691:(FATF), an intergovernmental body set up to combat money laundering, stated, "Due to the illegal nature of the transactions, precise statistics are not available and it is therefore impossible to produce a definitive estimate of the amount of money that is globally laundered every year. The FATF therefore does not publish any figures in this regard." Academic commentators have likewise been unable to estimate the volume of money with any degree of assurance. Various estimates of the scale of global money laundering are sometimes repeated often enough to make some people regard them as factual—but no researcher has overcome the inherent difficulty of measuring an actively concealed practice.
740:
2985:
2796:
2838:
2964:
836:. This was revealed on 19 September 2018. Investigations by Denmark, Estonia, the U.K. and the U.S. were joined by France in February 2019. On 19 February 2019, Danske Bank announced that it would cease operating in Russia and the Baltic States. This statement came shortly after Estonia's banking regulator Finantsinspektsioon announced that they would close the Estonian branch of Danske Bank. The investigation has grown to include Swedbank, which may have laundered $ 4.3 billion. More at
1662:
1410:
2607:
1473:
2901:
1326:
1578:
655:
legitimate funds from official circulation. Unaccounted cash received via disguising financial transactions is not included in official financial reporting and could be used to evade taxes, hand in bribes and pay "under-the-table" salaries. For example, in an affidavit filed on 24 March 2014 in United States
District Court, Northern California, San Francisco Division, FBI special agent Emmanuel V. Pascau alleged that several people associated with the
2355:
2145:
2544:
2376:
1704:
1284:
2292:
2082:
1536:
1263:
3006:
2775:
2691:
2439:
2166:
1977:
1914:
1851:
2880:
2733:
2712:
2628:
2523:
2481:
2271:
1893:
1641:
1620:
1515:
1452:
1431:
1305:
3034:
29:
2943:
2649:
2565:
2334:
2313:
2124:
1998:
1956:
1935:
1830:
1746:
1725:
1683:
1599:
1557:
1389:
1242:
1221:
1200:
1075:
2922:
2670:
2460:
2397:
2250:
2229:
2103:
2061:
1872:
1809:
1368:
1347:
2859:
2208:
2187:
1494:
1788:
2418:
2817:
2586:
2502:
1767:
2754:
2040:
2019:
6305:
321:, is a method of placement whereby cash is broken into smaller deposits of money, used to defeat suspicion of money laundering and to avoid anti-money laundering reporting requirements. A sub-component of this is to use smaller amounts of cash to purchase bearer instruments, such as money orders, and then ultimately deposit those, again in small amounts.
220:, which was fined $ 8.9 billion in July 2014 by the U.S. government. Many countries introduced or strengthened border controls on the amount of cash that can be carried and introduced central transaction reporting systems where all financial institutions have to report all financial transactions electronically. For example, in 2006,
911:(ICIJ) revealed FinCEN Files, about the involvement of about $ 2tn of transactions by some of the world's biggest banks. FinCEN files also revealed that Dubai-based Gunes General Trading, based in Dubai funneled Iranian state money via UAE's central banking system and processed $ 142 million in 2011 and 2012.
698:
of US dollars and poses a significant policy concern for governments. As a result, governments and international bodies have undertaken efforts to deter, prevent, and apprehend money launderers. Financial institutions have likewise undertaken efforts to prevent and detect transactions involving dirty
654:
Reverse money laundering is a process that disguises a legitimate source of funds that are to be used for illegal purposes. It is usually perpetrated for the purpose of financing terrorism but can be also used by criminal organizations that have invested in legal businesses and would like to withdraw
400:
to disguise the movement of money. For example, the art market has been accused of being an ideal vehicle for money laundering due to several unique aspects of art such as the subjective value of art works as well as the secrecy of auction houses about the identity of the buyer and seller. According
726:
Transaction laundering is a massive and growing problem. Finextra estimated that transaction laundering accounted for over $ 200 billion in the US in 2017 alone, with over $ 6 billion of these sales involving illicit goods or services, sold by nearly 335,000 unregistered merchants. Money laundering
465:
Transaction
Laundering: When a merchant unknowingly processes illicit credit card transactions for another business. It is a growing problem and recognised as distinct from traditional money laundering in using the payments ecosystem to hide that the transaction even occurred (e.g. the use of fake
340:
to overlap. Such enterprises often operate openly and in doing so generate cash revenue from incidental legitimate business in addition to the illicit cash. In such cases the business will usually claim all cash received as legitimate earnings. Service businesses are best suited to this method, as
670:
in
Russian) has become acute in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. The Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) reported that the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Turkey, Serbia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia and Kazakhstan have encountered a
505:
should provide as easy a method of transferring value without revealing identity as untracked banknotes, especially wire transfers involving anonymity-protecting numbered bank accounts. In practice, however, the record-keeping capabilities of
Internet service providers and other network resource
295:
Money laundering is the process of making illegally-gained proceeds (i.e., "dirty money") appear legal (i.e., "clean"). Typically, it involves three steps: placement, layering, and integration. First, the illegitimate funds are furtively introduced into the legitimate financial system. Then, the
255:
Money laundering is the conversion or transfer of property; the concealment or disguising of the nature of the proceeds; the acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing that these are derived from criminal acts; the participating in or assisting the movement of funds to make the proceeds
444:
Casinos: In this method, an individual walks into a casino and buys chips with illicit cash. The individual will then play for a relatively short time. When the person cashes in the chips, they will expect to take payment in a check, or at least get a receipt so they can claim the proceeds as
283:
Money laundering typically involves three steps: The first involves introducing cash into the financial system by some means ("placement"); the second involves carrying out complex financial transactions to camouflage the illegal source of the cash ("layering"); and finally, acquiring wealth
485:
Through Sports: Investigation teams have identified sport profits as a common way to launder money. In Latin
Amercia, in particular, drug traffickers are frequently found to own Soccer Clubs, and to launder money through their intermediate, by buying and selling players, selling tickets and
626:
for the profit of crime and corruption, Australia is planning to strengthen the nation's anti-money laundering laws. The characteristics of
Bitcoin—it is completely deterministic, protocol based and can be difficult to censor—make it possible to circumvent national laws using services like
204:
to put pressure on governments around the world to increase surveillance and monitoring of financial transactions and share this information between countries. Starting in 2002, governments around the world upgraded money laundering laws and surveillance and monitoring systems of financial
571:
led the Office of
Foreign Assets Control to sanction it, prompting some users to sue the Treasury Department. Proponents have argued mixers allow users to protect their privacy and that the government lacks the authority to restrict access to decentralized software. In the United States,
481:
to pay freelancers. A money launderer can post a token job on one of these sites, and send the money for the site to hold in escrow. The launderer (or his associate) can then sign on as a freelancer (using a different account and IP address), accept and complete the job, and be paid the
434:, exempt from taxation. A variant on this is to transfer money to a law firm or similar organization as funds on account of fees, then to cancel the retainer and, when the money is remitted, represent the sums received from the lawyers as a legacy under a will or proceeds of litigation.
546:
these types of wash trades are becoming increasingly popular among money launderers especially due to the largely anonymous nature of transactions on NFT marketplaces. Auction platforms for NFT sales may face regulatory pressure to comply with anti-money laundering legislation.
510:
under recent development have aimed to provide for more possibilities of transaction anonymity for various reasons, the degree to which they succeed — and, in consequence, the degree to which they offer benefits for money laundering efforts — is controversial. Solutions such as
973:: Standard Bank South Africa London Branch – The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has fined Standard Bank PLC (Standard Bank) £7,640,400 for failings relating to its anti-money laundering (AML) policies and procedures over corporate and private bank customers connected to
172:
in order to catch the organizers and individuals running drug empires. It also had the benefit, from a law enforcement point of view, of turning rules of evidence "upside down". Law enforcers normally have to prove an individual is guilty to seize their property, but with
448:
Other gambling: Money is spent on gambling, preferably on high odds games. One way to minimize risk with this method is to bet on every possible outcome of some event that has many possible outcomes, so no outcome(s) have short odds, and the bettor will lose only the
4736:
279:
is "dirty" and needs to be "cleaned" to appear to have been derived from legal activities, so that banks and other financial institutions will deal with it without suspicion. Money can be laundered by many methods that vary in complexity and sophistication.
1145:: Enacted the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) requiring companies to disclose their beneficial owners to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), effectively banning anonymous shell corporations and enhancing transparency in corporate ownership.
599:, and could be sent and received anonymously. The receiver could convert the Liberty Reserve currency back into cash for a small fee. In May 2013, the US authorities shut down Liberty Reserve, charging its founder and various others with money laundering.
554:
have been increasingly used by cybercriminals over the past decade to launder funds. A mixer blends the cryptocurrencies of many users together to obfuscate the origins and owners of funds, enabling a greater degree of privacy on public blockchains like
231:
With the surge in digital asset late 2010s, there's been a noticeable rise in money laundering and fraud tied to cryptocurrency. In 2021 alone, cybercriminals managed to secure US$ 14 billion in cryptocurrency through various illicit activities.
335:
Cash-intensive businesses: In this method, a business typically expected to receive a large proportion of its revenue as cash uses its accounts to deposit criminally derived cash. This method of money laundering often causes organized crime and
92:
definition is wider. The act is defined as "the process by which the proceeds of crime are converted into assets which appear to have a legitimate origin, so that they can be retained permanently or recycled into further criminal enterprises".
284:
generated from the transactions of the illicit funds ("integration"). Some of these steps may be omitted, depending upon the circumstances. For example, non-cash proceeds that are already in the financial system would not need to be placed.
6113:
1007:
Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences Economics Department alumnus, was convicted in Luxembourg in June 1990 "in what was one of the largest drug money laundering cases ever brought in Europe" and the US in 1996 of money laundering for the
989:: On 24 September 2020, Westpac and AUSTRAC agreed to a AUD $ 1.3 billion penalty over Westpac's breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 - the largest fine ever issued in Australian corporate history.
3945:
939:, in December 2012, paid a record $ 1.9 Billion fines for money-laundering hundreds of millions of dollars for drug traffickers, terrorists and sanctioned governments such as Iran. The money-laundering occurred throughout the 2000s.
296:
money is moved around to create confusion, sometimes by wiring or transferring through numerous accounts. Finally, it is integrated into the financial system through additional transactions until the "dirty money" appears "clean".
866:
between 2010 and 2014. Newspaper sources estimated the total value of laundered currency to be as high as $ 80bn. The bank is also under investigation for its involvement in Europe's biggest banking scandal through
Denmark's
1056:: Unknown amount, estimated at US$ 10 billion of government assets laundered through banks and financial institutions in the United States, Liechtenstein, Austria, Panama, Netherlands Antilles, Cayman Islands, Vanuatu,
4169:'They buy a Colombian player from a very low-level soccer team and then take him to play in the Croatian Soccer League. But they sell him for 100 times or 200 times more than what he cost,' said a Colombian police official
983:: paid $ 330 million in fines for money-laundering hundreds of billions of dollars for Iran. The money-laundering took place in the 2000s and occurred for "nearly a decade to hide 60,000 transactions worth $ 250 billion".
6993:
4921:
For example, under UK law the first offences created for money laundering both related to the proceeds from the sale of illegal narcotics under the
Criminal Justice Act 1988 and then later under the Drug Trafficking Act
4728:
3052:
411:
and trusts: Trusts and shell companies disguise the true owners of money. Trusts and corporate vehicles, depending on the jurisdiction, need not disclose their true owner. Sometimes referred to by the slang term
719:). Finally people, vessels, organisations and governments can be sanctioned due to international law breaking, war (and of course tit-for-tat sanctions), and still want to move funds into markets where they are
177:, money can be confiscated and it is up to the individual to prove that the source of funds is legitimate to get the money back. This makes it much easier for law enforcement agencies and provides for much lower
5618:
3881:
639:
after ransomware attacks, drug dealings, cyber fraud and gunrunning. However, many digital currency exchanges are now operating KYC programs under threat of regulation from the jurisdictions they operate in.
437:
Bank capture: In this case, money launderers or criminals buy a controlling interest in a bank, preferably in a jurisdiction with weak money laundering controls, and then move money through the bank without
3437:
821:
after it was discovered the bank was being used for money laundering activities by multiple accounts containing missing customer information. More than $ 1.5 billion had been laundered before the scam was
4005:
441:
Invoice Fraud: An example is when a criminal contacts a company saying that the supplier payment details have changed. They then provide alternative, fraudulent details in order for you to pay them money.
4675:
405:, one strategy that is favored by high-net-worth individuals is specialist storage facilities. Art kept in these spaces have been used by individuals to evade sanctions and launder the proceeds of crime.
6225:
5212:
6020:
161:
brought in a new emphasis by the state and law enforcement agencies to track and confiscate money, but existing laws against tax evasion could not be used once gangsters started paying their taxes.
6362:
6105:
5710:
4940:
4561:
310:
Money laundering can take several forms, although most methodologies can be categorized into one of a few types. These include "bank methods, smurfing , currency exchanges, and double-invoicing".
5526:
5190:
671:
substantial shrinkage of tax base and shifting money supply balance in favor of cash. These processes have complicated planning and management of the economy and contributed to the growth of the
181:. However, this process has been abused by some law enforcement agencies to take and keep money without strong evidence of related criminal activity, to be used to supplement their own budgets.
5129:
6052:
3975:
3937:
5986:
5472:
3405:
5771:
683:
Many regulatory and governmental authorities issue estimates each year for the amount of money laundered, either worldwide or within their national economy. In 1996, a spokesperson for the
1163:: Strengthened its anti-money laundering framework through the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA), which mandates due diligence and reporting requirements for financial institutions.
7115:
4158:
3756:
5558:
4365:
3841:
5442:
7054:
4643:
3907:
6912:
6871:
908:
6853:
5803:
5213:"Danske Bank reveals Estonian branch may have laundered $ 230 billion as CEO steps down - ACFCS | Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists | A BARBRI, Inc. Company"
3661:
4272:
3479:
5864:
5588:
5073:
699:
money, both as a result of government requirements and to avoid the reputational risk involved. Issues relating to money laundering have existed as long as there have been
3863:
225:
5281:
5095:
4970:
5740:
5610:
32:
Placing 'dirty' money in a service company, where it is layered with legitimate income and then integrated into the flow of money, is a common form of money laundering.
6136:
6082:
4088:
3885:
5311:
4759:
4057:
688:
201:
5679:
5502:
6889:
5933:
3427:
967:: US$ 2–5 billion of government assets laundered through banks in the UK, Luxembourg, Jersey (Channel Islands), and Switzerland, by the president of Nigeria.
127:
more important to combating international crime and terrorism, money laundering has become a prominent political, economic, and legal debate. Money laundering is
3997:
3269:
3198:
801:
for serious breaches of anti-money laundering requirements, poor management oversight of the bank's operations, and gross misconduct of some of the bank's staff.
7022:
4665:
6217:
4181:
Larkin, Charles; Pearce, Nick; Shannon, Nadine (2022). "Criminality and cryptocurrencies: Enforcement and policy responses – Part II". In Corbet, Shaen (ed.).
116:. Courts involve money laundering committed by private individuals, drug dealers, businesses, corrupt officials, members of criminal organizations such as the
5251:
7125:
7105:
6820:
5220:
4035:
7163:
6998:
6842:
6012:
5990:
3908:"Merchant-based money laundering Part 3: The medium is the method - ACFCS | Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists | A BARBRI, Inc. Company"
1172:
Below table shows the annual reported money laundering cases per 100,000 population for individual countries for the last available year according to the
711:
in that both crimes usually involve the transmission of funds through the financial system (although money laundering relates to where the money has come
84:
law, money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, or destination of illegally gained money. In
7010:
6906:
5702:
5352:
4932:
4553:
4530:
4499:
3967:
5523:
5182:
3778:
3372:
153:
received a major boost from Prohibition and a large source of new funds that were obtained from illegal sales of alcohol. The successful prosecution of
5382:
6042:
5964:
5121:
756:
456:
Black salaries: A company may have unregistered employees without written contracts and pay them cash salaries. Dirty money might be used to pay them.
101:
4429:
4132:
1151:: Introduced the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act (AML/CTF Act) to regulate financial transactions and enhance transparency.
6940:
6326:
6194:
5464:
4301:
1173:
748:
588:
3395:
345:
and/or a large ratio between revenue and variable costs, which makes it difficult to detect discrepancies between revenues and costs. Examples are
6982:
6847:
5763:
3047:
1157:: Established the Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act to confiscate proceeds from serious crimes.
133:
illegal; the acts generating the money almost always are themselves criminal in some way (for if not, the money would not need to be laundered).
7070:
6987:
4613:
4395:
4305:
542:
for one individual, generating several fictitious sales and consequently selling the respective NFT to a third party. According to a report by
3748:
324:
Bulk cash smuggling: This involves physically smuggling cash to another jurisdiction and depositing it in a financial institution, such as an
6934:
6876:
6805:
4251:
4190:
3519:
3115:
527:). While not suitable for large-scaled crimes, privacy coins like Monero are suitable for laundering money made through small-scaled crimes.
174:
5549:
4873:
7153:
7148:
6929:
6859:
6390:
6274:
4361:
3837:
3067:
837:
833:
807:: $ 6 billion of bank funds embezzled or fraudulently loaned to shell companies and offshore holdings by the banks former chairman and CEO
573:
104:
to mean "any financial transaction which generates an asset or a value as the result of an illegal act," which may involve actions such as
5434:
4339:
396:
Trade-based laundering: This method is one of the newest and most complex forms of money laundering. This involves under- or over-valuing
6334:
7075:
6970:
6964:
4635:
3915:
1038:, to help him build a conference center in Macau for the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), headed by Director
946:
942:
6318:
3539:
3145:
6800:
5793:
897:
was also involved in opening the accounts of the terror operatives and allowing financial transactions to take place between them and
5903:
5159:
3653:
6976:
6900:
6358:
6169:
4855:", 17th Plenary Meeting of the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, 28 December 2012, New Delhi.
3731:
3572:
3460:
1122:
1096:
288:
4992:
Demetriades, Panicos; Vassileva, Radosveta (17 August 2020). "Money Laundering and Central Bank Governance in The European Union".
4268:
4242:
Hou, Greg (2022). "Cryptocurrency money laundering and exit scams: Cases, regulatory responses and issue". In Corbet, Shaen (ed.).
739:
3804:
7168:
7158:
7065:
5856:
5648:
5580:
4729:"Central Bankers And Crypto-Twitter Perennially In Opposition; Analysis Of Scale Of Crypto-Crime And The Prospect For Regulation"
4460:
3621:
3593:
2801:
212:
During 2011–2015 a number of major banks faced ever-increasing fines for breaches of money laundering regulations. This included
142:
7178:
3867:
3291:
759:: Unknown amount, estimated in billions, of criminal proceeds, including drug trafficking money, laundered during the mid-1980s.
6865:
5099:
1031:
798:
7183:
5273:
4962:
3683:
Naheem, Mohammed Ahmad (5 October 2015). "Trade based money laundering: towards a working definition for the banking sector".
6952:
6946:
6418:
5732:
1100:
1046:
more than 20 years ago. Ng Lap Seng, 69, was convicted in Federal District Court in Manhattan on two counts of violating the
423:
6144:
6074:
4848:
6350:
4896:
4096:
7238:
7218:
7060:
6958:
6918:
5303:
4766:
4065:
1047:
602:
Another increasingly common way of laundering money is to use online gaming. In a growing number of online games, such as
4362:"Crime and NFTs: Chainalysis Detects Significant Wash Trading and Some NFT Money Laundering In this Emerging Asset Class"
945:: Italian authorities investigated suspected money laundering transactions amounting to US$ 218 million made by the
7120:
7110:
7004:
6894:
6449:
6159:
5671:
5494:
4705:
3232:
20:
5925:
3262:
563:. Although not explicitly illegal in many jurisdictions, the legality of mixers is controversial. The use of the mixer
3202:
3072:
6309:
1085:
791:
against Cuba, Iran, and Sudan. It agreed to pay an $ 8.9 billion fine, the largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions.
631:
to obfuscate transaction origins. Bitcoin relies completely on cryptography, not on a central entity running under a
1139:: Implemented the Proceeds of Crime Act (POCA) to establish money laundering offenses and facilitate asset recovery.
961:: US$ 70 billion of Russian capital flight laundered through unregulated Nauru offshore shell banks, late 1990s
453:
and will have one or more winning bets that can be shown as the source of money. The losing bets will remain hidden.
7213:
6815:
5243:
1017:
974:
592:
523:― are examples of cryptocurrencies that provide unlinkable anonymity via proofs and/or obfuscation of information (
70:
It can also be defined as the sale of illicit services to generate money for criminal and terrorist organizations.
4027:
3175:
1104:
1089:
7208:
7143:
6836:
6620:
4207:
Kethineni, Sesha; Cao, Ying (2020). "The Rise in Popularity of Cryptocurrency and Associated Criminal Activity".
881:
was accused of "knowingly and purposefully" providing "financial services and other forms of material support to
431:
7233:
6573:
6383:
3258:
1176:. Proportion of unreported money laundering and definition of money laundering might differ between countries.
1030:
was sentenced to four years in prison in May 2018 for bribing two diplomats, including former president of the
496:
419:
5334:
4522:
4483:
3362:
534:(NFTs) are also commonly used in connection with money laundering activities. NFTs are often used to perform
416:, though that term usually refers to a person acting as the fictitious owner rather than the business entity.
6454:
6293:
5956:
5374:
5339:
894:
235:
6585:
4421:
4123:
3057:
1415:
1043:
1042:. The corruption case was the worst financial scandal for the United Nations since the abuse of the Iraqi
1013:
898:
551:
124:
6186:
5834:
4554:"Application of FinCEN's Regulations to Certain Business Models Involving Convertible Virtual Currencies"
168:
led governments again to turn to money laundering rules in an attempt to track and seize the proceeds of
6810:
6590:
6553:
6251:"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Corruption & Economic Crime, Category "Money laundering""
5826:
2612:
818:
814:
539:
402:
206:
192:
in the U.S. and similar legislation worldwide, led to a new emphasis on money laundering laws to combat
178:
146:
4605:
707:. In more recent times anti-money laundering legislation is seen as adjunct to the financial crime of
580:
7223:
6508:
6433:
3560:
2969:
886:
874:
744:
185:
4388:
4332:"A handful of NFT users are making big money off of a stealth scam. Here's how 'wash trading' works"
4294:
3087:
39:
is the process of illegally concealing the origin of money obtained from illicit activities such as
6615:
6376:
3082:
2906:
2003:
1004:
766:
708:
695:
366:
197:
193:
100:. Today its definition is often expanded by government and international regulators such as the US
5412:
4389:
Study of the Facilitation of Money Laundering and Terror Finance Through the Trade in Works of Art
4295:
Study of the Facilitation of Money Laundering and Terror Finance Through the Trade in Works of Art
3107:
7228:
7016:
6698:
6558:
6503:
6047:
5798:
5068:
5027:
Walker, Christopher; Aten, Melissa (2018). "The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge For Democracy".
4865:
4584:
4224:
3317:
Kerr, David S.; Loveland, Karen A.; Smith, Katherine Taken; Smith, Lawrence Murphy (March 2023).
2444:
1667:
980:
878:
784:
632:
346:
169:
64:
4866:"Money Laundering: the Importance of International Countermeasures--Address by Michel Camdessus"
4331:
4244:
Understanding Cryptocurrency Fraud. The challenges and headwinds to regulate digital currencies
4183:
Understanding Cryptocurrency Fraud. The challenges and headwinds to regulate digital currencies
694:
Regardless of the difficulty in measurement, the amount of money laundered each year is in the
96:
In the past, the term "money laundering" was applied only to financial transactions related to
73:
It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying definitions. It is usually a key operation of
6746:
6693:
6521:
6516:
6428:
6331:
6218:"Commercial Property: The Bernstein Brothers; A Tangled Tale of Americas Towers and the Crown"
6165:
5895:
5344:
5044:
5009:
4636:"Bitcoin one step closer to being regulated in Australia under new anti-money laundering laws"
4583:
Richet, Jean-Loup (June 2013). "Laundering Money Online: a review of cybercriminals methods".
4491:
4247:
4186:
3727:
3700:
3568:
3515:
3471:
3358:
3340:
1035:
922:
847:
635:
framework. There are several cases in which criminals have cashed out a significant amount of
610:
408:
272:
4666:"Hackers have cashed out on $ 143,000 of bitcoin from the massive WannaCry ransomware attack"
7080:
6790:
6761:
6648:
6578:
6548:
6315:
5036:
5001:
4827:
4800:
4216:
3692:
3535:
3330:
3137:
3062:
1053:
808:
780:
762:
649:
502:
362:
276:
268:
109:
40:
4818:
Zabyelina, Yuliya (2015). "Reverse money laundering in Russia: Clean cash for dirty ends".
929:(V-Bucks) and in-game purchases, for the account to then be sold online for "clean" money.
7037:
6741:
6736:
6413:
6354:
6338:
6322:
5887:
5530:
5151:
5063:
4852:
4163:
3077:
1050:, one count of paying bribes, one count of money laundering, and two counts of conspiracy.
1000:
955:, in May 2013, was seized by United States federal authorities for laundering $ 6 billion.
952:
926:
700:
596:
337:
264:
150:
97:
74:
4846:
Money laundering and terrorist financing with use of physical cash and bearer instruments
3295:
587:
ISIS, surveyed new techniques that cybercriminals were using in a report written for the
6250:
6795:
6751:
6668:
6288:
5611:"Inside scandal-rocked Danske Estonia and the shell-company 'factories' that served it"
3968:"Transaction laundering in 2019 – time to review the monitoring strategy | The Paypers"
3811:
3628:
3586:
3508:
1583:
1136:
851:
788:
770:
672:
656:
524:
507:
470:
386:
85:
5640:
4452:
7202:
7085:
6715:
6658:
4228:
3720:
3466:
2150:
1142:
970:
843:
628:
568:
354:
342:
325:
205:
transactions. Anti-money laundering regulations have become a much larger burden for
113:
81:
3428:"Italy police arrest 40 mafia suspects for drug smuggling via Chinese money brokers"
6756:
6708:
6703:
6663:
6563:
6533:
6484:
3039:
2990:
904:
817:: Charter House Bank in Kenya was placed under statutory management in 2006 by the
704:
616:
564:
390:
329:
165:
56:
6013:"Standard Bank PLC fined £7.6m for failures in its anti-money laundering controls"
687:
estimated that 2–5% of the worldwide global economy involved laundered money. The
4845:
933:, the makers of Fortnite, responded by urging customers to secure their accounts.
63:, and converting the funds into a seemingly legitimate source, usually through a
6720:
6678:
6673:
6638:
6605:
6488:
6347:
4900:
4154:
2843:
2549:
2381:
2360:
1709:
1289:
1160:
1074:
1039:
1023:
1009:
964:
868:
825:
776:
604:
543:
459:
370:
314:
239:
217:
189:
158:
105:
3363:"How a Chinese American Gangster Transformed Money Laundering for Drug Cartels"
28:
7173:
6688:
6643:
6600:
6399:
6342:
6043:"Standard Chartered to Pay $ 330 Million to Settle Iran Money Transfer Claims"
5550:"UAE warned US it could end intelligence cooperation over 9/11 victims claims"
4831:
4804:
3882:"Tax amnesties turn HMRC into 'biggest money-laundering operation in history'"
3696:
3616:
3614:
3367:
3029:
2297:
2087:
1541:
1268:
930:
660:
535:
350:
129:
89:
52:
5899:
5348:
5048:
5013:
4697:
4495:
4220:
3747:
Has the Art Market Become an Unwitting Partner in Crime? (19 February 2017).
3704:
3475:
3344:
3224:
141:
While existing laws were used to fight money laundering during the period of
6610:
6538:
6498:
6479:
3011:
2780:
2696:
2171:
1982:
1919:
1856:
1154:
1148:
1057:
728:
462:: For example, those that legalize unreported assets and cash in tax havens.
427:
382:
260:
221:
154:
48:
5005:
3779:"UK warns of criminal sanctions evasion through artwork storage facilities"
747:, Contribution Laundering/Third-Party Transfers. Includes investigation of
6304:
5888:"Liberty Reserve Founder Indicted on $ 6 Billion Money-Laundering Charges"
5375:"Danske Bank pulls out of Russia, Baltics after money-laundering backlash"
5040:
4606:"Liberty Reserve founder indicted on $ 6 billion money-laundering charges"
3335:
3318:
6683:
6653:
6423:
5641:"FinCEN Files: UAE central bank failed to prevent Iran sanctions evasion"
4159:"As a trafficker pursued dreams of soccer glory, investigators closed in"
2885:
2738:
2717:
2633:
2528:
2486:
2276:
1898:
1646:
1625:
1520:
1457:
1436:
1310:
914:
882:
829:
804:
703:. Modern anti-money laundering laws have developed along with the modern
560:
450:
358:
60:
44:
5495:"Estonia investigates alleged Swedbank link to money laundering scandal"
4933:"Transaction laundering should be a top priority for regulators in 2018"
466:
front websites). Also known as "undisclosed aggregation" or "factoring".
6994:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
6595:
6493:
3432:
3400:
3263:"BNP Paribas Admits Guilt and Agrees to Pay $ 8.9 Billion Fine to U.S."
3167:
2948:
2654:
2570:
2339:
2318:
2129:
1961:
1940:
1835:
1793:
1751:
1730:
1688:
1604:
1562:
1394:
1331:
1247:
1226:
1205:
986:
918:
890:
885:
operatives" when the terrorist group was planning the execution of the
855:
794:
636:
623:
556:
397:
5524:
Deutsche Bank faces action over $ 20bn Russian money-laundering scheme
5274:"Danske Bank, Estonia – a technical review of the latest leak of data"
4394:(Report). United States Department of the Treasury. 2022. p. 26.
4028:"Exclusive: Fake online stores reveal gamblers' shadow banking system"
6923:
3654:"Organized Crime Module 1 Key Issues: Similarities & Differences"
2927:
2822:
2675:
2591:
2507:
2465:
2402:
2255:
2234:
2108:
2066:
1877:
1814:
1772:
1478:
1373:
1352:
863:
859:
773:
laundered through accounts controlled by bank executives, late 1990s.
516:
478:
474:
378:
374:
6106:"FROM RESPECTED ATTORNEY TO SUSPECTED RACKETEER: A LAWYER'S JOURNEY"
5435:"Estonia shuts Danske Bank branch at heart of money laundering saga"
4523:"Investors Sue Treasury Department for Blacklisting Crypto Platform"
4484:"Investors Sue Treasury Department for Blacklisting Crypto Platform"
3053:
Anti-money laundering framework for financial institutions in France
6316:
UNODC on money-laundering and countering the financing of terrorism
5827:"Vatican Bank reported to be facing money-laundering investigation"
5703:"How children playing Fortnite are helping to fuel organised crime"
3805:"Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment"
3565:
Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime: A – I, Volume 1
6883:
6543:
5465:"Swedbank May Have Handled More Than $ 4.3 Billion in Dirty Money"
4589:
2864:
2759:
2213:
2192:
2045:
2024:
1499:
1027:
958:
738:
584:
512:
117:
27:
5304:"Investigations into Danske Bank's Estonian branch | Danske Bank"
3396:"Italian drugs cartels conceal payments via Chinese shadow banks"
228:
system and required the reporting of all financial transactions.
6528:
6187:"Macau Tycoon Gets 4 Years in Prison for Bribing U.N. Diplomats"
5764:"Epic Games Responds to 'Fortnite' Money Laundering Accusations"
4670:
3938:"The Growing Threat of Transaction Laundering | Legal Solutions"
2423:
936:
213:
6372:
850:, involving secret Russian accounts that were transferred from
715:, and terrorist financing relating to where the money is going
595:
service which converted dollars into a digital currency called
3864:"Underground Economy Issues. Ontario Construction Secretariat"
3319:"Cryptocurrency Risks, Fraud Cases, and Financial Performance"
1068:
1060:, Singapore, Monaco, the Bahamas, the Vatican and Switzerland.
684:
531:
6368:
6363:
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
5794:"HSBC to Pay Record Fine to Settle Money-Laundering Charges"
3168:"Russian oligarchs in UK told to explain luxury lifestyles"
617:
convert money into virtual goods, services, or virtual cash
430:
where minimal records are kept, and then shipped back as a
6919:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
5926:"Secret Service busts $ 6 billion money laundering scheme"
5857:"U.S. accuses currency exchange of laundering $ 6 billion"
3998:"Transaction Laundering: Growing Fraud Risk for Merchants"
3749:"Has the Art Market Become an Unwitting Partner in Crime?"
3538:. United States Department of the Treasury. 30 June 2015.
3252:
3250:
846:
was accused in a vast money laundering scheme, dubbed the
622:
To avoid the usage of decentralized digital money such as
506:
maintainers tend to frustrate that intention. While some
5333:
Rubenfeld, Samuel; Chopping, Dominic (19 February 2019).
4089:"Transaction laundering and high-risk payment processors"
576:
requires mixers to register as money service businesses.
7116:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
5096:"FBI — Bank Guilty of Violating U.S. Economic Sanctions"
3461:"How Chinese networks clean dirty money on a vast scale"
112:. In the UK, it does not need to involve money, but any
6075:"AUSTRAC and Westpac agree to proposed $ 1.3bn penalty"
5404:
4124:"Cybercriminals launder money using in-game currencies"
3501:
3499:
3497:
216:, which was fined $ 1.9 billion in December 2012, and
6913:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
6872:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
5615:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
3838:"Fraudulent invoices the new trend in business scams"
1026:: The Chinese billionaire real estate developer from
909:
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
666:
The problem of such fraudulent encashment practices (
6854:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
5181:
Bagnoli, Lorenzo; Bodrero, Lorenzo (16 April 2015).
4552:
Network, Financial Crimes Enforcement (9 May 2019).
871:, which laundered €200bn, also from Russian sources.
7134:
7094:
7055:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
7045:
7036:
6829:
6783:
6774:
6729:
6631:
6472:
6463:
6442:
6406:
4791:Cassella, S.D. (2003). "Reverse money laundering".
477:, which accept funds from clients and hold them in
5548:
4963:"Online Payments-the Blind Spot in the AML Regime"
4267:Owen, Allison; Chase, Isabella (2 December 2021).
4122:
3719:
3507:
3459:
663:, engaged in reverse money laundering activities.
19:"Dirty money" redirects here. For other uses, see
5989:. Asset Recovery Knowledge Center. Archived from
5733:"Red Envelopes, Fortnite, Micro Money Laundering"
4698:"Bitcoin Island: cleaning up the crypto currency"
3585:National Drug Intelligence Center (August 2011).
5547:Malnick, Edward; Heighton, Luke (21 June 2017).
5183:"Charter House Bank: A Money Laundering Machine"
5122:"MAS directs BSI Bank to shut down in Singapore"
5064:"Bank of New York Settles Money Laundering Case"
4897:"Money Laundering - Financial Action Task Force"
901:, "the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks".
6348:International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
5672:"Criminals Are Using Fortnite to Launder Money"
5244:"Danske Handled $ 1T Plus In X-Border Payments"
689:Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
293:
238:have become the principal money launderers for
202:Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
149:legislation was only implemented in the 1980s.
123:As financial crime has become more complex and
7023:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
6890:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
6821:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
332:or less rigorous money laundering enforcement.
209:and enforcement has stepped up significantly.
6384:
4185:. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 141 f.
3622:"National Money Laundering Threat Assessment"
3142:Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
779:, in June 2014, pleaded guilty to falsifying
619:that can later be converted back into money.
8:
7126:United Nations Convention against Corruption
7106:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
4422:"Mixer Usage Reaches All-time Highs in 2022"
889:against the United States. In addition, the
259:Money obtained from certain crimes, such as
7164:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
6999:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
6843:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
4330:Quiroz-Gutierrez, Marco (4 February 2022).
4271:(Report). Royal United Services Institute.
4116:
4114:
3627:. December 2005. p. 33. Archived from
1103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
659:organization, and California State Senator
7042:
7011:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
6907:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
6780:
6469:
6391:
6377:
6369:
4269:NFTs: A New Frontier for Money Laundering?
1178:
832:: $ 30 billion – $ 230 billion US dollars
4758:International Federation of Accountants.
4588:
4521:Yaffe-Bellany, David (8 September 2022).
4482:Yaffe-Bellany, David (8 September 2022).
4246:. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 88.
3334:
1123:Learn how and when to remove this message
757:Bank of Credit and Commerce International
530:Apart from traditional cryptocurrencies,
102:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
16:Process of concealing the origin of money
6941:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
6327:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
6245:
6243:
5701:Cuthbertson, Anthony (13 January 2019).
4302:United States Department of the Treasury
1174:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
749:Gandhi Memorial International Foundation
589:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
6983:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
6848:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
5062:O'Brien, Timothy L. (9 November 2005).
3536:"History of Anti-Money Laundering Laws"
3138:"History of Anti-Money Laundering Laws"
3099:
3048:Anti-Money Laundering Act (Switzerland)
7071:Freedom of information laws by country
6988:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
6135:RASHBAUM, William K. (12 April 1996).
6116:from the original on 15 September 2017
5670:Evdokimova, Tamara (24 January 2019).
5621:from the original on 22 September 2020
6935:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
6877:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
6806:International Anti-Corruption Academy
6357:(INCSR), annual report issued by the
6228:from the original on 14 November 2013
5967:from the original on 18 November 2011
5837:from the original on 10 February 2021
5825:Josephine McKenna (7 December 2009).
5505:from the original on 20 February 2019
5475:from the original on 20 February 2019
5445:from the original on 20 February 2019
5415:from the original on 20 February 2019
5385:from the original on 20 February 2019
5355:from the original on 20 February 2019
5284:from the original on 13 February 2019
4994:Journal of International Economic Law
4739:from the original on 25 February 2021
4646:from the original on 17 December 2017
4342:from the original on 15 December 2022
4209:International Criminal Justice Review
4058:"G2 Transaction Laundering Detection"
3199:"A brief history of money laundering"
3178:from the original on 14 December 2020
834:laundered through its Estonian branch
7:
7154:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
7149:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
6930:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
6860:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
6216:Dunlap, David W. (13 January 1991).
6085:from the original on 27 January 2021
6055:from the original on 15 January 2013
6023:from the original on 23 January 2019
5936:from the original on 23 January 2019
5867:from the original on 23 January 2019
5806:from the original on 15 January 2013
5774:from the original on 17 January 2019
5762:Shanley, Patrick (16 January 2019).
5713:from the original on 14 January 2019
5561:from the original on 11 January 2022
5335:"Danske Bank to Shut Estonia Branch"
5254:from the original on 23 January 2019
4973:from the original on 10 January 2019
4943:from the original on 10 January 2019
4678:from the original on 27 January 2018
4616:from the original on 26 October 2013
4451:Team, Chainalysis (23 August 2022).
4368:from the original on 6 December 2022
4275:from the original on 16 January 2022
4135:from the original on 24 October 2013
3844:from the original on 28 October 2021
3542:from the original on 8 December 2016
3068:Danske Bank money laundering scandal
1101:adding citations to reliable sources
838:Danske Bank money laundering scandal
797:, in May 2017, was shut down by the
7076:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
6971:National Anticorruption Directorate
6965:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
4820:Journal of Money Laundering Control
4793:Journal of Money Laundering Control
4038:from the original on 9 January 2019
4008:from the original on 8 January 2019
3948:from the original on 8 January 2019
3685:Journal of Money Laundering Control
3664:from the original on 4 January 2023
3599:from the original on 6 October 2011
3361:; Berg, Kirsten (11 October 2022).
3112:The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
1016:. Jurado-Rodriguez specialized in "
943:Institute for the Works of Religion
925:may be used to purchase Fortnite's
341:such enterprises have little or no
6801:Group of States Against Corruption
6365:) on country money laundering risk
6164:. Gerald Duckworth & Company.
5682:from the original on 4 August 2023
5651:from the original on 24 March 2021
4564:from the original on 23 April 2023
4533:from the original on 23 April 2023
4502:from the original on 23 April 2023
4463:from the original on 23 April 2023
4453:"Crypto Mixers and AML Compliance"
4432:from the original on 23 April 2023
4420:Team, Chainalysis (14 July 2022).
4401:from the original on 13 April 2022
4311:from the original on 13 April 2022
3482:from the original on 23 April 2024
3225:"HSBC agrees $ 1.9bn US penalties"
999:Jose Franklin Jurado-Rodriguez, a
567:in the laundering of funds by the
14:
6977:Investigative Committee of Russia
6361:in March every year (prepared by
6359:United States Department of State
5743:from the original on 1 April 2019
5591:from the original on 30 July 2019
5314:from the original on 11 July 2018
5193:from the original on 17 July 2018
5152:"[2014] EWHC 2788 (Comm)"
5132:from the original on 29 July 2016
5076:from the original on 18 June 2024
4708:from the original on 9 April 2021
4121:Solon, Olivia (21 October 2013).
4087:raytodd2017 (17 September 2018).
3978:from the original on 14 July 2020
3587:"National Drug Threat Assessment"
3440:from the original on 14 July 2023
3408:from the original on 14 July 2023
3375:from the original on 14 July 2023
3272:from the original on 30 June 2014
591:. A common approach was to use a
289:United States Treasury Department
242:in Mexico, Italy, and elsewhere.
236:Chinese organized criminal groups
7169:Russian anti-corruption campaign
7159:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
7066:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
6303:
6197:from the original on 11 May 2020
6137:"HE ADMITS LAUNDERING DRUG CASH"
5906:from the original on 23 May 2018
5162:from the original on 9 July 2018
4876:from the original on 23 May 2018
4364:. Chainalysis. 2 February 2022.
3235:from the original on 7 July 2014
3197:Morris-Cotterill, Nigel (1999).
3148:from the original on 28 May 2024
3118:from the original on 15 May 2024
3032:
3004:
2983:
2962:
2941:
2920:
2899:
2878:
2857:
2836:
2815:
2794:
2773:
2752:
2731:
2710:
2689:
2668:
2647:
2626:
2605:
2584:
2563:
2542:
2521:
2500:
2479:
2458:
2437:
2416:
2395:
2374:
2353:
2332:
2311:
2290:
2269:
2248:
2227:
2206:
2185:
2164:
2143:
2122:
2101:
2080:
2059:
2038:
2017:
1996:
1975:
1954:
1933:
1912:
1891:
1870:
1849:
1828:
1807:
1786:
1765:
1744:
1723:
1702:
1681:
1660:
1639:
1618:
1597:
1576:
1555:
1534:
1513:
1492:
1471:
1450:
1429:
1408:
1387:
1366:
1345:
1324:
1303:
1282:
1261:
1240:
1219:
1198:
1073:
701:large scale criminal enterprises
469:Online job marketplaces such as
422:: Here, money is deposited in a
143:Prohibition in the United States
7005:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
6866:National Supervisory Commission
6332:Financial Market Integrity Unit
5955:Hitt, Jack (10 December 2000).
5405:"Finantsinspektsioon | Avaleht"
3759:from the original on 6 May 2018
3394:Parodi, Emilio (6 April 2023).
1032:United Nations General Assembly
799:Monetary Authority of Singapore
6953:Investigation Task Force Sweep
6947:National Accountability Bureau
6419:Corruption in local government
6407:Corruption in different fields
3942:store.legal.thomsonreuters.com
917:: In 2018, Cybersecurity firm
538:by creating several different
424:controlled foreign corporation
1:
7061:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
6959:Central Anticorruption Bureau
5441:. Reuters. 19 February 2019.
4895:Financial Action Task Force.
3803:Financial Action Task Force.
1048:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
7121:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
7111:International asset recovery
6895:Central Vigilance Commission
6450:Corruption Perceptions Index
6294:Resources in other libraries
6185:Chan, Sewell (11 May 2018).
907:: On 21 September 2020, The
145:during the 1930s, dedicated
21:Dirty Money (disambiguation)
7179:2017–2019 Romanian protests
6104:McGee, Jim (18 June 1995).
5886:Zetter, Kim (28 May 2013).
3108:"Money Laundering Offences"
3073:Financial Action Task Force
975:politically exposed persons
7255:
7184:2017–2018 Russian protests
6816:Transparency International
6791:Global Financial Integrity
5957:"The Billion Dollar Shack"
5242:PYMNTS (23 October 2018).
3722:Capitalism's Achilles Heel
2802:St. Vincent and Grenadines
923:stolen credit card details
647:
593:digital currency exchanger
494:
426:offshore, preferably in a
188:in 2001, which led to the
18:
7144:2011 Azerbaijani protests
6621:Offshore financial centre
6424:Interest group corruption
6289:Resources in your library
5537:. Retrieved 2 August 2019
5098:. Fbi.gov. Archived from
4832:10.1108/JMLC-10-2014-0039
4805:10.1108/13685200410809814
3697:10.1108/JMLC-01-2015-0002
3294:. AUSTRAC. Archived from
3259:Silver-Greenberg, Jessica
949:to several Italian banks.
432:foreign direct investment
7086:Whistleblower protection
6574:Cryptocurrency and crime
6337:13 November 2021 at the
4604:Zetter, Kim (May 2013).
4221:10.1177/1057567719827051
644:Reverse money laundering
497:Cryptocurrency and crime
491:Digital electronic money
6455:Economics of corruption
5581:"The Guantanamo Docket"
5557:. The Daily Telegraph.
5340:The Wall Street Journal
4851:13 October 2017 at the
4760:"Anti-Money Laundering"
3718:Baker, Raymond (2005).
895:Standard Chartered Bank
583:, a research fellow at
7081:UK Bribery Act of 2010
6837:Oficina Anticorrupción
6586:Noble cause corruption
6443:Measures of corruption
6353:15 August 2019 at the
5768:The Hollywood Reporter
3506:Reuter, Peter (2004).
3058:Azerbaijani laundromat
1416:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1014:Jose Santacruz Londono
899:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
752:
328:, that offers greater
298:
207:financial institutions
125:financial intelligence
33:
6811:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
6591:Professional courtesy
6554:Honest services fraud
6158:Kochan, Nick (2011).
6081:. 24 September 2020.
5647:. 20 September 2020.
5617:. 21 September 2020.
5041:10.1353/jod.2018.0001
4939:. 27 September 2017.
3783:National Crime Agency
3336:10.3390/risks11030051
3292:"AUSTRAC at a glance"
2613:Saint Kitts and Nevis
819:Central Bank of Kenya
742:
552:cryptocurrency mixers
403:National Crime Agency
175:money laundering laws
147:Anti-Money Laundering
31:
7239:Funding of terrorism
7219:Financial regulation
6775:Institutions dealing
6509:Conflict of interest
6434:Political corruption
6312:at Wikimedia Commons
5802:. 11 December 2012.
5529:18 June 2024 at the
5501:. 20 February 2019.
5471:. 20 February 2019.
5381:. 19 February 2019.
5029:Journal of Democracy
5006:10.1093/jiel/jgaa011
4304:. 2022. p. 27.
3870:on 16 December 2010.
3840:. Financial Review.
3561:Lawrence M. Salinger
3231:. 11 December 2012.
2970:United Arab Emirates
1097:improve this section
1044:oil-for-food program
887:11 September attacks
875:United Arab Emirates
745:United States Senate
743:1998 investigation,
186:11 September attacks
6616:Offshore investment
6325:: profile from the
6321:20 May 2011 at the
6161:The Washing Machine
6141:New York Daily News
6110:The Washington Post
6051:. 6 December 2012.
6019:. 23 January 2014.
5739:. 8 February 2019.
5280:. 15 October 2018.
4642:. 22 October 2017.
3888:on 28 November 2011
3510:Chasing Dirty Money
3205:on 24 February 2016
3174:. 3 February 2018.
3083:Operation Greenback
2907:Trinidad and Tobago
1005:Columbia University
709:terrorist financing
532:Non-Fungible Tokens
256:appear legitimate.
198:Group of Seven (G7)
194:terrorism financing
120:, and even states.
7017:Warioba Commission
6955:(Papua New Guinea)
6699:Regulatory capture
6504:Commercial bribery
6222:The New York Times
6191:The New York Times
6048:The New York Times
5961:The New York Times
5799:The New York Times
5585:The New York Times
5223:on 23 January 2019
5069:The New York Times
4727:Bharathan, Vipin.
4527:The New York Times
4488:The New York Times
3972:www.thepaypers.com
3753:The New York Times
3634:on 17 October 2010
3359:Rotella, Sebastian
3266:The New York Times
1668:Dominican Republic
981:Standard Chartered
879:Dubai Islamic Bank
815:Charter House Bank
787:, having violated
753:
615:it is possible to
445:gambling winnings.
347:parking structures
164:In the 1980s, the
65:front organization
34:
7214:Commercial crimes
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7032:
7031:
6770:
6769:
6747:Election security
6694:Political scandal
6429:Police corruption
6308:Media related to
6275:Library resources
5932:. 25 March 2015.
4967:Finextra Research
4704:. 23 April 2015.
4674:. 3 August 2017.
4253:978-3-11-071688-7
4192:978-3-11-071688-7
4099:on 9 January 2019
4068:on 8 January 2019
4004:. 26 April 2018.
3521:978-0-88132-370-2
3470:. 22 April 2024.
3298:on 28 August 2016
3023:
3022:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1036:John William Ashe
848:Global Laundromat
721:persona non grata
611:World of Warcraft
317:: Often known as
287:According to the
273:human trafficking
200:nations used the
7246:
7209:Money laundering
7043:
6781:
6762:Vote suppression
6649:Crony capitalism
6579:Hawala and crime
6569:Money laundering
6549:Graft (politics)
6529:Confidence trick
6470:
6464:Forms or aspects
6393:
6386:
6379:
6370:
6310:Money laundering
6307:
6280:Money laundering
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6247:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6147:on 3 April 2019.
6143:. Archived from
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5552:
5544:
5538:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5278:GrahamBarrow.com
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5219:. Archived from
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4969:. 17 July 2017.
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4899:. Archived from
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4862:
4856:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:on 28 March 2014
4771:
4765:. Archived from
4764:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4157:(18 July 2024).
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4095:. Archived from
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4064:. Archived from
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4034:. 22 June 2017.
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3914:. Archived from
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3884:. Archived from
3878:
3872:
3871:
3866:. Archived from
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3810:. Archived from
3809:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3576:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3513:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3261:(30 June 2014).
3254:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3201:. Archived from
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3104:
3063:Bank Secrecy Act
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1187:laundering cases
1179:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1077:
1069:
1054:Ferdinand Marcos
927:in-game currency
921:discovered that
809:Mukhtar Ablyazov
781:business records
763:Bank of New York
650:Hawala and crime
581:Jean-Loup Richet
508:cryptocurrencies
503:electronic money
277:illegal gambling
269:drug trafficking
179:burdens of proof
110:false accounting
41:drug trafficking
37:Money laundering
7254:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7234:Organized crime
7199:
7198:
7197:
7188:
7136:
7130:
7098:
7096:
7090:
7047:
7038:Anti-corruption
7028:
6825:
6777:with corruption
6776:
6766:
6742:Electoral fraud
6737:Ballot stuffing
6725:
6627:
6465:
6459:
6438:
6414:Corporate crime
6402:
6397:
6355:Wayback Machine
6339:Wayback Machine
6323:Wayback Machine
6300:
6299:
6298:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6266:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6119:
6117:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6088:
6086:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6011:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5863:. 29 May 2013.
5855:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5807:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5707:The Independent
5700:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5587:. 18 May 2021.
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5531:Wayback Machine
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5476:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5411:(in Estonian).
5403:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5102:on 15 July 2014
5094:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5026:
5025:
5021:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4937:Financial Times
4931:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4853:Wayback Machine
4843:
4839:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4164:Washington Post
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4062:G2 Web Services
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3918:on 1 April 2019
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3817:on 26 July 2011
3814:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3436:. 30 May 2023.
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3078:Gold laundering
3038:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3005:
3003:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2961:
2942:
2940:
2921:
2919:
2900:
2898:
2879:
2877:
2858:
2856:
2837:
2835:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2772:
2753:
2751:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2709:
2690:
2688:
2669:
2667:
2648:
2646:
2627:
2625:
2606:
2604:
2585:
2583:
2564:
2562:
2543:
2541:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2499:
2480:
2478:
2459:
2457:
2438:
2436:
2417:
2415:
2396:
2394:
2375:
2373:
2354:
2352:
2333:
2331:
2312:
2310:
2291:
2289:
2270:
2268:
2249:
2247:
2228:
2226:
2207:
2205:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2163:
2144:
2142:
2123:
2121:
2102:
2100:
2081:
2079:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2037:
2018:
2016:
1997:
1995:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1953:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1911:
1892:
1890:
1871:
1869:
1850:
1848:
1829:
1827:
1808:
1806:
1787:
1785:
1766:
1764:
1745:
1743:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1701:
1682:
1680:
1661:
1659:
1640:
1638:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1596:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1554:
1535:
1533:
1514:
1512:
1493:
1491:
1472:
1470:
1451:
1449:
1430:
1428:
1409:
1407:
1388:
1386:
1367:
1365:
1346:
1344:
1325:
1323:
1304:
1302:
1283:
1281:
1262:
1260:
1241:
1239:
1220:
1218:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1170:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1094:
1078:
1067:
1065:Laws by country
1001:Harvard College
996:
953:Liberty Reserve
737:
681:
652:
646:
597:Liberty Reserve
525:ring signatures
499:
493:
409:Shell companies
338:corporate crime
308:
306:List of methods
303:
265:insider trading
253:
248:
151:Organized crime
139:
98:organized crime
75:organized crime
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7252:
7250:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7051:
7049:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6840:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6796:Global Witness
6793:
6787:
6785:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6752:Gerrymandering
6749:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6669:Ghost soldiers
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6345:
6329:
6313:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:External links
6267:
6264:
6263:
6239:
6208:
6177:
6170:
6150:
6127:
6096:
6066:
6034:
6004:
5978:
5947:
5917:
5878:
5848:
5817:
5785:
5754:
5724:
5693:
5662:
5632:
5602:
5572:
5539:
5516:
5486:
5456:
5426:
5396:
5366:
5325:
5308:danskebank.com
5295:
5265:
5234:
5204:
5173:
5143:
5126:www.mas.gov.sg
5113:
5087:
5054:
5019:
5000:(2): 509–533.
4984:
4954:
4924:
4914:
4903:on 23 May 2018
4887:
4857:
4837:
4826:(2): 202–221.
4810:
4783:
4750:
4719:
4689:
4657:
4627:
4596:
4575:
4544:
4513:
4474:
4443:
4412:
4379:
4353:
4322:
4286:
4259:
4252:
4234:
4198:
4191:
4173:
4146:
4110:
4079:
4049:
4019:
3989:
3959:
3929:
3899:
3873:
3855:
3828:
3795:
3770:
3739:
3732:
3710:
3691:(4): 513–524.
3675:
3645:
3610:
3592:. p. 40.
3577:
3553:
3527:
3520:
3493:
3451:
3419:
3386:
3350:
3309:
3283:
3257:Protess, Ben;
3246:
3216:
3189:
3159:
3129:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3088:Sven Stumbauer
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:Czech Republic
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1185:Reported money
1183:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1137:United Kingdom
1131:
1130:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1021:
995:
992:
991:
990:
984:
978:
968:
962:
956:
950:
940:
934:
912:
902:
872:
852:European Union
841:
823:
812:
802:
792:
789:U.S. sanctions
774:
771:capital flight
760:
736:
733:
680:
677:
673:shadow economy
657:Chee Kung Tong
645:
642:
550:Additionally,
492:
489:
488:
487:
483:
471:Freelancer.com
467:
463:
457:
454:
446:
442:
439:
435:
420:Round-tripping
417:
406:
394:
387:movie theaters
355:tanning salons
343:variable costs
333:
322:
307:
304:
302:
299:
252:
249:
247:
244:
138:
135:
132:
86:United Kingdom
43:, underground
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7251:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7095:International
7093:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7001:(South Korea)
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:International
6782:
6779:
6773:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6716:State capture
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6659:Elite capture
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:of corruption
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6268:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6209:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6178:
6173:
6171:9780715642030
6167:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6128:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6097:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6035:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6005:
5993:on 2 May 2013
5992:
5988:
5987:"Sani Abacha"
5982:
5979:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5948:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5879:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5755:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5694:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5663:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5560:
5556:
5555:The Telegraph
5551:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5474:
5470:
5469:Bloomberg.com
5466:
5460:
5457:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5326:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5235:
5222:
5218:
5217:www.acfcs.org
5214:
5208:
5205:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4985:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3917:
3913:
3912:www.acfcs.org
3909:
3903:
3900:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3843:
3839:
3836:Burton, Tom.
3832:
3829:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3733:9780471644880
3729:
3724:
3723:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3663:
3659:
3658:www.unodc.org
3655:
3649:
3646:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:0-7619-3004-3
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:The Economist
3462:
3455:
3452:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Liechtenstein
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:United States
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:This section
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:Standard Bank
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Deutsche Bank
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
800:
796:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
765:: US$ 7
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:
750:
746:
741:
735:Notable cases
734:
732:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
692:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
669:
664:
662:
658:
651:
643:
641:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
618:
614:
612:
607:
606:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
570:
569:Lazarus Group
566:
562:
558:
553:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
521:privacy coins
518:
514:
509:
504:
498:
490:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
460:Tax amnesties
458:
455:
452:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
415:
410:
407:
404:
399:
395:
392:
391:beach resorts
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
334:
331:
327:
326:offshore bank
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
305:
300:
297:
292:
290:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
250:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
131:
128:
126:
121:
119:
115:
114:economic good
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
82:United States
78:
76:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
22:
6926:(Madagascar)
6850:(Bangladesh)
6757:Vote pairing
6709:Rent-setting
6704:Rent-seeking
6664:Failed state
6568:
6564:Match fixing
6534:Embezzlement
6513:Corporation
6485:Black market
6279:
6254:. Retrieved
6230:. Retrieved
6221:
6211:
6199:. Retrieved
6190:
6180:
6160:
6153:
6145:the original
6140:
6130:
6120:11 September
6118:. Retrieved
6109:
6099:
6087:. Retrieved
6078:
6069:
6057:. Retrieved
6046:
6037:
6025:. Retrieved
6016:
6007:
5995:. Retrieved
5991:the original
5981:
5969:. Retrieved
5960:
5950:
5938:. Retrieved
5929:
5920:
5908:. Retrieved
5891:
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5860:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5830:
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5767:
5757:
5745:. Retrieved
5736:
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5706:
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5675:
5665:
5655:21 September
5653:. Retrieved
5644:
5635:
5625:21 September
5623:. Retrieved
5614:
5605:
5593:. Retrieved
5584:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5554:
5542:
5535:The Guardian
5534:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5498:
5489:
5477:. Retrieved
5468:
5459:
5447:. Retrieved
5438:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5408:
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5378:
5369:
5357:. Retrieved
5338:
5328:
5316:. Retrieved
5307:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5277:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5247:
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5221:the original
5216:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5186:
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5155:
5146:
5134:. Retrieved
5125:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5100:the original
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5067:
5057:
5035:(1): 20–24.
5032:
5028:
5022:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4975:. Retrieved
4966:
4957:
4945:. Retrieved
4936:
4927:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4901:the original
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4869:
4860:
4840:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4799:(1): 92–94.
4796:
4792:
4786:
4774:. Retrieved
4767:the original
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4732:
4722:
4710:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4669:
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4639:
4630:
4618:. Retrieved
4609:
4599:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4557:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4526:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4487:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4456:
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4425:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4356:
4344:. Retrieved
4335:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4262:
4243:
4237:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4182:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4155:Sieff, Kevin
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4128:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:the original
4093:raytodd.blog
4092:
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4066:the original
4061:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4031:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
4002:ThreatMetrix
4001:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3971:
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3941:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:the original
3911:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:the original
3876:
3868:the original
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3812:the original
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3752:
3742:
3721:
3713:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3629:the original
3603:20 September
3601:. Retrieved
3580:
3564:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3530:
3514:. Peterson.
3509:
3484:. Retrieved
3465:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3431:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3399:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3366:
3353:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3265:
3237:. Retrieved
3228:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3141:
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3040:Money portal
2991:Vatican City
1171:
1119:
1110:
1095:Please help
1083:
905:FinCEN Files
725:
720:
716:
712:
705:War on Drugs
693:
682:
667:
665:
653:
621:
609:
603:
601:
578:
565:Tornado Cash
549:
536:Wash Trading
529:
520:
500:
413:
379:barber shops
330:bank secrecy
318:
309:
294:
286:
282:
258:
254:
240:drug cartels
234:
230:
211:
183:
166:war on drugs
163:
140:
122:
95:
79:
72:
69:
57:embezzlement
36:
35:
25:
7224:Tax evasion
7099:and efforts
7097:instruments
7048:enforcement
6990:(Singapore)
6903:(Indonesia)
6839:(Argentina)
6721:State crime
6679:Mafia state
6674:Kleptocracy
6639:Clientelism
6606:Tax evasion
6489:Grey market
6089:31 December
5509:20 February
5479:20 February
5449:20 February
5419:20 February
5389:20 February
5359:20 February
5288:12 February
4743:17 February
4712:17 February
4682:18 December
4650:18 December
4457:Chainalysis
4426:Chainalysis
3668:18 December
3567:, page 78,
3209:17 February
3182:17 February
2844:Switzerland
2550:Puerto Rico
2382:New Zealand
2361:Netherlands
1710:El Salvador
1189:per 100,000
1161:Switzerland
1040:Yiping Zhou
1024:Ng Lap Seng
1010:Cali Cartel
994:Individuals
965:Sani Abacha
869:Danske Bank
826:Danske Bank
777:BNP Paribas
769:of Russian
605:Second Life
544:Chainalysis
519:― known as
501:In theory,
486:merchandise
371:restaurants
351:strip clubs
315:Structuring
224:set up the
218:BNP Paribas
190:Patriot Act
170:drug crimes
159:tax evasion
106:tax evasion
7203:Categories
7174:Yo Soy 132
7019:(Tanzania)
6949:(Pakistan)
6862:(Cameroon)
6689:Plutocracy
6644:Coronelism
6601:Slush fund
6400:Corruption
6343:World Bank
6059:24 January
6027:23 January
5940:23 January
5910:23 January
5871:23 January
5810:24 January
5778:21 January
5747:8 February
5737:PYMNTS.com
5717:21 January
5318:8 February
5258:23 January
5248:PYMNTS.com
5227:23 January
5136:23 January
4977:10 January
4947:10 January
4907:26 October
4620:20 October
4558:fincen.gov
4405:12 January
4372:12 January
4346:12 January
4315:12 January
4300:(Report).
4279:12 January
4215:(3): 334.
4139:22 October
3848:28 October
3368:ProPublica
3094:References
2298:Montenegro
2088:Kyrgyzstan
1542:Costa Rica
1269:Azerbaijan
1168:Statistics
931:Epic Games
893:branch of
822:uncovered.
785:conspiracy
727:can erode
668:obnalichka
661:Leland Yee
648:See also:
495:See also:
383:DVD stores
359:car washes
251:Definition
130:ipso facto
90:common law
53:corruption
7229:Cover-ups
7137:movements
7057:(pending)
7025:(Vietnam)
7013:(Ukraine)
6973:(Romania)
6967:(Romania)
6943:(Nigeria)
6937:(Myanmar)
6915:(Liberia)
6886:(Croatia)
6856:(Burundi)
6730:Elections
6611:Tax haven
6539:Extortion
6499:Collusion
6480:Baksheesh
6256:17 August
5900:1059-1028
5831:The Times
5409:www.fi.ee
5349:0099-9660
5197:2 October
5187:CORRECTIV
5049:1086-3214
5014:1369-3034
4590:1310.2368
4496:0362-4331
4229:150755683
4103:8 January
4072:8 January
4042:8 January
4012:8 January
3982:9 January
3952:8 January
3922:8 January
3726:. Wiley.
3705:1368-5201
3476:0013-0613
3345:2227-9091
3329:(3): 51.
3302:18 August
3239:5 October
3012:Venezuela
2781:Sri Lanka
2697:Singapore
2445:Palestine
2172:Lithuania
1983:Indonesia
1920:Hong Kong
1857:Guatemala
1155:Singapore
1149:Australia
1113:June 2024
1084:does not
1058:Hong Kong
854:banks in
729:democracy
679:Magnitude
579:In 2013,
438:scrutiny.
428:tax haven
261:extortion
222:Australia
155:Al Capone
88:law, the
49:terrorism
7046:Laws and
6979:(Russia)
6961:(Poland)
6909:(Latvia)
6868:(China)
6830:National
6684:Nepotism
6654:Cronyism
6559:Kickback
6351:Archived
6335:Archived
6319:Archived
6226:Archived
6195:Archived
6114:Archived
6083:Archived
6053:Archived
6021:Archived
5965:Archived
5934:Archived
5930:Fox News
5904:Archived
5865:Archived
5835:Archived
5804:Archived
5772:Archived
5741:Archived
5711:Archived
5686:4 August
5680:Archived
5649:Archived
5645:BBC News
5619:Archived
5589:Archived
5559:Archived
5527:Archived
5503:Archived
5473:Archived
5443:Archived
5413:Archived
5383:Archived
5353:Archived
5312:Archived
5282:Archived
5252:Archived
5191:Archived
5160:Archived
5130:Archived
5074:Archived
4971:Archived
4941:Archived
4874:Archived
4849:Archived
4776:27 March
4737:Archived
4706:Archived
4702:BBC News
4676:Archived
4644:Archived
4640:ABC News
4614:Archived
4568:22 April
4562:Archived
4537:22 April
4531:Archived
4506:23 April
4500:Archived
4467:23 April
4461:Archived
4436:23 April
4430:Archived
4396:Archived
4366:Archived
4340:Archived
4306:Archived
4273:Archived
4133:Archived
4036:Archived
4006:Archived
3976:Archived
3946:Archived
3842:Archived
3757:Archived
3662:Archived
3594:Archived
3540:Archived
3486:23 April
3480:Archived
3438:Archived
3406:Archived
3373:Archived
3270:Archived
3233:Archived
3229:BBC News
3176:Archived
3172:BBC News
3146:Archived
3116:Archived
3026:See also
2886:Thailand
2739:Slovenia
2718:Slovakia
2634:Scotland
2529:Portugal
2487:Paraguay
2277:Mongolia
1899:Honduras
1647:Dominica
1626:Djibouti
1521:Colombia
1458:Bulgaria
1437:Botswana
1311:Barbados
1018:smurfing
1012:kingpin
915:Fortnite
883:al-Qaeda
830:Swedbank
805:BTA Bank
795:BSI Bank
696:billions
561:Ethereum
451:vigorish
398:invoices
319:smurfing
246:Features
61:gambling
45:sex work
7135:Protest
7007:(Spain)
6897:(India)
6596:Scandal
6494:Bribery
6473:General
6341:of the
6232:12 June
6079:AUSTRAC
5997:3 March
5971:3 March
5861:Reuters
5841:12 June
5595:25 July
5565:21 June
5499:Reuters
5379:Reuters
5166:31 July
5106:14 July
5080:3 March
4880:2 March
4336:Fortune
4032:Reuters
3892:14 June
3821:3 March
3788:14 July
3638:3 March
3575:, 2005.
3546:30 June
3444:14 July
3433:Reuters
3412:14 July
3401:Reuters
3379:13 July
2949:Ukraine
2655:Senegal
2571:Romania
2340:Myanmar
2319:Morocco
2130:Lebanon
2004:Ireland
1962:Iceland
1941:Hungary
1836:Grenada
1794:Germany
1752:Finland
1731:Estonia
1689:Ecuador
1605:Denmark
1563:Croatia
1395:Bolivia
1332:Belgium
1290:Bahamas
1248:Austria
1227:Armenia
1206:Albania
1182:Country
1105:removed
1090:sources
987:Westpac
977:(PEPs).
919:Sixgill
891:Sharjah
856:Estonia
767:billion
637:Bitcoin
624:Bitcoin
557:Bitcoin
540:wallets
414:rathole
401:to the
375:casinos
363:arcades
301:Methods
226:AUSTRAC
137:History
6924:BIANCO
6277:about
6168:
5898:
5347:
5156:BAILII
5047:
5012:
4844:EAG. "
4733:Forbes
4494:
4250:
4227:
4189:
3730:
3703:
3571:
3518:
3474:
3343:
3276:1 July
3152:15 May
3122:15 May
3010:
2989:
2968:
2947:
2928:Turkey
2926:
2905:
2884:
2863:
2842:
2823:Sweden
2821:
2800:
2779:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2695:
2676:Serbia
2674:
2653:
2632:
2611:
2592:Russia
2590:
2569:
2548:
2527:
2508:Poland
2506:
2485:
2466:Panama
2464:
2443:
2422:
2403:Norway
2401:
2380:
2359:
2338:
2317:
2296:
2275:
2256:Monaco
2254:
2235:Mexico
2233:
2212:
2191:
2170:
2149:
2128:
2109:Latvia
2107:
2086:
2067:Kosovo
2065:
2044:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1960:
1939:
1918:
1897:
1878:Guyana
1876:
1855:
1834:
1815:Greece
1813:
1792:
1773:France
1771:
1750:
1729:
1708:
1687:
1666:
1645:
1624:
1603:
1582:
1561:
1540:
1519:
1498:
1479:Canada
1477:
1456:
1435:
1414:
1393:
1374:Bhutan
1372:
1353:Belize
1351:
1330:
1309:
1288:
1267:
1246:
1225:
1204:
864:Cyprus
860:Latvia
574:FinCEN
517:Monero
482:funds.
479:escrow
475:Fiverr
389:, and
275:, and
196:. The
59:, and
6884:USKOK
6632:State
6544:Fraud
6522:Shell
6517:Dummy
6201:5 May
5892:Wired
5676:Slate
4922:1994.
4770:(PDF)
4763:(PDF)
4610:Wired
4585:arXiv
4399:(PDF)
4392:(PDF)
4309:(PDF)
4298:(PDF)
4225:S2CID
4129:Wired
3815:(PDF)
3808:(PDF)
3763:5 May
3632:(PDF)
3625:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
3590:(PDF)
3323:Risks
3019:2018
2998:2022
2977:2022
2956:2020
2935:2014
2914:2020
2893:2022
2872:2018
2865:Syria
2851:2022
2830:2022
2827:141.8
2809:2022
2788:2018
2767:2022
2760:Spain
2746:2022
2725:2022
2704:2022
2683:2022
2662:2016
2641:2018
2620:2022
2599:2020
2578:2022
2557:2017
2536:2022
2515:2022
2494:2022
2473:2022
2452:2022
2431:2022
2410:2022
2389:2018
2368:2022
2347:2022
2326:2022
2305:2022
2284:2020
2263:2016
2260:126.8
2242:2022
2221:2022
2214:Malta
2200:2022
2193:Macau
2179:2022
2158:2022
2155:178.0
2137:2015
2116:2022
2095:2017
2074:2020
2053:2022
2046:Japan
2032:2022
2025:Italy
2011:2022
1990:2016
1969:2022
1948:2022
1927:2022
1906:2018
1885:2022
1864:2020
1843:2022
1822:2022
1801:2022
1780:2022
1759:2022
1738:2022
1717:2022
1696:2022
1675:2016
1654:2022
1633:2018
1612:2022
1609:100.4
1591:2022
1570:2022
1549:2022
1528:2022
1507:2022
1500:Chile
1486:2022
1465:2022
1444:2020
1423:2022
1402:2022
1381:2020
1360:2020
1339:2020
1318:2022
1297:2022
1276:2020
1255:2022
1234:2018
1213:2022
1192:Year
1028:Macau
959:Nauru
585:ESSEC
513:ZCash
118:Mafia
6258:2024
6234:2010
6203:2020
6166:ISBN
6122:2017
6091:2020
6061:2013
6029:2019
5999:2011
5973:2011
5942:2019
5912:2019
5896:ISSN
5873:2019
5843:2010
5812:2013
5780:2019
5749:2019
5719:2019
5688:2023
5657:2020
5627:2020
5597:2019
5567:2017
5511:2019
5481:2019
5451:2019
5439:CNBC
5421:2019
5391:2019
5361:2019
5345:ISSN
5320:2019
5290:2019
5260:2019
5229:2019
5199:2017
5168:2018
5138:2019
5108:2014
5082:2011
5045:ISSN
5010:ISSN
4979:2019
4949:2019
4909:2018
4882:2018
4778:2014
4745:2021
4714:2021
4684:2017
4671:CNBC
4652:2017
4622:2013
4570:2023
4539:2023
4508:2023
4492:ISSN
4469:2023
4438:2023
4407:2023
4386:Cf.
4374:2023
4348:2023
4317:2023
4281:2023
4248:ISBN
4205:Cf.
4187:ISBN
4141:2013
4105:2019
4074:2019
4044:2019
4014:2019
3984:2019
3954:2019
3924:2019
3894:2013
3850:2021
3823:2011
3790:2024
3765:2018
3728:ISBN
3701:ISSN
3670:2022
3640:2011
3605:2011
3569:ISBN
3548:2015
3516:ISBN
3488:2024
3472:ISSN
3446:2023
3414:2023
3381:2023
3341:ISSN
3304:2016
3278:2014
3241:2020
3211:2016
3184:2021
3154:2024
3124:2024
2848:42.9
2424:Oman
2386:29.7
2218:24.4
2113:25.2
2008:10.8
1966:41.8
1924:13.5
1840:32.7
1798:27.1
1756:16.7
1336:47.8
1210:16.7
1088:any
1086:cite
1003:and
937:HSBC
862:and
783:and
713:from
608:and
559:and
515:and
473:and
367:bars
214:HSBC
184:The
6901:KPK
6017:FCA
5037:doi
5002:doi
4870:IMF
4828:doi
4801:doi
4217:doi
3693:doi
3331:doi
3016:2.0
2995:0.0
2974:3.8
2953:0.4
2932:1.4
2911:0.8
2890:0.2
2869:0.0
2806:0.0
2785:0.1
2764:0.9
2743:4.4
2722:2.2
2701:1.7
2680:2.5
2659:0.1
2638:1.4
2617:6.3
2596:1.6
2575:1.6
2554:2.8
2533:0.5
2512:2.6
2491:0.8
2470:1.8
2449:0.3
2428:0.2
2407:3.5
2365:8.7
2344:0.0
2323:1.3
2302:0.3
2281:0.8
2239:0.4
2197:4.3
2176:1.4
2134:0.6
2092:0.1
2071:0.2
2050:0.6
2029:2.6
1987:0.1
1945:5.3
1903:0.0
1882:0.0
1861:2.2
1819:1.2
1777:4.5
1735:1.5
1714:0.4
1693:0.3
1672:0.1
1651:0.0
1630:0.0
1588:6.6
1567:2.0
1546:4.5
1525:0.5
1504:0.0
1483:0.7
1462:0.6
1441:0.7
1420:3.5
1399:0.9
1378:0.0
1357:0.0
1315:2.8
1294:4.9
1273:0.0
1252:8.4
1231:0.3
1099:by
947:IOR
685:IMF
633:KYC
629:Tor
157:on
108:or
80:In
67:.
7205::
6487:/
6242:^
6224:.
6220:.
6193:.
6189:.
6139:.
6112:.
6108:.
6077:.
6045:.
6015:.
5963:.
5959:.
5928:.
5902:.
5894:.
5890:.
5859:.
5833:.
5829:.
5796:.
5770:.
5766:.
5735:.
5709:.
5705:.
5678:.
5674:.
5643:.
5613:.
5583:.
5553:.
5533:.
5497:.
5467:.
5437:.
5407:.
5377:.
5351:.
5343:.
5337:.
5310:.
5306:.
5276:.
5250:.
5246:.
5215:.
5189:.
5185:.
5158:.
5154:.
5128:.
5124:.
5072:.
5066:.
5043:.
5033:29
5031:.
5008:.
4998:23
4996:.
4965:.
4935:.
4872:.
4868:.
4824:18
4822:.
4795:.
4735:.
4731:.
4700:.
4668:.
4638:.
4612:.
4608:.
4560:.
4556:.
4529:.
4525:.
4498:.
4490:.
4486:.
4459:.
4455:.
4428:.
4424:.
4338:.
4334:.
4223:.
4213:30
4211:.
4167:.
4161:.
4131:.
4127:.
4113:^
4091:.
4060:.
4030:.
4000:.
3974:.
3970:.
3944:.
3940:.
3910:.
3781:.
3755:.
3751:.
3699:.
3689:18
3687:.
3660:.
3656:.
3613:^
3563:,
3496:^
3478:.
3464:.
3430:.
3404:.
3398:.
3371:.
3365:.
3339:.
3327:11
3325:.
3321:.
3268:.
3249:^
3227:.
3170:.
3144:.
3140:.
3114:.
3110:.
1034:,
1020:".
877:'
858:,
828:+
731:.
723:.
717:to
675:.
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
291::
271:,
267:,
263:,
77:.
55:,
51:,
47:,
6392:e
6385:t
6378:v
6260:.
6236:.
6205:.
6174:.
6124:.
6093:.
6063:.
6031:.
6001:.
5975:.
5944:.
5914:.
5875:.
5845:.
5814:.
5782:.
5751:.
5721:.
5690:.
5659:.
5629:.
5599:.
5569:.
5513:.
5483:.
5453:.
5423:.
5393:.
5363:.
5322:.
5292:.
5262:.
5231:.
5201:.
5170:.
5140:.
5110:.
5084:.
5051:.
5039::
5016:.
5004::
4981:.
4951:.
4911:.
4884:.
4834:.
4830::
4807:.
4803::
4797:7
4780:.
4747:.
4716:.
4686:.
4654:.
4624:.
4593:.
4587::
4572:.
4541:.
4510:.
4471:.
4440:.
4409:.
4376:.
4350:.
4319:.
4283:.
4256:.
4231:.
4219::
4195:.
4143:.
4107:.
4076:.
4046:.
4016:.
3986:.
3956:.
3926:.
3896:.
3852:.
3825:.
3792:.
3767:.
3736:.
3707:.
3695::
3672:.
3642:.
3607:.
3550:.
3524:.
3490:.
3448:.
3416:.
3383:.
3347:.
3333::
3306:.
3280:.
3243:.
3213:.
3186:.
3156:.
3126:.
1126:)
1120:(
1115:)
1111:(
1107:.
1093:.
840:.
811:.
751:.
613:,
393:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
