1224:
has only one worth £50. Her damages are £450. Neal also induced Mary to enter into the contract through a misrepresentation (a tort). If Mary sues in tort, she is entitled to damages that put her back to the same financial position place she would have been in had the misrepresentation not been made. She would clearly not have entered into the contract knowing the watch was fake and is entitled to her £100 back. Thus her damages in tort are £100. (However, she would have to return the watch, or else her damages would be £50.)
1332:
809:
1168:
loss or injury. No recovery is not an option. The court must then assess the amount of compensation attributable to the harmful acts of the defendant. The amount of damages a plaintiff would recover is usually measured on a "loss of bargain" basis, also known as expectation loss, or "economic loss". This concept reflects the difference between "the value of what has been received and its value as represented".
1285:). The clause will be enforceable if it involves a genuine attempt to quantify a loss in advance and is a good faith estimate of economic loss. Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal. To determine whether a clause is a liquidated damages clause or a penalty clause, it is necessary to consider:
1836:
1428:
1551:
of Appeal have greater authority than the lower courts such as the High Court and the County Court. A compensation award can only be right or wrong with reference to that specific judgment. Solicitors must be careful when looking at older cases when quantifying a claim to ensure that the award is brought up to date and to take into account the court of appeal case in
1771:. Doyle and Wright define restitutionary damages as being a monetary remedy that is measured according to the defendant's gain rather than the plaintiff's loss. The plaintiff thereby gains damages which are not measured by reference to any loss sustained. In some areas of the law this heading of damages is uncontroversial; most particularly
1393:, disfigurement, loss of reputation, impairment of mental or physical capacity, hedonic damages or loss of enjoyment of life, etc. This is not easily quantifiable, and depends on the individual circumstances of the claimant. Judges in the United Kingdom base the award on damages awarded in similar previous cases. In 2012 the
1223:
As an example, Neal agrees to sell Mary an antique Rolex watch for £100. In fact the watch is a fake and worth only £50. If it had been a genuine antique Rolex, it would have been worth £500. Neal is in breach of contract and could be sued. In contract, Mary is entitled to an item worth £500, but she
1208:
compensate the claimant for the quantifiable monetary losses he has suffered. For example, extra costs, repair or replacement of damaged property, lost earnings (both historically and in the future), loss of irreplaceable items, additional domestic costs, and so on. They are seen in both personal and
1627:
Many times a party that has been wronged but is not able to prove significant damages will sue for nominal damages. This is particularly common in cases involving alleged violations of constitutional rights, such as freedom of speech. Until 2021, in the United States, there was a circuit split as to
1247:
Incidental losses include the costs needed to remedy problems and put things right. The largest element is likely to be the reinstatement of property damage. Take for example a factory which was burnt down by the negligence of a contractor. The claimant would be entitled to the direct costs required
1227:
If the transaction were a "bad bargain", tort gives a better result for the claimant. If in the above example, Mary had overpaid, paying £750 for the watch, her damages in the contract would still be £450 (giving her the item she contracted to buy), however, in tort damages are £700. This is because
1113:
Recovery of damages by a plaintiff in lawsuit is subject to the legal principle that damages must be proximately caused by the wrongful conduct of the defendant. This is known as the principle of proximate cause. This principle governs the recovery of all compensatory damages, whether the underlying
1646:
Contemptuous damages are a form of damage award available in some jurisdictions. They are similar to nominal damages awards, as they are given when the plaintiff's suit is trivial, used only to settle a point of honor or law. Awards are usually of the smallest amount, usually 1 cent or similar. The
1566:
When a personal injury claim is settled either in court or out of court, the most common way the compensation payment is made is by a lump sum award in full and final settlement of the claim. Once accepted there can be no further award for compensation at a later time unless the claim is settled by
1550:
Solicitors will consider "like for like" injuries with the case in hand and similar cases decided by the courts previously. These cases are known as precedents. Generally speaking decisions from the higher courts will bind the lower courts. Therefore, judgments from the House of Lords and the Court
1313:
In personal injury claims, damages for compensation are quantified by reference to the severity of the injuries sustained (see below general damages for more details). In non-personal injury claims, for instance, a claim for professional negligence against solicitors, the measure of damages will be
1676:
in the United
Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant and similar persons from pursuing a course of action such as that which damaged the plaintiff. Punitive damages are awarded only in special cases where conduct was egregiously
1167:
Liability for payment of an award of damages is established when the claimant proves, on the balance of probabilities, that a defendant's wrongful act caused a tangible, harm, loss or injury to the plaintiff. Once that threshold is met, the plaintiff is entitled to some amount of recovery for that
1561:
This heading is inextricably linked with the other points above. Where two clients are of the same age, experience and suffer the same injury, it does not necessarily mean that they will be affected the same. We are all different. Some people will recover more quickly than others. The courts will
1219:
Damages in tort are awarded generally to place the claimant in the position in which he would have been had the tort not taken place. Damages for breach of contract are generally awarded to place the claimant in the position in which he would have been had the contract not been breached. This can
1578:
are an amount stipulated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Mere violation of the law can entitle the victim to a
1543:
The age of the client is important especially when dealing with fatal accident claims or permanent injuries. The younger the injured victim with a permanent injury the longer that person has to live with the PSLA. As a consequence, the greater the compensation payment. In fatal accident claims,
1524:
The quantification of personal injury is not an exact science. In
English law solicitors treat personal injury claims as "general damages" for pain and suffering and loss of amenity (PSLA). Solicitors quantify personal injury claims by reference to previous awards made by the courts which are
1562:
assess each claim on its own particular facts and therefore if one claimant recovers more quickly than another, the damages will be reflected accordingly. It is important to note here that "psychological injuries" may also follow from an accident which may increase the quantum of damages.
1220:
often result in a different measure of damages. In cases where it is possible to frame a claim in either contract or tort, it is necessary to be aware of what gives the best outcome. If the transaction was a "good bargain", contract generally gives a better result for the claimant.
1318:. Financial losses are usually simple to quantify but in complex cases which involve loss of pension entitlements and future loss projections, the instructing solicitor will usually employ a specialist expert actuary or accountant to assist with the quantification of the loss.
1183:, which could only be redeemed if certain profit thresholds had been achieved in the relevant accounting years. As the thresholds were not met, the loan notes were not redeemable, but at the date of the advisors' breach of contract this could not be known, only the loan notes'
1758:
Some jurisdictions recognize a form of damages, called, aggravated damages, that are similar to punitive or exemplary damages. Aggravated damages are not often awarded; they apply where the injury has been aggravated by the wrongdoer's behaviour, for example, their cruelty.
868:
award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury;
1793:
The basis for restitutionary damages is much debated, but is usually seen as based on denying a wrongdoer any profit from his wrongdoing. The really difficult question, and one which is currently unanswered, relates to what wrongs should allow this remedy.
1265:" or "benefit-of-the-bargain" measure of damages). This rule, however, has attracted increasing scrutiny from Australian courts and legal commentators. A judge arrives compensatory number by considering both the type of contract, and the loss incurred.
1388:
are monetary compensation for the non-monetary aspects of the specific harm suffered. These damages are sometimes termed "pain, suffering and loss of amenity". Examples of this include physical or emotional pain and suffering, loss of companionship,
1114:
claim is based on contract, tort, or both. Damages are likely to be limited to those reasonably foreseeable by the defendant. If a defendant could not reasonably have foreseen that someone might be hurt by their actions, there may be no liability.
1268:
When it is either not possible or not desirable to award the victim in that way, a court may award money damages designed to restore the injured party to the economic position they occupied at the time the contract was entered (known as the
1405:
General damages in
England and Wales were increased by 10% for all cases where judgements were given after 1 April 2013, following changes to the options available to personal injury claimants wanting to cover the cost of their litigation.
1121:), and also has stunted applicability to the quantum in negligence where the maxim 'Intended consequences are never too remote' applies: 'never' is inaccurate here but resorts to unforeseeable direct and natural consequences of an act.
1790:, for the publication of his book, were awarded to the British Government for breach of contract. The case has been followed in English courts, but the situations in which restitutionary damages will be available remain unclear.
1189:
1587:
Nominal damages are very small damages awarded to show that the loss or harm suffered was technical rather than actual. Perhaps the most famous nominal damages award in modern times has been the $ 1 verdict against the
1409:
General damages are generally awarded only in claims brought by individuals, when they have suffered personal harm. Examples would be personal injury (following the tort of negligence by the defendant), or the tort of
1280:
to be paid upon a breach of the contract by one of the parties. Under common law, a liquidated damages clause will not be enforced if the purpose of the term is solely to punish a breach (in this case it is termed
1260:
On a breach of contract by a defendant, a court generally awards the sum that would restore the injured party to the economic position they expected from performance of the promise or promises (known as an
1251:
The claimant may also be entitled to any consequential losses. These may include the lost profits that the claimant could have been expected to make in the period whilst the factory was closed and rebuilt.
1950:
1820:
or for hardships undergone during trial unless the parties agreed in a contract that attorney's fees should be covered or a specific statute or law permits recovery of legal fees, such as
1153:
are used in contract law to put an injured party in the position it would have occupied but for the breach. Compensatory damages can be classified as special damages and general damages.
1228:
damages in tort put her in the position she would have been in had the tort not taken place, and are calculated as her money back (£750) less the value of what she actually got (£50).
1187:
could be known. The conclusion was that in this case valuation could not be done until after the profit performance became known. In his judgement
Pelling also referred to the case of
1694:
1647:
key distinction is that in jurisdictions that follow the loser-pays for attorney fees, the claimant in a contemptuous damages case may be required to pay their own attorney fees.
1314:
assessed by the loss suffered by the client due to the negligent act or omission by the solicitor giving rise to the loss. The loss must be reasonably foreseeable and not too
910:. If property was stolen or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person had to pay the weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property.
1690:
1401:
this court has not merely the power, but a positive duty, to monitor, and where appropriate to alter, the guideline rates for general damages in personal injury actions.
1742:
Punitive damages awarded in a US case would be difficult to get recognition for in a
European court, where punitive damages are most likely to be considered to violate
1685:. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their application. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the
1342:
1133:
or someone trained in the relevant field of economics to give evidence on the value of the loss. In this case, they may be called upon to give opinion evidence as an
1816:
that they spent during the case. This is the rule in most countries other than the United States. In the United States, a party generally is not entitled to its
1767:
In certain areas of the law another head of damages has long been available, whereby the defendant is made to give up the profits made through the civil wrong in
880:
and medical expenses, and general damages, which are non-economic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Rather than being compensatory, at
92:
2990:
2643:
1089:
1650:
Traditionally, the court awarded the smallest coin in the Realm, which in
England was one farthing, 1/960 of a pound before decimalisation in the 1970s.
1145:
Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered by the claimant as a result of another's breach of duty that
232:
2468:
2745:
2592:
1306:
Damages in tort are generally awarded to place the claimant in the position that would have been taken had the tort not taken place. Damages in
1865:
167:
2893:
2035:
2663:
1162:
1175:, Pelling J has observed that this is not the case if justice requires the assessment of damages to be calculated at some other date. In
1394:
2861:
2809:
1905:
1890:
1803:
1608:, the resulting $ 3 judgment was regarded as a victory for the NFL. Historically, one of the best known nominal damage awards was the
1605:
839:
2444:
2052:
2834:
1579:
statutory award, even if no actual injury occurred. These are different from nominal damages, in which no written sum is specified.
1511:
1372:
1063:
1807:
2354:
2146:
2100:
1082:
558:
1786:
opened up the possibility of restitutionary damages for breach of contract. In this case the profits made by a defecting spy,
1449:
2613:
1597:
1593:
2273:
1709:
348:
876:
Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings,
1492:
564:
1464:
3008:
2555:
2498:
1698:
1533:
are adjusted following periodic review of the awards which have been made by the courts since the previous review.
1075:
338:
2640:
Independent
Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse - Accountability and Reparations Investigation report: recommendations
2626:
1438:
1870:
1315:
1007:
653:
502:
2750:
2578:
2531:
2507:
1634:
1589:
1552:
1471:
1445:
1293:
Whether there is a single sum stipulated for a number of different breaches, or individual sums for each breach
1149:
the loss. For example, compensatory damages may be awarded as the result of a negligence claim under tort law.
1146:
686:
670:
237:
197:
31:
2772:
2535:
2511:
2485:
2411:
2391:
1915:
1609:
551:
376:
343:
1628:
whether nominal damages may be used if a constitutional violation had occurred but has since been rendered
1617:
1270:
832:
747:
569:
480:
323:
268:
172:
67:
1478:
2954:
Black, Stephen (2011). "A Capital Gains
Anomaly: Commissioner v. Banks and the Proceeds from Lawsuits".
2717:
1772:
1273:") or designed to prevent the breaching party from being unjustly enriched ("restitution") (see below).
1241:
949:
707:
681:
600:
490:
485:
447:
242:
202:
189:
2600:
2639:
1058:
1038:
992:
179:
119:
2425:
2177:
1460:
2196:"Palmer v. Connecticut Railway & Lighting Co., 311 US 544, 61 S. Ct. 379, 85 L. Ed. 336 (1941)"
2195:
1875:
1638:
that nominal damages are appropriate means to redress violated rights otherwise now rendered moot.
1262:
1150:
1130:
1012:
544:
538:
497:
434:
257:
58:
2233:
2722:
2309:
2120:
2074:
1900:
1686:
1390:
1277:
1237:
1043:
1002:
997:
954:
944:
870:
787:
674:
605:
574:
465:
429:
405:
361:
144:
86:
2691:
1817:
1567:
provisional damages often found in industrial injury claims such as asbestos related injuries.
1212:
Special damages can include direct losses (such as amounts the claimant had to spend to try to
2967:
2963:
2889:
2857:
2830:
2805:
2031:
1850:
1812:
In addition to damages, the successful party is often entitled to be awarded their reasonable
1714:
1575:
1194:
1172:
964:
825:
732:
727:
717:
712:
528:
507:
371:
317:
304:
252:
212:
2551:
2426:"Clark v Macourt: Defective Sperm and Performance Substitutes in the High Court of Australia"
1677:
insidious and are over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of
1544:
generally the younger deceased, the greater the dependency claim by the partner and children.
2301:
2112:
2064:
1663:
1526:
1213:
978:
959:
939:
722:
595:
523:
475:
424:
357:
299:
207:
184:
126:
114:
2527:
2503:
2473:
2407:
2053:"A Comparative Analysis of United States and Colombian Tort Law: Duty, Breach, and Damages"
1536:
The guidance which solicitors will take into account to help quantify general damages are:
2387:
1910:
1108:
1033:
877:
399:
328:
311:
2910:
2477:
2250:
1216:
damages) and consequential or economic losses resulting from lost profits in a business.
2659:
1290:
Whether the clause is 'extravagant, out of all proportion, exorbitant or unconscionable'
2984:
2264:
1860:
1821:
1779:
1601:
1134:
1118:
969:
777:
533:
415:
333:
135:
81:
76:
3002:
2220:
1736:
1485:
1282:
1048:
742:
617:
2616:, Case No: A3/2011/1846, paragraph 12, published 26 July 2012, accessed 17 July 2022
2078:
1735:
has been much criticized and has not been followed in Canada or
Australia or by the
2574:
2327:
1998:
1895:
1841:
1787:
1745:
1682:
1678:
1354:
921:
897:
861:
795:
782:
772:
737:
691:
277:
2851:
2799:
2548:
Australian
Competition & Consumer Commission v Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd
1972:
1885:
1880:
1813:
1768:
1722:
Oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional actions by the servants of government.
1651:
1621:
1427:
1053:
1017:
808:
648:
381:
247:
162:
17:
1179:, an agreement had been entered into whereby company shares were exchanged for
1129:
It may be useful for the lawyers, the plaintiff and/or the defendant to employ
1831:
1411:
1184:
987:
907:
881:
853:
813:
757:
660:
612:
282:
223:
149:
41:
2692:"Come for the sex toys. Stay for the newly created circuit split on mootness"
2718:"Citing Taylor Swift, Supreme Court Seems Set to Back Nominal Damages Suits"
2069:
1855:
1725:
Where the defendant's conduct was 'calculated' to make a profit for himself.
1180:
791:
1624:. In the English jurisdiction, nominal damages are generally fixed at £5.
1555:
Generally speaking the greater the injury the greater the damages awarded.
1190:
Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd
2929:
1629:
1531:
Guidelines for the Assessment of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases
902:
885:
767:
627:
390:
287:
109:
2746:"Supreme Court sides with Christian students silenced on Georgia campus"
1310:
are quantified under two headings: general damages and special damages.
2825:
Spetz, Steven E (1974). "Civil Court Procedure And Remedies For Tort".
2695:
2313:
2124:
1452: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
622:
470:
292:
2253:, paragraphs 8, 12, delivered 22 June 2011, accessed 27 November 2022
1171:
Damages are usually assessed at the date of the wrongful act, but in
906:
was assigned to every human being and every piece of property in the
665:
632:
2305:
2116:
1117:
This rule does not usually apply to intentional torts (for example,
2292:
Morris, Clarence (March 1959). "Liability for Pain and Suffering".
1951:
Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd
1936:
1705:
865:
442:
2178:"The Conqueror, 166 US 110, 17 S. Ct. 510, 41 L. Ed. 937 (1897)"
1708:, exemplary damages are limited to the circumstances set out by
1613:
1307:
456:
49:
2983:
1421:
1325:
2445:"Remedies for Breach of Contract — Judicial Education Center"
2025:
2355:"Two Conceptions of Tort Damages: Fair v. Full Compensation"
1248:
to rebuild the factory and replace the damaged machinery.
1197:
affected the appropriate date for damages to be assessed.
2804:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 865.
1296:
Whether a genuine pre-estimate of damage is ascertainable
1350:
27:
Legal term for compensation awarded for loss or injury
2571:
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd
2240:, published 5 October 1977, accessed 10 December 2022
2642:, letter to Alexandra Merity, Investigation Lawyer,
2646:, sent 7 February 2020, accessed 26 September 2022
2249:England and Wales High Court (Chancery Division),
2911:"Restitutionary damages - the unnecessary remedy"
2434:(2014) 38(2) Melbourne University Law Review 755.
1632:. The Supreme Court decided 8–1 in the 2021 case
2638:Lambert, J. (The Hon. Mrs Justice Lambert DBE),
2479:
2384:Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd
2030:. Portland, OR: BV Resources, LLC. p. 200.
884:damages may instead be nominal, contemptuous or
2919:(2001) 25(1) Melbourne University Law Review 1.
2827:Can I Sue? An Introduction to Canadian Tort Law
2147:"Reforming General Damages: A Good Tort Reform"
2051:Bartels, Natalia M.; Madden, M. Stuart (2001).
1558:Personal attributes and fortitude of the client
1547:The nature and extent of the injuries sustained
1399:
873:is rarely recognized for the award of damages.
1728:Where a statute expressly authorises the same.
2888:. Sydney: Redfern Legal Centre. p. 145.
2099:Cooter, Robert; Eisenberg, Melvin A. (1985).
1775:rights and breach of fiduciary relationship.
1339:The examples and perspective in this section
1083:
833:
8:
1743:
93:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
2644:Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse
2175:See, e.g., the U.S. Supreme Court cases of
1236:Special damages are sometimes divided into
2219:airSlate Legal Forms, Inc. d/b/a USLegal,
1357:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1090:
1076:
917:
840:
826:
233:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
36:
2566:
2564:
2469:McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission
2068:
1600:. Although the verdict was automatically
1512:Learn how and when to remove this message
1373:Learn how and when to remove this message
2930:"Remedies for Employment Discrimination"
2850:Koziol, Helmut; Wilcox, Vanessa (2011).
2221:Loss of Bargain Law and Legal Definition
1418:General damages in personal injury cases
2251:Murfin v Campbell (2011) EWHC 1475 (Ch)
2234:Nobility Homes of Texas Inc. v. Shivers
1928:
1256:Breach of contract duty - (ex contract)
1025:
977:
927:
920:
755:
699:
640:
582:
515:
455:
414:
389:
356:
267:
222:
134:
101:
66:
48:
1866:Measure of Damages (under English law)
1763:Restitutionary or disgorgement damages
7:
2798:Oliphant, Ken; Lunney, Mark (2008).
2027:Finance & Accounting for Lawyers
1450:adding citations to reliable sources
1395:Court of Appeal of England and Wales
1163:Measure of damages under English law
2690:Frankel, Alison (August 24, 2017).
2679:(6 ed.). Pearson. p. 784.
1658:Punitive damages (non-compensatory)
1525:"similar" to the case in hand. The
1232:Incidental and consequential losses
1891:Reparations (transitional justice)
1606:antitrust law in the United States
1302:Breach of tort duty - (ex delicto)
25:
2716:Liptak, Adam (January 12, 2021).
2263:Cilia, Fiona (12 November 2010).
2151:Roger Williams University Law Rev
2982:Craies, William Feilden (1911).
2829:. Toronto: Pitman. p. 219.
2101:"Damages for Breach of Contract"
1834:
1426:
1330:
807:
2915:Melbourne University Law Review
2627:10% Increase in General Damages
2430:Melbourne University Law Review
1804:American rule (attorney's fees)
1437:needs additional citations for
559:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
2886:How To Run Your Own Court Case
2744:Dewer, Devin (March 8, 2021).
2591:Beaman, Richard (2010-09-22).
1956:Electrochrome v Welsh Plastics
1808:English rule (attorney's fees)
1:
2625:Herbert Smith Freehills LLP,
2524:Amev-Udc Finance Ltd v Austin
2499:Commonwealth v Amann Aviation
2057:Pace International Law Review
1598:United States Football League
669:(term used for torts in some
2909:Doyle, S; Wright, D (2001).
2801:Tort Law: Text and Materials
2629:, accesses 26 September 2022
2353:Goldberg, John C.P. (2005).
2274:Journal of Civil Law Studies
1157:Quantum (measure) of damages
900:, a monetary value called a
2656:Heil v Rankin & Another
2599:. Leicester. Archived from
2534:170 (4 November 1986),
2223:, accessed 10 December 2022
1353:, discuss the issue on the
565:Joint and several liability
3025:
2660:[2000] EWCA Civ 84
1801:
1699:United States Constitution
1661:
1620:in his libel suit against
1193:, a case where continuing
1160:
1106:
339:Comparative responsibility
29:
2779:. Oxford University Press
2675:McBride, Bagshaw (2018).
2597:Douglas Wemyss Solicitors
2424:Winterton, David (2014).
2265:"Quantifying Damages for
2024:Brinig, Brian P. (2011).
1935:International principle:
1871:Non-economic damages caps
1784:Attorney-General v. Blake
1778:In England and Wales the
1276:Parties may contract for
654:Non-economic damages caps
2581:847 (26 April 1915).
2554: (7 November 2003),
2232:Supreme Court of Texas,
2145:Sanders, Joseph (2008).
1672:, which are also termed
1635:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1590:National Football League
687:Private attorney general
641:Other topics in tort law
269:Principles of negligence
198:Alienation of affections
32:Damages (disambiguation)
2991:Encyclopædia Britannica
2884:Behand, Nadine (2009).
2552:[2003] FCA 1225
2070:10.58948/2331-3536.1204
1960:British Celanese v Hunt
1916:Reparations for slavery
1712:in the leading case of
552:Volenti non fit injuria
377:Ultrahazardous activity
344:Contributory negligence
2956:St. Mary's Law Journal
2773:"Contemptuous damages"
1744:
1403:
1177:Murfin v Ford Campbell
570:Market share liability
503:Shopkeeper's privilege
481:Statute of limitations
324:Restitutio ad integrum
173:Intrusion on seclusion
68:Trespass to the person
2575:[1915] UKHL 1
2528:[1986] HCA 63
2504:[1991] HCA 54
2474:[1951] HCA 79
2408:[2013] HCA 93
2105:California Law Review
1773:intellectual property
1695:Fourteenth Amendments
1540:The age of the client
1242:consequential damages
950:Consequential damages
682:Conflict of tort laws
448:Tortious interference
203:Criminal conversation
190:Malicious prosecution
2388:[2009] HCA 8
2334:. Cornell Law School
2005:. Cornell Law School
1979:. Cornell Law School
1642:Contemptuous damages
1446:improve this article
1351:improve this section
1341:may not represent a
1209:commercial actions.
1141:Compensatory damages
1131:forensic accountants
1039:Election of remedies
993:Specific performance
180:Breach of confidence
30:For other uses, see
2856:. Springer Vienna.
2294:Columbia Law Review
1958:2 All ER 205,, and
1876:Restorative justice
1594:1986 antitrust suit
1263:expectation measure
1151:Expectation damages
675:mixed legal systems
545:Respondeat superior
539:Vicarious liability
498:Defence of property
435:Insurance bad faith
349:Attractive nuisance
168:Invasion of privacy
2723:The New York Times
2328:"Duty to Mitigate"
1999:"Punitive Damages"
1901:Reparation (legal)
1754:Aggravated damages
1687:due process of law
1596:prosecuted by the
1391:loss of consortium
1278:liquidated damages
1238:incidental damages
1059:Declaratory relief
1044:Provisional remedy
1003:Account of profits
998:Constructive trust
979:Equitable remedies
955:Liquidated damages
945:Incidental damages
871:pure economic loss
575:Transferred intent
466:Assumption of risk
430:Restraint of trade
406:Rylands v Fletcher
238:Employment-related
87:False imprisonment
3009:Judicial remedies
2895:978-1-921410-83-3
2614:Simmons v. Castle
2593:"Loss of Amenity"
2359:DePaul Law Review
2037:978-1-935081-71-5
1851:Arbitration award
1715:Rookes v. Barnard
1674:exemplary damages
1654:are not awarded.
1576:Statutory damages
1571:Statutory damages
1522:
1521:
1514:
1496:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1195:misrepresentation
1173:England and Wales
1100:
1099:
965:Statutory damages
922:Judicial remedies
864:in the form of a
850:
849:
723:England and Wales
678:
529:Last clear chance
524:Intentional torts
508:Neutral reportage
491:Defense of others
439:
372:Product liability
318:Res ipsa loquitur
305:Reasonable person
213:Breach of promise
62:
16:(Redirected from
3016:
2995:
2994:(11th ed.).
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2072:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1973:"Actual Damages"
1969:
1963:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1749:
1733:Rookes v Barnard
1670:punitive damages
1664:Punitive damages
1527:Judicial College
1517:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1454:
1430:
1422:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1271:reliance measure
1125:Expert testimony
1092:
1085:
1078:
960:Reliance damages
940:Punitive damages
928:Legal remedies (
918:
914:Proof of damages
842:
835:
828:
812:
811:
668:
437:
300:Standard of care
185:Abuse of process
95:
56:
37:
21:
18:Monetary damages
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2985:"Damages"
2981:
2978:
2953:
2950:
2948:Further reading
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1939:, Garner, p.416
1934:
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1911:War reparations
1840:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1818:attorneys' fees
1810:
1800:
1765:
1756:
1704:In England and
1689:clauses of the
1666:
1660:
1644:
1585:
1583:Nominal damages
1573:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1431:
1420:
1386:General damages
1379:
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1362:
1359:
1348:
1335:
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1324:
1322:General damages
1304:
1299:
1258:
1234:
1206:Special damages
1203:
1201:Special damages
1165:
1159:
1143:
1127:
1111:
1109:Proximate cause
1105:
1103:Proximate cause
1096:
1034:Adequate remedy
916:
894:
878:property damage
846:
806:
700:By jurisdiction
400:Public nuisance
329:Rescue doctrine
312:Proximate cause
224:Negligent torts
136:Dignitary torts
91:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2976:External links
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2701:January 11,
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1886:Restitution
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1798:Legal costs
1769:restitution
1710:Lord Devlin
1668:Generally,
1652:Court costs
1622:John Ruskin
1616:awarded to
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1064:Restitution
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283:Trespassers
248:Malpractice
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163:False light
2853:3709109647
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2392:High Court
1802:See also:
1472:newspapers
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1185:face value
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988:Injunction
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758:common law
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3003:Category
2757:March 8,
2751:ABC News
2677:Tort Law
2238:Casetext
2079:55140488
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866:monetary
783:Property
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596:Punitive
583:Remedies
457:Defences
391:Nuisance
362:absolute
293:Invitees
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