358:
342:
409:. People severely deficient in molybdenum have poorly functioning sulfite oxidase and are prone to toxic reactions to sulfites in foods. The human body contains about 0.07 mg of molybdenum per kilogram of body weight, with higher concentrations in the liver and kidneys and lower in the vertebrae. Molybdenum is also present within human
20:
504:
Most molybdenum is excreted from the human body as molybdate in the urine. Furthermore, urinary excretion of molybdenum increases as dietary molybdenum intake increases. Small amounts of molybdenum are excreted from the body in the feces by way of the bile; small amounts also can be lost in sweat and
2083:
Brewer, G. J.; Dick, R. D.; Grover, D. K.; Leclaire, V.; Tseng, M.; Wicha, M.; Pienta, K.; Redman, B. G.; Jahan, T.; Sondak, V. K.; Strawderman, M.; LeCarpentier, G.; Merajver, S. D. (2000). "Treatment of metastatic cancer with tetrathiomolybdate, an anticopper, antiangiogenic agent: Phase I study".
127:, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to the amount of molybdenum in the body. An extremely high concentration of molybdenum reverses the trend and can inhibit purine catabolism and other processes. Molybdenum concentration also affects
2047:
Brewer GJ; Hedera, P.; Kluin, K. J.; Carlson, M.; Askari, F.; Dick, R. B.; Sitterly, J.; Fink, J. K. (2003). "Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: III. Initial therapy in a total of 55 neurologically affected patients and follow-up with zinc therapy".
322:
424:) as low as 180 mg/kg for some Mo compounds. Although human toxicity data is unavailable, animal studies have shown that chronic ingestion of more than 10 mg/day of molybdenum can cause diarrhea, growth retardation,
564:, a hereditary copper metabolism disorder in humans; it acts both by competing with copper absorption in the bowel and by increasing excretion. It has also been found to have an inhibitory effect on
54:
Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of
365:, which has bound an oxidized molybdenum(VI) atom through adjacent sulfur (or occasionally selenium) atoms. Except for the ancient nitrogenases, all known Mo-using enzymes use this cofactor.
148:
488:, the heterocyclic molecule discussed above that binds molybdenum at the active site in all known human enzymes that use molybdenum. The resulting deficiency results in high levels of
2544:
1843:
1042:
1988:
477:. Since pure molybdenum deficiency from this cause occurs primarily in adults, the neurological consequences are not as marked as in cases of congenital cofactor deficiency.
765:
Enemark, John H.; Cooney, J. Jon A.; Wang, Jun-Jieh; Holm, R. H. (2004). "Synthetic
Analogues and Reaction Systems Relevant to the Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxotransferases".
541:(loss of fur pigment). These symptoms can be alleviated by copper supplements, either dietary or injection. The effective copper deficiency can be aggravated by excess
956:
2129:
568:, potentially by inhibiting the membrane translocation process that is dependent on copper ions. This is a promising avenue for investigation of treatments for
1702:
406:
1183:
Schwarz, Guenter; Belaidi, Abdel A. (2013). "Chapter 13. Molybdenum in Human Health and
Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.).
607:
Scott, C.; Lyons, T. W.; Bekker, A.; Shen, Y.; Poulton, S. W.; Chu, X.; Anbar, A. D. (2008). "Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the
Proterozoic ocean".
451:. Compared to the United States, which has a greater supply of molybdenum in the soil, people living in those areas have about 16 times greater risk for
142:. Among molybdoenzymes, nitrogenases are unique in lacking the molybdopterin. Nitrogenases catalyze the production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen:
1572:
1281:"Molecular Basis of the Biological Function of Molybdenum. The Relationship between Sulfite Oxidase and the Acute Toxicity of Bisulfite and SO
1868:
1394:
1353:
1200:
1100:
1052:
1026:
846:
96:
In terms of function, molybdoenzymes catalyze the oxidation and sometimes reduction of certain small molecules in the process of regulating
1657:
1359:
852:
1445:
1985:
666:
1897:"Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum"
573:
2320:
2215:
521:. Molybdenum prevents plasma proteins from binding to copper, and it also increases the amount of copper that is excreted in
481:
474:
1874:
416:
Acute toxicity has not been seen in humans, and the toxicity depends strongly on the chemical state. Studies on rats show a
2493:
2115:
2122:
984:
923:
2539:
549:
317:{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }
1597:
443:
Low soil concentration of molybdenum in a geographical band from northern China to Iran results in a general dietary
2518:
1678:
Taylor, Philip R.; Li, Bing; Dawsey, Sanford M.; Li, Jun-Yao; Yang, Chung S.; Guo, Wande; Blot, William J. (1994).
579:
In some grazing livestock, most strongly in cattle, molybdenum excess in the soil of pasturage can produce scours (
462:
1679:
2549:
2373:
2007:"The Mystery of nonclassical protein secretion, a current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes"
455:
2385:
437:
61:
At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in bacteria. Those enzymes include
548:
Copper reduction or deficiency can also be deliberately induced for therapeutic purposes by the compound
2325:
1837:
444:
1598:"Nail Molybdenum and Zinc Contents in Populations with Low and Moderate Incidence of Esophageal Cancer"
1549:
2498:
2210:
2170:
2160:
2155:
1296:
1137:
723:
616:
556:
is the copper-chelating agent. Tetrathiomolybdate was first used therapeutically in the treatment of
1410:
Curzon, M. E. J.; Kubota, J.; Bibby, B. G. (1971). "Environmental
Effects of Molybdenum on Caries".
2564:
2554:
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2195:
561:
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2503:
2462:
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1427:
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1036:
747:
640:
417:
1067:
1059:
1645:
1343:
922:
Kisker, C.; Schindelin, H.; Baas, D.; Rétey, J.; Meckenstock, R. U.; Kroneck, P. M. H. (1999).
2472:
2442:
2410:
2405:
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2363:
2310:
2300:
2205:
2185:
2180:
2150:
2093:
2065:
2029:
1967:
1926:
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1790:
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904:
842:
836:
817:
782:
739:
696:
662:
632:
518:
452:
448:
128:
43:
461:
Molybdenum deficiency has also been reported as a consequence of non-molybdenum supplemented
2437:
2395:
2057:
2019:
2011:
1957:
1908:
1817:
1780:
1739:
1522:
1479:
1419:
1314:
1304:
1233:
1188:
1155:
1145:
1088:
1014:
938:
894:
886:
809:
774:
731:
688:
624:
557:
538:
465:(complete intravenous feeding) for long periods of time. It results in high blood levels of
433:
402:
398:
124:
70:
62:
361:
The molybdenum cofactor (pictured) is composed of a molybdenum-free organic complex called
2508:
2400:
2340:
2305:
2190:
2175:
1992:
1449:
394:
382:
66:
1081:
Cleaving the N,N Triple Bond: The
Transformation of Dinitrogen to Ammonia by Nitrogenases
1300:
1141:
727:
692:
620:
2452:
2447:
2432:
2420:
1744:
1727:
1596:
Nouri, Mohsen; Chalian, Hamid; Bahman, Atiyeh; Mollahajian, Hamid; et al. (2008).
1160:
1125:
943:
899:
874:
97:
1680:"Prevention of Esophageal Cancer: The Nutrition Intervention Trials in Linxian, China"
1319:
1280:
1009:
Mendel, Ralf R. (2013). "Chapter 15 Metabolism of
Molybdenum". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
2533:
2513:
2477:
2467:
2425:
2415:
2024:
2006:
1253:
714:
Streicher SL, Gurney EG, Valentine RC (October 1972). "The nitrogen fixation genes".
644:
485:
390:
362:
74:
1499:
1431:
657:
G.J. Leigh. Ch. 5 Structure and
Spectroscopic Properties of Metallo-sulfur Clusters
440:
of molybdenum. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues.
2330:
751:
565:
410:
357:
328:
105:
101:
1018:
1858:
1423:
1192:
813:
2378:
2315:
1092:
425:
350:
335:
139:
78:
39:
1767:
Smolinsky, B; Eichler, S. A.; Buchmeier, S.; Meier, J. C.; Schwarz, G. (2008).
1289:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
576:, and other diseases that involve a pathologic proliferation of blood vessels.
2266:
2061:
584:
132:
120:
35:
28:
1922:
700:
1913:
1896:
1309:
1150:
988:
341:
113:
55:
2097:
2069:
2033:
1829:
1794:
1785:
1769:"Splice-specific Functions of Gephyrin in Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis"
1768:
1616:
1534:
1245:
1210:
1169:
1110:
908:
821:
786:
636:
1971:
1930:
1821:
1753:
1698:
1620:
1568:
1526:
1491:
1328:
952:
743:
2457:
2350:
2258:
2242:
1187:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 415–450.
1087:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 147–174.
580:
530:
526:
385:. Four mammalian Mo-dependent enzymes are known, all of them harboring a
109:
38:
is an essential element in most organisms. It is most notably present in
1962:
1945:
1085:
800:
Mendel, Ralf R.; Bittner, Florian (2006). "Cell biology of molybdenum".
628:
2358:
1483:
489:
466:
2107:
1646:"Geographical distribution of trace elements-deficient soils in China"
1279:
Cohen, H. J.; Drew, R. T.; Johnson, J. L.; Rajagopalan, K. V. (1973).
890:
778:
2274:
2250:
2234:
2225:
1446:"Risk Assessment Information System: Toxicity Summary for Molybdenum"
735:
569:
542:
534:
514:
386:
346:
332:
117:
82:
24:
1237:
1857:
Gropper, Sareen S.; Smith, Jack L.; Carr, Timothy P. (2016-10-05).
1470:
Coughlan, M. P. (1983). "The role of molybdenum in human biology".
924:"A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor-containing enzymes"
679:
Burris RH, Wilson PW (June 1945). "Biological
Nitrogen Fixation".
522:
513:
High levels of molybdenum can interfere with the body's uptake of
493:
470:
356:
340:
19:
18:
1808:
Reiss, J. (2000). "Genetics of molybdenum cofactor deficiency".
1079:
Chi Chung, Lee; Markus W., Ribbe; Yilin, Hu (2014). "Chapter 7.
429:
2111:
1513:
Barceloux, Donald G.; Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Molybdenum".
1895:
Turnlund, J. R.; Keyes, W. R.; Peiffer, G. L. (October 1995).
1185:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
802:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
77:
to give the molybdenum cofactor. The only known exception is
1083:". In Peter M.H. Kroneck; Martha E. Sosa Torres (eds.).
484:
disease, seen in infants, is an inability to synthesize
1013:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer.
1224:
Mendel, Ralf R. (2009). "Cell biology of molybdenum".
987:. International Molybdenum Association. Archived from
1995:. Bison Producers of Alberta. Accessed Dec. 16, 2010.
841:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 262–266.
560:
in animals. It was then introduced as a treatment in
151:
1946:"Recent studies of the copper-molybdenum antagonism"
1389:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 1038–1040.
583:) if the pH of the soil is neutral to alkaline; see
432:; it can also affect the lungs, kidneys, and liver.
2486:
2349:
2286:
2224:
2143:
529:that consume high levels of molybdenum suffer from
108:. In some animals, and in humans, the oxidation of
1550:"Research on Esophageal Cancer in China: a Review"
1126:"A newly discovered role for iron-sulfur clusters"
661:Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, 2002. 209-210.
316:
1842:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1124:Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Dean, Dennis R. (2008).
1041:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
73:. With one exception, Mo in proteins is bound by
1448:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from
1385:Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005). "Molybdenum".
978:
976:
2545:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
2123:
8:
1732:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
1728:"Molybdenum—is it an essential trace metal?"
873:Russ Hille; James Hall; Partha Basu (2014).
447:, and is associated with increased rates of
1380:
1378:
1376:
602:
600:
369:Molybdate is transported in the body as MoO
2130:
2116:
2108:
1901:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1342:Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon (2001).
2023:
1961:
1912:
1784:
1743:
1318:
1308:
1159:
1149:
942:
898:
307:
270:
257:
232:
195:
176:
157:
152:
150:
58:(which includes all plants and animals).
1387:Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry
1860:Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism
596:
1835:
1472:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
1034:
7:
1950:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
875:"The Mononuclear Molybdenum Enzymes"
659:Nitrogen Fixation at the Millennium.
2228: (Core six elements)
693:10.1146/annurev.bi.14.070145.003345
985:"Overview of Environment Database"
944:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00384.x
308:
304:
291:
288:
285:
267:
254:
250:
238:
229:
216:
213:
210:
192:
173:
154:
85:cofactor, which has the formula Fe
14:
407:mitochondrial amidoxime reductase
381:Molybdenum is an essential trace
2025:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03577.x
1644:Zheng, Liu; et al. (1982).
1348:. Academic Press. p. 1384.
983:Mitchell, Phillip C. H. (2003).
574:age-related macular degeneration
552:, in which the bright red anion
413:and may help prevent its decay.
1877:from the original on 2021-11-13
1773:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1708:from the original on 2016-09-17
1660:from the original on 2021-02-05
1578:from the original on 2015-11-23
1362:from the original on 2021-09-28
962:from the original on 2017-08-10
855:from the original on 2022-06-30
377:Human metabolism and deficiency
2216:Biological aspects of fluorine
482:molybdenum cofactor deficiency
475:molybdenum cofactor deficiency
241:
42:which is an essential part of
16:Use of molybdenum by organisms
1:
2494:Composition of the human body
1019:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-10_15
681:Annual Review of Biochemistry
393:(Moco) in their active site:
1605:Archives of Iranian Medicine
1424:10.1177/00220345710500013401
1193:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_13
814:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.03.013
509:Excess and copper antagonism
2504:Mineral (Essential element)
1986:Copper deficiency in cattle
1093:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_6
550:ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
496:, and neurological damage.
2581:
2519:Uranium in the environment
1412:Journal of Dental Research
473:, in much the same way as
463:total parenteral nutrition
138:Mo is a component in most
2374:Acute beryllium poisoning
2062:10.1001/archneur.60.3.379
2086:Clinical Cancer Research
1693:(7 Suppl): 2029s–2031s.
1295:(12 Pt 1–2): 3655–3659.
1269:, February 2010, page 3.
1267:Blaylock Wellness Report
1011:Metallomics and the Cell
838:Nature's Building Blocks
428:, low birth weight, and
1824:(inactive 2024-09-18).
1726:Abumrad, N. N. (1984).
1548:Yang, Chung S. (1980).
1310:10.1073/pnas.70.12.3655
1151:10.1073/pnas.0805713105
1021:(inactive 2024-09-18).
456:squamous cell carcinoma
399:xanthine oxidoreductase
2386:Chlorine gas poisoning
1944:Suttle, N. F. (1974).
1786:10.1074/jbc.M800985200
366:
354:
318:
32:
2359:Argyria (Silver)
2201:Molybdenum in biology
1914:10.1093/ajcn/62.4.790
1822:10.1007/s004390051023
1527:10.1081/CLT-100102422
1452:on September 19, 2007
835:Emsley, John (2001).
445:molybdenum deficiency
438:competitive inhibitor
360:
344:
319:
50:Mo-containing enzymes
22:
2499:Lithium (medication)
2211:Arsenic biochemistry
2171:Manganese in biology
2161:Potassium in biology
2156:Magnesium in biology
1863:. Cengage Learning.
405:, and mitochondrial
149:
2369:Beryllium poisoning
2196:Selenium in biology
2138:Elements in biology
1963:10.1079/PNS19740053
1563:(8 Pt 1): 2633–44.
1515:Clinical Toxicology
1345:Inorganic chemistry
1301:1973PNAS...70.3655C
1142:2008PNAS..10511589D
1136:(33): 11589–11590.
931:FEMS Microbiol. Rev
728:1972Natur.239..495S
629:10.1038/nature06811
621:2008Natur.452..456S
486:molybdenum cofactor
391:molybdenum cofactor
338:is highly complex.
2540:Biological systems
2463:Thallium poisoning
2166:Calcium in biology
2005:Nickel, W (2003).
1991:2011-09-10 at the
1484:10.1007/BF01811327
554:tetrathiomolybdate
533:, stunted growth,
418:median lethal dose
367:
355:
314:
123:, is catalyzed by
33:
31:atom in the center
2527:
2526:
2473:Toxic heavy metal
2458:Selenium toxicity
2443:Mercury poisoning
2411:Fluoride toxicity
2406:Cadmium poisoning
2391:Chromium toxicity
2364:Arsenic poisoning
2206:Iodine in biology
2186:Copper in biology
2181:Cobalt in biology
2151:Sodium in biology
2018:(10): 2109–2119.
1870:978-1-337-51421-7
1396:978-0-471-61525-5
1355:978-0-12-352651-9
1202:978-94-007-7499-5
1102:978-94-017-9268-4
1053:978-94-007-5561-1
1028:978-94-007-5560-4
891:10.1021/cr400443z
848:978-0-19-850341-5
779:10.1021/cr020609d
615:(7186): 456–460.
519:copper deficiency
449:esophageal cancer
345:Structure of the
302:
284:
249:
227:
209:
190:
171:
129:protein synthesis
81:, which uses the
44:nitrogen fixation
2572:
2550:Dietary minerals
2438:Lithium toxicity
2396:Cobalt poisoning
2132:
2125:
2118:
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2102:
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2012:Eur. J. Biochem.
2002:
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1635:
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1625:
1619:. Archived from
1602:
1593:
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1583:
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1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
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1047:electronic-book
1046:
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997:
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980:
971:
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968:
967:
961:
946:
928:
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912:
902:
885:(7): 3963–4038.
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
832:
826:
825:
797:
791:
790:
773:(2): 1175–1200.
762:
756:
755:
736:10.1038/239495a0
711:
705:
704:
676:
670:
655:
649:
648:
604:
562:Wilson's disease
558:copper toxicosis
434:Sodium tungstate
403:aldehyde oxidase
323:
321:
320:
315:
313:
312:
311:
300:
282:
275:
274:
262:
261:
247:
237:
236:
225:
207:
200:
199:
188:
181:
180:
169:
162:
161:
125:xanthine oxidase
71:xanthine oxidase
63:aldehyde oxidase
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2509:Oxygen toxicity
2482:
2401:Copper toxicity
2345:
2282:
2220:
2191:Zinc in biology
2176:Iron in biology
2139:
2136:
2106:
2105:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1993:Wayback Machine
1983:
1979:
1943:
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1779:(25): 17370–9.
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1687:Cancer Research
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1590:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1557:Cancer Research
1552:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1356:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1238:10.1002/biof.55
1223:
1222:
1218:
1203:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1103:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1033:
1029:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
982:
981:
974:
965:
963:
959:
926:
921:
920:
916:
872:
871:
867:
858:
856:
849:
834:
833:
829:
799:
798:
794:
764:
763:
759:
722:(5374): 495–9.
713:
712:
708:
678:
677:
673:
656:
652:
606:
605:
598:
593:
511:
502:
423:
395:sulfite oxidase
383:dietary element
379:
372:
349:active site of
303:
266:
253:
228:
191:
172:
153:
147:
146:
116:, a process of
92:
88:
67:sulfite oxidase
56:eukaryotic life
52:
27:cluster with a
17:
12:
11:
5:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Nickel allergy
2450:
2448:Metal toxicity
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Lead poisoning
2430:
2429:
2428:
2421:Iron poisoning
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2039:
1997:
1984:Hauer, Gerald
1977:
1956:(3): 299–305.
1936:
1907:(4): 790–796.
1887:
1869:
1849:
1810:Human Genetics
1800:
1759:
1718:
1670:
1636:
1588:
1540:
1521:(2): 231–237.
1505:
1462:
1437:
1402:
1395:
1372:
1354:
1334:
1282:
1271:
1259:
1216:
1201:
1175:
1116:
1101:
1071:
1027:
1001:
972:
937:(5): 503–521.
914:
865:
847:
827:
808:(7): 621–635.
792:
757:
706:
687:(1): 685–708.
671:
650:
595:
594:
592:
589:
539:achromotrichia
510:
507:
501:
498:
421:
378:
375:
370:
325:
324:
310:
306:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
281:
278:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
246:
243:
240:
235:
231:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
206:
203:
198:
194:
187:
184:
179:
175:
168:
165:
160:
156:
135:, and growth.
90:
86:
51:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2577:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Soil salinity
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:Zinc toxicity
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Tin poisoning
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:Iron overload
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Halotolerance
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:(3): 379–85.
2055:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:(2): 157–63.
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1738:(2): 163–71.
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:Acta Ped. Sin
1647:
1640:
1637:
1626:on 2011-07-19
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
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1592:
1589:
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1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1544:
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1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:(S1): 70–77.
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
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1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:(5): 429–34.
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
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1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
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1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
991:on 2007-10-18
990:
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977:
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958:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
925:
918:
915:
910:
906:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
866:
854:
850:
844:
840:
839:
831:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
668:
667:9780444509659
664:
660:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
601:
597:
590:
588:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:A congenital
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
374:
364:
363:molybdopterin
359:
352:
348:
343:
339:
337:
334:
330:
297:
294:
279:
276:
271:
263:
258:
244:
233:
222:
219:
204:
201:
196:
185:
182:
177:
166:
163:
158:
145:
144:
143:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
84:
80:
76:
75:molybdopterin
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
49:
47:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2288:Deficiencies
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2200:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1980:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1879:. Retrieved
1859:
1852:
1838:cite journal
1813:
1809:
1803:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1690:
1686:
1673:
1662:. Retrieved
1653:
1649:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1611:(4): 392–6.
1608:
1604:
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1560:
1556:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1440:
1418:(1): 74–77.
1415:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1364:. Retrieved
1344:
1337:
1292:
1288:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1184:
1178:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1084:
1080:
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1010:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
989:the original
964:. Retrieved
934:
930:
917:
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868:
857:. Retrieved
837:
830:
805:
801:
795:
770:
766:
760:
719:
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709:
684:
680:
674:
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612:
608:
578:
566:angiogenesis
553:
547:
517:, producing
512:
503:
479:
460:
442:
415:
411:tooth enamel
380:
368:
329:biosynthesis
326:
140:nitrogenases
137:
95:
60:
53:
34:
2379:Berylliosis
2092:(1): 1–10.
2050:Arch Neurol
1656:: 209–223.
1062:electronic-
426:infertility
351:nitrogenase
336:active site
79:nitrogenase
40:nitrogenase
2565:Physiology
2555:Molybdenum
2534:Categories
2326:Molybdenum
1881:2022-07-02
1712:2016-07-01
1664:2022-07-02
1630:2009-03-23
1582:2011-12-30
1456:2008-04-23
1366:2022-07-02
1226:BioFactors
995:2007-05-05
966:2017-10-25
859:2022-07-02
591:References
453:esophageal
133:metabolism
121:catabolism
36:Molybdenum
29:molybdenum
2560:Nutrition
2321:Manganese
2316:Potassium
2270:hosphorus
1923:0002-9165
1254:205487570
1068:1868-0402
1060:1559-0836
1037:cite book
879:Chem. Rev
767:Chem. Rev
701:0066-4154
645:205212619
585:teartness
527:Ruminants
505:in hair.
500:Excretion
242:⟶
197:−
114:uric acid
2351:Toxicity
2336:Selenium
2296:Chromium
2144:Elements
2098:10656425
2070:12633149
2034:12752430
1989:Archived
1875:Archived
1830:10746556
1795:18411266
1703:Archived
1658:Archived
1617:18588371
1573:Archived
1535:10382558
1500:10114173
1432:72386871
1360:Archived
1246:19623604
1211:24470099
1170:18697949
1111:25416393
957:Archived
909:24467397
853:Archived
822:16784786
787:14871153
637:18368114
581:diarrhea
531:diarrhea
110:xanthine
98:nitrogen
2487:Related
2262:itrogen
2246:ydrogen
1972:4617883
1931:7572711
1754:6426561
1745:1911702
1699:8137333
1569:6992989
1492:6312191
1329:4519654
1297:Bibcode
1161:2575256
1138:Bibcode
953:9990727
900:4080432
752:4225250
744:4563018
724:Bibcode
617:Bibcode
490:sulfite
467:sulfite
389:-based
331:of the
2331:Sodium
2311:Iodine
2301:Copper
2226:CHONPS
2096:
2068:
2032:
1970:
1929:
1921:
1867:
1828:
1793:
1752:
1742:
1697:
1615:
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1320:427300
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785:
750:
742:
716:Nature
699:
665:
643:
635:
609:Nature
570:cancer
543:sulfur
537:, and
535:anemia
515:copper
387:pterin
347:FeMoco
333:FeMoco
301:
283:
248:
226:
208:
189:
170:
118:purine
106:carbon
104:, and
102:sulfur
83:FeMoco
25:FeMoco
2278:ulfur
2254:xygen
2238:arbon
1706:(PDF)
1683:(PDF)
1624:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1496:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1250:S2CID
960:(PDF)
927:(PDF)
748:S2CID
641:S2CID
523:urine
494:urate
471:urate
436:is a
2341:Zinc
2306:Iron
2094:PMID
2066:PMID
2030:PMID
1968:PMID
1927:PMID
1919:ISSN
1865:ISBN
1844:link
1826:PMID
1791:PMID
1750:PMID
1695:PMID
1613:PMID
1565:PMID
1531:PMID
1488:PMID
1391:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1325:PMID
1242:PMID
1207:PMID
1197:ISBN
1166:PMID
1130:PNAS
1107:PMID
1097:ISBN
1064:ISSN
1056:ISSN
1049:ISBN
1043:link
1023:ISBN
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843:ISBN
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783:PMID
740:PMID
697:ISSN
663:ISBN
633:PMID
492:and
469:and
430:gout
327:The
69:and
2058:doi
2020:doi
2016:270
1958:doi
1909:doi
1818:doi
1814:106
1781:doi
1777:283
1740:PMC
1523:doi
1480:doi
1420:doi
1315:PMC
1305:doi
1234:doi
1189:doi
1156:PMC
1146:doi
1134:105
1089:doi
1015:doi
939:doi
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883:114
810:doi
775:doi
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625:doi
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969:.
941::
911:.
889::
862:.
824:.
812::
789:.
777::
754:.
734::
726::
703:.
691::
669:.
647:.
627::
619::
371:4
353:.
309:i
305:P
295:+
292:P
289:D
286:A
277:+
272:2
268:H
264:+
259:3
255:H
251:N
245:2
239:O
234:2
230:H
220:+
217:P
214:T
211:A
202:+
193:e
186:8
183:+
178:+
174:H
167:8
164:+
159:2
155:N
91:9
87:7
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