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The synthesisers' designer, Tatsuya
Takahashi, stated that making the Monotron modification-friendly was not Korg's original goal. Instead, it was to create an affordable analogue synthesiser. He believed that the Monotron being used for modifications was a by-product of the synthesiser's analogue
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Our initial motivation was not to deliver something for the DIY crowd. It was to provide engagement with real analogue sonics at a price point that I could have bought when I was a kid The low price point and the inherent simplicity of the analogue circuit just happened to resonate with the DIY
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series. The groovebox took inspiration from the ribbon controller of the
Monotron, adding a switch to toggle between "wide" and "narrow" pitch ranges. As with the Monotron, the Monotribe's circuit diagrams and schematics were released. The Monotribe did sell units, but failed to attain the same
264:
Some critics suggested mitigating the ribbon keyboard's small size by using a stylus, or forgoing the keyboard entirely by using the
Monotron as an effects unit for the sake of its filter. As an effects unit, the Monotron has seen usage in modular systems despite having no control voltage
259:
Once you look past the limitations and remind yourself that this is a true analogue synth for a bargain price, the
Monotron is a real winner. It's certainly not perfect, but it's an inspiring piece of equipment to have kicking around the studio and it sounds good enough to use it on a
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Other modifications can be more extreme, like the "FrankenSynth". Nicknamed by the digital music resource site Ask.Audio, it is a heavily expanded
Monotron designed in the United Kingdom by Harry Axten. Carrying out any modifications on a Monotron voids the synthesiser's warranty.
391:
The Duo shares the same cosmetic design as the original
Monotron but is instead coloured blue, with a yellow highlight. Like other Monotron models, the Monotron Duo has a ribbon controller (with a range of one octave). The ribbon controller has four playing modes:
352:. The VCO uses a sawtooth waveform and has a maximum frequency of around 4 kHz. The VCF is the same as the other Monotrons but only has control over cutoff. The LFO can reach frequencies as low as 0.02 Hz and is connected to oscillator pitch. It can be a
1903:
Of the "big three" Japanese synth makers, Korg has really started delivering the goods when it comes to affordable analog synths. After sticking a big toe in the water last year with the pocket-sized
Monotron Korg kicks the whole game up a notch with the new
126:. Korg's decision to release the Monotron in 2010 emboldened other manufacturers to produce their own offerings, making analogue synthesisers popular again. Korg continued to release other analogue offerings, such as the Monotribe (released in 2011).
308:'s 2011 Makey Awards. In their nomination, they noted the Monotron's accessible circuit board and inexpensive price. The nomination was titled "Best Product Documentation". The Monotron also won the "Hardware Synth Under $ 500" category at the 2011
217:). The LFO has a frequency range of <1 Hz to 900 Hz and can be routed to VCO pitch or filter cutoff, with control over modulation intensity. The VCF is the same design as the Korg-25 filter chip that used on the
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Many examples can be found of the connection between bricolage and electronic music, like
Autechre's donation of their SYX files online, or Korg's empty pins on their Monotron synthesizers to let people modify them
104:, who made modifications to the synthesisers' designs. Korg did not originally intend for the Monotrons to be used for this purpose: rather, it was a consequence of the company labeling the synthesisers'
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and spans four octaves. Its markings—ostensibly representing a keyboard little over an octave in size—are purely decorative and do not correspond to the pitch output nor the ribbon's actual range.
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Through creating synthesisers like the
Monotrons and Monotribe, Korg inspired other synthesiser companies to release their own new analogue synthesisers. These companies included Moog Music and
551:. By releasing Monotron in 2010, Korg showed that analogue synthesisers were still relevant and could sell well. This helped to revitalise Korg's image of being a maker of analogue synthesisers.
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437:. Although it has one oscillator more than its predecessor, the Monotron Duo is still monophonic. The cross-modulation circuit (named "X-mod" by Korg) is similar to the one found on Korg's
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Dubber, Andrew (January 29, 2016). "You have 24 hours to invent the future of music: music hacks, playful research and creative innovation". In Wikström, Patrik; DeFillippi, Robert (eds.).
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Due to their accessibility, the
Monotron series became very popular candidates for modifications. Part of this popularity comes from Korg's decision to release the Monotrons'
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The Monotron has been credited with helping to create an "analogue revival" of synthesisers. In the 1980s, analogue synthesisers began to lose popularity, being replaced by
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After the test run that was the Monotron, Korg continued to make analogue synthesisers. In 2011, the success of the Monotron prompted Korg to release the Monotribe, a
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While it packs all the charm of the retro Stylophone into a really small, pocketable package, it also manages to squeeze a whole lot of brains into its shell as well.
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146:, the Monotron was Korg's first analogue synthesiser to be released in two decades (the last release being the Trident mkII). The Monotron was designed by Korg's
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The Delay has a design more similar to the original Monotron than its sibling, the Monotron Duo. Its faceplate is black and orange, with additional writing in
474:. This labeling enabled consumers to easily create modifications to the synthesisers. According to Andrew Dubber, Professor of Music Industry Innovation at
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The has a clearly labelled circuit board and publicly-released schematic, allowing any user to modify and develop the synthesiser for their own ends.
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284:, a miniature analogue electronic keyboard musical instrument created in 1967 by the British inventor Brian Jarvis. The British
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The Delay's smoothly sweeps its pitch over about six octaves. You should therefore consider the keyboard markings to be of decorative value only.
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Monotron measures 12 cm Ă— 7 cm (4.7 in Ă— 2.8 in), weighs approximately 100 grams (3.5 oz) and has a monochrome
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and Korg's own MS-10. The synthesiser's small form factor and analogue circuitry made others draw parallels between the Monotron and the
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The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument
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Levine, Mike; Sasso, Len (January 2011). "2011 Editor's Choice Awards: The Best of the Best in Music Production Technology".
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629:. Ware in particular listed the Monotron Delay as one of his "11 favourite hardware synths". A Monotron also appeared on
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Due to the lack of external connections on the Monotrons (apart from audio in/out), the most popular modifications add
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The Monotron Duo was announced alongside the Monotron Delay in 2011, and was also exhibited at the 2012 NAMM Show.
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is the manufacturer of the Monotron series, which comprises the original Monotron, Monotron Delay, and Monotron Duo.
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and have a range of four octaves. VCO2's frequency is dependent on VCO1 so the synthesiser can be set to play in
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100:, which were a novelty at the time. The Monotrons proved successful with consumers, especially with electronics
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646:. There exists a Concerto for Korg Monotron, composed in 2015 by the Canadian composer Andrew Noseworthy. The
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Herlihy, Gavin, ed. (October 2019). "Modular Dawn: The software studio giants making eyes at modular fans".
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364:) waveform. The delay circuit is based on the PT2399 echo processor chip and has control over time and
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445:/octave MS-20 filter is also present on the Monotron Duo with control over cutoff and resonance.
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The Monotron Duo loses the LFO of the original Monotron and replaces it with an extra VCO, and a
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77:(released 2011). The models share a minimalist set of synthesis components, consisting only of a
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2175:"KORG monotron DUO, monotron DELAY Bring Fun Back, via Mono/Poly, MS Circuits and Pocket Size"
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1856:"This pimped Korg Monotron has been super-charged and turned into a two-octave keyboard synth"
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The monophonic sound engine of the Monotron Delay includes a single VCO, an LFO, a VCF and a
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capabilities to control the synthesiser from other hardware. Mods adding MIDI support use
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and affordable price. Concerns were raised about the synthesiser's ribbon keyboard and
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1112:
Preve, Francis (February 2011). "Synth Workshop: Modular Synthesis On Your Desktop?".
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The Monotron Delay was announced in November 2011. It was later exhibited at the 2012
122:" of synthesisers by showing that analogue synthesisers could still be popular in the
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calls for the use of a Monotron Duo and Monotron Delay, and lasts around 15 minutes.
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called the Monotron "the new Stylophone" following its release. The magazine stated:
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51:
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1392:"Korg monotron DELAY Testbericht: Putziger Analogsynth mit Bandtastatur & Delay"
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69:. There are three models in the series: the original Monotron (released 2010), the
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and only includes the basic elements of a monophonic synthesiser. Monotron has a
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209:. The Monotron's VCO has a pitch tuning control and can reach frequencies below
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1692:"This video makes it easy to mod KORG's ultra-cheap monotron for analog CV"
1172:"Makey Awards 2011 Nominee 04: Korg Monotron, "Best Product Documentation""
2577:
797:"Analog For The People: Synth Master Tatsuya Takahashi On Engineering Fun"
380:
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724:"Korg debuts pocket-sized Monotron analog synth, and we want it (video)"
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2479:"Retro Tendencies, Decay, and Haunted Media in Hybrid Electronic Music"
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Korg's Monotribe combined features from their Monotron synthesiser and
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Editor's Choice Awards, with comments made about its "great sound".
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Critics received the Monotron series well, citing the synthesisers'
828:
Sarah., Benzuly (May 2010). "Musikmesse/ProLight+Sound 2010 hits".
423:. In terms of musical notes, the Duo's oscillators have a range of
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signal output, but critics overlooked these problems. According to
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2096:. Vol. 173, no. 5. Timeless Communications. p. 40.
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The Monotron was received well by critics, who praised its full
62:
36:
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Announced in the summer of 2010 at the German music exposition
2457:
Building Mobile Instruments for Improvised Musical Performance
1825:"This Hacked Synth Is A Korg Monotron, But Not As You Know It"
2265:
Turner, Danny (October 2020). "In The Studio With: Shlohmo".
946:
585:, who later released their DeepMind 12 synthesiser in 2017.
368:. Maximum delay times are around one second. The delay will
2045:"Analogue electronics sees a revival in the music industry"
462:
Reverse of Monotron's printed circuit board (PCB)
2092:
Parish, Matt (May 2014). "Inside the Analog Resurgence".
1313:"Korg Kaossilator 2, Mini Kaoss Pad 2, Monotron hands-on"
691:"Musikmesse 2010: Korg monotron is analogue ribbon synth"
470:
online as well as labeling relevant solder points on the
185:
In terms of its sound engine, the Monotron is relatively
2424:
Business Innovation and Disruption in the Music Industry
2142:"Korg Monotribe has 1978 sound, modern mobility (video)"
2602:
2486:
INSAM Journal of Contemporary Music, Art and Technology
2353:
McBeath, John (May 28, 2011). "Music Reviews". Review.
2217:(Interview). No. 154. Interviewed by Larry Crane.
1469:(April 2012). "Monotron Delay and Monotron Duo: Korg".
1723:"This Raspberry Pi Adds MIDI to a Korg Monotron Synth"
174:
line. The ribbon controller is also connected to the
1887:
Preve, Francis (September 2011). "Korg: Monotribe".
229:. External connections on the Monotron consist of a
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1087:Preve, Francis (November 2010). "Korg: monotron".
834:. Vol. 34, no. 5. New York. p. 10.
642:Monotron synthesisers have been used sparingly in
170:, similar to the touch controller found on Korg's
54:) is the collective name of a series of miniature
2401:(Revised ed.) (published 2020) – via
597:, Monotrons have been used by artists including
182:, there are five knobs for changing parameters.
489:
487:circuits. In a 2013 interview, Takahashi said:
480:
404:(natural) and unquantised. Monotron Duo has an
296:
257:
2618:
1233:"Korg unveils the new Monotron Duo and Delay"
1065:. Vol. 26, no. 12. pp. 58–59.
225:synthesisers. It has control over cutoff and
8:
2322:"Martyn Ware's 11 favourite hardware synths"
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2611:
2603:
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573:combining elements of Korg's Monotron and
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1277:. Vol. 124, no. 5. p. 10.
1093:. Vol. 36, no. 11. p. 70.
662:– series of synthesisers produced by Korg
500:An example of a modification that adds a
356:(blendable between sawtooth and ramp) or
272:sound engine led to some comparing it to
2109:"Hey, what's that sound: Korg Monotribe"
1893:. Vol. 37, no. 9. p. 62.
1677:
1475:. Vol. 38, no. 4. p. 66.
1209:. Vol. 27, no. 1. p. 32.
890:
795:Tyler-Ameen, Daoud (December 22, 2017).
2246:(Interview). No. 341. p. 97.
1311:Flatley, Joseph L. (January 20, 2012).
907:"Ten Of The Best: Analogue Mono Synths"
682:
625:) and the Portuguese-American musician
2121:from the original on February 20, 2023
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980:"Korg Monotron Is Music to Geeky Ears"
2334:from the original on October 24, 2021
2301:from the original on December 5, 2022
2209:"Gina Birch: She Plays Her Bass Loud"
2185:from the original on February 3, 2023
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1364:from the original on January 15, 2023
1245:from the original on January 15, 2023
1170:Ragan, Sean Michael (June 30, 2011).
1151:from the original on January 22, 2023
1139:"Korg Monotron is the new Stylophone"
1028:from the original on January 21, 2023
1009:
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959:from the original on January 15, 2023
917:from the original on December 1, 2021
901:
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872:from the original on January 15, 2023
809:from the original on January 22, 2023
776:from the original on January 15, 2023
736:from the original on January 22, 2023
722:Flatley, Joseph L. (March 24, 2010).
703:from the original on January 15, 2023
7:
2405:Contemporary Music Score Collection.
2073:from the original on August 13, 2022
2043:Boothroyd, David (August 13, 2013).
1981:from the original on January 4, 2020
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1267:Peoples, Glenn (February 11, 2012).
1184:from the original on October 3, 2022
940:
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934:
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111:points and publicly releasing their
2477:Ordonneau, Adrien (December 2019).
2221:from the original on March 28, 2023
2021:from the original on April 12, 2023
1946:from the original on April 13, 2023
1735:from the original on April 13, 2023
1289:from the original on April 13, 2023
408:system to ensure tuning stability.
341:. The Delay's ribbon controller is
1690:Kirn, Peter (September 25, 2019).
1059:(December 2010). "Korg Monotron".
945:Preve, Francis (August 25, 2010).
531:, to convert between MIDI and CV.
205:(LFO). The VCO and LFO both use a
118:The Monotron played a role in an "
25:
1500:"Monotron DUO & Delay Review"
1325:from the original on July 7, 2022
1231:Keene, Jamie (November 3, 2011).
2801:
2576:
2503:"Beyond DIY in Electronic Music"
2501:Richards, John (December 2013).
2173:Kirn, Peter (November 3, 2011).
2140:Buckley, Sean (April 20, 2011).
2107:McNamee, David (June 16, 2011).
1920:"So Many Synths, So Little Time"
1721:Hill, Ash (September 19, 2020).
1137:Grabham, Dan (August 31, 2021).
1854:Rogerson, Ben (June 11, 2018).
1823:Sethi, Rounik (June 11, 2018).
1586:"Korg monotron DUO Testbericht"
1550:"Korg Monotron Delay & Duo"
1423:"Korg Monotron Delay & Duo"
978:Bird, Cameron (June 17, 2014).
334:, an annual music trade show.
762:Scarth, Greg (July 14, 2010).
255:, a music journalism website:
67:electronic musical instruments
1:
1548:Nagle, Paul (February 2012).
1421:Nagle, Paul (February 2012).
1014:Beres, Ivan (July 23, 2010).
191:voltage-controlled oscillator
79:voltage-controlled oscillator
65:, a Japanese manufacturer of
3089:Japanese musical instruments
2544:Vail, Mark (February 2014).
1792:"Monotron Gets All The Mods"
1790:Fabio, Adam (June 9, 2018).
1348:"Korg Monotron Delay review"
644:contemporary classical music
578:popularity as the Monotron.
199:voltage-controlled amplifier
162:design. It has a continuous
87:voltage-controlled amplifier
2848:Triton/Le/Studio/Extreme/TR
2437:10.4337/9781783478156.00019
2395:Noseworthy, Andrew (2015).
858:Nagle, Paul (August 2010).
415:circuit. The dual VCOs use
302:Monotron was nominated for
29:Analogue synthesizer series
3105:
2799:
2398:Concerto for Korg Monotron
2320:Truss, Si (May 22, 2013).
2094:Musical Merchandise Review
1619:"Korg Monotron Duo review"
476:Birmingham City University
3060:
2521:10.1017/S1355771813000241
372:at high feedback levels.
195:voltage-controlled filter
83:voltage-controlled filter
2454:Holzborn, Damon (2013).
2359:. Canberra. p. 12.
203:low-frequency oscillator
91:low-frequency oscillator
73:(released 2011) and the
2552:Oxford University Press
2429:Edward Elgar Publishing
1016:"Review: Korg Monotron"
2356:The Weekend Australian
1969:"The Analogue Revival"
764:"Korg Monotron review"
617:), the Dutch producer
566:
505:
494:
484:
463:
385:
327:
300:
268:The Monotron's simple
262:
197:(VCF), a simple gated
139:
40:
666:List of Korg products
557:
549:software synthesisers
499:
461:
383:
325:
233:and an audio input.
138:The original Monotron
137:
59:analogue synthesisers
35:
2585:at Wikimedia Commons
2431:. pp. 211–228.
2179:Create Digital Music
1756:"Korg Monotron MIDI"
1696:Create Digital Music
1631:. January 28, 2012.
1360:. January 28, 2012.
441:synthesiser. The 12
286:consumer electronics
2462:Columbia University
2378:"Made in transit".
2003:(January 5, 2017).
1508:. August 14, 2012.
1206:Electronic Musician
1062:Electronic Musician
311:Electronic Musician
2554:USA. p. 196.
2287:Anjos, André Allen
2005:"Jacks in the box"
1118:. pp. 42–44.
699:. March 24, 2010.
567:
506:
464:
386:
328:
326:The Monotron Delay
243:analogue circuitry
178:. Attached to the
140:
41:
3084:Korg synthesizers
3071:
3070:
3045:Musical arrangers
2581:Media related to
2561:978-0-19-539489-4
2446:978-1-78347-815-6
2384:. April 13, 2011.
1269:"Analog a rhythm"
947:"Korg - Monotron"
913:. July 28, 2014.
802:WRVO Public Media
547:and, eventually,
207:sawtooth waveform
164:ribbon controller
148:Tatsuya Takahashi
98:analogue circuits
16:(Redirected from
3096:
3064:List of products
3008:MIDI controllers
2805:
2804:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2591:Official website
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2470:10.7916/D8GX4JXX
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2271:. No. 363.
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2159:
2137:
2131:
2130:
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2126:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1884:
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1840:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1754:Crookes, David.
1751:
1745:
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1740:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1687:
1681:
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1189:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
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1134:
1128:
1127:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1053:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1011:
1002:
1001:
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997:
992:on June 17, 2014
988:. Archived from
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
952:Resident Advisor
942:
927:
926:
924:
922:
903:
894:
888:
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881:
879:
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855:
844:
843:
825:
819:
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816:
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792:
786:
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783:
781:
759:
746:
745:
743:
741:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
687:
621:, Henry Laufer (
619:Martijn Deijkers
611:the Human League
539:Analogue revival
518:microcontrollers
417:square waveforms
413:cross-modulation
406:automatic tuning
384:The Monotron Duo
231:headphone output
120:analogue revival
21:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3040:
3031:Korg Collection
3019:
3003:
2967:
2951:
2935:
2919:
2903:
2877:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2636:
2631:
2589:
2588:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2543:
2508:Organised Sound
2500:
2481:
2476:
2453:
2447:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2377:
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2302:
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2222:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2050:New Electronics
2042:
2041:
2034:
2024:
2022:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
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1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
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1822:
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1817:
1807:
1805:
1789:
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1748:
1738:
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1715:
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1689:
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1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1584:Baarss, Felix.
1583:
1582:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1465:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1436:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1390:Baarss, Felix.
1389:
1388:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1310:
1309:
1302:
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1201:
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1187:
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1111:
1110:
1106:
1086:
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1078:
1055:
1054:
1041:
1031:
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1005:
995:
993:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
944:
943:
930:
920:
918:
911:Attack Magazine
905:
904:
897:
889:
885:
875:
873:
860:"Korg Monotron"
857:
856:
847:
827:
826:
822:
812:
810:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
761:
760:
749:
739:
737:
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
689:
688:
684:
679:
674:
656:
633:'s 2010 album,
591:
541:
510:control voltage
502:control voltage
456:
451:
436:
429:
378:
320:
288: magazine
239:
160:black-and-white
156:
132:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3069:
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3061:
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3057:
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3048:
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3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Electribe EM-1
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2957:
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2952:
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2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2899:Korg Mini Pops
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
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2800:
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2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Monotron Delay
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2572:
2571:External links
2569:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2541:
2515:(3): 274–281.
2498:
2474:
2460:(PhD thesis).
2451:
2445:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2387:
2370:
2345:
2312:
2278:
2257:
2232:
2196:
2165:
2132:
2099:
2084:
2032:
1992:
1977:. March 2014.
1974:Sound on Sound
1957:
1908:
1879:
1846:
1815:
1779:
1746:
1728:Tom's Hardware
1713:
1682:
1680:, p. 280.
1670:
1668:, p. 226.
1658:
1654:Ordonneau 2019
1646:
1607:
1573:
1555:Sound on Sound
1535:
1533:, p. 196.
1523:
1486:
1449:
1428:Sound on Sound
1413:
1375:
1336:
1300:
1256:
1220:
1195:
1162:
1129:
1104:
1076:
1039:
1003:
970:
928:
895:
883:
865:Sound on Sound
845:
820:
787:
747:
714:
681:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
655:
652:
590:
587:
540:
537:
520:, such as the
455:
452:
450:
447:
434:
427:
377:
374:
370:self oscillate
319:
318:Monotron Delay
316:
238:
235:
168:pitch and gate
155:
152:
131:
128:
75:Monotron Delay
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
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3079:
3066:
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3016:
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2882:Drum machines
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2788:Volca Modular
2786:
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2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2583:Korg monotron
2579:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
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2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
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2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
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2413:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2391:
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2382:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:"Studio Gear"
2288:
2282:
2279:
2275:. p. 75.
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2015:The Economist
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:Poole, Steven
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
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1896:
1892:
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1880:
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1847:
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1734:
1730:
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1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:Richards 2013
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:, p. 29.
1655:
1650:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1592:(in German).
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1544:
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1540:
1536:
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1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1398:(in German).
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
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1314:
1307:
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1208:
1207:
1199:
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1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1166:
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1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
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1063:
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1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
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1008:
1004:
991:
987:
986:
981:
974:
971:
958:
954:
953:
948:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
929:
916:
912:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:Holzborn 2013
887:
884:
871:
867:
866:
861:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
832:
824:
821:
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803:
798:
791:
788:
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748:
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731:
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664:
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653:
651:
649:
645:
640:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:The Raincoats
600:
596:
595:popular music
588:
586:
584:
579:
576:
572:
564:
561:
556:
552:
550:
546:
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527:
523:
519:
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511:
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483:
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477:
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469:
460:
454:Modifications
453:
448:
446:
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440:
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426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:delay circuit
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
324:
317:
315:
313:
312:
307:
306:
299:
295:
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
265:connections.
261:
256:
254:
253:
248:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:(i.e. <20
212:
211:human hearing
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
176:filter cutoff
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
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145:
136:
129:
127:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
52:all lowercase
49:
46:(stylised as
45:
38:
34:
27:
19:
3062:
3052:Korg Pa600MY
2811:Workstations
2698:Monotron Duo
2687:
2668:miniKORG 700
2641:Synthesizers
2546:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2492:(3): 24–42.
2489:
2485:
2456:
2423:
2397:
2390:
2381:The National
2379:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2325:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2294:
2281:
2268:Future Music
2266:
2260:
2241:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2212:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:The Guardian
2112:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2048:
2023:. Retrieved
2008:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1972:
1948:. Retrieved
1923:
1902:
1888:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1859:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1795:
1770:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1629:Future Music
1622:
1598:. Retrieved
1589:
1564:. Retrieved
1553:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1503:
1470:
1467:Robair, Gino
1444:
1437:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1395:
1366:. Retrieved
1358:Future Music
1351:
1327:. Retrieved
1316:
1291:. Retrieved
1272:
1247:. Retrieved
1236:
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2205:Birch, Gina
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1839:January 20,
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