52:
740:
230:
40:
3596:
587:
462:
3608:
704:
CMML is characterized by a persistent monocyte count of > 1000/microL of blood. Analysis of monocyte subsets has demonstrated predominance of classical monocytes and absence of CD14lowCD16+ monocytes. The absence of non-classical monocytes can assist in diagnosis of the disease and the use of slan
1110:
Ziegler-Heitbrock, Loems; Ancuta, Petronela; Crowe, Suzanne; Dalod, Marc; Grau, Veronika; Hart, Derek N.; Leenen, Pieter J. M.; Liu, Yong-Jun; MacPherson, Gordon; Randolph, Gwendalyn J.; Scherberich, Juergen; Schmitz, Juergen; Shortman, Ken; Sozzani, Silvano; Strobl, Herbert; Zembala, Marek; Austyn,
478:
stimulation. Briefly, antigen presentation describes a process during which microbial fragments that are present in the monocytes after phagocytosis are incorporated into MHC molecules. They are then trafficked to the cell surface of the monocytes (or macrophages or dendritic cells) and presented as
373:
Monocytes are mechanically active cells and migrate from blood to an inflammatory site to perform their functions. As explained before, they can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, but the different monocyte subpopulations can also exert specific functions on their own. In general,
2383:
Selimoglu-Buet, Dorothée; Wagner-Ballon, Orianne; Saada, Véronique; Bardet, Valérie; Itzykson, Raphaël; Bencheikh, Laura; Morabito, Margot; Met, Elisabeth; Debord, Camille; Benayoun, Emmanuel; Nloga, Anne-Marie; Fenaux, Pierre; Braun, Thorsten; Willekens, Christophe; Quesnel, Bruno; Adès, Lionel;
1519:
Bianchini, Mariaelvy; Duchêne, Johan; Santovito, Donato; Schloss, Maximilian J.; Evrard, Maximilien; Winkels, Holger; Aslani, Maria; Mohanta, Sarajo K.; Horckmans, Michael; Blanchet, Xavier; Lacy, Michael; von
Hundelshausen, Philipp; Atzler, Dorothee; Habenicht, Andreas; Gerdes, Norbert; Pelisek,
606:
and is expressed either as a percentage of monocytes among all white blood cells or as absolute numbers. Both may be useful, but these cells became valid diagnostic tools only when monocyte subsets are determined. Monocytic cells may contribute to the severity and disease progression in COVID-19
2068:
Heidt, Timo; Sager, Hendrik B; Courties, Gabriel; Dutta, Partha; Iwamoto, Yoshiko; Zaltsman, Alex; von zur Muhlen, Constantin; Bode, Christoph; Fricchione, Gregory L; Denninger, John; Lin, Charles P; Vinegoni, Claudio; Libby, Peter; Swirski, Filip K; Weissleder, Ralph; Nahrendorf, Matthias (July
469:
Aside from their differentiation capacity, monocytes can also directly regulate immune responses. As explained before, they are able to perform phagocytosis. Cells of the classical subpopulation are the most efficient phagocytes and can additionally secrete inflammation-stimulating factors. The
1865:
Said, Elias A; Dupuy, Franck P; Trautmann, Lydie; Zhang, Yuwei; Shi, Yu; El-Far, Mohamed; Hill, Brenna J; Noto, Alessandra; Ancuta, Petronela; Peretz, Yoav; Fonseca, Simone G; Van
Grevenynghe, Julien; Boulassel, Mohamed R; Bruneau, Julie; Shoukry, Naglaa H; Routy, Jean-Pierre; Douek, Daniel C;
2288:
Rogacev, Kyrill S.; Cremers, Bodo; Zawada, Adam M.; Seiler, Sarah; Binder, Nadine; Ege, Philipp; Große-Dunker, Gunnar; Heisel, Isabel; Hornof, Florian; Jeken, Jana; Rebling, Niko M.; Ulrich, Christof; Scheller, Bruno; Böhm, Michael; Fliser, Danilo; Heine, Gunnar H. (October 2012).
1406:
Auffray, Cedric; Fogg, Darin; Garfa, Meriem; Elain, Gaelle; Join-Lambert, Olivier; Kayal, Samer; Sarnacki, Sabine; Cumano, Ana; Lauvau, Gregoire; Geissmann, Frederic (3 August 2007). "Monitoring of Blood
Vessels and Tissues by a Population of Monocytes with Patrolling Behavior".
1778:
Wong, Kok Loon; Tai, June Jing-Yi; Wong, Wing-Cheong; Han, Hao; Sem, Xiaohui; Yeap, Wei-Hseun; Kourilsky, Philippe; Wong, Siew-Cheng (2011-08-04). "Gene expression profiling reveals the defining features of the classical, intermediate, and nonclassical human monocyte subsets".
312:
Ghattas et al. state that the "intermediate" monocyte population is likely to be a unique subpopulation of monocytes, as opposed to a developmental step, due to their comparatively high expression of surface receptors involved in reparative processes (including
2433:
Tarfi, Sihem; Badaoui, Bouchra; Freynet, Nicolas; Morabito, Margot; Lafosse, Jeffie; Toma, Andréa; Etienne, Gabriel; Micol, Jean-Baptiste; Sloma, Ivan; Fenaux, Pierre; Solary, Eric; Selimoglu-Buet, Dorothée; Wagner-Ballon, Orianne (April 2020).
1218:
Hofer, Thomas P.; Zawada, Adam M.; Frankenberger, Marion; Skokann, Kerstin; Satzl, Anna A.; Gesierich, Wolfgang; Schuberth, Madeleine; Levin, Johannes; Danek, Adrian; Rotter, Björn; Heine, Gunnar H.; Ziegler-Heitbrock, Loems (10 December 2015).
878:
Palmer, L.; Briggs, C.; McFadden, S.; Zini, G.; Burthem, J.; Rozenberg, G.; Proytcheva, M.; Machin, S. J. (2015). "ICSH recommendations for the standardization of nomenclature and grading of peripheral blood cell morphological features".
1724:
Robbins, Scott H; Walzer, Thierry; Dembélé, Doulaye; Thibault, Christelle; Defays, Axel; Bessou, Gilles; Xu, Huichun; Vivier, Eric; Sellars, MacLean; Pierre, Philippe; Sharp, Franck R; Chan, Susan; Kastner, Philippe; Dalod, Marc (2008).
308:
While in humans the level of CD14 expression can be used to differentiate non-classical and intermediate monocytes, the slan (6-Sulfo LacNAc) cell surface marker was shown to give an unequivocal separation of the two cell types.
422:
populations. Macrophages have a high antimicrobial and phagocytic activity and thereby protect tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm, and many internal
491:
after stimulation with microbial products. Furthermore, a monocyte patrolling behavior has been demonstrated in humans both for the classical and the non-classical monocytes, meaning that they slowly move along the
1356:
Carlin, Leo M.; Stamatiades, Efstathios G.; Auffray, Cedric; Hanna, Richard N.; Glover, Leanne; Vizcay-Barrena, Gema; Hedrick, Catherine C.; Cook, H. Terence; Diebold, Sandra; Geissmann, Frederic (April 2013).
1033:
Ziegler-Heitbrock, H W Loems; Passlick, Bernward; Flieger, Dimitri (December 1988). "The
Monoclonal Antimonocyte Antibody My4 Stains B Lymphocytes and Two Distinct Monocyte Subsets in Human Peripheral Blood".
221:. Monocytes are mononuclear cells and the ellipsoidal nucleus is often lobulated/indented, causing a bean-shaped or kidney-shaped appearance. Monocytes compose 2% to 10% of all leukocytes in the human body.
1675:"Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products"
543:
365:), which are equivalent to human non-classical CD14 CD16 monocytes. Resident monocytes have the ability to patrol along the endothelium wall in the steady state and under inflammatory conditions.
996:
Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".
594:(SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.
2576:
2019:
Hoyer, FF; Zhang, X; Coppin, E; Vasamsetti, SB; Modugu, G; Schloss, MJ; Rohde, D; McAlpine, CS; Iwamoto, Y; Libby, P; Naxerova, K; Swirski, F; Dutta, P; Nahrendorf, P (April 2020).
728:
3165:
781:
618:
is the state of excess monocytes in the peripheral blood. It may be indicative of various disease states. Examples of processes that can increase a monocyte count include:
442:
479:
antigens to activate T lymphocytes, which then mount a specific immune response against the antigen. Non-classical monocytes produce high amounts of pro-inflammatory
1464:
386:
is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material. Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary (
701:
In the field of atherosclerosis, high numbers of the CD14CD16 intermediate monocytes were shown to be predictive of cardiovascular events in populations at risk.
2295:
1319:
403:
249:. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically migrate into tissues throughout the body where they differentiate into
124:
2569:
3083:
2696:
562:. Other microbial products can directly activate monocytes and this leads to production of pro-inflammatory and, with some delay, of anti-inflammatory
500:
which might explain the higher expression of PD-1 in CD14CD16 monocytes as compared to CD14CD16 monocytes. Triggering monocytes-expressed PD-1 by its
3158:
2562:
551:
2436:"Disappearance of slan-positive non-classical monocytes for diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with an associated inflammatory state"
2118:
Swirski, Filip K.; Libby, Peter; Aikawa, Elena; Alcaide, Pilar; Luscinskas, F. William; Weissleder, Ralph; Pittet, Mikael J. (2 January 2007).
2491:
1647:
1260:
Hofer, Thomas P.; van de
Loosdrecht, Arjan A.; Stahl-Hennig, Christiane; Cassatella, Marco A.; Ziegler-Heitbrock, Loems (13 September 2019).
2245:
Heine, G.H.; Ulrich, C.; Seibert, E.; Seiler, S.; Marell, J.; Reichart, B.; Krause, M.; Schlitt, A.; Köhler, H.; Girndt, M. (March 2008).
3151:
1727:"Novel insights into the relationships between dendritic cell subsets in human and mouse revealed by genome-wide expression profiling"
314:
427:
for processing foreign material. Although they can be derived from monocytes, a large proportion is already formed prenatally in the
2124:
1458:
Imhof, Beat A.; Jemelin, Stephane; Ballet, Romain; Vesin, Christian; Schapira, Marc; Karaca, Melis; Emre, Yalin (16 August 2016).
931:
51:
3497:
2487:"Selective depletion of CD14 + CD16 + monocytes by glucocorticoid therapy: Depletion of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes by glucocorticoids"
1679:
998:
743:
131:
3628:
739:
681:
3492:
2338:
527:
3435:
1972:
1571:
Evers, Tom M.J.; Sheikhhassani, Vahid; Haks, Mariëlle C.; Storm, Cornelis; Ottenhoff, Tom H.M.; Mashaghi, Alireza (2022).
720:
associated with a deficiency of monocytes. A very low count of these cells is found after therapy with immuno-suppressive
119:
3586:
2966:
2774:
1170:
591:
399:
1919:"Stimulating properties of 5-oxo-eicosanoids for human monocytes: synergism with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and -3"
1868:"Programmed death-1–induced interleukin-10 production by monocytes impairs CD4+ T cell activation during HIV infection"
374:
monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are
270:
The first clear description of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry dates back to the late 1980s, when a population of
3321:
2120:"Ly-6Chi monocytes dominate hypercholesterolemia-associated monocytosis and give rise to macrophages in atheromata"
1917:
Sozzani, S.; Zhou, D.; Locati, M.; Bernasconi, S.; Luini, W.; Mantovani, A.; O'Flaherty, J. T. (15 November 1996).
1221:"slan-defined subsets of CD16-positive monocytes: impact of granulomatous inflammation and M-CSF receptor mutation"
2169:
O’Brien, Conan J.O.; Domingos, Ana I. (2023). "Old and "hangry" monocytes turn from friend to foe under assault".
1828:
799:
559:
3028:
246:
156:
107:
95:
2386:"Characteristic repartition of monocyte subsets as a diagnostic signature of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia"
1824:"Heterogeneity in the Locomotory Behavior of Human Monocyte Subsets over Human Vascular Endothelium In Vitro"
3501:
3259:
3130:
3049:
2918:
2204:
Fingerle, G; Pforte, A; Passlick, B; Blumenstein, M; Strobel, M; Ziegler- Heitbrock, Hw (15 November 1993).
1266:
833:
731:, a neurologic disease associated with mutations in the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor gene.
644:
2332:
Vuckovic, S.; Fearnley, D. B.; Gunningham, S.; Spearing, R. L.; Patton, W. N.; Hart, D. N. J. (June 1999).
1822:
Collison, Joanna L.; Carlin, Leo M.; Eichmann, Martin; Geissmann, Frederic; Peakman, Mark (1 August 2015).
1111:
Jonathan M.; Lutz, Manfred B. (21 October 2010). "Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood".
3633:
3523:
3241:
3177:
1313:
Ghattas, Angie; Griffiths, Helen R.; Devitt, Andrew; Lip, Gregory Y.H.; Shantsila, Eduard (October 2013).
771:
175:
2247:"CD14++CD16+ monocytes but not total monocyte numbers predict cardiovascular events in dialysis patients"
3638:
3470:
3326:
3304:
1918:
567:
484:
229:
638:
112:
3643:
3487:
3420:
3331:
3255:
3125:
2384:
Fontenay, Michaela; Rameau, Philippe; Droin, Nathalie; Koscielny, Serge; Solary, Eric (4 June 2015).
2251:
1586:
1473:
1416:
756:
622:
603:
471:
171:
3143:
3547:
3482:
3465:
3299:
3217:
2913:
2888:
325:) as well as evidence that the "intermediate" subset is specifically enriched in the bone marrow.
274:-positive monocytes was described. Today, three types of monocytes are recognized in human blood:
3367:
3059:
2467:
2365:
1966:
Gómez-Rial, Jose; Rivero-Calle, Irene; Salas, Antonio; Martinón-Torres, Federico (22 July 2020).
1948:
1553:
1526:
1440:
1197:
1146:
206:
1520:
Jaroslav; Ng, Lai Guan; Steffens, Sabine; Weber, Christian; Megens, Remco T. A. (21 June 2019).
496:
to examine it for pathogens. Said et al. showed that activated monocytes express high levels of
2549:
1573:"Single-cell analysis reveals chemokine-mediated differential regulation of monocyte mechanics"
1522:"PD-L1 expression on nonclassical monocytes reveals their origin and immunoregulatory function"
39:
3415:
3181:
2923:
2518:
2459:
2415:
2357:
2314:
2270:
2227:
2186:
2151:
2100:
2050:
2001:
1940:
1899:
1847:
1804:
1796:
1760:
1706:
1643:
1612:
1545:
1501:
1432:
1388:
1338:
1295:
1242:
1189:
1138:
1092:
1051:
1015:
978:
970:
904:
896:
860:
632:
424:
395:
1460:"CCN1/CYR61-mediated meticulous patrolling by Ly6C low monocytes fuels vascular inflammation"
3535:
3475:
3447:
3442:
3410:
3397:
3387:
3000:
2903:
2718:
2538:
2508:
2500:
2449:
2405:
2397:
2347:
2304:
2260:
2217:
2178:
2141:
2133:
2090:
2082:
2040:
2032:
1991:
1981:
1930:
1889:
1881:
1837:
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1750:
1740:
1696:
1688:
1653:
1635:
1602:
1594:
1535:
1491:
1481:
1424:
1378:
1370:
1359:"Nr4a1-Dependent Ly6Clow Monocytes Monitor Endothelial Cells and Orchestrate Their Disposal"
1328:
1285:
1275:
1232:
1179:
1128:
1120:
1082:
1043:
1007:
962:
888:
850:
842:
804:
535:
218:
152:
57:
3612:
3430:
2949:
2738:
2670:
1872:
655:
438:
1590:
1477:
1420:
1071:"Characterization of a human monocyte subpopulation coexpressing CD14 and CD16 antigens"
402:
that recognize pathogens. Monocytes are also capable of killing infected host cells via
178:
and exert tissue repair functions. There are at least three subclasses of monocytes in
3600:
3457:
3402:
3343:
3263:
3236:
3015:
2995:
2944:
2788:
2733:
2713:
2708:
2630:
2594:
2513:
2486:
2410:
2385:
2146:
2119:
2095:
2070:
2045:
2020:
1996:
1967:
1894:
1867:
1755:
1731:
1726:
1701:
1674:
1658:
1607:
1572:
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1459:
1383:
1358:
1290:
1261:
923:
855:
828:
721:
665:
575:
539:
488:
349:), which are equivalent to human classical CD14 CD16 monocytes and resident monocytes (
254:
164:
65:
2036:
449:. Such monocyte-derived cells do, however, retain the signature of monocytes in their
3622:
3425:
3314:
3095:
3005:
2650:
2504:
2471:
2440:
2352:
2333:
1557:
761:
713:
571:
450:
446:
407:
83:
2369:
1952:
1444:
1201:
1069:
Passlick, Bernward; Flieger, Dimitri; Ziegler-Heitbrock, H W Loems (November 1989).
3392:
3377:
3372:
3309:
3207:
3120:
3054:
3023:
2883:
2748:
2640:
2603:
2586:
2485:
Fingerle-Rowson, G; Angstwurm, M; Andreesen, R; Ziegler-Heitbrock, HW (June 1998).
2222:
2205:
1150:
555:
475:
387:
383:
375:
202:
78:
1968:"Role of Monocytes/Macrophages in Covid-19 Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapy"
1087:
1070:
953:
Zini, Gina (2021). "How I investigate difficult cells at the optical microscope".
827:
Nichols, Barbara A.; Bainton, Dorothy Ford; Farquhar, Marilyn G. (1 August 1971).
746:
of white blood cells, comparing monocyte amount (shown in green) with other cells.
2554:
2454:
2435:
2401:
2182:
1935:
1792:
1237:
1220:
1124:
333:
In mice, monocytes can be divided in two subpopulations. Inflammatory monocytes (
100:
2797:
2680:
2206:"The novel subset of CD14+/CD16+ blood monocytes is expanded in sepsis patients"
1639:
676:
671:
615:
493:
238:
61:
3595:
2309:
2290:
1598:
1540:
1521:
1374:
1333:
1314:
3515:
3268:
3174:
2908:
2898:
2878:
2870:
2832:
2815:
2805:
2743:
2635:
2334:"Dendritic cells in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: Dendritic Cells in CMML"
766:
717:
586:
523:
519:
419:
250:
214:
168:
160:
1842:
1823:
1800:
1280:
974:
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3115:
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2844:
2810:
2675:
2655:
2645:
1745:
1634:(in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 3–46.
1486:
1428:
776:
649:
508:
242:
198:
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2361:
2318:
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2190:
2155:
2104:
2054:
2005:
1903:
1851:
1808:
1764:
1616:
1549:
1505:
1436:
1392:
1342:
1299:
1246:
1193:
1166:"The CD14+ CD16+ blood monocytes: their role in infection and inflammation"
1142:
1047:
1019:
1011:
982:
908:
522:
and other functions of monocytes. These factors include most particularly
2522:
2265:
2246:
2231:
1944:
1710:
1692:
1096:
1055:
864:
727:
Also, non-classical slan+ monocytes are strongly reduced in patients with
398:
that coat the pathogen, as well as by binding to the microbe directly via
3563:
3348:
3336:
3294:
3248:
3212:
3088:
2982:
2849:
2825:
2820:
2608:
1577:
846:
660:
627:
563:
515:
480:
428:
391:
379:
17:
1986:
1630:
Murphy, Kenneth; Weaver, Casey (2018). "Grundbegriffe der
Immunologie".
1184:
1165:
808:
453:
and they cluster with monocytes and not with bona fide dendritic cells.
410:
may be present in a cell that has recently phagocytized foreign matter.
278:
The classical monocyte is characterized by high level expression of the
3568:
3382:
3231:
3202:
2990:
2837:
1133:
966:
892:
688:
210:
137:
3540:
3528:
3273:
3224:
3078:
2954:
2618:
2137:
695:
547:
501:
350:
334:
194:
2086:
1885:
1673:
Sallusto, F; Cella, M; Danieli, C; Lanzavecchia, A (1 August 1995).
461:
2291:"CD14++CD16+ Monocytes Independently Predict Cardiovascular Events"
3033:
738:
585:
460:
362:
346:
322:
318:
182:
179:
2021:"Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells Regulate Myelopoiesis in Diabetes"
922:
Steve, Paxton; Michelle, Peckham; Adele, Knibbs (28 April 2018).
694:
A high count of CD14CD16 monocytes is found in severe infection (
531:
518:
function. Many factors produced by other cells can regulate the
497:
358:
354:
342:
338:
301:
297:
290:
286:
279:
271:
3147:
2558:
1262:"6-Sulfo LacNAc (Slan) as a Marker for Non-classical Monocytes"
793:
Jakubzick, C. V., Randolph, G. J., & Henson, P. M. (2017).
512:
505:
544:
5-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid
2071:"Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cells"
2544:
1315:"Monocytes in Coronary Artery Disease and Atherosclerosis"
418:
Monocytes can migrate into tissues and replenish resident
155:. They are the largest type of leukocyte in blood and can
795:
Monocyte differentiation and antigen-presenting functions
285:
The non-classical monocyte shows low level expression of
2541: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
3584:
1866:
Haddad, Elias K; Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre (April 2010).
729:
hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids
3556:
3514:
3456:
3357:
3287:
3195:
3188:
3108:
3068:
3042:
3014:
2981:
2934:
2869:
2860:
2796:
2787:
2767:
2695:
2617:
2602:
2593:
782:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
296:The intermediate monocyte expresses high levels of
118:
106:
94:
89:
77:
72:
32:
2545:Human Monocytes — Prof. Dr. Ziegler-Heitbrock
233:Comparison of monoblast, promonocyte and monocyte.
504:PD-L1 induces IL-10 production, which activates
443:granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
205:, although they might occasionally display some
1465:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
955:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
881:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
566:. Typical cytokines produced by monocytes are
3159:
2570:
2296:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1320:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1213:
1211:
457:Specific functions of monocyte subpopulations
404:antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
8:
558:which are made by bacteria and activate the
470:intermediate subpopulation is important for
3192:
3166:
3152:
3144:
2866:
2793:
2701:
2623:
2614:
2599:
2577:
2563:
2555:
282:cell surface receptor (CD14 CD16 monocyte)
245:, bipotent cells that differentiated from
50:
38:
2512:
2453:
2409:
2351:
2308:
2264:
2221:
2145:
2094:
2044:
1995:
1985:
1934:
1893:
1841:
1754:
1744:
1700:
1657:
1606:
1539:
1495:
1485:
1382:
1332:
1289:
1279:
1236:
1183:
1132:
1086:
854:
414:Differentiation into other effector cells
217:, monocytes are the largest cell type in
546:family of OXE1 receptor agonists (e.g.,
228:
3591:
3084:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
1164:Ziegler-Heitbrock, Loems (March 2007).
819:
552:N-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
2492:Clinical & Experimental Immunology
197:in appearance, and have nongranulated
135:
29:
705:as a marker can improve specificity.
532:monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (CCL7)
185:based on their phenotypic receptors.
7:
934:from the original on 11 October 2017
289:and additional co-expression of the
437:, monocytes can differentiate into
315:vascular endothelial growth factor
25:
2125:Journal of Clinical Investigation
2037:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046038
3606:
3594:
2505:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00617.x
2353:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01431.x
1680:Journal of Experimental Medicine
999:Briefings in Functional Genomics
744:Reference ranges for blood tests
132:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
682:chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
465:Artist's impression of monocyte
3493:Immunoglobulin class switching
2339:British Journal of Haematology
2223:10.1182/blood.v82.10.3170.3170
829:"Differentiation of monocytes"
528:monocyte chemotactic protein-1
237:Monocytes are produced by the
201:. Thus they are classified as
1:
1973:Infection and Drug Resistance
1088:10.1182/blood.V74.7.2527.2527
400:pattern recognition receptors
293:receptor (CD14CD16 monocyte).
2775:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
2455:10.3324/haematol.2019.219782
2402:10.1182/blood-2015-01-620781
2183:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.013
1936:10.4049/jimmunol.157.10.4664
1793:10.1182/blood-2010-12-326355
1238:10.1182/blood-2015-06-651331
1171:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1125:10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558
592:scanning electron microscope
378:, antigen presentation, and
1640:10.1007/978-3-662-56004-4_1
924:"The Leeds Histology Guide"
213:. With a diameter of 15–22
151:are a type of leukocyte or
3660:
3322:Polyclonal B cell response
2550:Circulation of Body Fluids
2310:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.019
1599:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103555
1541:10.1126/sciimmunol.aar3054
1375:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.010
1334:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.043
44:3D rendering of a monocyte
2941:Antigen-presenting cells
2729:
2704:
2666:
2626:
2539:Histology image: 01702ooa
1923:The Journal of Immunology
1829:The Journal of Immunology
800:Nature Reviews Immunology
560:formyl peptide receptor 1
176:adaptive immune responses
174:monocytes also influence
130:
49:
37:
3029:Nucleated red blood cell
2585:Myeloid blood cells and
1843:10.4049/jimmunol.1401806
1281:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02052
441:by adding the cytokines
317:receptors type 1 and 2,
247:hematopoietic stem cells
3131:Hematopoietic stem cell
3050:Leukocyte extravasation
2919:Foreign-body giant cell
1746:10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r17
1487:10.1073/pnas.1607710113
1429:10.1126/science.1142883
1267:Frontiers in Immunology
834:Journal of Cell Biology
645:immune-mediated disease
554:and other N-formylated
241:from precursors called
3629:Mononuclear phagocytes
3436:Tolerance in pregnancy
3178:adaptive immune system
1048:10.1089/hyb.1988.7.521
772:Neutrophil granulocyte
747:
641:(hyperadrenocorticism)
595:
466:
234:
3471:Somatic hypermutation
3305:Polyclonal antibodies
3300:Monoclonal antibodies
2266:10.1038/sj.ki.5002744
1693:10.1084/jem.182.2.389
742:
589:
582:Clinical significance
485:tumor necrosis factor
464:
304:(CD14CD16 monocytes).
232:
163:and monocyte-derived
27:Subtype of leukocytes
3488:Junctional diversity
3256:Antigen presentation
3126:Hematopoietic system
2914:Langhans giant cells
2252:Kidney International
1012:10.1093/bfgp/elac002
847:10.1083/jcb.50.2.498
757:Complete blood count
623:chronic inflammation
604:complete blood count
550:and 5-oxo-ETE); and
538:metabolites such as
472:antigen presentation
172:innate immune system
3483:V(D)J recombination
3466:Affinity maturation
3218:Antigenic variation
2889:Alveolar macrophage
1987:10.2147/IDR.S258639
1632:Janeway Immunologie
1591:2022iSci...25j3555E
1478:2016PNAS..113E4847I
1472:(33): E4847–E4856.
1421:2007Sci...317..666A
1185:10.1189/jlb.0806510
809:10.1038/nri.2017.28
542:and members of the
390:) proteins such as
167:. As a part of the
3060:Intrinsic immunity
2924:Touton giant cells
1527:Science Immunology
967:10.1111/ijlh.13437
893:10.1111/ijlh.12327
748:
639:Cushing's syndrome
596:
467:
431:and foetal liver.
300:and low levels of
235:
207:azurophil granules
113:H2.00.04.1.02010
60:from a peripheral
56:Monocytes under a
3582:
3581:
3510:
3509:
3260:professional APCs
3141:
3140:
3104:
3103:
2977:
2976:
2904:Epithelioid cells
2783:
2782:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2691:
2690:
2396:(23): 3618–3626.
2303:(16): 1512–1520.
2216:(10): 3170–3176.
1929:(10): 4664–4671.
1649:978-3-662-56003-7
1415:(5838): 666–670.
1327:(17): 1541–1551.
1231:(24): 2601–2610.
146:
145:
141:
16:(Redirected from
3651:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3476:Clonal selection
3448:Immune privilege
3443:Immunodeficiency
3398:Cross-reactivity
3388:Hypersensitivity
3193:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3075:Precursor cells
3001:Promegakaryocyte
2867:
2794:
2719:Promegakaryocyte
2702:
2624:
2615:
2600:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2457:
2448:(4): e147–e152.
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2355:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2138:10.1172/JCI29950
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1836:(3): 1162–1170.
1819:
1813:
1812:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1534:(36): eaar3054.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1081:(7): 2527–2534.
1066:
1060:
1059:
1030:
1024:
1023:
993:
987:
986:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
919:
913:
912:
875:
869:
868:
858:
824:
536:arachidonic acid
219:peripheral blood
153:white blood cell
138:edit on Wikidata
58:light microscope
54:
42:
30:
21:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3552:
3506:
3452:
3431:Clonal deletion
3359:
3353:
3283:
3184:
3172:
3142:
3137:
3100:
3064:
3043:Immune response
3038:
3016:Red blood cells
3010:
2973:
2950:Langerhans cell
2945:Dendritic cells
2930:
2856:
2779:
2755:
2739:Proerythroblast
2725:
2687:
2671:Monocytopoiesis
2662:
2606:
2589:
2583:
2535:
2530:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2087:10.1038/nm.3589
2075:Nature Medicine
2067:
2066:
2062:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1886:10.1038/nm.2106
1873:Nature Medicine
1864:
1863:
1859:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1650:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1119:(16): e74–e80.
1109:
1108:
1104:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1031:
1027:
995:
994:
990:
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
921:
920:
916:
877:
876:
872:
826:
825:
821:
817:
790:
788:Further reading
753:
737:
722:glucocorticoids
711:
656:atherosclerosis
613:
584:
459:
439:dendritic cells
416:
371:
331:
268:
263:
255:dendritic cells
227:
191:
165:dendritic cells
142:
68:
66:red blood cells
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3657:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3462:
3460:
3458:Immunogenetics
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3403:Co-stimulation
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3344:Immune complex
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Dendritic cell
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:Conformational
3239:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Megakaryoblast
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2789:Myeloid tissue
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2734:Erythropoiesis
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2714:Megakaryoblast
2709:Thrombopoiesis
2705:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2631:Granulopoiesis
2627:
2621:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2533:External links
2531:
2529:
2528:
2499:(3): 501–506.
2477:
2425:
2375:
2346:(4): 974–985.
2324:
2280:
2259:(5): 622–629.
2237:
2196:
2177:(4): 747–749.
2161:
2132:(1): 195–205.
2110:
2081:(7): 754–758.
2060:
2031:(3): 244–258.
2011:
1958:
1909:
1880:(4): 452–459.
1857:
1814:
1787:(5): e16–e31.
1770:
1732:Genome Biology
1716:
1687:(2): 389–400.
1665:
1648:
1622:
1563:
1511:
1450:
1398:
1369:(2): 362–375.
1348:
1305:
1252:
1207:
1178:(3): 584–592.
1156:
1102:
1061:
1042:(6): 521–527.
1025:
1006:(3): 159–176.
988:
961:(3): 346–353.
945:
914:
887:(3): 287–303.
870:
841:(2): 498–515.
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
789:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
752:
749:
736:
733:
710:
707:
692:
691:
687:Resolution of
685:
679:
674:
669:
666:red blood cell
663:
658:
653:
647:
642:
636:
630:
625:
612:
609:
600:monocyte count
583:
580:
540:leukotriene B4
489:interleukin-12
458:
455:
415:
412:
370:
367:
330:
327:
306:
305:
294:
283:
267:
264:
262:
261:Subpopulations
259:
226:
223:
193:Monocytes are
190:
187:
144:
143:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:surrounded by
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3656:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Immune system
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Clonal anergy
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:Microantibody
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3096:Myelomonocyte
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:Megakaryocyte
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Kupffer cells
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Metamyelocyte
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Hematopoiesis
2592:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
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762:Hematopoiesis
760:
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745:
741:
735:Blood content
734:
732:
730:
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723:
719:
716:is a form of
715:
714:Monocytopenia
709:Monocytopenia
708:
706:
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697:
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
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556:oligopeptides
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511:and inhibits
510:
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454:
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451:transcriptome
448:
447:interleukin 4
445:(GM-CSF) and
444:
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432:
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426:
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413:
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408:Vacuolization
405:
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382:production.
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220:
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212:
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204:
203:agranulocytes
200:
196:
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173:
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158:
157:differentiate
154:
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109:
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85:
84:Immune system
82:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3639:Cell biology
3393:Inflammation
3378:Alloimmunity
3373:Autoimmunity
3358:Immunity vs.
3310:Autoantibody
3208:Superantigen
3055:Phagocytosis
3024:Reticulocyte
2861:
2798:Granulocytes
2749:Reticulocyte
2641:Promyelocyte
2604:Myelopoiesis
2496:
2490:
2480:
2445:
2439:
2428:
2393:
2389:
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2343:
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2250:
2240:
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2028:
2024:
2014:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1926:
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1912:
1877:
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1860:
1833:
1827:
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927:
917:
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880:
873:
838:
832:
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798:
794:
726:
712:
703:
700:
693:
668:regeneration
614:
599:
597:
476:T lymphocyte
468:
434:
433:
417:
384:Phagocytosis
376:phagocytosis
372:
332:
311:
307:
269:
236:
192:
148:
147:
3644:Human cells
3516:Lymphocytes
3175:Lymphocytic
2909:giant cells
2899:Osteoclasts
2879:Histiocytes
2871:Macrophages
2681:Promonocyte
2025:Circulation
1134:11379/41075
928:leeds.ac.uk
677:sarcoidosis
672:viral fever
616:Monocytosis
611:Monocytosis
530:(CCL2) and
494:endothelium
251:macrophages
239:bone marrow
225:Development
161:macrophages
90:Identifiers
62:blood smear
3623:Categories
3557:Substances
3421:Peripheral
3409:Inaction:
3288:Antibodies
3269:Macrophage
3182:complement
2833:Eosinophil
2816:Neutrophil
2806:Myeloblast
2744:Normoblast
2636:Myeloblast
1739:(1): R17.
815:References
767:Lymphocyte
718:leukopenia
607:patients.
534:; certain
524:chemokines
520:chemotaxis
420:macrophage
396:complement
392:antibodies
388:opsonising
243:monoblasts
169:vertebrate
3574:Cytolysin
3564:Cytokines
3411:Tolerance
3360:tolerance
3279:Immunogen
3116:Phagocyte
2983:Platelets
2962:Monoblast
2894:Microglia
2862:Monocytes
2845:Mast cell
2811:Band cell
2676:Monoblast
2656:Band cell
2646:Myelocyte
2472:199663779
1801:0006-4971
1558:195259881
1036:Hybridoma
975:1751-5521
901:1751-5521
777:Phagocyte
564:cytokines
509:Th2 cells
481:cytokines
266:In humans
199:cytoplasm
189:Structure
149:Monocytes
18:Monocytic
3613:Medicine
3524:Cellular
3368:Immunity
3366:Action:
3349:Paratope
3337:Idiotype
3327:Allotype
3295:Antibody
3249:Mimotope
3213:Allergen
3196:Antigens
3189:Lymphoid
3089:CFU-GEMM
2850:CFU-Mast
2826:CFU-Baso
2821:Basophil
2609:CFU-GEMM
2464:31413091
2420:25852055
2370:22571555
2362:10554809
2319:22999728
2275:18160960
2191:37044065
2171:Immunity
2156:17200719
2105:24952646
2055:32316750
2006:32801787
1953:23499393
1904:20208540
1852:26085686
1809:21653326
1765:18218067
1617:34988399
1578:iScience
1550:31227596
1506:27482114
1445:46067303
1437:17673663
1393:23582326
1343:23973684
1300:31572354
1274:: 2052.
1247:26443621
1202:31534841
1194:17135573
1143:20628149
1020:35265979
983:33342036
938:28 April
932:Archived
909:25728865
751:See also
661:necrosis
635:response
628:diabetes
526:such as
516:Th1 cell
435:In vitro
429:yolk sac
425:vesicles
380:cytokine
369:Function
211:vacuoles
195:amoeboid
33:Monocyte
3601:Biology
3587:Portals
3569:Opsonin
3548:NK cell
3536:Humoral
3416:Central
3383:Allergy
3332:Isotype
3232:Epitope
3203:Antigen
2991:CFU-Meg
2838:CFU-Eos
2768:General
2523:9649222
2514:1904988
2411:4497970
2232:7693040
2147:1716211
2096:4087061
2069:2014).
2046:7375017
1997:7383015
1945:8906847
1895:4229134
1756:2395256
1711:7629501
1702:2192110
1659:7844863
1608:8693412
1587:Bibcode
1497:4995973
1474:Bibcode
1417:Bibcode
1409:Science
1384:3898614
1291:6753898
1151:1570404
1097:2478233
1056:2466760
865:4107019
856:2108281
689:fasting
652:disease
329:In mice
209:and/or
101:D009000
73:Details
3541:B cell
3529:T cell
3274:B cell
3237:Linear
3225:Hapten
3121:Plasma
3079:CFU-GM
2955:CFU-DL
2619:CFU-GM
2587:plasma
2521:
2511:
2470:
2462:
2418:
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797:. In:
696:sepsis
684:(CMML)
633:stress
574:, and
548:5-HETE
502:ligand
351:CX3CR1
335:CX3CR1
321:, and
79:System
3109:Other
3069:Other
3034:CFU-E
2935:Other
2468:S2CID
2390:Blood
2366:S2CID
2210:Blood
1949:S2CID
1781:Blood
1554:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1225:Blood
1198:S2CID
1147:S2CID
1113:Blood
1075:Blood
576:IL-12
483:like
363:PD-L1
347:PD-L1
323:Tie-2
319:CXCR4
183:blood
180:human
159:into
136:[
125:62864
3180:and
2519:PMID
2460:PMID
2416:PMID
2358:PMID
2315:PMID
2271:PMID
2228:PMID
2187:PMID
2152:PMID
2101:PMID
2051:PMID
2002:PMID
1941:PMID
1900:PMID
1848:PMID
1805:PMID
1797:ISSN
1761:PMID
1707:PMID
1644:ISBN
1613:PMID
1546:PMID
1502:PMID
1433:PMID
1389:PMID
1363:Cell
1339:PMID
1296:PMID
1243:PMID
1190:PMID
1139:PMID
1093:PMID
1052:PMID
1016:PMID
979:PMID
971:ISSN
940:2018
905:PMID
897:ISSN
861:PMID
572:IL-1
498:PD-1
487:and
474:and
359:Ly6C
355:CCR2
343:Ly6C
339:CCR2
302:CD16
298:CD14
291:CD16
287:CD14
280:CD14
272:CD16
253:and
96:MeSH
3502:HLA
3498:MHC
2967:MPS
2697:MEP
2509:PMC
2501:doi
2497:112
2450:doi
2446:105
2406:PMC
2398:doi
2394:125
2348:doi
2344:105
2305:doi
2261:doi
2218:doi
2179:doi
2142:PMC
2134:doi
2130:117
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2041:PMC
2033:doi
2029:142
1992:PMC
1982:doi
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1838:doi
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1595:doi
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1492:PMC
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1425:doi
1413:317
1379:PMC
1371:doi
1367:153
1329:doi
1286:PMC
1276:doi
1233:doi
1229:126
1180:doi
1129:hdl
1121:doi
1117:116
1083:doi
1044:doi
1008:doi
963:doi
889:doi
851:PMC
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805:doi
698:).
568:TNF
513:CD4
506:CD4
394:or
120:FMA
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
