Monarchies in the Americas - Knowledge (XXG)

2087: 133: 1384: 2347: 1289: 2005: 2438:

Europe. However, those advocating the return of the Court to Lisbon argued that Brazil was only a colony and that it was not right for Portugal to be governed from a colony. On the other hand, leading Brazilian courtiers pressed for the elevation of Brazil from the rank of a colony, so that they could enjoy the full status of being nationals of the mother-country. Brazilian nationalists also supported the move, because it indicated that Brazil would no longer be submissive to the interests of Portugal, but would be of equal status within a transatlantic monarchy.

22: 2567: 903: 1849: 454:). The present monarchy of Belize has its roots in the Spanish monarchy, under the authority of which the area was first colonised in the 16th century, and later the British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 21 September 1981, the country (known until then as British Honduras) gained independence from the United Kingdom, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly formed monarchy of Belize. The monarch is represented in the country by the 82: 587: 1937: 1804: 1098: 2715: 2407: 1365: 693:, French, and English monarchies, under the authority of which the island was first colonised in 1605, and later the British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 22 February 1979, the country gained independence from the United Kingdom, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly created monarchy of Saint Lucia. The monarch is represented in the country by the 2001:, emigrated from northern South America, traveled the Caribbean coast and settled on the continent, in a place where a river, a lagoon and the sea converged. They called this site Sitawala, the river would later be called Wangki (Coco River), and the lagoon Kip Almuk (Old Cape). The villagers called themselves Miskut kiampka (Miskut family) or Miskut uplika nani (people of Miskut). 2264:. At approximately the same time, Dutch colonies were established at other locations on the island, and eventually outgrew those of the Duchy of Courland in population. When the Duke was captured by Swedish forces in 1658, Dutch settlers overtook the Courland colonies, forcing the Governor to surrender. After a return of the territory to Courland through the 1660 483: 1326:. The vote was, however, postponed again, due to administrative concerns. On 20 September 2021, just over a full year after the announcement for the transition was made, the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021, was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados. Passed on 6 October, the Bill made amendments to the constitution of Barbados, introducing the 1579: 2324:. Some regions were lost to the Spanish or British Crowns through conflict and treaties, and those that were still possessions of the French king on 21 December 1792 came under republican rule when the French monarchy was abolished on that day. Upon several restorations of the monarchy, the royal presence in the Americas ended with the collapse of the 2701:, who created a dubious account in 1929 that his father, Matthew Dowdy Shiell, had asked for and been given the title of King of Redonda by the British colonial authorities in 1865. The younger Shiel then took the throne at the age of 15 in 1880. No record exists of such an unlikely grant, nor even of the two visiting the island. Nevertheless, 1515:, and the first Viceroy of the Americas was established along with a number of colonies throughout the Island. With the later discovery of Mexico and Peru many of the early settlers left for the main land, but some twelve cities and a hundred thousand souls remained, mainly in the Eastern part of the Island. Through the Treaty of Riswick in 1697, 2771:, a historical process which concluded in 1883 with Chile establishing control over the region. Orélie-Antoine was captured in 1862, and was imprisoned in an insane asylum in Chile. After several fruitless attempts to return to his kingdom (thwarted by both Chilean and Argentine authorities), Tounens died penniless in 1878 in 2767:(chieftains) to be their king. He attempted to gain diplomatic recognition and support from the French government for his claims, but these efforts proved unsuccessful: the French consul concluded that Tounens was insane, and Araucania and Patagonia was never recognized by any country. The Chileans simply went on with the 1285:, opened the second session of the first parliament of the newly established country, before the Queen herself, along with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, toured Barbados. Elizabeth returned for her Silver Jubilee in 1977, and again in 1989, to mark the 350th anniversary of the establishment of the Barbadian Parliament. 1844:

to mount a coup, which led to the declaration of a republic on 1 December 1822. In order to end the unrest, Augustine abdicated on 19 March 1823 and left the country, and the Mexican monarchy was abolished. After hearing that the situation in Mexico had only grown worse since his abdication, Iturbide

1117:

of the Americas is lost and unknown, as writings and inscriptions generally either disintegrated or was never made. It is probable that at least some of these cultures had monarchies of some form, but the details will likely never be known. Better records exist of the state of these cultures in the

285:

immediately upon achieving self-governance. Haiti and Brazil formed constitutional monarchies with their own resident monarch, though all eventually became republics, and Mexico had two short-lived Mexican Empires propped up by foreign intervention before returning to a republican form of government.

1008:

in the 17th century, whereafter the islands remained under the control of the Dutch Crown as colonial territories. The Netherlands Antilles achieved the status of an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1954, from which Aruba was split in 1986 as a separate constituent country

2611:

in Lake Michigan. On 8 July of that year, he was physically crowned in an elaborate coronation ceremony complete with crown, sceptre, throne, ermine robe and breastplate. Although he never claimed legal sovereignty over Beaver Island or any other geographical entity, Strang managed (as a member of

1748:

remained a part of the region's landscape, even following subordination to hegemonic rulers through conquest or dynastic union. Nonetheless, the Maya civilization began its decline in the 8th and 9th centuries, and by the time of the arrival of the Spanish, only a few kingdoms remained, such as the

719:

has its roots in the French monarchy, under the authority of which the island was first colonised in 1719, and later the British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 27 October 1979, the country gained independence from the United Kingdom, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of

2705:

took up the mantle in 1947 and claimed to be king afterward, sold the kingship to others several times, and sold ranks of nobility. The result of the repeated sales is that at least 9 people claim to all be king of Redonda. None of those involved appear to have ever tried to physically establish

2644:

in 1849, proclaimed himself "Emperor of These United States" in 1859, later adding the title "Protector of Mexico". Though never recognized by the U.S. or Mexican governments, he was accorded a certain degree of deference within San Francisco itself, including reserved balcony seats (for which he

2168:

government and a group of alliance between Indigenous and Afro-descendant people of the Mosquitia, when in 1984, the government proposed negotiations to end the war. The first talks of these negotiations were carried out with the Miskitu leader, Brooklyn Rivera. And on 30 October 1987 the Autonomy

1982:

people of Central America who inhabited the territory were governed by the authority of the Mosquitian Monarchy. While the kings had authority over the entire territory; there were other important leaders known as "generals," "governors," and "admirals," who controlled different regions within the

2437:

in 1808. With the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, there were calls for the return of the Portuguese Monarch to Lisbon; the Portuguese Prince Regent enjoyed life in Rio de Janeiro, where the monarchy was at the time more popular and where he enjoyed more freedom, and he was thus unwilling to return to

613:

has its roots in the Spanish monarchy, under the authority of which the islands were first colonised in the late 16th century, and later the English and then British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 6 August 1962, the country gained independence from the United Kingdom, retaining the then reigning

2012:

Contacts with pirates (French, Dutch and British) and Africans (seeking refuge to escape slavery) began in the 17th century. In 1629, English Puritans established on Providence Island, what they called New Westminster, the Providence Company. From dealing with British merchants and settlers, the

875:

for George III in January 1775, and from 1843 were governed by the British Crown-in-Council through the Falkland Islands, an arrangement that stood until the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands were incorporated as a distinct British overseas territory in 1985. The monarch is represented in

2145:

After the chief and the people of the Mosquito Reserve enjoyed 34 years of autonomy, the Nicaraguan government violated the terms of the 1860 Treaty of Managua, and in 1894, sent army troops to the Mosquito Reserve in order to incorporate the region to the rest of the country. In 1905, the

1445:

Prince Pedro became the first Emperor of Brazil on 12 October 1822, with the title of Pedro I (on that date, he was formally offered the Throne of the newly created Empire, accepted it, and was acclaimed as monarch), and his coronation took place on 1 December 1822. After Pedro

2755:

peoples were fighting to maintain their sovereignty against the advancing Chilean and Argentine armed forces. However, Orélie-Antoine never exercised sovereignty over the claimed territory. Rather, he "ruled" for around fourteen months in a small territory around the town

1563:

declared the president as Emperor Faustin I, thereby re-establishing the Empire of Haiti. But this monarchical reincarnation was to be short lived as well, as a revolution broke out in the empire in 1858, resulting in Faustin abdicating the throne on 18 January 1859.

2516:. By the early 19th century, however, the Spanish sovereign's possessions in the Americas began a series of independence movements, which culminated in the Crown's loss of all its colonies on the mainland of North and South America by 1825. The remaining colonies of 808:. Colonies were merged and split through various reorganizations of the Crown's Caribbean regions, until 19 December 1980, the date that Anguilla became a British Crown territory in its own right. The monarch is represented in these jurisdictions by: the 654:

has its roots in the English and French monarchies, under the authority of which the islands were first colonised in the early 17th century, and later the British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 19 September 1983, the country gained independence from the

559:

has its roots in the French monarchy, under the authority of which the islands were first colonised in the mid 17th century, and later the English and then British monarchy, as a Crown colony. On 7 February 1974, the country gained independence from the

2645:

was never charged) at local theatres, and salutes by policemen who passed him on the street. He was active in various civic issues and advocated for the bridging of San Francisco Bay. Specially printed currency authorized by Norton was accepted as

1901:

The new Mexican emperor ultimately did not bow to Napoleon's wishes, leading the latter to withdraw the majority of his influence from Mexico. Regardless, Maximilian was still viewed as a French puppet by the liberals. As well, at the end of the

2628:

for treason, trespass, counterfeiting, and other crimes, but the jury found the "king" innocent of all charges. Strang was eventually assassinated by two disgruntled followers in 1856, and his kingdom—together with his royal regalia—vanished.

214:

to represent King Charles III and perform most of his constitutional duties in his name; and a high commissioner represents the King of Denmark and the Danish government in Greenland. Additionally, each of Canada's 10 provinces functions as a

992:. Aruba was first settled under the authority of the Spanish Crown circa 1499, but was acquired by the Dutch in 1634, under whose control the island has remained, save for an interval between 1805 and 1816, when Aruba was captured by the 1481:. The royalists went to the polls divided, with the press indicating there were actually two princes aspiring to the Brazilian throne (Dom Luiz de Orleans e Bragança and Dom João Henrique); this created some confusion among the voters. 2672:

in the South Atlantic Ocean during the late 19th century. Although initially garnering some newspaper attention, Hickey's claims were ignored or ridiculed by other nations, and the islands eventually were occupied by Brazil.

1122:, so something is known of the native Aztec and Inca governments, for example. The initial European colonies tended to follow the government of their home countries, with new American administrations overseen by delegated 1067:

before 2011. By these rules, succession passed first to the monarch's sons, in order of birth, and, subsequently, to daughters, again in order of birth. The succession laws were changed between 2011 and 2015, following the

2388:. The colonies, however, were never profitable enough to maintain Russian interest in the area, with the population only ever reaching a maximum of 700. Fort Ross was sold in 1841, and in 1867, a deal was brokered whereby 1258:, under the authority of which the island was claimed in 1625 and colonised in 1627, and later the British monarchy. By the 18th century, Barbados became one of the main seats of the British Crown's authority in the 1076:

for those born after 28 October 2011, whereby the eldest child inherits the throne, regardless of gender. The change was implemented only once the necessary legal processes were completed in each Commonwealth realm.

2153:, tried to regain the independence of Mosquitia. However, after the execution of some of her family members, in 1960, she was given the option to be exiled permanently or face death or imprisonment. She moved to 2082:

continued their relationship with the Mosquitian Kingdom and its government, whereby they interfered for the next 150 years into Moskitia international affairs at the expense of the sovereignty of the Mosquitian

1839:

was crowned as Augustine I on 19 May 1822, with an official decree of confirmation issued two days following. Only a few months later, Augustine dissolved a factious congress, thereby prompting an enraged

1430:. In September of that same year, the Portuguese parliament threatened to diminish Brazil back to the status of a colony, dismantle all the royal agencies in Rio de Janeiro, and demanded Pedro return to 2763:

Orélie-Antoine felt that the Mapuche of the region would only be acknowledged by the surrounding powers if they had a European leader such as himself, and was accordingly elected by a group of Mapuche

2138:, in which Great Britain claim to recognize Mosquitia as being part of the Nicaraguan territory. This treaty however, reserved, on the basis of historical rights, a self governing enclave known as the 2059:, and allowed them to cut mahogany and other hardwoods. Over the opposition of Mosquitia settler, the agreement was implemented, and the British evacuated more than 2,000 people. Most of them went to 1539:, with his coronation as Emperor Jacques I taking place on 6 October that year. After his assassination on 17 October 1806, the country was split in half, the northern portion eventually becoming the 632:

had expressed an intention to oversee the process required to change Jamaica to a republic by 2012; she originally stated this would be complete by August of that year. In 2003, former Prime Minister

3047: 885: 721: 3388: 3179: 804:, throughout the first half of the 17th century. By 1681, however, when the Turks and Caicos Islands were settled by Britons, all of the above-mentioned islands were under the control of 2055:. It was signed on 14 July 1786. Britain agreed to evacuate all British settlements from Mosquitia. In exchange, Spain agreed to expand the territory available to British loggers on the 1910:, even though it was a Mexican scheme and was considered an endemic Mexican monarchy. Backed by the Americans, ex-president Juárez mobilised to retake power, and defeated Maximilian at 1835:

with Spain. The Spanish monarchy, however, refused to recognise the new state, and decreed that it would allow no other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. Thus, the Mexican

2604: 2134:

the full control of his Kingdom and the recognition of the Mosquitian Kingdom as a sovereign nation. However, in 1860, Great Britain, without any International right, entertained the

1519:

received the western third of the Island from Spain as retribution and formalized the first French pirate settlement in existence since the mid-1600s, with the colony administered by

1314:

called for a referendum on Barbados becoming a republic to be held in 2005, though, the vote was then pushed back to "at least 2006" in order to speed up Barbados' integration in the

3468: 1415: 1376: 1359: 253:

was not a monarchy). The majority of these colonies eventually gained independence from their rulers. Some did so via armed conflict with their mother countries, as in the

2268:, a number of attempts were made by the next Duke of Courland (Friedrich Casimir Kettler) at re-colonisation, but these met with failure, and he sold New Courland in 1689. 2146:

Harrison-Altamirano Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and Great Britain which ended the Mosquito Reserve, it's legal and hereditary government, and its Autonomy Statute.

2914: 2086: 660: 3361: 659:, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly created monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The monarch is represented in the country by the 3672: 303:

all have legally independent monarchies, but with succession rules kept in synchronization with other countries that ensure they all have the same monarch (as of 2024,

354: 353:, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly created monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda. The monarch is represented in the country by the 2013:

Miskitu people obtain non-traditional products and firearms, which became a new cultural needs. This was also the time when the Kingdom start to gain its popularity.

384:, opened Antigua and Barbuda's new parliament building, reading a message from his mother, the Queen. The Duke of York visited Antigua and Barbuda in January 2001. 3235: 2106:. Base on the terms of the treaty, neither Great Britain or the United States would ever "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over 943: 4907: 418:, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly formed monarchy of The Bahamas. The monarch is represented in the country by the 4973: 3148: 2169:

Statute was published. The Mosquitian Monarchy have still yet to be restored, still many Miskitu people and others still recognize the Miskitu Royal family.

785: 710: 74: 62: 1274:, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly formed monarchy of Barbados. The monarch was represented in the country by the 3051: 1906:, US troops moved to the Mexico-US border as part of a planned invasion, seeing the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire as an infringement on their 1548: 564:, retaining the then reigning monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly created monarchy of Grenada. The monarch is represented in the country by the 2028:, accepting military protection and the English common law except when English law was in conflict with existing Miskitu customs, culture and traditions. 2430: 3970: 3568: 1990:

system. Many generals tried to become kings, but only Peter, the first known historically, became King Regent, following the death of his brother King

234:. None of the contemporary monarchies, however, are descended from those pre-colonial royal systems, instead either having their historical roots in 5241: 2807: 2142:

for the people, citing earlier treaty arrangements and historical circumstances. Subsequently, the king was also forced to change his title to chief.

1383: 743: 513:

and English monarchies, under the authority of which the area was colonised in the 16th–18th centuries, and, later, the British monarchy. The country

4838: 1478: 849: 694: 419: 3415: 1059:

Succession in the American Commonwealth realms, as well as the British overseas territories in the region, has generally followed the rules of the

3392: 2697:", which largely consists of people in England claiming to be king of an island they have never visited. The micronation dates to fantasy writer 1009:

of the larger kingdom. The former Netherlands Antilles was dissolved in 2010; two of its islands became constituent countries in their own right (

132: 4865: 4170: 3183: 871:

in 1767. By 1833, however, the islands were under full British control. The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands were discovered by Captain

1234: 1064: 825: 4142: 3104: 5256: 5117: 4698: 4209: 4086: 3779: 3742: 3699: 3117: 3020: 2509: 2260: 1689: 1435: 1434:. The Prince, however, feared these moves would trigger separatist movements and refused to comply; instead, at the urging of his father, he 1275: 1119: 258: 239: 4688: 3769: 1762: 210:. As such, none of the monarchies in the Americas have a permanently residing monarch, though the Commonwealth realms each have a resident 5287: 5282: 3520: 2465: 2165: 1898:

used the opportunity to overthrow the republic and install a Mexican monarch friendly to the interests of France and the Mexican nobility.

1343: 565: 2392:

sold his Alaskan territory to the United States of America for $ 7,200,000, and the official transfer took place on 30 October that year.

230:

societies existed under monarchical forms of government, while others had a decentralised collection of tribal regions under a hereditary

3594: 3077: 1126:, although eventually many of these colonies gained independence. Crowns that once held or claim territory in the Americas include the 985: 914: 455: 249:, European colonization brought extensive American territory under the control of Europe's monarchs (although for much of this era, the 3335: 3472: 2732: 2726: 2239: 358: 216: 2215:, the title would pass to the eldest child, whether son or daughter, of the deceased's sister. After battling for centuries with the 4963: 4900: 4602: 4548: 4514: 4408: 4383: 4126: 2021: 1315: 645: 380:

tour of October 1977. Elizabeth returned once more in 1985. For the country's 25th anniversary of independence, on 30 October 2006,

54: 3874: 2993: 5236: 5125: 3923: 3768:

de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo Francisco; Arthur J. O. Anderson; Susan Schroeder; Wayne Ruwet (1997).

2802: 2649:

within several businesses in the city. When Norton died in 1880, he was given a lavish funeral attended by over 30,000 persons.

2255: 2233: 2036: 1693: 1323: 1147: 1060: 997: 881: 864: 716: 619: 518: 369: 4653: 2918: 1994:. All Miskitu kings, generals, governors and Admirals were close relatives who controlled the kingship for more than 270 years. 1536: 4933: 3494: 3464: 3365: 3231: 3073: 2910: 2197:

alone was segmented into five kingdoms), which were themselves sometimes sub-divided into provinces. Each kingdom was led by a

1459: 1080: 328: 30: 4978: 2780: 2258:, sent one more ship to the island, which landed there on 20 May 1654, carrying soldiers and colonists, who named the island 1114: 1086: 833: 737: 614:

monarch, Elizabeth II, as monarch of the newly created monarchy of Jamaica. The monarch is represented in the country by the

407: 377: 342: 2967: 2768: 1841: 1288: 4225: 3801: 2346: 941:, was granted its special status within the Kingdom of Denmark in 1953. The monarch is represented in the territory by the 689:

in pre-Columbian times had a complex society, with hereditary kings and shamans. The present monarchy has its roots in the

2608: 2555: 2513: 2004: 1535:, who had served as Governor-General of Saint-Domingue since 30 November 1803, declared himself as head of an independent 1319: 477: 381: 5292: 5216: 4893: 3620: 3239: 2718: 1774: 1331: 749: 598: 538: 498: 491: 220: 66: 1997:

According to the oral tradition of the Miskitus, centuries ago, a group of people who were led by their warrior leader

1604:

spread across the north western parts of South America between 1438 and 1533, ruled over by a monarch addressed as the

1551:, was murdered by revolutionaries ten days later, the kingdom was merged into the southern Republic of Haiti, of which 5135: 4990: 4834: 3546: 2131: 2040: 1527:

toppled the monarchy of France on 21 September 1792. Though the French government retained control over the region of

1282: 1131: 964: 797: 690: 615: 522: 195: 90: 3900: 2150: 1845:

returned from England on 11 May 1824, but was detained upon setting foot in Mexico and, without trial, was executed.

1422:, João ascended as king of the united kingdom the following year, and returned to Portugal in 1821, leaving his son, 1004:

were originally discovered by explorers sent in the 1490s by the King of Spain, but were eventually conquered by the

4344: 4247: 3152: 3676: 2613: 2505: 2485: 2032: 2025: 1911: 1560: 1372: 1308: 1159: 981: 813: 530: 178:, and is bound by laws and customs in the exercise of their powers. Ten of these monarchies are part of the global 2099: 4504: 4199: 3646: 2736: 2641: 1463: 1155: 938: 720:

the newly created monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The monarch is represented in the country by the

626: 4538: 2529: 311:). The monarch's day-to-day governmental and ceremonial duties are generally carried out by an appointed local 5140: 2760:(at the time mainly a small Mapuche tent village), which was also the declared capital of his claimed kingdom. 2661: 2617: 2497: 2377: 1857: 1816: 1658:, originally also a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards, rebelled and founded the small independent 1038: 1005: 777: 21: 1914:

on 15 May 1867. The Emperor was arraigned before a military tribunal, sentenced to death, and executed at the

1520: 792:

islands were colonised under the authority or the direct instruction of a number of European monarchs, mostly

517:

on 1 July 1867, recognised as a kingdom in its own right, but did not have full legislative autonomy from the

3974: 2735:

was a short-lived attempt at establishing a constitutional monarchy, founded by French lawyer and adventurer

1890:

in December 1861. Juárez then repaid the debts, after which British and Spanish troops withdrew, but Emperor

505:

concept of monarchy; European explorers often referred to hereditary leaders of tribes as kings. The present

5130: 4968: 4938: 3572: 2963: 1532: 1135: 1089:

was via male-preference primogeniture from 1887 to 1983, and has been by absolute primogeniture since 1983.

845: 676: 514: 510: 393: 300: 171: 58: 34: 26: 2421:

The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves came into being in the wake of Portugal's war with

1477:

The Brazilian constitution of 1988 called for a general vote on the restoration of the monarchy, which was

937:

in 1536. After the dissolution of this arrangement in 1814, Greenland remained a Danish colony, and, after

5251: 5194: 5060: 5040: 4294: 2797: 2792: 2389: 2350: 2203:, or "chieftain", who was advised in his exercise of royal power by a council of priests/healers known as 1891: 1868: 1853: 1836: 1824: 1494: 1263: 1143: 1073: 1030: 1010: 841: 829: 765: 274: 4848: 1683: 5209: 5184: 4148: 3419: 2822: 2669: 2457: 2381: 1798: 1738: 1512: 1490: 1327: 1267: 1188: 989: 805: 651: 629: 125: 4176: 4012: 3469:"Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" 2968:"The Government of the Bahamas > About The Government > Overview and Structure of the Government" 4869: 2566: 2304:. From there, the French Crown's empire in the Americas grew to include areas of land surrounding the 2139: 1458:

overthrew the monarchy on 15 November 1889. There are two pretenders to the defunct Brazilian throne:

529:, as monarch of the newly formed monarchy of Canada. The monarch is represented in the country by the 5204: 5166: 5104: 4269: 4054:"Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online > Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideuc, Comte Dubois de la Motte" 2817: 2812: 2453: 2325: 2056: 1895: 1794: 1790: 1708: 1508: 1339: 1300: 1296: 1249: 1218: 1001: 868: 809: 569: 235: 174:, wherein the monarch inherits his or her office according to law, usually keeping it until death or 2848:) where they are used as synonyms of Aztec and Spanish terms for supreme rulers and their domains – 902: 4985: 4958: 4953: 4769: 4718: 3123: 2686: 2657: 2547: 2501: 2426: 2411: 2321: 2289: 2277: 1879: 1848: 1655: 1516: 1407: 1395: 1368: 1259: 1255: 1151: 1083:

was via male-preference primogeniture from 1953 to 2009, and by absolute primogeniture since 2009.

897: 817: 793: 594: 581: 550: 334: 254: 203: 50: 46: 3703: 3261: 3024: 2714: 1021:(i.e., the Caribbean Netherlands). The monarch is represented in the constituent countries by the 934: 5246: 5150: 4948: 4943: 4843: 4485: 2989: 2694: 2541: 2127: 2043:, also known as the Anglo-Spanish Convention, was an agreement negotiated between the Kingdom of 2017: 1903: 1887: 1864: 1820: 1778: 1750: 1556: 1552: 1451: 1388: 1210: 1139: 926: 918: 860: 506: 471: 435: 183: 42: 38: 4118: 4111: 2776: 2219:, the Taíno empire finally succumbed to disease and genocide brought by the Spanish colonisers. 1474:

line of the Brazilian Imperial Family, and heir to the Brazilian throne according to royalists.

1330:

to replace the Barbadian monarch as head of state. The next week, on 12 October 2021, incumbent

3734: 3598: 1886:), leading France, the United Kingdom, and Spain to send a joint expeditionary force that took 586: 81: 5277: 5145: 5099: 5089: 5050: 4694: 4598: 4544: 4510: 4404: 4379: 4205: 4122: 4082: 3775: 3738: 3113: 2600: 2596: 2461: 2447: 2425:. The Portuguese Prince Regent, the future King John VI, with his incapacitated mother, Queen 2422: 2415: 2401: 2369: 2309: 2135: 1745: 1704: 1679: 1619: 1524: 1455: 1427: 1423: 1411: 1399: 1226: 1127: 1026: 1022: 948: 933:

with the Kingdom of Denmark, which became more entrenched with the union of the kingdoms into

801: 487: 441: 403: 338: 266: 4721:

church in Independence, Missouri; the whereabouts of Strang's remaining regalia is a mystery.

3081: 2550:

to the Swedes but it was eventually returned. Saint Barthélemy (1784–1878) was operated as a

1547:

installed as King Henri I. When King Henri committed suicide on 8 October 1820, and his son,

925:

as the reigning sovereign. The territory first came under monarchical rule in 1261 under the

5189: 5171: 5072: 4477: 3339: 2621: 2434: 2186: 1987: 1931: 1875: 1828: 1758: 1663: 1651: 1623: 1594: 1544: 1540: 1498: 1439: 1355: 1054: 1034: 781: 423: 316: 246: 211: 70: 3205: 2242:

Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia, tried to establish a colony in the Americas

2016:

The Kingdom of Mosquitia became a stronger force against the Spanish when the Miskitu King

1936: 1803: 219:, with the constitutional powers vested in the King exercised at the provincial level by a 5176: 5045: 5013: 4053: 3287: 2915:"Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Antigua and Barbuda" 2665: 2620:, where his followers held all county offices, and Strang's word was law. U.S. President 2473: 2297: 2281: 2265: 2190: 2119: 2052: 1975: 1907: 1871:

by the Assembly of Notables in Mexico City, thereby re-establishing the Mexican monarchy.

1716: 1069: 261:, usually severing all ties to the overseas monarchies in the process (today, none of the 199: 159: 144: 86: 4424: 4270:"Generales, Gobernadores y Almirantes: Tres líneas de sucesión Miskita. Michael D. Olien" 2178: 3878: 3313: 2997: 1097: 859:

The Falkland Islands, off the south coast of Argentina, were simultaneously claimed for

5094: 5082: 4756:

Hingston, Michael. Try Not to Be Strange: The Curious History of the Kingdom of Redonda

4620: 3727: 2702: 2637: 2362: 2341: 2115: 1979: 1959: 1941: 1927: 1832: 1667: 1659: 1590: 1582: 1528: 1419: 1271: 1042: 952: 930: 769: 656: 633: 561: 415: 365: 350: 308: 278: 262: 250: 191: 179: 3927: 5271: 5035: 5018: 4662: 4489: 4372: 3828: 2571: 2525: 2489: 2477: 2373: 2313: 2251: 2216: 2158: 2103: 2095: 2079: 2044: 1883: 1471: 1102: 698: 682: 664: 502: 459: 227: 167: 4655:

Catalans a la costa oest del Canadà: Els catalans a la Colúmbia Britànica al s.XVIII

3498: 1688: 5067: 5030: 4713:

Weeks, Robert P. "For His Was the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory...Briefly"

2646: 2624:

ordered an investigation into Strang's colony, which resulted in Strang's trial in

2592: 2366: 2329: 2181:

were an indigenous civilization spread across those islands today lying within the

2123: 2068: 1335: 1222: 1214: 1171: 1014: 977: 877: 837: 725: 411: 346: 231: 140: 116: 4732: 3389:"Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Saint Lucia" 1867:, and descendant of the prior Habsburg rulers of Mexico as New Spain, was elected 1450:

the throne on 7 April 1831, the Brazilian empire saw only one additional monarch:

5077: 3805: 2698: 2690: 2521: 2305: 2301: 2208: 1967: 1963: 1601: 1573: 1338:

was jointly nominated by the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition as the

1311: 1292: 1018: 906:

Hákon, King of Norway (seated on the left) took possession of Greenland in 1261.

853: 821: 753: 686: 602: 590: 399: 304: 187: 155: 4481: 5055: 4319: 3851: 3623:. Official Website of the Governor of the Netherlands Antilles. Archived from 3442: 3236:"Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Jamaica" 3180:"Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Grenada" 2941: 2772: 2406: 2385: 2317: 2194: 2154: 2111: 2090:

Celebration of the 21st birthday of the Hereditary Chief Robert Henry Clarence

1766: 1754: 1504: 1447: 1364: 1202: 993: 973: 922: 872: 773: 534: 270: 175: 107: 4885: 4348: 3624: 2164:

Mosquitia regained its Autonomy Statute after three years of war between the

1882:, suspended all repayments on Mexico's foreign debts (save those owed to the 1630:, or "land of the four sections", each ruled by a governor or viceroy called 4446: 3852:"The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean Realms" 3443:"The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean Realms" 2942:"The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean realms" 2757: 2744: 2740: 2551: 2469: 2353:, Emperor of Russia, who sold Alaska to the United States of America in 1867 2107: 1991: 1948: 1770: 1643: 1605: 1470:

Emperor of Brazil; and Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza, head of the

910: 789: 406:, which initially founded the colony in the late 15th century and later the 373: 341:, which initially founded the colony in the late 15th century and later the 207: 136: 2238: 2072: 3156: 482: 265:

nations that were former Spanish colonies share a personal union with the

2854: 2357:

The first permanent Russian settlements in what is today the US state of

1971: 1952: 1697: 1646:, was captured and executed on 29 August. The conquerors installed other 1206: 1193: 757: 526: 282: 269:). Others gained full sovereignty by legislative paths, such as Canada's 151: 4571: 4447:"Dutch Portuguese Colonial History > Dutch and Courlanders in Tobago" 1831:, agree to be installed as Emperor of Mexico, thereby forming a type of 1638:. The Inca Empire eventually fell to the Spanish in 1533, when the last 1578: 4031: 3521:"Falklands' Swearing in Ceremony for Governor Phillips on 12 September" 3288:"Jamaica to break links with Queen, says Prime Minister Simpson Miller" 2752: 2682: 2660:

was a self-proclaimed prince, who attempted to establish the so-called

2625: 2580: 2199: 2182: 2064: 1712: 1198: 1123: 761: 610: 556: 312: 163: 4717:

21 (4). The sceptre is preserved in the vault of the archives of the

414:

after 1717. On 10 July 1973, the country gained independence from the

5023: 4076: 2493: 2481: 2358: 2293: 2247: 2149:

During this same historical time, in 1957, the Hereditary Matriarch,

2060: 2051:

concerning the status of British settlements within the territory of

1812: 1431: 1403: 1270:

until, on 30 November 1966, the country gained independence from the

1184: 1180: 444:, containing smaller states headed by a hereditary ruler known as an 1719:(Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras) comprised a number of 2546:

For a period of time the French ceded sovereignty of the island of

1201:

term for "speaker", also translated in English as "king") of three

4468:

Emerson, Rupert (January 1969). "Colonialism and Decolonization".

2748: 2713: 2565: 2405: 2345: 2237: 2085: 2048: 2003: 1935: 1847: 1802: 1687: 1577: 1382: 1363: 1287: 1177: 1106: 1096: 969: 901: 585: 481: 131: 98: 80: 20: 2161:

where she is still trying to regain Independence for her people.

1731:– hierarchical polities headed by an hereditary ruler known as a 4733:"Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico" 4595:

For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741–1867

4226:"History » Independence » The Mexican Empire, 1821–23" 2775:, France. The most recent pretender to this claimed kingdom is 2517: 2285: 1733: 501:

had systems of governance organised in a fashion similar to the

446: 29:, some of whose countries in America are monarchies, including: 4889: 4374:

The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the people who greeted Columbus

3416:"Government of Saint Lucia > Office of the Governor General" 2320:

was eventually made into a royal province of France in 1663 by

349:. On 1 November 1981, the country gained independence from the 2739:

in 1860. Nominally, the "kingdom" encompassed the present-day

3497:. HM Government of the British Virgin Islands. Archived from 2994:"About Belize > Politics > Constitution and Government" 886:

Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

4792: 1955:

from the seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century.

1744:

Despite constant warfare and shifts in regional power, most

1217:. While the lineage of Tenochtitlan's kings continued after 4032:"Haiti, A Country Study: French Settlement and Sovereignty" 3951:

História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república

1947:

The Kingdom of Mosquitia controlled the Atlantic coasts of

4117:(Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 2380:

as the Emperor's representative. Another Russian outpost,

2193:. These regions were divided into kingdoms (the island of 1394:

Brazil was created as a kingdom on 16 December 1815, when

525:

on 11 December 1931, retaining the then-reigning monarch,

4641:(in Spanish). Vancouver: Universidad de British Columbio. 2376:

in 1725, with the region administered by the head of the

1559:

on 2 March 1847. Two years later, on 26 August 1849, the

1342:

for the first president of Barbados and was subsequently

4248:"History » Independence » French intervention" 2512:

in each of which the Spanish monarch was represented by

3048:"Engravings of the Four Kings: More Than Meets the Eye" 4622:

The Annexation of Russian America to the United States

3903:. Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation. 26 November 2007 3364:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK). Archived from 1715:

portion of North America, and the northern portion of

1346:

on 20 October. Mason took office on 30 November 2021.

1017:), while the other three became integral parts of the 3338:. Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Archived from 2844:

Both terms appear in early Colonial texts (including

1438:

on 7 September 1822, leading to the formation of the

4198:

Sharer, Robert J.; Sylvanus Griswold Morley (1994).

3901:"Referendum on Republic to be bundled with election" 3106:

A Crown of Maples: Constitutional Monarchy in Canada

1986:

The Kingdom of Mosquitia was similar to that of the

1072:, in which the realms agreed succession would be by 636:, advocated making Jamaica into a republic by 2007. 5229: 5159: 5113: 5006: 4999: 4923: 4639:

Presencia hispánica en la costa noroeste de América

3802:"The Barbados Parliament > Parliament's History" 1416:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

1377:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

1360:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

1187:region between c. 1325 and 1521, and was formed by 4619: 4371: 4110: 3726: 2616:) to have his "kingdom" constituted as a separate 440:Belize was, until the 15th century, a part of the 4597:. Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association. 3471:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from 3391:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from 3238:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from 3182:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from 2917:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from 867:, in 1765, though the French colony was ceded to 2246:After a number of failed attempts at colonising 1521:a governor-general representing the French crown 4540:The French Revolution: From Its Origins to 1793 2607:in 1850, which was then concentrated mostly on 2532:, ending Spanish rule in the Americas by 1899. 2468:over three centuries, spreading first from the 2312:, as well as islands in the Caribbean, and the 1863:Archduke Maximilian of Austria, brother of the 4737:Quarterly of the California Historical Society 2211:, whereby if there was no male heir to become 2094:Through the act of what Great Britain called " 2008:The Miskitu chief Robert and executive council 1254:The monarchy of Barbados had its roots in the 722:Governor-General of Vincent and the Grenadines 16:Countries in the Americas which are monarchies 4901: 2721:, claimant to king of Araucania and Patagonia 988:as their sovereign, as do the islands of the 372:, included Antigua and Barbuda in their 1966 8: 4864:Central Intelligence Agency (18 July 2006). 3795: 3793: 3791: 3774:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 43. 3153:"Role and duties of the Lieutenant-Governor" 3112:. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 3080:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 2130:, present or future. This meant giving King 1819:came to a conclusion. The newly independent 1815:over the Spanish imperial army in 1821, the 1666:, and the line continued until the death of 1318:. It was announced on 26 November 2007 that 1264:a federation with other West Indian colonies 806:Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland 786:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 711:Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 75:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4764: 4762: 3418:. Government of Saint Lucia. Archived from 2496:. These regions formed the majority of the 1549:Jacques-Victor Henry, Prince Royal of Haiti 1418:. While the royal court was still based in 1118:15th and 16th centuries during the initial 5003: 4908: 4894: 4886: 4818:(in Spanish). Emecé Editores. p. 128. 4204:. Stanford University Press. p. 423. 3023:. The World & I Online. Archived from 5242:List of the last monarchs in the Americas 3973:. Historical Text Archive. Archived from 3964: 3962: 3960: 2808:List of the last monarchs in the Americas 2384:, was established in 1812 in what is now 1507:was first claimed on 5 December 1492, by 1322:would be held in 2008, together with the 748:The United Kingdom possesses a number of 744:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 661:Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis 4793:"The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia" 4056:. University of Toronto/Université Laval 4013:"Brazil to Decide on Return of Monarchy" 3804:. Parliament of Barbados. Archived from 3362:"Country Profile: Saint Kitts and Nevis" 2578:These entities were never recognised as 2292:was founded on 27 July 1605 in what was 1262:, and then, after an attempt in 1958 at 850:Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands 4000:(in Spanish). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. 3953:(in Spanish). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. 3675:. Parliament of Denmark. Archived from 2899: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2207:. The line of succession, however, was 1765:. On 13 March 1697, the last Maya king— 1466:, and, according to legitimist claims, 1295:at the ceremony marking the end of the 355:Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda 4795:. Kingdom of Araucania & Patagonia 4772:. Kingdom of Araucania & Patagonia 3875:"Barbados to vote on move to republic" 3850:Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. 3733:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3441:Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. 2996:. Government of Belize. Archived from 2940:Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. 2689:, a Commonwealth country. There is a 2452:Beginning in 1492 with the voyages of 1634:, under the leadership of the central 1523:, an arrangement that stood until the 1462:, head of the Vassouras branch of the 1065:male-preference cognatic primogeniture 826:Governor of the British Virgin Islands 4770:"Histoiry of the King Orllie-Antoine" 3673:"Suggested changes to the Succession" 3155:. Memorial University. Archived from 2905: 2903: 2603:, proclaimed himself "king" over his 2098:," they concluded the signing of the 1775:defeated at the Itza capital Nojpetén 1436:declared Brazil an independent Nation 1426:, Prince Royal, as his regent in the 1229:until the death of the last dynastic 1120:European colonization of the Americas 929:; by 1380, Norway had entered into a 515:became a self-governing confederation 490:, done during their visit with Queen 281:. A number of former colonies became 7: 4731:Robert Ernest Cowan (October 1923). 4345:"Caciques, nobles and their regalia" 3571:. CIA World Factbook. Archived from 3547:"Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands" 3262:"Jamaica plans to become a republic" 2361:were set down in the 1790s, forming 2314:north eastern shore of South America 2132:George IV (George Augustus Frederic) 1650:beginning with Atahualpa's brother, 1454:, who reigned for 58 years before a 1299:and establishment of a republic, in 537:) and in each of the provinces by a 410:, of which the islands were later a 345:, of which the islands were later a 4930:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies 4693:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 777. 4509:. New York: Quill, William Morrow. 4378:. New York: Yale University Press. 3621:"Who is Governor Frits Goedgedrag?" 1235:Luis de Santa María Nanacacipactzin 1221:on 13 August 1521, they reigned as 259:Latin American wars of independence 4626:. New York: Russell & Russell. 4574:. Kodiak Island Internet Directory 3873:Thomas, Norman (7 February 2005). 3829:"Government > Governor General" 3019:Kehoe, Alice Beck (October 2001). 2733:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 2727:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 2510:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 2372:called for expeditions across the 2284:to search out an eastern route to 788:are located in South America. The 601:(centre), at the Half Moon Hotel, 14: 4506:The Days of the French Revolution 3922:Gollop, Chris (2 December 2007). 3854:. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office 3445:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office 3387:Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 3178:Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2944:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2706:themselves on the island itself. 2640:, an Englishman who emigrated to 2022:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1375:in 1815 with the creation of the 1316:CARICOM Single Market and Economy 1213:, and the capital of the empire, 1105:, the last sovereign king of the 980:are constituent countries of the 756:is monarch. In North America are 646:Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis 593:(far left), the then heir to the 194:, as king. The other two are the 5237:List of monarchs in the Americas 4974:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4113:A Brief History of the Caribbean 3877:. Caribbean News. Archived from 3827:Government Information Service. 3702:. Dutch Monarchy. Archived from 3414:Government Information Service. 3314:"Jamaica eyes republican future" 2803:List of monarchs in the Americas 2681:The small uninhabited island of 2234:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 2037:George III of the United Kingdom 1061:succession to the British throne 882:Governor of the Falkland Islands 865:George III of the United Kingdom 717:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 705:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 370:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 307:, who largely presides from the 217:subnational constituent monarchy 143:in North America, which has the 139:is a constituent country of the 63:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4470:Journal of Contemporary History 4081:. London: The College of Arms. 4019:. Associated Press. p. 34. 4011:Handler, Bruce (5 March 1989). 3465:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 3232:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 3074:Department of Canadian Heritage 3050:. Pequot Museum. Archived from 2911:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2151:Josephenie Hendy Hebbert Twaska 2063:, but others were relocated to 1081:Succession to the Danish throne 752:in the Americas, for whom King 695:Governor-General of Saint Lucia 420:Governor-General of the Bahamas 329:Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda 245:From that date on, through the 242:beginning in the 15th century. 198:which is used in states of the 150:There are 12 monarchies in the 3212:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 3210:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 2781:Jean-Michel Parasiliti di Para 2595:, a would-be successor to the 1869:Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico 1741:term for a sovereign leader). 1219:the city's fall to the Spanish 1087:Succession to the Dutch throne 834:Governor of the Cayman Islands 738:Monarchy of the United Kingdom 408:monarchy of the United Kingdom 343:monarchy of the United Kingdom 1: 5217:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76) 4593:Nordlander, David J. (1994). 4543:. Columbia University Press. 4503:Hibbert, Christopher (1980). 4347:. elmuseo.org. Archived from 4175:. MSN Encarta. Archived from 4147:. MSN Encarta. Archived from 4144:Inca Empire: Spanish Conquest 4030:Haggerty, Richard A. (1989). 3998:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial 3971:"Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil" 3597:. MSN Encarta. Archived from 1626:, and expanded to become the 1442:, a constitutional monarchy. 1281:In 1966, Elizabeth's cousin, 1113:Much about the nature of the 478:History of monarchy in Canada 382:Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 77:in the South Atlantic Ocean). 4690:Mexico and the United States 4687:Lee, Stacey (October 2002). 4661:(in Spanish). Archived from 4618:Farrar, Victor John (1966). 3926:. The Nation. Archived from 1763:K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj 1460:Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza 1332:Governor-General of Barbados 1276:governor-general of Barbados 732:British overseas territories 67:British Overseas Territories 5288:Monarchies of South America 5283:Monarchies of North America 4835:Central Intelligence Agency 4816:Pequeña historia patagónica 3729:A Concise History of Mexico 3549:. Prime Minister of Denmark 2970:. Government of the Bahamas 2769:occupation of the Araucanía 2584:or legitimate governments: 2488:, and the Pacific coast of 1842:Antonio López de Santa Anna 1827:, or another member of the 1807:Emperor Agustin I of Mexico 1410:, elevated the colony to a 1283:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent 965:Monarchy of the Netherlands 685:who occupied the island of 616:Governor-General of Jamaica 566:Governor-General of Grenada 499:Canada's aboriginal peoples 196:Monarchy of the Netherlands 91:Monarchy of the Netherlands 5309: 4917:Monarchies in the Americas 4839:"CIA – The World Factbook" 4537:Lefebvre, Georges (1971). 4482:10.1177/002200946900400101 4399:Sale, Kirkpatrick (1992). 3725:Hamnett, Brian R. (1999). 3700:"Succession to the throne" 3103:MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008). 2724: 2614:Michigan State Legislature 2562:Self-proclaimed monarchies 2558:retains its Swedish name. 2539: 2506:Viceroyalty of New Granada 2486:Southwestern United States 2445: 2399: 2339: 2231: 2033:American Revolutionary War 2026:George II of Great Britain 1925: 1788: 1694:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil 1677: 1571: 1488: 1353: 1324:general election that year 1247: 1169: 1052: 982:Kingdom of the Netherlands 962: 895: 814:Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam 741: 735: 708: 674: 643: 579: 548: 531:governor general of Canada 475: 469: 456:Governor-General of Belize 433: 391: 378:the Queen's Silver Jubilee 326: 4572:"Alaska History Timeline" 4427:. Encyclopædia Britannica 4250:. Encyclopædia Britannica 4228:. Encyclopædia Britannica 3996:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). 3800:The Clerk of Parliament. 2964:Government of the Bahamas 2737:Orelie-Antoine de Tounens 2719:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens 2642:San Francisco, California 2318:Viceroyalty of New France 1561:Haitian national assembly 1464:Brazilian Imperial Family 1402:, who was then acting as 627:Prime Minister of Jamaica 521:until the passage of the 299:Various countries of the 5118:colonies in the Americas 4814:Menéndez, Braun (1959). 4637:Bartroli, Tomás (1968). 4401:The Conquest of Paradise 4109:Rogozinski, Jan (1999). 4075:Cheesman, Clive (2007). 4034:. US Library of Congress 3831:. Government of Barbados 3316:. BBC. 22 September 2003 2662:Principality of Trinidad 2498:Viceroyalty of New Spain 2378:Russian-American Company 2031:At the cessation of the 1858:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1817:Viceroyalty of New Spain 1811:With the victory of the 1692:Stele representing King 1531:, on 22 September 1804, 1039:Governor of Sint Maarten 1006:Dutch West India Company 939:its role in World War II 778:Turks and Caicos Islands 715:The present monarchy of 162:territories that have a 5257:Araucania and Patagonia 5126:Courland and Semigallia 4791:Marhique, Huichacurha. 3021:"First Nations History" 2747:and a small segment of 2710:Araucania and Patagonia 2456:under the direction of 2256:Courland and Semigallia 2122:", nor make use of any 1543:on 28 March 1811, with 1533:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1406:for his ailing mother, 1328:office of the president 1237:, on 27 December 1565. 1183:existed in the central 677:Monarchy of Saint Lucia 394:Monarchy of The Bahamas 301:Commonwealth of Nations 295:Commonwealth monarchies 240:colonized the New World 172:constitutional monarchy 27:Commonwealth of Nations 5252:Afro-Bolivian monarchy 4370:Rouse, Irving (1992). 4299:pueblosoriginarios.com 4274:pueblosoriginarios.com 3949:Vianna, Hélio (1994). 3756:Aztec Triple Alliance. 2798:Canadian Confederation 2793:Afro-Bolivian monarchy 2722: 2575: 2554:. The capital city of 2418: 2354: 2243: 2091: 2009: 1944: 1892:Napoleon III of France 1860: 1854:Maximilian I of Mexico 1808: 1777:by the forces of King 1700: 1597: 1553:Faustin-Élie Soulouque 1495:Second Empire of Haiti 1391: 1380: 1304: 1115:pre-Columbian cultures 1110: 1074:absolute primogeniture 1063:. Succession was via 907: 842:Governor of Montserrat 766:British Virgin Islands 606: 523:Statute of Westminster 495: 147: 129: 78: 5007:Indigenous monarchies 4964:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4078:The Armorial of Haiti 3078:"The Crown in Canada" 2823:Monarchies in Oceania 2717: 2638:Joshua Abraham Norton 2569: 2524:were occupied by the 2458:Isabella I of Castile 2429:and the Royal Court, 2409: 2349: 2241: 2100:Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 2089: 2007: 1939: 1916:Cerro de las Campanas 1851: 1806: 1799:Second Mexican Empire 1691: 1581: 1503:The entire island of 1491:First Empire of Haiti 1386: 1367: 1291: 1268:self-governing colony 1100: 990:Caribbean Netherlands 986:King Willem-Alexander 915:constituent countries 905: 742:Further information: 652:Saint Kitts and Nevis 640:Saint Kitts and Nevis 630:Portia Simpson-Miller 589: 509:has its roots in the 485: 476:Further information: 402:has the roots in the 337:has the roots in the 190:, who resides in the 135: 126:Caribbean Netherlands 84: 55:Saint Kitts and Nevis 24: 5167:Barbados (1966–2021) 4449:. Colonialvoyage.com 3627:on 30 September 2007 2990:Government of Belize 2818:Monarchies in Europe 2813:Monarchies in Africa 2530:Spanish–American War 2484:, what is today the 2454:Christopher Columbus 2326:Second French Empire 2288:, the settlement of 2041:Convention of London 1942:Kingdom of Mosquitia 1922:Kingdom of Mosquitia 1795:First Mexican Empire 1791:Monarchism in Mexico 1509:Christopher Columbus 1301:Bridgetown, Barbados 1250:Monarchy of Barbados 1002:Netherlands Antilles 913:is one of the three 869:Charles III of Spain 810:Governor of Anguilla 750:overseas territories 5293:Lists of monarchies 5114:European monarchies 4934:Antigua and Barbuda 4719:Community of Christ 4295:"Miskito. Historia" 3977:on 22 February 2008 3930:on 28 December 2007 3881:on 28 December 2007 3647:"Danish succession" 3601:on 13 February 2009 3342:on 11 February 2012 3159:on 23 February 2008 3084:on 10 December 2014 3054:on 21 November 2007 2846:Papeles de Paxbolón 2687:Antigua and Barbuda 2658:James Harden-Hickey 2653:James Harden-Hickey 2502:Viceroyalty of Peru 2427:Maria I of Portugal 2412:Maria I of Portugal 2223:Colonial monarchies 2189:, and the northern 1896:Mexican monarchists 1880:President of Mexico 1837:Agustín de Iturbide 1823:still desired that 1737:"divine lord" (the 1707:was located on the 1656:Manco Inca Yupanqui 1412:constituent country 1369:Maria I of Portugal 1260:British West Indies 1189:the triple alliance 1031:Governor of Curaçao 898:Monarchy of Denmark 818:Governor of Bermuda 582:Monarchy of Jamaica 551:Monarchy of Grenada 539:lieutenant governor 376:tour, and again in 335:Antigua and Barbuda 323:Antigua and Barbuda 255:American Revolution 236:European monarchies 226:Historically, some 221:lieutenant governor 204:Monarchy of Denmark 184:Commonwealth realms 89:islands, under the 69:. (Not shown: the 31:Antigua and Barbuda 5247:Kingdom of Redonda 5177:Guyana (1966–1970) 5172:Brazil (1822–1889) 4844:The World Factbook 4668:on 30 October 2008 4320:"Meet the Founder" 4179:on 2 November 2009 4151:on 28 October 2009 3679:on 4 December 2008 3527:. 2 September 2017 3501:on 15 October 2010 3475:on 5 December 2008 3395:on 21 January 2009 3368:on 9 December 2008 3336:"About Government" 3268:. 31 December 2011 3266:Sky News Australia 3242:on 19 January 2009 3186:on 21 January 2009 2921:on 19 January 2009 2723: 2695:Kingdom of Redonda 2670:Martim Vaz Islands 2576: 2542:Monarchy of Sweden 2419: 2355: 2296:, today is called 2244: 2157:and now lives the 2092: 2010: 1945: 1904:American Civil War 1878:, the republican 1865:Emperor of Austria 1861: 1825:King Ferdinand VII 1809: 1779:Philip IV of Spain 1751:Peten Itza kingdom 1701: 1598: 1392: 1389:Pedro II of Brazil 1381: 1344:indirectly elected 1305: 1303:, 30 November 2021 1297:Barbadian monarchy 1111: 919:Kingdom of Denmark 908: 880:, who is both the 861:Louis XV of France 607: 519:British Parliament 507:monarchy of Canada 496: 472:Monarchy of Canada 436:Monarchy of Belize 364:Elizabeth and her 290:Current monarchies 148: 130: 79: 5265: 5264: 5225: 5224: 4715:American Heritage 4700:978-0-7614-7402-9 4351:on 9 October 2006 4211:978-0-8047-2130-1 4088:978-0-9506980-2-1 4017:Los Angeles Times 3781:978-0-8061-2950-1 3771:Codex Chimalpahin 3744:978-0-521-58916-1 3706:on 22 August 2008 3119:978-0-662-46012-1 2601:Joseph Smith, Jr. 2448:Monarchy of Spain 2423:Napoleonic France 2402:Portuguese Empire 2390:Tsar Alexander II 2351:Tsar Alexander II 2310:Mississippi River 2136:Treaty of Managua 2102:of 1850 with the 2057:Yucatán Peninsula 1918:on 19 June 1867. 1874:The year before, 1709:Yucatán Peninsula 1705:Maya civilization 1680:Maya Civilization 1620:Inca civilization 1525:French Revolution 1428:Kingdom of Brazil 1371:became the first 1266:, continued as a 1093:Former monarchies 1027:Alfonso Boekhoudt 1023:Governor of Aruba 949:High Commissioner 876:these regions by 724:, currently Dame 570:Cécile La Grenade 568:, currently Dame 488:Four Mohawk Kings 458:, Her Excellency 404:monarchy of Spain 339:monarchy of Spain 206:which is used in 5300: 5160:Sovereign states 5004: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4868:. Archived from 4860: 4858: 4856: 4847:. Archived from 4837:(11 July 2006). 4820: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4766: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4652:Miró, Angelina. 4649: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4377: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4201:The Ancient Maya 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4116: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3422:on 28 April 2012 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3294:. 6 January 2012 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149:Government House 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3129:on 27 March 2009 3128: 3122:. Archived from 3111: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3000:on 21 April 2008 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2907: 2887: 2842: 2779:, who succeeded 2622:Millard Fillmore 2605:Strangite church 2548:Saint Barthélemy 2464:amassed a large 2435:colony of Brazil 2187:Greater Antilles 2140:Mosquito Reserve 2049:Kingdom of Spain 1988:Hawaiian kinship 1932:House of Miskito 1829:House of Bourbon 1821:Mexican Congress 1624:Kingdom of Cusco 1545:Henri Christophe 1541:Kingdom of Haiti 1499:Kingdom of Haiti 1440:Empire of Brazil 1400:Prince of Brazil 1356:Empire of Brazil 1256:English monarchy 1101:The monument to 1055:Succession order 1035:Frits Goedgedrag 782:Falkland Islands 697:, currently Sir 663:, currently Sir 650:The monarchy of 609:The monarchy of 597:, and his wife, 555:The monarchy of 486:Painting of the 424:Cynthia A. Pratt 398:The monarchy of 333:The monarchy of 317:governor-general 275:its constitution 267:Spanish monarchy 247:Age of Discovery 212:governor-general 123: 114: 105: 96: 71:Falkland Islands 5308: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5221: 5155: 5115: 5109: 4995: 4919: 4914: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4872:on 12 June 2007 4866:"World Leaders" 4863: 4854: 4852: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403:. p. 157. 4398: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3969:Miller, James. 3968: 3967: 3958: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3799: 3798: 3789: 3782: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3653:. 6 August 2009 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3575:on 13 June 2007 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3109: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3027:on 10 June 2011 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2789: 2729: 2712: 2588:James J. Strang 2574:of James Strang 2564: 2544: 2538: 2474:Central America 2466:American empire 2450: 2444: 2416:Queen of Brazil 2404: 2398: 2344: 2338: 2298:Annapolis Royal 2282:Jacques Cartier 2274: 2266:Treaty of Oliwa 2236: 2230: 2225: 2191:Lesser Antilles 2175: 2120:Central America 2118:or any part of 2053:Central America 1934: 1926:Main articles: 1924: 1908:Monroe Doctrine 1801: 1789:Main articles: 1787: 1717:Central America 1686: 1678:Main articles: 1676: 1642:of the empire, 1628:Ttahuantin-suyu 1622:emerged in the 1576: 1570: 1537:Empire of Haiti 1501: 1489:Main articles: 1487: 1373:Queen of Brazil 1362: 1354:Main articles: 1352: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1174: 1168: 1148:Baltic Courland 1095: 1070:Perth Agreement 1057: 1051: 1049:Succession laws 998:King George III 967: 961: 900: 894: 892:Danish monarchy 863:, in 1764, and 746: 740: 734: 713: 707: 679: 673: 648: 642: 605:, 13 March 2008 595:Jamaican throne 584: 578: 553: 547: 480: 474: 468: 438: 432: 396: 390: 359:Rodney Williams 331: 325: 297: 292: 200:Dutch Caribbean 154:, being either 145:Danish monarchy 128: 121: 119: 112: 110: 103: 101: 94: 87:Dutch Caribbean 17: 12: 11: 5: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5061:Western Huetar 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Eastern Huetar 5033: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5010: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4979:United Kingdom 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4883: 4882: 4861: 4851:on 7 June 2007 4830: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4806: 4783: 4758: 4749: 4723: 4706: 4699: 4679: 4644: 4629: 4610: 4603: 4585: 4563: 4549: 4529: 4515: 4495: 4460: 4438: 4425:"Taíno people" 4416: 4409: 4391: 4384: 4362: 4336: 4324:Miskitu Nation 4311: 4286: 4261: 4239: 4217: 4210: 4190: 4162: 4134: 4127: 4101: 4087: 4067: 4045: 4022: 4003: 3988: 3956: 3941: 3914: 3892: 3865: 3842: 3819: 3808:on 23 May 2007 3787: 3780: 3760: 3743: 3717: 3691: 3664: 3651:Deutsche Welle 3638: 3612: 3586: 3560: 3538: 3512: 3486: 3456: 3433: 3406: 3379: 3353: 3327: 3305: 3279: 3253: 3223: 3197: 3170: 3140: 3118: 3095: 3065: 3038: 3011: 2981: 2955: 2932: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2725:Main article: 2711: 2708: 2703:John Gawsworth 2679: 2678: 2655: 2654: 2635: 2634: 2590: 2589: 2563: 2560: 2540:Main article: 2537: 2534: 2528:following the 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2363:Russian Alaska 2342:Russian Empire 2340:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2322:King Louis XIV 2278:King Francis I 2273: 2270: 2232:Main article: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2174: 2171: 2116:Mosquito Coast 1928:Mosquito Coast 1923: 1920: 1833:personal union 1786: 1783: 1675: 1672: 1660:Neo-Inca State 1591:Neo-Inca State 1572:Main article: 1569: 1566: 1529:Saint-Domingue 1517:King Louis XIV 1513:Queen Isabella 1486: 1483: 1420:Rio de Janeiro 1351: 1348: 1340:sole candidate 1320:the referendum 1309:Prime Minister 1293:Prince Charles 1272:United Kingdom 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1170:Main article: 1167: 1164: 1094: 1091: 1050: 1047: 1043:Eugene Holiday 984:and thus have 963:Main article: 960: 959:Dutch monarchy 957: 953:Mikaela Engell 944:Rigsombudsmand 935:Denmark–Norway 931:personal union 927:King of Norway 896:Main article: 893: 890: 770:Cayman Islands 736:Main article: 733: 730: 709:Main article: 706: 703: 675:Main article: 672: 669: 657:United Kingdom 644:Main article: 641: 638: 634:P.J. Patterson 580:Main article: 577: 574: 562:United Kingdom 549:Main article: 546: 543: 470:Main article: 467: 464: 434:Main article: 431: 428: 416:United Kingdom 392:Main article: 389: 386: 351:United Kingdom 327:Main article: 324: 321: 309:United Kingdom 296: 293: 291: 288: 279:United Kingdom 263:Latin American 251:Dutch Republic 192:United Kingdom 180:personal union 160:self-governing 120: 111: 102: 93: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5305: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4794: 4787: 4784: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4680: 4664: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4604:0-930931-15-7 4600: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4552: 4550:0-231-08598-2 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4530: 4518: 4516:0-688-03704-6 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4410:0-333-57479-6 4406: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4385:0-300-05696-6 4381: 4376: 4375: 4366: 4363: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4191: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4128:0-8160-3811-2 4124: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4105: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4068: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3721: 3718: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3495:"HM Governor" 3490: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3046:Simon, John. 3042: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2633:Joshua Norton 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2609:Beaver Island 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2573: 2572:daguerreotype 2568: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2526:United States 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:North America 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:South America 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:Spanish Crown 2459: 2455: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:Bering Strait 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308:and down the 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280:commissioned 2279: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2252:Jacob Kettler 2249: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2159:United States 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:United States 2101: 2097: 2096:indirect rule 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080:Great Britain 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:Great Britain 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:United States 1881: 1877: 1876:Benito Juárez 1872: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1746:Maya kingdoms 1742: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1711:and into the 1710: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1684:Yax K'uk' Mo' 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:Túpac Huallpa 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:King of Spain 1224: 1223:puppet rulers 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1000:. The former 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 958: 956: 954: 950: 946: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 904: 899: 891: 889: 887: 883: 879: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 745: 739: 731: 729: 727: 723: 718: 712: 704: 702: 700: 699:Errol Charles 696: 692: 688: 684: 678: 670: 668: 666: 665:Tapley Seaton 662: 658: 653: 647: 639: 637: 635: 631: 628: 623: 621: 620:Patrick Allen 617: 612: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 575: 573: 571: 567: 563: 558: 552: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 493: 489: 484: 479: 473: 465: 463: 461: 460:Froyla Tzalam 457: 453: 449: 448: 443: 437: 429: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 395: 387: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:royal consort 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 330: 322: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 294: 289: 287: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228:pre-Columbian 224: 222: 218: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182:known as the 181: 177: 173: 169: 168:head of state 165: 161: 157: 153: 146: 142: 138: 134: 127: 118: 109: 100: 92: 88: 83: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 4916: 4874:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4853:. Retrieved 4849:the original 4842: 4815: 4809: 4797:. Retrieved 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4736: 4726: 4714: 4709: 4689: 4682: 4670:. Retrieved 4663:the original 4654: 4647: 4638: 4632: 4621: 4613: 4594: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4566: 4554:. Retrieved 4539: 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4505: 4498: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4451:. Retrieved 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4419: 4400: 4394: 4373: 4365: 4353:. Retrieved 4349:the original 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4323: 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4298: 4289: 4277:. Retrieved 4273: 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4220: 4200: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4177:the original 4171: 4165: 4153:. Retrieved 4149:the original 4143: 4137: 4112: 4104: 4092:. Retrieved 4077: 4070: 4058:. Retrieved 4048: 4036:. Retrieved 4025: 4016: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3979:. Retrieved 3975:the original 3950: 3944: 3932:. Retrieved 3928:the original 3917: 3905:. Retrieved 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3879:the original 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3822: 3810:. Retrieved 3806:the original 3770: 3763: 3755: 3748:. Retrieved 3728: 3720: 3708:. Retrieved 3704:the original 3694: 3681:. Retrieved 3677:the original 3667: 3655:. Retrieved 3650: 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3625:the original 3615: 3603:. Retrieved 3599:the original 3589: 3577:. Retrieved 3573:the original 3563: 3551:. Retrieved 3541: 3531:12 September 3529:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499:the original 3489: 3477:. Retrieved 3473:the original 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3420:the original 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3393:the original 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3366:the original 3356: 3344:. Retrieved 3340:the original 3330: 3318:. Retrieved 3308: 3296:. Retrieved 3291: 3282: 3270:. Retrieved 3265: 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3240:the original 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3209: 3200: 3188:. Retrieved 3184:the original 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3157:the original 3143: 3131:. Retrieved 3124:the original 3105: 3098: 3086:. Retrieved 3082:the original 3068: 3056:. Retrieved 3052:the original 3041: 3029:. Retrieved 3025:the original 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2998:the original 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2958: 2946:. Retrieved 2935: 2923:. Retrieved 2919:the original 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860:tlahtocayotl 2859: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2777:Frédéric Luz 2764: 2762: 2730: 2680: 2656: 2647:legal tender 2636: 2593:James Strang 2591: 2579: 2577: 2545: 2451: 2420: 2356: 2330:Napoleon III 2275: 2261:New Courland 2259: 2245: 2212: 2204: 2198: 2176: 2163: 2148: 2144: 2124:protectorate 2093: 2077: 2069:Grand Cayman 2030: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1996: 1985: 1957: 1946: 1915: 1900: 1873: 1862: 1852:Portrait of 1810: 1743: 1739:Classic Maya 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1702: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1586: 1555:was elected 1502: 1479:held in 1993 1476: 1467: 1444: 1424:Prince Pedro 1393: 1336:Sandra Mason 1306: 1280: 1253: 1239: 1230: 1215:Tenochtitlan 1192: 1175: 1172:Aztec Empire 1112: 1085: 1079: 1058: 1015:Sint Maarten 978:Sint Maarten 968: 942: 909: 878:Alison Blake 858: 846:Sarah Tucker 838:Martyn Roper 780:, while the 747: 726:Susan Dougan 714: 680: 649: 624: 608: 554: 497: 451: 445: 442:Mayan Empire 439: 422:, currently 412:Crown colony 397: 363: 347:Crown colony 332: 298: 244: 225: 170:. Each is a 149: 141:Danish Realm 117:Sint Maarten 18: 4991:Netherlands 4969:Saint Lucia 4939:The Bahamas 4876:25 November 4855:25 November 4799:17 December 4776:17 December 4672:19 December 4578:19 December 4476:(1): 3–16. 4453:21 December 4172:Túpac Amaru 4060:18 December 3981:17 December 3907:27 November 3689:(In Danish) 3569:"Greenland" 3479:18 December 3372:18 December 3346:18 December 3320:14 December 3272:31 December 3190:18 December 2699:M. P. Shiel 2691:micronation 2685:is part of 2522:Puerto Rico 2306:Great Lakes 2302:Nova Scotia 2209:matrilineal 2020:, signed a 1734:k’uhul ajaw 1668:Túpac Amaru 1602:Inca Empire 1585:, the last 1583:Túpac Amaru 1574:Inca Empire 1456:coup d'état 1408:Queen Maria 1396:Prince João 1312:Owen Arthur 1203:city-states 1146:, and even 1019:Netherlands 854:Nigel Dakin 830:John Rankin 822:Rena Lalgie 754:Charles III 687:Saint Lucia 671:Saint Lucia 603:Montego Bay 591:Charles III 533:(Currently 452:k’uhul ajaw 400:The Bahamas 388:The Bahamas 305:Charles III 188:Charles III 59:Saint Lucia 35:The Bahamas 5272:Categories 4355:9 November 4183:19 January 3934:22 January 3924:"Vote Off" 3858:1 December 3812:1 December 3710:18 January 3683:25 January 3579:15 January 3525:MercoPress 3246:18 January 3216:1 December 3163:18 January 2974:1 December 2948:1 December 2925:18 January 2894:References 2773:Tourtoirac 2508:, and the 2476:, most of 2386:California 2290:Port Royal 2195:Hispaniola 2155:Costa Rica 2112:Costa Rica 2039:, via the 2024:with King 1978:and later 1761:, and the 1664:Vilcabamba 1595:Vilcabamba 1505:Hispaniola 1472:Petrópolis 1152:Holy Roman 1132:Portuguese 1103:Cuauhtémoc 1053:See also: 1037:, and the 994:Royal Navy 923:Frederik X 873:James Cook 848:; and the 776:, and the 774:Montserrat 535:Mary Simon 503:Occidental 271:patriation 202:, and the 186:and share 176:abdication 158:states or 65:, and the 5105:Talamanca 4742:1 January 4556:2 January 4522:2 January 4490:220878619 4431:1 January 4329:3 October 4304:3 October 4279:3 October 4254:2 January 4232:2 January 4155:2 January 4094:2 January 3885:1 January 3750:2 January 3657:1 January 3631:1 January 3605:1 January 3553:5 January 3505:5 January 3449:5 January 3426:1 January 3399:1 January 3298:8 January 3206:"Grenada" 3133:2 January 3088:2 January 3058:1 January 3031:2 January 3004:5 January 2850:tlahtoani 2758:Perquenco 2745:Patagonia 2741:Argentine 2552:free port 2514:a viceroy 2470:Caribbean 2382:Fort Ross 2332:in 1870. 2108:Nicaragua 2078:However, 1992:Jeremy II 1983:Kingdom. 1949:Nicaragua 1912:Querétaro 1771:Itza Maya 1769:, of the 1759:Kaqchikel 1670:in 1572. 1648:Sapa Inca 1644:Atahualpa 1640:Sapa Inca 1636:Sapa Inca 1607:Sapa Inca 1587:Sapa Inca 1557:president 1448:abdicated 1160:Norwegian 911:Greenland 790:Caribbean 374:Caribbean 283:republics 277:from the 232:chieftain 208:Greenland 156:sovereign 137:Greenland 5278:Americas 5136:Portugal 5083:Neo-Inca 5046:Garabito 4038:30 March 3835:31 March 3292:BBC News 2868:magestad 2855:Tlatoani 2787:See also 2751:, where 2743:part of 2668:and the 2666:Trindade 2599:prophet 2556:Gustavia 2414:, first 2396:Portugal 2365:, after 2228:Courland 2205:bohiques 2128:alliance 2083:Kingdom. 2047:and the 2018:Edward I 1972:Garifuna 1953:Honduras 1888:Veracruz 1813:Mexicans 1713:isthmian 1632:Apu-cuna 1452:Pedro II 1387:Emperor 1244:Barbados 1231:tlatoani 1207:Tlacopan 1194:tlatoque 1156:Prussian 1124:viceroys 884:and the 758:Anguilla 527:George V 257:and the 152:Americas 5230:Related 5210:1864–67 5205:1822–23 5201:Mexico 5195:1849–59 5190:1811–20 5185:1804–06 5095:Miskito 5056:Toyopán 4986:Denmark 4959:Jamaica 4954:Grenada 4924:Current 4827:Sources 3595:"Aruba" 2884:dominio 2880:señorío 2753:Mapuche 2693:, the " 2683:Redonda 2677:Redonda 2626:Detroit 2581:de jure 2433:to the 2431:escaped 2370:Peter I 2250:, Duke 2213:cacigue 2200:cacique 2183:Bahamas 2065:Jamaica 2035:, King 1976:Mayagna 1960:Miskitu 1767:Kan Ek’ 1729:ajawlil 1725:ajawlel 1589:of the 1468:de jure 1414:of the 1307:Former 1225:of the 1211:Texcoco 1199:Nahuatl 1191:of the 1185:Mexican 1144:Russian 1140:Swedish 1128:Spanish 1011:Curaçao 974:Curaçao 921:, with 917:of the 802:Spanish 794:English 762:Bermuda 625:Former 611:Jamaica 599:Camilla 576:Jamaica 557:Grenada 545:Grenada 494:in 1710 450:(later 313:viceroy 164:monarch 108:Curaçao 51:Jamaica 47:Grenada 5181:Haiti 5151:Sweden 5141:Russia 5131:France 5100:Nicoya 5051:Pacaca 5036:Huetar 5024:Lupaca 5014:Aymara 5000:Former 4949:Canada 4944:Belize 4697: 4601: 4547: 4513: 4488: 4407: 4382: 4208: 4125: 4085: 3778: 3741: 3116: 2858:) and 2765:loncos 2618:county 2597:Mormon 2536:Sweden 2504:, the 2500:, the 2494:Alaska 2492:up to 2482:Mexico 2460:, the 2410:Queen 2359:Alaska 2336:Russia 2328:under 2316:; the 2294:Acadia 2276:After 2272:France 2248:Tobago 2179:Taínos 2114:, the 2073:Roatan 2061:Belize 1999:Miskut 1980:Creole 1797:, and 1785:Mexico 1721:ajawil 1618:. The 1511:, for 1497:, and 1432:Lisbon 1404:regent 1350:Brazil 1181:Empire 1142:, and 1136:French 1109:Empire 1029:, the 840:; the 832:; the 824:; the 816:; the 784:, and 768:, the 764:, the 683:Caribs 618:, Sir 511:French 466:Canada 430:Belize 357:, Sir 238:which 124: 122: 115: 113: 106: 104: 97: 95: 43:Canada 39:Belize 5146:Spain 5116:with 5073:Cusco 5031:Aztec 5019:Colla 4666:(PDF) 4659:(PDF) 4486:S2CID 3127:(PDF) 3110:(PDF) 2882:, or 2876:señor 2872:reino 2866:, or 2829:Notes 2749:Chile 2570:1856 2442:Spain 2217:Carib 2173:Taíno 1856:, by 1773:—was 1727:, or 1698:Copan 1613:, or 1485:Haiti 1334:Dame 1197:(the 1178:Aztec 1166:Aztec 1107:Aztec 970:Aruba 800:, or 798:Dutch 691:Dutch 99:Aruba 5090:Maya 5078:Inca 5068:Inca 4878:2008 4857:2008 4801:2008 4778:2008 4744:2023 4695:ISBN 4674:2008 4599:ISBN 4580:2008 4558:2009 4545:ISBN 4524:2009 4511:ISBN 4455:2008 4433:2009 4405:ISBN 4380:ISBN 4357:2006 4331:2021 4306:2021 4281:2021 4256:2009 4234:2009 4206:ISBN 4185:2009 4157:2009 4123:ISBN 4096:2009 4083:ISBN 4062:2008 4040:2008 3983:2008 3936:2009 3909:2007 3887:2009 3860:2008 3837:2021 3814:2008 3776:ISBN 3752:2009 3739:ISBN 3712:2009 3685:2009 3659:2023 3633:2009 3607:2009 3581:2009 3555:2009 3533:2017 3507:2009 3481:2008 3451:2009 3428:2009 3401:2009 3374:2008 3348:2008 3322:2008 3300:2012 3274:2011 3248:2009 3218:2008 3192:2008 3165:2009 3135:2009 3114:ISBN 3090:2009 3060:2009 3033:2009 3006:2009 2976:2008 2950:2008 2927:2009 2878:and 2870:and 2731:The 2612:the 2520:and 2518:Cuba 2367:Tsar 2286:Asia 2177:The 2166:FSLN 2071:and 1968:Rama 1964:Pech 1958:The 1951:and 1940:The 1930:and 1894:and 1703:The 1682:and 1674:Maya 1611:Sapa 1600:The 1568:Inca 1358:and 1176:The 1158:and 1013:and 976:and 681:The 492:Anne 447:ajaw 85:The 73:and 25:The 4478:doi 4119:220 2864:rey 2664:on 2472:to 2254:of 2126:or 1755:Mam 1696:of 1662:in 1615:Apu 1593:in 996:of 951:), 315:or 273:of 166:as 5274:: 4841:. 4761:^ 4735:. 4484:. 4472:. 4322:. 4297:. 4272:. 4121:. 4015:. 3959:^ 3790:^ 3754:. 3737:. 3735:51 3649:. 3523:. 3467:. 3290:. 3264:. 3234:. 3208:. 3151:. 3076:. 2992:. 2966:. 2913:. 2902:^ 2874:, 2862:, 2837:^ 2783:. 2480:, 2300:, 2185:, 2110:, 2075:. 2067:, 1974:, 1970:, 1966:, 1962:, 1793:, 1781:. 1757:, 1753:, 1723:, 1654:. 1609:, 1493:, 1398:, 1278:. 1233:, 1209:, 1205:: 1162:. 1154:, 1150:, 1138:, 1134:, 1130:, 1045:. 1041:, 1033:, 1025:, 972:, 955:. 888:. 856:. 852:, 844:, 836:, 828:, 820:, 812:, 796:, 772:, 760:, 728:. 701:. 667:. 622:. 572:. 541:. 462:. 426:. 368:, 361:. 319:. 223:. 61:, 57:, 53:, 49:, 45:, 41:, 37:, 33:, 4909:e 4902:t 4895:v 4880:. 4859:. 4803:. 4780:. 4746:. 4703:. 4676:. 4607:. 4582:. 4560:. 4526:. 4492:. 4480:: 4474:4 4457:. 4435:. 4413:. 4388:. 4359:. 4333:. 4308:. 4283:. 4258:. 4236:. 4214:. 4187:. 4159:. 4131:. 4098:. 4064:. 4042:. 3985:. 3938:. 3911:. 3889:. 3862:. 3839:. 3816:. 3784:. 3714:. 3687:. 3661:. 3635:. 3609:. 3583:. 3557:. 3535:. 3509:. 3483:. 3453:. 3430:. 3403:. 3376:. 3350:. 3324:. 3302:. 3276:. 3250:. 3220:. 3194:. 3167:. 3137:. 3092:. 3062:. 3035:. 3008:. 2978:. 2952:. 2929:. 2886:. 2852:( 1379:. 947:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index