, which in turn was bought by
869:Projects known to be abandoned
830:Washington State University –
418:(Elelyso), as a treatment for
1:
4243:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
3684:Moss bioreactors do not smell
3260:Ward, Andrew (8 August 2014)
2360:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.006
1452:10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.10.002
1211:10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01680-0
1160:Norris, Sonya (4 July 2005).
1095:Genetically modified organism
907:for liver diseases including
669:made in transiently infected
57:genetically modified organism
3621:. February 15, 2005. Pg. 3A.
1321:10.1126/science.320.5875.473
1174:. PRB 05-09E. Archived from
3756:National Science Foundation
3699:Pharming for Farmaceuticals
3631:. November 23, 2001. Pg. 5.
3494:Sacramento Business Journal
2464:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2396:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2298:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2138:Plant Biotechnology Journal
1721:10.1016/j.cimid.2007.11.005
809:Arizona State University –
276:United States Supreme Court
4658:
3487:Lamb, Celia (2006-01-13).
3409:Thrombosis and Haemostasis
917:insulin-like growth factor
599:– poultry vaccine against
447:
438:genetically modified crops
429:
4566:
4301:Genetically modified food
3611:. April 29, 2005. Pg. A3.
3547:Cordis entry on Novoplant
3287:Published PCT Application
2591:October 27, 2012, at the
2557:10.1007/s00449-007-0151-y
2255:10.1007/s00709-013-0564-1
2241:the recombinant enzyme".
1987:10.1007/s11101-008-9087-3
1405:Kimbrell, Andrew (2007).
665:– Pre-clinical trials of
509:World Health Organization
358:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
240:European Medicines Agency
3761:Pharma-Planta Consortium
3189:Khamsi, Roxanne (2005).
2730:Retrieved on 15 May 2007
2631:. BioPro. Archived from
2347:Journal of Biotechnology
1672:10.1038/sj.embor.7400470
1007:Meristem Therapeutics –
765:PlantForm Corporation –
363:cauliflower mosaic virus
3609:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
3525:Sigma catalog Aprotinin
2191:Nature Reviews Genetics
2092:10.1186/1472-6750-13-63
1607:10.1196/annals.1408.009
1482:Nature Reviews Genetics
743:Planet Biotechnology –
677:in the Australian weed
601:Newcastle disease virus
47:, refers to the use of
4632:Biological engineering
3722:FDA Biotechnology page
3717:EPA Biotechnology page
3384:Clinical trial number
3136:BioPharm International
2712:. molecularfarming.com
1967:Phytochemistry Reviews
1581:Boehm, Robert (2007).
965:Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
850:Mapp Biopharmaceutical
690:Phase I clinical trial
656:for animals and humans
641:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
628:GTC Biotherapeutics –
218:Historical development
177:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
171:for the prevention of
3914:Roundup ready soybean
3239:Wettstein lab webpage
2774:Pharma Planta website
2610:May 29, 2013, at the
2445:10.12665/j22.gasdaska
2433:BioProcessing Journal
1551:News of contamination
1167:Library of Parliament
985:lysosomal acid lipase
854:San Diego, California
751:, antibodies against
680:Nicotiana benthamiana
671:Nicotiana benthamiana
637:Nicotiana benthamiana
536:in some way, such as
387:Physcomitrella patens
175:and the treatment of
163:for the treatment of
4453:Reverse transfection
4228:Genetic transduction
3580:UPMC buys PPL assets
3569:Kiprijanov biography
3476:Trelys press release
3421:10.1160/TH09-06-0400
3204:10.1038/news050214-2
2653:Thomson, JA (2006).
2502:Nature Biotechnology
1754:Nature Biotechnology
1172:Parliament of Canada
1162:"Molecular pharming"
961:Tobacco mosaic virus
930:Dow Chemical Company
876:docosahexaenoic acid
749:Streptococcus mutans
675:virus-like particles
542:pesticide resistance
526:genetically modified
396:protein purification
246:Patentability issues
119:therapeutic proteins
4637:Genetic engineering
4443:Genetics in fiction
4375:Genetic enhancement
4177:Hepatitis B vaccine
3807:Genetic engineering
3097:Stine Seeds Website
1979:2008PChRv...7..579R
1873:American Wood-Paper
1836:. February 6, 2009
1599:2007NYASA1102..121B
1369:10.1038/nbt0390-217
1257:10.1038/nbt0503-480
1128:"Molecular farming"
1046:Alpha 1-antitrypsin
1044:PPL Therapeutics –
1029:protease inhibitors
1015:, plasma proteins,
977:alpha galactosidase
888:Chlorogen, Inc. –
880:human serum albumin
862:Ebola virus disease
813:vaccine in potatoes
574:incident, in which
522:genetic engineering
311:is often used as a
255:, i.e. recombinant
143:recombinant enzymes
49:genetic engineering
4553:Stem cell research
4172:Ice-minus bacteria
3749:2021-04-18 at the
3727:2009-05-17 at the
3629:The New York Times
3392:ClinicalTrials.gov
3086:. 2 November 2023.
2983:ClinicalTrials.gov
2763:Fraunhofer website
2752:Farming for Pharma
1905:Mayo v. Prometheus
1896:Richard H. Stern.
1848:Richard H. Stern.
1834:The New York Times
1832:Andre Pollack for
1568:2012-07-03 at the
1440:Trends Biotechnol.
817:Ventria Bioscience
802:in rice (this is "
716:American Red Cross
538:drought resistance
416:taliglucerase alfa
285:Mayo v. Prometheus
268:biopharmaceuticals
192:Ventria Bioscience
65:molecular pharming
4642:Molecular biology
4594:
4593:
4558:Synthetic biology
4448:Human enhancement
4438:Genetic pollution
4414:
4413:
4282:
4281:
4190:
4189:
4153:
4152:
4047:
4046:
3352:Purchase contract
3228:. March 10, 2010.
3108:Trademark listing
2311:10.1111/pbi.12430
2150:10.1111/pbi.12575
2144:(11): 2190–2200.
2079:BMC Biotechnology
1943:10.1002/wnan.1462
1911:Alice v. CLS Bank
1638:FDA Approval News
1199:Trends Plant Sci.
1085:Biopharmaceutical
995:Alpha 2a and 2b,
787:and a veterinary
667:Influenza vaccine
530:human consumption
498:protein synthesis
476:pharmacologically
420:Gaucher's disease
207:Newcastle disease
61:molecular farming
18:Molecular farming
16:(Redirected from
4649:
4617:Applied genetics
4331:Dow AgroSciences
4291:
4201:
4058:
3833:
3824:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3708:
3686:(Interview with
3593:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3516:
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3505:
3504:
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3501:
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3473:
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3443:
3442:
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3394:
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3307:
3301:
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3271:
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3215:
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3180:
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3121:
3119:SIgma Info Sheet
3116:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3058:
3052:
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3019:
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2940:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2865:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2798:
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2640:
2625:
2614:
2601:
2595:
2583:
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2540:
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2490:
2489:
2479:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2428:
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2411:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2362:
2338:
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2331:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2094:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1805:
1799:
1792:
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1785:
1749:
1743:
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1694:
1693:
1683:
1651:
1640:
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1629:
1628:
1618:
1578:
1572:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1539:
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1534:
1523:
1514:
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1477:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1304:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1245:Nat. Biotechnol.
1240:Miller, Henry I.
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1133:World Wide Words
1124:Quinion, Michael
1120:
1039:Monsanto Company
623:antithrombin III
597:Dow AgroSciences
242:in August 2006.
203:Dow AgroSciences
184:volunteer plants
21:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4562:
4531:
4485:
4467:
4420:
4410:
4384:
4380:Genetic testing
4362:
4352:
4278:
4264:Recombinant DNA
4252:
4223:Electroporation
4186:
4182:Oncolytic virus
4161:
4149:
4106:
4092:Herman the Bull
4043:
3977:
3959:
3941:
3923:
3900:
3882:
3864:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3751:Wayback Machine
3729:Wayback Machine
3703:
3670:
3601:
3599:Further reading
3596:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3563:
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3534:
3530:
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3470:
3451:
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3106:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3050:Company website
3048:
3044:
3039:Company website
3037:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3003:Company website
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2977:
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2715:
2713:
2708:
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2685:
2676:
2669:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2612:Wayback Machine
2602:
2598:
2593:Wayback Machine
2584:
2580:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2514:10.1038/nbt1260
2498:
2497:
2493:
2457:
2456:
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2429:
2425:
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2238:
2234:
2203:10.1038/nrg1177
2197:(10): 794–805.
2188:
2187:
2183:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1847:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:Wayback Machine
1560:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1494:10.1038/nrg1177
1488:(10): 794–805.
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1315:(5875): 473–5.
1302:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1100:Polly and Molly
1081:
1062:Dolly the Sheep
1050:cystic fibrosis
688:, initiating a
588:
568:cross-pollinate
553:physiologically
518:
490:pharmaceuticals
461:
452:
446:
434:
428:
350:edible vaccines
295:
248:
220:
215:
165:cystic fibrosis
92:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4655:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Drug discovery
4619:
4614:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4536:Similar fields
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4406:Gene targeting
4403:
4401:Gene knockdown
4398:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:DuPont Pioneer
4333:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4297:
4295:
4294:In agriculture
4288:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:Microinjection
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4075:Knockout mouse
4066:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3668:External links
3666:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3572:
3561:
3558:APHIS approval
3550:
3539:
3528:
3517:
3506:
3479:
3468:
3461:. 2001-09-09.
3444:
3395:
3377:
3366:
3355:
3344:
3333:
3322:
3311:
3302:
3290:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3242:
3231:
3210:
3181:
3167:
3156:
3145:
3122:
3111:
3100:
3089:
3075:
3064:
3053:
3042:
3031:
3020:
3006:
2995:
2970:
2944:
2919:
2896:
2885:
2860:
2857:APHIS approval
2849:
2838:
2824:
2813:
2802:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2701:
2674:
2667:
2645:
2615:
2596:
2578:
2535:
2508:(12): 1591–7.
2491:
2450:
2423:
2382:
2333:
2304:(2): 791–807.
2284:
2249:(3): 639–648.
2232:
2181:
2124:
2065:
2028:(3): 452–467.
2008:
1973:(3): 579–592.
1957:
1916:
1889:
1877:
1864:
1841:
1825:
1815:. June 2, 2006
1800:
1787:
1760:(10): 1045–8.
1744:
1695:
1641:
1630:
1573:
1554:
1540:
1515:
1472:
1424:
1397:
1356:Bio/Technology
1342:
1285:
1231:
1188:
1178:on May 7, 2010
1145:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:Bioremediation
1087:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1005:
969:Papillomavirus
953:
943:
927:
886:
866:
865:
847:
839:
828:
814:
807:
793:
777:
763:
741:
723:
700:
693:
686:COVID-19 virus
660:
657:
644:
633:
626:
616:
609:
587:
584:
517:
514:
460:
457:
448:Main article:
445:
442:
430:Main article:
427:
424:
365:35S promoter (
313:model organism
294:
291:
247:
244:
224:seminal plasma
219:
216:
214:
211:
188:Anheuser-Busch
161:gastric lipase
154:human diseases
145:and human and
135:growth factors
127:blood products
91:
88:
44:pharmaceutical
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4654:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Biotechnology
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Biotechnology
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:South America
4520:
4517:
4513:
4512:North America
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Transhumanism
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Gene knockout
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4306:Controversies
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4205:Inserting DNA
4202:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:Other animals
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:(1): 224–33.
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:Altor website
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:Press Release
3359:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:Press Release
3337:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:Sigma Catalog
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2958:National Post
2955:
2948:
2945:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2875:on 2015-06-02
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2690:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2668:9780801473685
2664:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2635:on 2011-07-18
2634:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2470:(3): 331–40.
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2402:(3): 373–83.
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:Staff (2008)
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:10.1038/80231
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:(2): 107–21.
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:(1): 121–34.
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:(12): 570–8.
1445:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:(3): 217–21.
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
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4363:diagnostics
4233:Lipofection
3994:Arabidopsis
3896:Golden rice
3387:NCT00879606
3195:News@nature
3142:(10): 44–8.
2810:GTC website
2243:Protoplasma
1908:; see also
1013:lactoferrin
1001:Hepatitis B
915:, 4HB, and
909:hepatitis C
832:lactoferrin
821:lactoferrin
811:Hepatitis C
804:Golden rice
770:trastuzumab
753:doxorubicin
720:lactoferrin
702:Pharming –
444:Controversy
422:, in 2012.
392:bioreactors
378:Lemna minor
309:Arabidopsis
199:bioreactors
158:recombinant
96:recombinant
69:biopharming
35:portmanteau
4601:Categories
4473:Regulation
4317:Companies
4274:Cisgenesis
4218:Biolistics
4024:Sugar beet
3937:Flavr Savr
3837:Maize/corn
3688:Ralf Reski
3500:2007-05-10
2964:2020-07-14
2938:2020-07-14
2879:2012-10-06
2716:2008-09-11
2695:2008-09-13
2639:2008-09-13
2551:(1): 3–9.
1819:2006-10-25
1182:2008-09-11
1139:2008-09-11
1111:References
1058:sheep milk
1021:antibodies
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905:interferon
774:Fraunhofer
767:biosimilar
762:in tobacco
745:antibodies
735:paclitaxel
712:fibrinogen
697:Fraunhofer
612:Fraunhofer
549:food chain
459:Advantages
426:Regulation
213:In mammals
169:antibodies
147:veterinary
123:antibodies
94:The first
84:bioreactor
51:to insert
4586:Bioethics
4490:Geography
4428:Transgene
4196:Processes
4087:Enviropig
4080:Oncomouse
4019:SmartStax
3955:Bt cotton
3819:organisms
3299:Testimony
2960:. Reuters
2369:0168-1656
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564:activists
494:microbial
468:pathogens
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337:safflower
293:In plants
131:cytokines
4576:Genetics
4543:Eugenics
4421:articles
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3817:modified
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3164:FAQ page
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2933:CTV News
2785:FAQ page
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