63:
177:. While hemiplegia is paralysis of half of the body, monoplegia is localized to a single limb or to a specific region of the body. Monoplegia of the upper limb is sometimes referred to as brachial monoplegia, and that of the lower limb is called crural monoplegia. Monoplegia in the lower extremities is not as common of an occurrence as in the upper extremities. Monoparesis is a similar, but less severe, condition because one limb is very weak, not paralyzed. For more information, see
542:, or cerebral palsy and utilizes electrical stimulation in order to cause the remaining motor units in the paralyzed muscles to contract. As in traditional muscular training, FES improves the force with which the unaffected muscles contract. For less severely affected patients, FES allows for greater improvement in range of motion than traditional physical therapy.
39:
216:, numbness, paralysis, pain in the affected limb, headaches, and shoulder pain are all considered to be symptoms of monoplegia. Patients of monoplegia typically feel symptoms of weakness and loss of sensation in the affected extremity, usually an arm. Despite these symptoms, the extremity with paralysis continues to maintain a strong pulse.
357:
452:(spTMS) has also been used to help diagnose motor deficits such as monoplegia. This is done by evaluating the functional level of the corticospinal tract through stimulation of the corticospinal lesions in order to obtain neurophysiologic evidence on the integrity of the corticospinal tracts. Single-pulse
427:
Monoplegia is diagnosed by a physician after a physical examination and sometimes after further neurologic examination as well. As monoplegia is fairly rare, after physical examination of a patient complaining of monoplegia, sometimes weakness of an additional limb is also identified and the patient
227:
may be the cause. The onset of brachial plexus paralysis is usually explosive where pain is the initial feature. Pain localizes to the shoulder but may be more diffuse, or could be limited to the lower arm. Pain is severe and often described as sharp, stabbing, throbbing, or aching. The duration of
481:
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is specifically targeted at upper limb monoplegia as a result of a stroke. In CIMT the unaffected arm is restrained, forcing the use and frequent practice of the affected arm. This approach to therapy is carried out during ordinary and daily activities by
477:
and bimanual therapy, are more effective than standard care. Studies suggest the less affected hand could provide a template for improving motor performance of the more affected hand, and provides a strong rationale for the development of bimanual training approaches. In addition to that, there is
497:
environments, or robotic systems, which allows for the use of brain signals. This is extremely crucial because the networking in the brain is often compromised after a stroke, leading to impaired movement or paralysis. BCI systems allow for detection of intention to move through the primary motor
472:
There is no cure for monoplegia, but treatments typically include physical therapy and counseling to help recover muscle tone and function. Recovery will vary depending on diagnosis of temporary, partial or complete paralysis. Much of the therapies focus on the upper limb due to the fact that
486:
approach or no treatment at all. This type of therapy has proved to provide an only moderate improvement in patients with monoplegia. More research needs to be conducted in order to establish the lasting benefit of constraint-induced movement therapy.
1095:
1076:
393:
system results in an inability to activate muscles with enough force or in a coordinated manner, which can lead to paresis, loss of fractional movement, and abnormal muscle tone. Damage to the somatosensory cortical areas causes loss of
389:. It is often found that impairments following stroke are either caused by damage to the same or adjacent neurological structures. A combination of these impairments is more likely than just one in isolation. Damage to the
436:
instead. After neurologic examination of the limb, a diagnosis of a monoplegic limb can be given if the patient receives a
Medical Research Council power grade of 0, which is a measurement of the patient's limb strength.
228:
pain, which is constant, varies from a span of several hours to 3 weeks. As the pain subsides, weakness usually appears. In addition, chronicle progressive weakness of one leg suggests a tumor of the spinal cord of the
364:
In monoplegia, the spine and the proximal portion of nerves are usually the abnormal sites of limb weakness. Monoplegia resulting from upper extremity impairments following a stroke occurs due to direct damage to the
493:(BCI) systems have been proposed as a tool for rehabilitation of monoplegia, specifically in the upper limb after a stroke. BCI systems provide sensory feedback in the brain via functional electrical stimulation,
506:
within the user, requiring them to pay careful attention to tasks that require the activation or deactivation of specific brain areas. BCI systems utilize different sources of information for feedback, including
1161:
445:(MRI) is the diagnostic modality of choice for investigating all forms of hemiplegia. It is especially informative to show migrational defects in hemiplegic cerebral palsy associated with seizures.
464:(MEPs) and central motor conduction time (CMCT). This feedback can then be compared to the normal limits of patients who do not show evidence of deficits in the corticospinal tracts.
419:. Delayed crawling or walking are the usual concerns that arise in infants with paralysis of the limb. In these cases, abnormalities of the legs are the main focus of the attention.
173:, usually an arm. Common symptoms associated with monoplegic patients are weakness, numbness, and pain in the affected limb. Monoplegia is a type of paralysis that falls under
1154:
1147:
473:
monoplegia in the upper limbs is much more common than in the lower limbs. It has been found that intense activity-based and goal-directed therapy, such as
960:"Use of Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Systems as a Rehabilitative Approach for Upper Limb Function After a Stroke: A Systematic Review"
348:
syndrome and hematomas in the frontoparietal cortex near the middle that could produce a deficit such as this, but this is a very uncommon occurrence.
232:. Fever is often the first symptom of lumbar plexus paralysis, followed by pain in one or both legs. The pain has an abrupt onset and may occur in a
478:
strong evidence to support that occupational therapy home programs that are goal-directed could be used to supplement hands-on direct therapy.
516:
896:
474:
527:. Among all of these, the EEG signals are the most useful for this type of rehabilitation because they are highly accurate and stable.
804:"Precision grip control, sensory impairments and their interactions in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A systematic review"
531:
453:
449:
240:
distribution. Weakness may develop concurrently with pain or be delayed for as long as 3 weeks. Furthermore, a monomeric form of
1757:
503:
682:"Assessment of upper extremity impairment, function, and activity after stroke: foundations for clinical decision making"
490:
401:
Considering monoplegia as it relates to cerebral palsy, in premature infants, the most common cause of cerebral palsy is
370:
1908:
958:
Monge-Pereira E, Ibañez-Pereda J, Alguacil-Diego IM, Serrano JI, Spottorno-Rubio MP, Molina-Rueda F (September 2017).
244:, affecting only one leg or arm, should be considered when progressive weakness is not accompanied by sensory loss.
212:
There are a number of symptoms associated with monoplegia. Curling of the hands or stiffness of the feet, weakness,
520:
442:
200:
may begin as monoplegia. Monoplegia is also frequently associated with, and considered to be the mildest form of,
1657:
1652:
482:
the affected person. It has been found that CIMT is more effective at specifically improving arm movement than a
345:
110:
1122:
416:
1752:
1548:
461:
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327:
241:
130:
126:
1742:
1340:
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141:
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1764:
499:
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is often used to study all limbs, essentially showing the extent in each limb involvement. Furthermore,
321:
310:
297:
122:
114:
1221:
1835:
1303:
524:
366:
738:
Deftereos SN, Panagopoulos GN, Georgonikou DD, Karageorgiou EC, Kefalou PN, Karageorgiou CE (2008).
62:
1867:
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1692:
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959:
390:
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1604:
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20:
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1707:
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494:
395:
304:
224:
106:
1687:
740:"Diagnosis of nonorganic monoplegia with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation"
1852:
1815:
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1256:
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1034:
1009:
924:
764:
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681:
201:
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78:
1116:
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534:(FES). It is targeted at patients who acquired monoplegia through incidents such as a
1902:
1887:
1830:
1428:
1318:
1278:
1231:
1216:
483:
378:
237:
233:
229:
220:
991:
411:. In term infants, the underlying causes are often cerebral malformations, cerebral
1825:
1642:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1448:
1433:
1236:
1196:
915:
189:
154:
38:
1127:
897:"Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in people with stroke"
853:"Efficacy of upper limb therapies for unilateral cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis"
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1847:
1747:
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1308:
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405:
382:
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1405:
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1025:
697:
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429:
412:
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315:
213:
197:
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185:
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118:
829:
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1800:
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1633:
1576:
1553:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1443:
1413:
1385:
1358:
1273:
196:
must also be consulted. In addition, multiple cerebral disorders that cause
166:
81:, direct physical trauma to the affected limb, central nervous mass lesion,
56:
1043:
1010:"Brain-controlled muscle stimulation for the restoration of motor function"
983:
933:
878:
869:
837:
773:
715:
657:
755:
1779:
1619:
1457:
1438:
344:
Specifically, monoplegia in the lower extremities is typically caused by
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277:
267:
134:
98:
94:
86:
1068:
1857:
1528:
271:
178:
90:
1877:
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1423:
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1390:
1348:
1206:
1080:
895:
Corbetta D, Sirtori V, Castellini G, Moja L, Gatti R (October 2015).
338:
74:
632:"Assessment of acute motor deficit in the pediatric emergency room"
356:
1533:
1523:
680:
Lang CE, Bland MD, Bailey RR, Schaefer SY, Birkenmeier RL (2013).
355:
263:
82:
1313:
1293:
1174:
1143:
744:
Primary Care
Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
789:
Clinical pediatric neurology: A signs and symptoms approach
588:
Clinical
Pediatric Neurology: a signs and symptoms approach
570:
Clinical
Pediatric Neurology: a signs and symptoms approach
219:
While chronic progressive brachial monoplegia is uncommon,
630:
Vasconcelos MM, Vasconcelos LG, Brito AR (November 2017).
398:
which results in an impaired ability to monitor movement.
802:
Bleyenheuft, Yannick; Gordon, Andrew M. (2013-09-01).
502:
according to feedback that is provided. This leads to
252:
Some potential causes of monoplegia are listed below.
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
1058:
1788:
1706:
1673:
1575:
1491:
1404:
1339:
1181:
1062:
791:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 249.
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
590:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 286.
572:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 285.
192:begin as monoplegia. Thus, the diagnosis of spinal
140:
70:
50:
31:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
46:Damage to the motor cortex can induce monoplegia.
851:Sakzewski L, Ziviani J, Boyd RN (January 2014).
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
890:
888:
1003:
1001:
1155:
8:
530:Another form of treatment for monoplegia is
904:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
259:Direct physical trauma to the affected limb
1162:
1148:
1140:
1059:
61:
37:
28:
1033:
923:
868:
819:
763:
705:
647:
551:
262:Central nervous mass lesion, including
808:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1008:Ethier C, Miller LE (November 2015).
517:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
581:
579:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
475:constraint-induced movement therapy
223:and tumors of the cervical cord or
1212:Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait
14:
532:functional electrical stimulation
498:cortex, then provide the matched
454:transcranial magnetic stimulation
450:transcranial magnetic stimulation
335:Monomeric spinal muscular atrophy
1806:Overpronation/Flexible flat feet
448:An approach called single-pulse
300:with liability to pressure palsy
916:10.1002/14651858.CD004433.pub3
1:
504:activity-dependent plasticity
1257:Myopathic gait/Waddling gait
371:primary somatosensory cortex
379:sensorimotor cortical areas
184:Many conditions that cause
1925:
976:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.04.016
821:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.047
649:10.1016/j.jped.2017.06.003
521:near-infrared spectroscopy
443:magnetic resonance imaging
18:
16:Paralysis of a single limb
1658:Lower motor neuron lesion
1653:Upper motor neuron lesion
1458:Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia
1173:relating to movement and
1026:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.014
787:Fenichel, Gerald (2009).
698:10.1016/j.jht.2012.06.005
586:Fenichel, Gerald (2009).
568:Fenichel, Gerald (2009).
101:, head or spinal trauma,
45:
36:
491:Brain computer interface
417:intracerebral hemorrhage
19:Not to be confused with
1014:Neurobiology of Disease
692:(2): 104–14, quiz 115.
686:Journal of Hand Therapy
462:motor-evoked potentials
439:Needle Electromyography
385:structures, and/or the
328:paralytic poliomyelitis
242:spinal muscular atrophy
131:spinal muscular atrophy
127:paralytic poliomyelitis
870:10.1542/peds.2013-0675
513:magnetoencephalography
509:electroencephalography
361:
142:Differential diagnosis
1765:Boutonniere deformity
756:10.4088/PCC.v10n0511d
359:
287:Head or spinal trauma
115:peripheral neuropathy
1836:Clasp-knife response
525:electrocorticography
367:primary motor cortex
332:Hemiparetic seizures
1868:Conversion disorder
1770:Swan neck deformity
1693:Locomotive syndrome
636:Jornal de Pediatria
500:sensory stimulation
387:corticospinal tract
375:sensorimotor cortex
326:Vaccine-associated
322:peroneal neuropathy
123:peroneal neuropathy
1909:Symptoms and signs
1605:Spastic paraplegia
1595:Spastic paraplegia
1590:Periodic paralysis
1499:Abnormal posturing
1364:Dysdiadochokinesia
1300:Asynchronous gait
1262:Trendelenburg gait
1222:Marche Ă petit pas
1171:Signs and symptoms
642:(Suppl 1): 26–35.
540:multiple sclerosis
536:spinal cord injury
458:neuropsychological
428:is diagnosed with
362:
208:Signs and symptoms
21:Spastic monoplegia
1896:
1895:
1585:Flaccid paralysis
1406:Abnormal movement
1396:Hemimotor neglect
1354:Cerebellar ataxia
1304:Gunslinger's gait
1202:Cerebellar ataxia
1137:
1136:
460:feedback such as
292:brachial neuritis
160:
159:
103:brachial neuritis
26:Medical condition
1916:
1600:Spastic diplegia
1567:Tonic immobility
1559:Waxy flexibility
1503:Stooped posture
1309:Hemiparetic gait
1290:Asymmetric gait
1189:Gait abnormality
1164:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1005:
996:
995:
955:
938:
937:
927:
910:(10): CD004433.
901:
892:
883:
882:
872:
848:
842:
841:
823:
814:(9): 3014–3028.
799:
793:
792:
784:
778:
777:
767:
735:
720:
719:
709:
677:
662:
661:
651:
627:
592:
591:
583:
574:
573:
565:
360:The motor tract.
66:
65:
41:
29:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1863:Motion sickness
1796:Rachitic rosary
1784:
1733:Joint stiffness
1708:Range of motion
1702:
1669:
1665:Sleep paralysis
1649:General causes
1571:
1487:
1400:
1335:
1247:Vestibular gait
1227:Propulsive gait
1177:
1168:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1071:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1007:
1006:
999:
957:
956:
941:
899:
894:
893:
886:
863:(1): e175-204.
850:
849:
845:
801:
800:
796:
786:
785:
781:
737:
736:
723:
679:
678:
665:
629:
628:
595:
585:
584:
577:
567:
566:
553:
548:
495:virtual reality
470:
425:
403:periventricular
396:somatosensation
354:
305:brachial plexus
250:
225:brachial plexus
210:
107:brachial plexus
60:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Astasia-abasia
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Bow-leggedness
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
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1740:
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1723:
1712:
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1704:
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1700:
1695:
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1679:
1677:
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1668:
1667:
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1660:
1655:
1647:
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1645:
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1617:
1609:
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1607:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
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1570:
1569:
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1561:
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1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
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1514:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1493:
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1488:
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1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Sensory ataxia
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1369:Pronator drift
1366:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1297:
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1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:Truncal ataxia
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1131:
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1119:
1092:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:Classification
1056:
1055:External links
1053:
1050:
1049:
997:
970:(9): 918–932.
939:
884:
843:
794:
779:
721:
663:
593:
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550:
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544:
469:
466:
424:
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256:Cerebral palsy
249:
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202:cerebral palsy
158:
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144:
138:
137:
79:cerebral palsy
72:
68:
67:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1888:Dancing mania
1886:
1884:
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1879:
1876:
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1859:
1856:
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1841:
1837:
1834:
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1832:
1831:Hyperreflexia
1829:
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1768:
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1746:
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1743:Hypermobility
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1603:
1601:
1598:
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1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Joint locking
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
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1502:
1500:
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1432:
1430:
1429:Fasciculation
1427:
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1319:Antalgic gait
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1279:Steppage gait
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1232:Stomping gait
1230:
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1217:Magnetic gait
1215:
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484:physiotherapy
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391:corticospinal
388:
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346:Brown Sequard
340:
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230:lumbar plexus
226:
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221:syringomyelia
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111:Brown Sequard
108:
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69:
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49:
44:
40:
35:
30:
22:
1826:Hyporeflexia
1721:Bethlem sign
1688:Gowers' sign
1643:Quadruplegia
1614:
1519:Opisthotonus
1512:Osteoporosis
1507:Camptocormia
1449:Hyperkinesia
1434:Fibrillation
1341:Coordination
1294:Leaping gait
1237:Spastic gait
1207:Choreic gait
1197:Scissor gait
1121:
1094:
1075:
1017:
1013:
967:
963:
907:
903:
860:
856:
846:
811:
807:
797:
788:
782:
747:
743:
689:
685:
639:
635:
587:
569:
529:
489:
480:
471:
447:
426:
400:
373:, secondary
363:
343:
276:Complicated
251:
218:
211:
190:quadriplegia
183:
169:of a single
162:
161:
155:quadriplegia
121:, traumatic
1873:Shell shock
1848:Hypnic jerk
1748:Gorlin sign
1716:Contracture
1683:Hemiparesis
1639:Tetraplegia
1453:Hypokinesia
1374:Dyssynergia
1284:Toe walking
1267:Pigeon gait
406:hemorrhagic
383:subcortical
296:Hereditary
290:Hereditary
109:paralysis,
105:, neonatal
1811:Knock-knee
1629:Hemiplegia
1624:Paraplegia
1615:Monoplegia
1611:Syndromes
1544:Hypertonia
1478:Echopraxia
1468:Stereotypy
1329:Lotus gait
1325:Deformity
1020:: 180–90.
857:Pediatrics
750:(5): 414.
546:References
538:, stroke,
434:paraplegia
430:hemiplegia
413:infarction
409:infarction
320:Traumatic
316:Plexopathy
311:Neuropathy
298:neuropathy
214:spasticity
198:hemiplegia
194:paraplegia
186:paraplegia
175:hemiplegia
163:Monoplegia
151:paraplegia
147:Hemiplegia
119:plexopathy
32:Monoplegia
1883:Catatonia
1843:Shivering
1821:Back knee
1801:Flat feet
1775:Scoliosis
1738:Ankylosis
1726:Club foot
1634:Triplegia
1577:Paralysis
1563:Grimacing
1554:Catalepsy
1492:Posturing
1483:Echolalia
1473:Akathisia
1463:Hypotonia
1444:Myoclonus
1414:Athetosis
1386:Asterixis
1359:Dysmetria
1274:Foot drop
1253:Muscular
830:0891-4222
468:Treatment
456:provides
423:Diagnosis
352:Mechanism
307:paralysis
303:Neonatal
167:paralysis
57:Neurology
52:Specialty
1903:Category
1780:Kyphosis
1675:Weakness
1620:Diplegia
1439:Myokymia
1044:25447224
992:20808455
984:28512066
964:PM&R
934:26446577
879:24366991
838:23816634
774:19158985
716:22975740
658:28756061
283:Epilepsy
278:migraine
268:hematoma
135:seizures
99:epilepsy
95:migraine
87:hematoma
1858:Vertigo
1529:Trismus
1128:D006429
1035:4412757
925:6465192
765:2629052
707:3524381
511:(EEG),
272:abscess
238:sciatic
234:femoral
179:paresis
91:abscess
1878:Stupor
1698:Ptosis
1539:Tetany
1424:Tremor
1419:Chorea
1391:Abasia
1349:Ataxia
1042:
1032:
990:
982:
932:
922:
877:
836:
828:
772:
762:
714:
704:
656:
415:, and
339:Stroke
248:Causes
75:Stroke
71:Causes
59:
1789:Other
1534:Cramp
1524:Spasm
1117:438.4
1113:438.3
1109:344.5
1105:344.3
1090:G83.3
1086:G83.1
988:S2CID
900:(PDF)
523:, or
270:, or
264:tumor
89:, or
83:tumor
1314:Limp
1193:CNS
1182:Gait
1175:gait
1123:MeSH
1100:9-CM
1040:PMID
980:PMID
930:PMID
908:2017
875:PMID
834:PMID
826:ISSN
770:PMID
712:PMID
654:PMID
171:limb
1758:HSD
1753:EDS
1096:ICD
1077:ICD
1030:PMC
1022:doi
972:doi
920:PMC
912:doi
865:doi
861:133
816:doi
760:PMC
752:doi
702:PMC
694:doi
644:doi
432:or
236:or
188:or
165:is
1905::
1641:/
1622:/
1451:/
1126::
1111:,
1103::
1084::
1081:10
1038:.
1028:.
1018:83
1016:.
1012:.
1000:^
986:.
978:.
966:.
962:.
942:^
928:.
918:.
906:.
902:.
887:^
873:.
859:.
855:.
832:.
824:.
812:34
810:.
806:.
768:.
758:.
748:10
746:.
742:.
724:^
710:.
700:.
690:26
688:.
684:.
666:^
652:.
640:93
638:.
634:.
596:^
578:^
554:^
519:,
515:,
381:,
377:,
369:,
266:,
204:.
181:.
153:,
149:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
117:,
113:,
97:,
93:,
85:,
77:,
1163:e
1156:t
1149:v
1115:-
1107:-
1098:-
1088:-
1079:-
1069:D
1046:.
1024::
994:.
974::
968:9
936:.
914::
881:.
867::
840:.
818::
776:.
754::
718:.
696::
660:.
646::
23:.
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