226:
266:
653:
317:
254:
309:
22:
977:
822:. With typical artificial ground planes smaller than several wavelengths, the gain will be 1 to 3 dBi lower, because some of the horizontal radiated power will diffract around the plane edge into the lower half space, where it dissipates in the soil. Similarly over a resistive earth ground, the gain will be lower due to power absorbed in the earth.
291:
consisting of two identical horizontal wires ending in metal plates. He found by experiment that if instead of the dipole, one side of the transmitter and receiver was connected to a wire suspended overhead, and the other side was connected to the Earth, he could transmit for longer distances. For
643:
The general effect of electrically small ground planes, as well as imperfectly conducting earth grounds, is to tilt the direction of maximum radiation up to higher elevation angles and reduce the gain. The gain of actual quarter wave antennas with typical ground systems is around 2–3 dBi.
351:
radio waves. Since vertical halfwave dipoles must have their center raised at least a quarter wave above the ground, whereas monopoles must be mounted directly on the ground, the monopoles' radiation patterns are more greatly affected by resistance in the earth, and the radiation pattern with
116:
wavelength are also popular because in a monopole this length maximizes the power radiated perpendicular to the axis of the radiator, which with a vertical radiator optimizes efficiency for terrestrial broadcast. The monopole antenna was invented in 1895 by radio pioneer
1036:
frequencies the size of the ground plane needed is smaller, so artificial ground planes are used to allow the antenna to be mounted above the ground. A common type of monopole antenna at these frequencies for mounting on masts or structures consists of a quarter-wave
473:
Above a half-wavelength the pattern splits into a horizontal main lobe and a small second conical lobe at an angle of 60° elevation into the sky. However, the horizontal gain keeps increasing and reaches a maximum at a length of five-eighths wavelength:
371:(b) forming the missing half of the dipole, which adds to the direct radiation to form a dipole radiation pattern. So the pattern of a monopole with a perfectly conducting, infinite ground plane is identical to the top half of a dipole pattern.
861:
is very high. A hypothetical infinitesimally thin antenna would have infinite impedance, but for finite thickness of typical monopoles it is around 800–2,000 Ohms; high, but manageable by feeding through a substantial step-up transformer.
696:
long have a single "lobe", with field strength declining monotonically from a maximum in the horizontal direction, but longer monopoles have more complicated patterns with several conical "lobes" (radiation maxima) directed at angles into the
992:
at the base of the antenna. In transmitting antennas to reduce ground resistance this is often a radial network of buried wires stretching outward from a terminal near the base of the antenna. This design is used for the
894:
antennas and terrestrial communication antennas, for frequencies where a larger antenna size is feasible. The input impedance drops to about 40 Ohms at that length. The antenna's reactance is capacitive from
271:
One of
Marconi's early monopole antennas at his Poldhu, Cornwall transmitting station, 1900, consisting of a small metal plate suspended from a wooden arm with a long wire running down to the transmitter in the
599:
the horizontal lobe rapidly gets smaller and the high angle lobe gets larger, reducing power radiated in horizontal directions, and hence reducing gain. Because of this, not many antennas use lengths above
37:. The mast itself is connected to the transmitter and radiates the radio waves. It is mounted on a ceramic insulator to isolate it from the ground. The other terminal of the transmitter is connected to a
558:
367:) at right-angles to the remaining half. If the ground plane is large enough, the radio waves from the remaining upper half of the dipole (a) reflected from the ground plane will seem to come from an
513:
1041:
with a ground plane consisting of 3 or 4 wires or rods a quarter-wave long radiating horizontally or diagonally from its base connected to the ground side of the feedline; this is called a
1080:
are also monopole antennas. In these portable devices the antenna does not have an effective ground plane, the ground side of the transmitter is just connected to the ground connection on its
324:
of ideal monopole antennas over a perfect infinite ground. The distance of the line from the origin at a given elevation angle is proportional to the power density radiated at that angle.
701:
Because it radiates only into the space above the ground plane, or half the space of a dipole antenna, a monopole antenna over a perfectly conducting infinite ground plane will have a
630:
597:
468:
436:
404:
225:
1536:
749:
and a radiation resistance of about 36.5 Ohms. The antenna is resonant at this length, so its input impedance is purely resistive. The input impedance has
988:
mounted on the ground on an insulator to isolate it electrically from the ground. One side of the feedline is connected to the mast and the other to an Earth
100:, in which the antenna length is approximately one quarter of the wavelength of the radio waves. In broadcasting monopole antennas, however, lengths equal to
984:
For monopole antennas operating at lower frequencies, below 20 MHz, the ground plane is usually the Earth; in this case the antenna is a vertical
1053:
antennas consist of short whips mounted on the roof, and aircraft communication antennas frequently consist of a short conductor in an aerodynamic
1639:
73:
is attached to the lower end of the monopole, and the other side is attached to the ground plane, which is often the Earth. This contrasts with a
2099:
1510:
980:
VHF ground plane antenna, a type of monopole antenna used at high frequencies. The three conductors projecting downward are the ground plane.
406:) the antenna has a single lobe with maximum gain in horizontal directions, perpendicular to the antenna axis. Below the quarter wavelength (
1084:. Since the circuit board ground is often smaller than the antenna, the antenna and ground combination may function more as an asymmetrical
343:
directions perpendicular to the antenna. The radiated power varies with elevation angle, with the radiation dropping off to zero at the
1554:
1449:
1439:
1422:
1329:
1299:
1269:
2068:
1886:
1564:
1480:
1239:
1185:
77:
which consists of two identical rod conductors, with the signal from the transmitter applied between the two halves of the antenna.
1259:
1319:
1289:
518:
1530:
312:
Showing the monopole antenna has the same radiation pattern over perfect ground as a dipole in free space with twice the voltage
1836:
1374:
1175:
954:
the horizontal gain drops rapidly because progressively more power is radiated at high elevation angles in the second lobe.
477:
265:
1364:
1539:(NIST) for National Institute of Justice, US Dept. of Justice. pp. 17–19. NIJ Guide 202-00 – via Google Books.
1500:
1708:
1466:
515:(this is an approximation valid for a typical thickness antenna, for an infinitely thin monopole the maximum occurs at
2104:
1632:
297:
34:
2109:
2094:
1971:
1412:
1119:, the feedline is instead connected to an intermediate point along the element, and the element end is grounded.
818:
The gains given in this section are only achieved if the antenna is mounted over a perfectly conducting infinite
1966:
1876:
1107:
itself. This geometry would give the antenna a very low impedance if it was driven at the base. To improve the
652:
561:
603:
570:
441:
409:
377:
231:
Drawing from
Marconi's 1896 patent showing his first monopole antennas, consisting of suspended metal plates
1866:
1728:
1675:
1139:
333:
92:
of voltage and current along its length. The length of the antenna, therefore, is determined based on the
2048:
1986:
1723:
1625:
1149:
1144:
1088:
than a monopole. The hand and body of the person holding them may function as a rudimentary ground plane.
971:
187:
1703:
1104:
1100:
348:
316:
253:
2011:
1911:
1783:
1758:
1069:
1033:
1014:
989:
750:
710:
207:
148:
54:
38:
1103:, so it can be enclosed in the device case; usually the antenna is fabricated of copper foil on the
1931:
1823:
1778:
1029:
775:
162:
2073:
1921:
1861:
1856:
1753:
1665:
1096:
1054:
998:
193:
128:
The load impedance of the quarter-wave monopole is half that of the dipole antenna or 37.5
1049:
frequencies the metal surface of a car roof or airplane body makes a good ground plane, so car
53:
consisting of a straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of
2058:
1951:
1871:
1793:
1688:
1560:
1506:
1476:
1445:
1418:
1370:
1325:
1295:
1265:
1235:
1181:
1134:
1010:
336:
321:
280:
118:
69:
is taken, between the lower end of the monopole and the ground plane. One side of the antenna
1397:
560:). The maximum occurs at this length because the opposite phase radiation from the two lobes
2032:
1846:
1808:
1022:
1017:, so to increase efficiency and radiated power capacitively toploaded monopoles such as the
1002:
967:
714:
308:
169:
1581:
2038:
2001:
1976:
1901:
1891:
1748:
1718:
1698:
1683:
1648:
1154:
1108:
858:
155:
50:
21:
2063:
1996:
1981:
1956:
1831:
1788:
1763:
1713:
1085:
850:
360:
329:
288:
284:
74:
66:
1202:
564:
and cancels at high angles, "compressing" more of the power into the horizontal lobe.
2088:
2043:
1936:
1926:
1881:
1768:
1391:
1129:
1081:
1073:
1006:
994:
368:
200:
89:
30:
26:
247:. Later he found that the plates were unnecessary and a suspended wire was adequate.
1991:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1916:
1906:
1813:
1798:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1065:
1042:
1038:
963:
854:
819:
702:
637:
364:
141:
58:
1229:
1841:
1693:
891:
283:
during his historic first experiments in radio communication. He began by using
279:
The monopole antenna was invented in 1895 and patented in 1896 by radio pioneer
62:
976:
1112:
1092:
1050:
985:
673:
633:
129:
93:
1610:
1349:
1896:
1803:
1046:
1018:
865:
The horizontal gain continues to increase up to a maximum of about 6.6
180:
85:
636:. As the antenna is made longer, the pattern divides into more lobes, with
2053:
1851:
1657:
1077:
438:) resonance the radiation pattern is nearly constant with length. Above (
81:
70:
1099:. The monopole element is bent over parallel to the ground area on the
866:
846:
745:
718:
706:
340:
2027:
845:) – the next resonant length – the gain increases some, to 6.0
344:
470:) the lobe flattens, radiating more power in horizontal directions.
2006:
975:
651:
315:
307:
20:
1617:
1621:
1291:
Fundamentals of
Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies
65:
is applied, or for receiving antennas the output signal to the
359:) as being formed by replacing the bottom half of a vertical
1393:
The
History of Communications - Electronics in the U.S. Navy
1234:(19th ed.). American Radio Relay League. p. 2.17.
721:
and a radiation resistance of 73 Ohms, a quarter-wave (
553:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{\,\pi \,}}\lambda =0.637\lambda }
1414:
825:
As the length is increased to approach a half-wavelength (
709:
greater than) the gain of a similar dipole antenna, and a
96:
of the desired radio waves. The most common form is the
608:
575:
523:
482:
446:
414:
382:
606:
573:
521:
508:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{8}}\lambda =0.625\lambda }
480:
444:
412:
380:
2020:
1822:
1674:
1656:
1417:. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 55.
1177:
Antenna
Systems and Electronic Warfare Applications
41:
system consisting of cables buried under the field.
1556:Broadband Planar Antennas: Design and applications
1502:Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation
640:(directions of zero radiated power) between them.
624:
591:
552:
507:
462:
430:
398:
300:independently invented it at about the same time.
849:. Since at this length the antenna has a current
1009:bands. At lower frequencies the antenna mast is
1353:, filed December 7, 1896, granted July 13, 1897
1057:projecting from the fuselage; this is called a
1553:Chen, Zhi Ning; Chia, Michael Yan Wah (2006).
1537:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1633:
1438:Stutzman, Warren L.; Thiele, Gary A. (2012).
1343:
1341:
121:; for this reason it is sometimes called the
8:
1611:"Radiation of a quarter wavelength monopole"
1494:
1492:
1264:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 116.
1640:
1626:
1618:
1524:
1522:
1228:Straw, R. Dean; et al., eds. (2000).
292:this reason the monopole is also called a
1559:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 135–138.
1313:
1311:
1111:with the feed circuit (typically 50
607:
605:
574:
572:
533:
529:
522:
520:
481:
479:
445:
443:
413:
411:
381:
379:
1411:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014).
1548:
1546:
1166:
869:at a length of five-eighths wavelength
625:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{8}}\lambda }
592:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{8}}\lambda }
463:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda }
431:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}\lambda }
399:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda }
1283:
1281:
339:: It radiates with equal power in all
84:antenna. The rod functions as an open
1471:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p.
1366:Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics
1253:
1251:
374:Up to a length of a half-wavelength (
135:Common types of monopole antenna are
7:
1505:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 145.
1347:US patent 586193, Guglielmo Marconi
1324:. IK International Ltd. p. 93.
259:Marconi's first monopole transmitter
88:for radio waves and oscillates with
1369:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 31.
1294:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 94.
997:transmitting antennas employed for
656:Multi-lobed radiation pattern of a
1444:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 8.
1095:use a monopole variant called the
1072:used with handheld radios such as
677:monopole. Monopole antennas up to
14:
2069:Circularly disposed antenna array
1887:Folded inverted conformal antenna
347:on the antenna axis. It radiates
890:so this is a popular length for
264:
252:
224:
80:The monopole is often used as a
1350:Transmitting electrical signals
742:) monopole will have a gain of
713:half that of a dipole. Since a
243:, with the other side grounded
355:A monopole can be visualized (
352:elevation inherently differs.
61:. The driving signal from the
1:
2100:Radio frequency antenna types
1580:Bevelacqua, Peter J. (2016).
1529:Kissick, W. A. (April 2001).
1201:Bevelacqua, Peter J. (2016).
1180:. Artech House. p. 223.
363:(c) with a conducting plane (
1709:Dielectric resonator antenna
1321:Antenna and Wave Propagation
1261:Antenna and Wave Propagation
1209:. Antenna-Theory.com website
328:Like a vertically suspended
235:attached to the transmitter
1499:Macnamara, Thereza (2010).
1363:Visser, Hubregt J. (2006).
35:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
2126:
1586:antenna-theory.com website
1465:Weiner, Melvin M. (2003).
1115:impedance) the antenna is
961:
29:monopole antenna of an AM
1972:Regenerative loop antenna
1582:"Inverted F Antenna"
1569:– via Google Books.
1515:– via Google Books.
1485:– via Google Books.
1454:– via Google Books.
1441:Antenna Theory and Design
1379:– via Google Books.
1334:– via Google Books.
1304:– via Google Books.
1274:– via Google Books.
1244:– via Google Books.
1190:– via Google Books.
1967:Reflective array antenna
1877:Corner reflector antenna
1288:Wong, K. Daniel (2011).
1174:Poisel, Richard (2012).
717:has a gain of 2.19
648:Gain and input impedance
562:interferes destructively
1867:Collinear antenna array
1318:Kishore, Kamal (2009).
1140:Dual-band blade antenna
1013:giving it a very small
2049:Reconfigurable antenna
2012:Yagi–Uda antenna
1987:Short backfire antenna
1724:Folded unipole antenna
1258:Das, Sisir K. (2016).
1203:"The Monopole Antenna"
1150:Folded unipole antenna
1145:Electrical lengthening
981:
972:Folded unipole antenna
698:
626:
593:
554:
509:
464:
432:
400:
325:
313:
42:
1704:Crossed field antenna
1396:. U.S. Navy. p.
1390:Howeth, L.S. (1963).
1231:The ARRL Antenna Book
1105:printed circuit board
1091:Wireless devices and
1070:rubber ducky antennas
979:
655:
627:
594:
555:
510:
465:
433:
401:
319:
311:
208:ground plane antennas
98:quarter-wave monopole
24:
16:Type of radio antenna
2021:Application-specific
1912:Log-periodic antenna
1784:Rubber ducky antenna
1759:Inverted vee antenna
1734:Ground-plane antenna
1532:Antenna System Guide
1043:ground-plane antenna
1015:radiation resistance
751:capacitive reactance
711:radiation resistance
604:
571:
519:
478:
442:
410:
378:
349:vertically polarized
332:, a monopole has an
1932:Offset dish antenna
1779:Random wire antenna
776:inductive reactance
2105:Italian inventions
2074:Television antenna
1922:Microstrip antenna
1862:Choke ring antenna
1857:Cassegrain antenna
1754:Inverted-F antenna
1666:Isotropic radiator
1588:. Antenna Tutorial
1097:inverted-F antenna
1011:electrically short
999:radio broadcasting
982:
699:
622:
617:
589:
584:
550:
536:
505:
491:
460:
455:
428:
423:
396:
391:
326:
322:radiation patterns
314:
57:surface, called a
43:
2110:Guglielmo Marconi
2082:
2081:
2059:Reference antenna
1952:Parabolic antenna
1872:Conformal antenna
1794:Turnstile antenna
1689:Biconical antenna
1512:978-0-470-01981-8
1468:Monopole Antennas
1135:Cellular repeater
1066:quarter-wave whip
744:2.19 + 3.0 = 5.2
705:of twice (3
616:
583:
535:
490:
454:
422:
390:
337:radiation pattern
304:Radiation pattern
281:Guglielmo Marconi
119:Guglielmo Marconi
2117:
2095:Antennas (radio)
2033:Corner reflector
1847:Beverage antenna
1809:Umbrella antenna
1774:Monopole antenna
1729:Franklin antenna
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1408:
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1401:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1285:
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1275:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1023:umbrella antenna
968:Umbrella antenna
953:
952:
949:
947:
946:
943:
940:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:
921:
918:
911:
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876:
844:
840:
838:
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788:
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773:
772:
769:
767:
766:
763:
760:
748:
741:
740:
737:
735:
734:
731:
728:
715:half-wave dipole
695:
693:
691:
690:
687:
684:
676:
672:
670:
669:
666:
663:
631:
629:
628:
623:
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609:
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596:
595:
590:
585:
576:
559:
557:
556:
551:
537:
534:
524:
514:
512:
511:
506:
492:
483:
469:
467:
466:
461:
456:
447:
437:
435:
434:
429:
424:
415:
405:
403:
402:
397:
392:
383:
268:
256:
228:
115:
113:
112:
109:
106:
47:monopole antenna
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2039:Evolved antenna
2016:
2002:Vivaldi antenna
1977:Rhombic antenna
1902:Helical antenna
1892:Fractal antenna
1837:AS-2259 Antenna
1818:
1749:Helical antenna
1719:Discone antenna
1699:Coaxial antenna
1684:Batwing antenna
1676:Omnidirectional
1670:
1652:
1646:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1287:
1286:
1279:
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1257:
1256:
1249:
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1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:Signal strength
1125:
1109:impedance match
974:
962:Main articles:
960:
950:
944:
941:
938:
937:
935:
934:
933:However, above
928:
922:
919:
916:
915:
913:
906:
903:
900:
899:
897:
896:
886:
880:
877:
874:
873:
871:
870:
859:input impedance
842:
835:
832:
829:
828:
826:
811:
805:
802:
799:
798:
796:
789:
786:
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779:
770:
764:
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738:
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729:
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723:
722:
688:
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682:
681:
679:
678:
667:
664:
661:
660:
658:
657:
650:
602:
601:
569:
568:
567:Slightly above
528:
517:
516:
476:
475:
440:
439:
408:
407:
376:
375:
334:omnidirectional
306:
298:Alexander Popov
294:Marconi antenna
285:dipole antennas
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
269:
261:
260:
257:
249:
248:
229:
218:
213:
123:Marconi antenna
110:
107:
104:
103:
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Spiral antenna
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Sterba antenna
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Sector antenna
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Plasma antenna
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Adcock antenna
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Sloper antenna
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:J-pole antenna
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Dipole antenna
1711:
1706:
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1696:
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1604:External links
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1600:
1599:
1572:
1565:
1542:
1518:
1511:
1488:
1481:
1457:
1451:978-0470576649
1450:
1430:
1424:978-3642543319
1423:
1403:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1337:
1331:978-9380026060
1330:
1307:
1301:978-1118121092
1300:
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1271:978-1259006326
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1247:
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1193:
1186:
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1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
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1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1086:dipole antenna
1074:walkie-talkies
959:
956:
649:
646:
632:or 0.625
621:
615:
612:
588:
582:
579:
549:
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361:dipole antenna
330:dipole antenna
305:
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289:Heinrich Hertz
270:
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250:
230:
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211:
204:
197:
188:folded unipole
184:
173:
166:
159:
152:
145:
137:
90:standing waves
75:dipole antenna
49:is a class of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2122:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
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2047:
2045:
2044:Ground dipole
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1998:
1995:
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1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Patch antenna
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Moxon antenna
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
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1883:
1882:Curtain array
1880:
1878:
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1873:
1870:
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1777:
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1769:Mast radiator
1767:
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1566:9780470871751
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1525:
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1482:0-8247-4844-1
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1207:Antenna Types
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1187:9781608074846
1183:
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1156:
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1133:
1131:
1130:Antenna types
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:circuit board
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:circuit board
1079:
1076:and portable
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:blade antenna
1056:
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1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
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1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:mast radiator
991:
987:
978:
973:
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965:
957:
955:
893:
868:
863:
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852:
848:
823:
821:
816:
777:
752:
747:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
675:
654:
647:
645:
641:
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635:
619:
613:
610:
586:
580:
577:
565:
563:
547:
544:
541:
538:
530:
525:
502:
499:
496:
493:
487:
484:
471:
457:
451:
448:
425:
419:
416:
393:
387:
384:
372:
370:
369:image antenna
366:
362:
358:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
323:
318:
310:
303:
301:
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
267:
255:
246:
242:
239:and receiver
238:
234:
227:
215:
210:
209:
205:
203:
202:
201:mast radiator
198:
196:
195:
190:
189:
185:
183:
182:
177:
174:
172:
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167:
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160:
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153:
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150:
146:
144:
143:
139:
138:
136:
133:
131:
126:
124:
120:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:radio antenna
48:
40:
36:
32:
31:radio station
28:
27:mast radiator
23:
19:
1992:Slot antenna
1962:Quad antenna
1947:Planar array
1942:Phased array
1917:Loop antenna
1907:Horn antenna
1814:Whip antenna
1799:T2FD antenna
1773:
1744:Halo antenna
1739:G5RV antenna
1590:. Retrieved
1585:
1575:
1555:
1531:
1501:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1433:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1385:
1365:
1358:
1348:
1320:
1290:
1260:
1230:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
1176:
1169:
1116:
1090:
1063:
1058:
1039:whip antenna
1027:
983:
964:Whip antenna
864:
824:
820:ground plane
817:
700:
642:
566:
472:
373:
365:ground plane
356:
354:
327:
293:
287:invented by
278:
244:
240:
236:
232:
206:
199:
192:
186:
179:
175:
168:
161:
154:
149:rubber ducky
147:
140:
134:
127:
122:
97:
79:
59:ground plane
46:
44:
18:
1842:AWX antenna
1824:Directional
1694:Cage aerial
1093:cell phones
892:ground wave
694:wavelength
296:, although
163:random wire
63:transmitter
2089:Categories
1376:0470871180
1162:References
1051:cell phone
1025:are used.
674:wavelength
194:inverted-F
176:inverted-L
94:wavelength
55:conductive
25:A typical
2035:(passive)
1897:Gizmotchy
1804:T-antenna
1658:Isotropic
1213:20 August
1117:shunt fed
1078:FM radios
1047:gigahertz
1019:T-antenna
855:feedpoint
620:λ
587:λ
548:λ
539:λ
531:π
503:λ
494:λ
458:λ
426:λ
394:λ
341:azimuthal
320:Vertical
272:building.
181:T-antenna
86:resonator
2054:Rectenna
1852:Cantenna
1123:See also
170:umbrella
82:resonant
71:feedline
67:receiver
1649:Antenna
1535:. U.S.
1055:fairing
1001:in the
948:
936:
926:
914:
910:
898:
884:
872:
853:at its
839:
827:
809:
797:
793:
781:
768:
756:
736:
724:
692:
680:
671:
659:
241:(right)
216:History
156:helical
114:
102:
2028:ALLISS
1592:8 June
1563:
1509:
1479:
1448:
1421:
1373:
1328:
1298:
1268:
1238:
1184:
990:ground
970:, and
857:, the
841:
753:below
345:zenith
237:(left)
233:(u, w)
39:ground
2007:WokFi
1651:types
1045:. At
958:Types
778:from
638:nulls
545:0.637
500:0.625
357:right
1594:2021
1561:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1215:2020
1182:ISBN
1113:Ohms
1068:and
1064:The
1032:and
1021:and
1005:and
986:mast
851:node
774:and
703:gain
697:sky.
634:wave
191:and
178:and
142:whip
130:ohms
1034:UHF
1030:VHF
1028:At
912:to
867:dBi
847:dBi
795:to
746:dBi
719:dBi
245:(E)
33:in
2091::
1584:.
1545:^
1521:^
1491:^
1475:.
1473:vi
1398:19
1340:^
1310:^
1280:^
1250:^
1205:.
1061:.
1007:LF
1003:MF
966:,
945:8
923:4
907:2
881:8
836:2
806:2
790:4
765:4
733:4
707:dB
689:2
668:2
132:.
125:.
45:A
1641:e
1634:t
1627:v
1613:.
1596:.
1427:.
1400:.
1217:.
951:λ
942:/
939:5
931:.
929:λ
920:/
917:3
904:/
901:1
887:λ
878:/
875:5
843:λ
833:/
830:1
814:.
812:λ
803:/
800:1
787:/
784:1
771:λ
762:/
759:1
739:λ
730:/
727:1
686:/
683:1
665:/
662:3
614:8
611:5
581:8
578:5
542:=
526:2
497:=
488:8
485:5
452:2
449:1
420:4
417:1
388:2
385:1
111:8
108:/
105:5
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