1481:
67:
1470:, seized the caravan's goods and executed its members on charges of espionage. The validity of the accusations has been debated, as has the Shah's involvement; it is certain, though, that he rejected the Khan's subsequent demands that Inalchuq be punished, going so far as to kill one Mongol envoy and humiliate the other two. This was seen as a grave affront to the Khan himself, who considered ambassadors "as sacred and inviolable" as the Great Khan himself. He abandoned his war against the Jin, leaving only a small army to pursue it, and gathered as many men as possible to invade Khwarazmia.
1655:
61:
2061:. Only her sons were counted as Genghis's "official" sons and successors, rather than those conceived by the Khan's 500 or so other "wives and consorts". But Jochi had been conceived in controversy; in the early days of the Khan's rise to power, Börte was captured and raped while she was held prisoner. Jochi was born nine months later. While Genghis Khan chose to acknowledge him as his oldest son (primarily due to his love for Börte, whom he would have had to reject had he rejected her child), questions had always existed over Jochi's true parentage.
1733:
2255:
1346:
2190:, and on the seventh day, he assaulted the city. However, the garrison beat back the assault and launched their own counter-attack against the Mongols. The garrison force was similarly forced back into the city. The next day, the city's governor surrendered the city on Tolui's promise that the lives of the citizens would be spared. As soon as the city was handed over, however, Tolui slaughtered almost every person who surrendered, in a massacre possibly on a greater scale than that at
1901:, and probably prevented the senior commanders from unifying their forces. Genghis then compounded the damage by repeatedly issuing bogus decrees in the name of either Terken Khatun or Shah Muhammad, further tangling up the already divided Khwarazmian command structure. As a result of the Mongol strategic initiative, speedy manoeuvres, and psychological strategies, all the Khwarazmian generals, including the Queen Mother, kept their forces as a garrison and were defeated in turn.
464:
456:
445:
3101:: "Official" Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) P.127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and
2017:
3947:
pursuing a defensive strategy, aware of the effectiveness of the adversary. The flight to inaccessible places could have been a boost for his troops as they were indigenous, while perhaps he hoped that the
Mongols did not have this knowledge. After running through a quite extensive territory, he arrived near Amid (Diyarbakir) where he died under strange circumstances in August 1231.
1565:, allowing it to separate and coalesce at will. As for the Khwarazmians, there is no similarly reliable contemporary source; Sverdrup, taking the proportional exaggeration of the Muslim forces as equal to that of the Mongols, has estimated a total of around 40,000 soldiers, excluding certain town militias. Mclynn however provides a much greater figure of 200,000.
2569:
1849:
exempted from massacre during the conquests and instead entered into lifelong service as slaves. Thus, when the citadel was taken survivors were executed with the exception of artisans and craftsmen, who were sent back to
Mongolia. Young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into
1935:, and the joint Mongol forces launched an assault on the city. The Mongols attacked using prisoners as body shields. On the third day of fighting, the Samarkand garrison launched a counterattack. Feigning retreat, Genghis drew approximately half of the garrison outside the fortifications of Samarkand and slaughtered them in open combat.
1771:
2592:, Genghis officially selected Ögedei to be his successor, and he also ruled that future khans would be the direct descendants of previous rulers. Despite Genghis's establishment of this practice, the four sons would eventually come to blows, and those blows revealed the instability of the khanate that Genghis had created.
1239:
of the Qara-Khitai, but in practice, due to their large population and extent, they were allowed to operate almost autonomously.Of these two major vassals, the
Qarakhanids were by far the more prestigious; they had ruled in the area for two centuries, and controlled many of the richest cities in the
3946:
The new Khan Ögedei decided to complete the conquest of
Khorazm and entrusted the general Chormaghun (fl. 1221–1241) with three tümen to accomplish the task. The Mongol army arrived in Khorasan in the winter between 1230 and the following year. Jalal ud-Din heard the news and fled. He was probably
2186:, and the bird of peace and security flew over its confines. The number of its chief men rivaled the drops of April rain, and its earth contended with the heavens." The garrison at Merv was only about 12,000 men, and the city was inundated with refugees from eastern Khwarazmia. For six days, Tolui
1939:
attempted to relieve the city twice, but was driven back. On the fifth day, all but a handful of soldiers surrendered. The remaining soldiers, diehard supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier who had
2598:
never forgave his father, and he essentially withdrew from future Mongol wars, he moved to the north, and he refused to come to his father when he was ordered to. Indeed, at the time of his death, Genghis Khan was contemplating a march on his rebellious son. The bitterness that resulted from this
2045:
in a marshy delta area. The soft ground did not lend itself to siege warfare, and there was a lack of large stones for the catapults. The
Mongols attacked regardless, and the city fell only after the defenders put up a stout defence, fighting block for block. Mongolian casualties were higher than
2080:
the commander of the besieging forces as
Gurganj fell. But the removal of Jochi from command, and the sack of a city he considered promised to him, enraged him and estranged him from his father and brothers, and is credited with being a decisive impetus for the later actions of a man who saw his
1848:
contends that it only had a tenth of this number. A break-out force was annihilated in open battle. The city's leaders opened the gates to the
Mongols, though a unit of Turkic defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. The Mongols valued artisans' skills highly and artisans were
3107:
as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar's formulation, the world of the
Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt,
1752:
did not surrender after little fighting, nor did its governor march its army out into the field to be destroyed by the numerically superior
Mongols. Instead the garrison remained on the walls and resisted stubbornly, holding out against many attacks. The siege proceeded for five months without
1577:
faced many problems. His empire was vast and newly formed, with a still-developing administration. It is known that in 1218 he had overhauled the Seljuk-era administration, replacing it with a streamlined, loyal bureaucracy; the ongoing change may have contributed to disorder during the Mongol
1896:
were both steppe peoples, Genghis argued that Terken Khatun and her army should join the
Mongols against her treacherous son. Meanwhile, he arranged for deserters to bring letters that said Terken Khatun and some of her generals had allied with the Mongols. This further inflamed the existing
2088:
states that 50,000 Mongol soldiers were given the task of executing twenty-four Gurganj citizens each, which would mean that 1.2 million people were killed. While this is almost certainly an exaggeration, the sacking of Gurganj is considered one of the bloodiest massacres in human history.
1601:
the previous year. If he had sought open battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would certainly have been greatly outmatched in quantity of troops, let alone quality. The Shah thus made the decision to distribute his forces as garrison troops inside his most important towns, such as
1439:, especially after Mongol-Khwarazmid relations deteriorated. Mongol historians are adamant that Genghis at that time had no intention of invading the Khwarazmian Empire, and was only interested in trade and even a potential alliance. They cite the fact he was already bogged down in
3108:
depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive
1761:
opened the gates to the Mongols; the princes' forces managed to storm the now unsecured gate and slaughter the majority of the garrison. The citadel, holding the remaining one-tenth of the garrison, held out for another month and was only taken after heavy Mongol casualties.
1104:, the Khan mobilized his forces, estimated to be between 90,000 and 200,000 men, and invaded. The Shah's forces were widely dispersed and probably outnumbered—realizing his disadvantage, he decided to garrison his cities individually to bog the Mongols down. However, through
1766:
held out until the end, even climbing to the top of the citadel in the last moments of the siege to throw down tiles at the oncoming Mongols and slay many of them in close quarters combat. Genghis killed many of the inhabitants, enslaved the rest, and executed Inalchuq.
1326:
in 1198. The rapid expansion of what was now the Khwarazmian Empire greatly destabilized the Qara-Khitai, which was nominally the overlord. In the early thirteenth century, the khanate would be destabilized further by refugees fleeing the conquests of
950:
1480:
2322:, who was so infuriated Doqshin was sent out at once on the same task. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din was quarrelling with local princes, but was mostly victorious when it came to battle. Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took
1175:
in 1223. The war was one of the bloodiest in human history, with total casualties estimated to be between two and fifteen million people. The subjugation of the Khwarazmian lands provided a base for the Mongols' later assaults on
1821:, guided most of the way by captured nomads. The Mongols arrived at the gates of Bukhara virtually unnoticed. Many military tacticians regard this surprise entrance to Bukhara as one of the most successful manoeuvres in warfare.
2132:. However, the region was far from subjugated, many major cities remained free of Mongol rule, and the region was rife with rebellion against the few Mongol forces present in the region, following rumours that the Shah's son
3859:
He actually succeeded in routing a Mongol detachment at Parwan near Kabul in Afghanistan, an event which raised many false hopes and led to fatal uprisings against Mongol rule in Mery, Herat and elsewhere in the autumn of
2726:...he (Genghis Khan) led his main army over 1,000 miles to invade the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219. Within two years, a once dynamic and powerful empire has been erased from the map and largely forgotten in history.
2687:
608:
943:
2217:
put to the sword every living thing in the city, including the cats and dogs, with Tokuchar's widow presiding over the slaughter. After Nishapur's fall, Herat surrendered without a fight and was spared.
1875:
and arrived in March 1220. During this period, the Mongols also waged effective psychological warfare and caused divisions within their foe. The Khan's spies told them of the bitter fighting between the
2580:
was not young when the war began, and he had four sons, all of whom were fierce warriors and each of them had his own loyal group of followers. Their sibling rivalry almost came to a head during the
936:
4152:
2139:
Tolui's army consisted of somewhere around 50,000 men, which was composed of a core of Mongol soldiers (some estimates place it at 7,000), supplemented by a large body of foreign soldiers, such as
2647:
in order to aid the cause of Islam, and Mongol battled Mongol for the first time. The seeds of that battle began in the conflict with Khwarazmia when their fathers struggled for supremacy.
2084:
As usual, the artisans were sent back to Mongolia, young women and children were given to the Mongol soldiers as slaves, and the rest of the population was massacred. The Persian scholar
1462:
of Mongol merchants to Khwarazmia; it seems probable that a large proportion of the Mongol elite had invested in the expedition, and thus had a personal interest in its success. However,
1582:
still wielded substantial power in the realm; one historian termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as 'an uneasy diarchy', which often acted to Muhammad's disadvantage.
4455:
601:
1797:
At this point, the Mongol army was divided into five widely separated groups on opposite ends of the enemy empire. After the Shah did not mount an active defence of the cities on the
1524:
gives an even greater estimate of 800,000 for the Khan. These numbers are regarded as greatly inflated by modern historians; the only contemporary source regarded as near-reliable is
60:
2330:. The Mongol army managed to breach the wall but the city was defended successfully by the Khwarazmians; due to the hot weather, the Mongols were forced to retreat after 42 days.
1419:
with Mongol troops, whose speed and mobility frightened the Shah. It is also likely that the Shah had grown in pride — like his father, he was now embroiled in a dispute with the
4383:
1809:, at the head of an army of roughly 50,000 men, skirted the natural defence barrier of the Syr Darya and its fortified cities, and went westwards to lay siege to the city of
594:
5449:
4450:
1923:
states 50,000. A more likely number is perhaps 10,000, considering the city itself had less than 100,000 people total at the time. As Genghis began his siege, his sons
1593:
had been sacked by Muhammad only eight years earlier, in 1212. The Shah also distrusted most of his commanders, with the only exception being his eldest son and heir
1963:. It was there, in December 1220, that the Shah died. Most scholars attribute his death to pneumonia, but others cite the sudden shock of the loss of his empire.
2057:, who had been promised the city as his prize. Jochi's mother was the same person as his three brothers': Genghis Khan's teen bride, and apparent lifelong love,
2353:
also rebelled and disposed the Mongol vassal leadership. An insurgency leader named Muhammad al- Marghani twice attacked the camp Genghis Khan accommodated at
3987:
1097:
dynasty. Although relations were initially cordial, Genghis was angered by a series of diplomatic provocations. When a senior Mongol diplomat was executed by
1516:
The precise sizes of each force have been heavily disputed; the one certainty is that the Mongol army numbered more than the Shah's. The medieval chronicler
1509:
2708:
Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly ten to fifteen million people.
1585:
Additionally, many of the areas that Muhammad charged his troops to defend had been devastated recently by Khwarazmian forces; when later passing through
4933:
2538:
883:
1940:
taken arms against him at Samarkand. The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where many were killed.
4701:
2020:
1982:
1881:
1579:
754:
66:
48:
1562:
1105:
2482:
in 1230. The Mongols came back to conquer the western areas of the former Khwarazmian Empire in 1230–1231, at the time of Genghis Khan's successor
5394:
4180:
1530:, which gives totals of between 100,000 and 135,000 for the Mongol army, although these totals may have been deflated by a pro-Mongol chronicler.
1729:
chronicles, these numbers should be treated with caution and are probably exaggerated by an order of magnitude considering the size of the city.
2068:
engaged in negotiations with the defenders, trying to get them to surrender so that as much of the city as possible was undamaged. This angered
4941:
2390:
888:
4997:
4134:
4068:
4011:
3939:
3881:
3853:
3670:
3636:
3477:
3391:
3166:
3096:
2982:
2913:
2877:
2847:
2795:
2760:
2697:
908:
2287:. Genghis had dispatched forces to hunt down the gathering army under Jalal al-Din, and the two sides met in September 1221 at the town of
5024:
4973:
4949:
4748:
4398:
1056:
903:
893:
759:
701:
1549:
had often been overestimated in size, gives a minimum figure of 75,000. Most historians have given figures between these two extremes:
1520:
attested that the Mongol army numbered over 600,000 strong, and that they were opposed by 400,000 total Khwarazmians; his contemporary
5439:
5434:
5429:
4732:
4685:
2341:
Encouraged by Jalal al-Din's success against the Mongols, the Khwarazmians started an insurgency. Kush Tegin Pahlawan led a revolt in
1440:
1172:
1048:
691:
665:
4981:
4893:
4116:
4101:
4086:
4040:
3577:
3543:
3017:
2822:
2318:, whom he still regarded as a threat, in early 1222; one account has Doqshin fail to secure Jalal al-Din, and return to the Khan in
1526:
1411:
and the Khwarazmids were initially strong; however, the Shah soon grew apprehensive regarding his new eastern enemy. The chronicler
1388:
with Muhammad's help, but alienated both his subjects and the Khwarazmshah with anti-Muslim measures. As a Mongol detachment led by
877:
832:
4909:
827:
4965:
4925:
2929:
1412:
873:
862:
658:
124:
4989:
4917:
4823:
4659:
1060:
866:
858:
649:
44:
2283:, who took power after his father's death, began assembling the remnants of the Khwarazmian army in the south, in the area of
1654:
5389:
5040:
4885:
4797:
4789:
4722:
4714:
4393:
1094:
842:
771:
696:
686:
644:
618:
5096:
4440:
1318:
in the east; drawing on his newfound strength, he threatened war with the caliph, who reluctantly accepted him as Sultan of
1144:, three of the largest cities in the world. Meanwhile, Muhammed II was forced into flight by the forces of Mongol generals
5424:
5370:
5067:
4957:
4413:
4408:
3896:, John Andrew (June 1963). "THE MONGOL COMMANDERS IN AFGHANISTAN AND INDIA ACCORDING TO THE ṬABAQĀT-I NĀṢIRĪ OF JŪZJĀNĪ".
3844:
2228:
was another scene of carnage, where stiff resistance resulted in the death of a grandson of Genghis. Next was the city of
1185:
898:
2041:
The assault on Gurganj proved to be the most difficult battle of the Mongol invasion. The city was built along the river
4877:
4675:
4418:
4403:
1850:
847:
725:
1693:
many months to gather his army in Mongolia and advance through the pass after winter had passed. A Mongol force under
1275:
in 1154, the Khwarazmids were able to take advantage of the chaos due to their geographical proximity; Il-Arslan's son
189:
5404:
5399:
5048:
5016:
4867:
4815:
4667:
4173:
2519:
999:
809:
804:
776:
749:
744:
3196:
2450:
tried to reestablish the Khwarazmian kingdom, but never fully consolidated his power. He retook control of areas of
5444:
5419:
5414:
5409:
3932:
Mongol Caucasia. Invasions, conquest, and government of a frontier region in thirteenth-century Eurasia (1204-1295)
3569:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
2703:
2479:
1598:
1416:
1177:
4901:
4859:
4842:
4776:
4756:
4740:
4502:
3781:
2331:
2236:
was under complete Mongol rule. Leaving garrison forces behind him, Tolui headed back east to rejoin his father.
1862:
1181:
1117:
1064:
989:
818:
794:
730:
720:
715:
4766:
3430:
2096:. Upon its surrender the Mongols broke the dams and flooded the city, then proceeded to execute the survivors.
1360:
after his father Tekish died in 1200. Despite a troubled early start to his reign, which saw conflict with the
679:
913:
2525:
The destruction and absorption of the Khwarazmian Empire would prove to be a sign of things to come, for the
4807:
2632:
2276:
2258:
2129:
1994:
1952:
1936:
1877:
1775:
1754:
1732:
1353:
1101:
799:
421:
2254:
2001:, who had been on campaign in the north since the invasion, approached the city from that direction, while
4445:
4166:
3239:
3212:
3112:
with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v."
2495:
2447:
2315:
2280:
2133:
1916:
1837:
1718:
1594:
1521:
1517:
1157:
426:
180:
5188:
5132:
4465:
3910:
Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Mediterranean: The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.).
3202:(Books for Libraries Press, 1967) (putting the numbers at 200,000 Khwarazmians against 150,000 Mongols).
2838:
Biran, Michal (2009). "The Mongols in Central Asia from Chinggis Khan's invasion to the rise of Temür".
1633:. Historians have suggested that the Mongol invasion had brought Chinese gunpowder weapons, such as the
1345:
974:
5088:
5080:
3572:. Vol. 5 of History of Civilizations of Central Asia (illustrated ed.). UNESCO. p. 474.
1828:
and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarazmian cities. The Bukharan garrison was made up of
1554:
4124:
1919:(both writing under Mongol auspices) credit the defenders of the city with 100,000–110,000 men, while
4560:
3217:
3041:
2263:
2187:
2033:
1332:
1086:
1004:
506:
5326:
2533:.The new territory proved to be an important stepping stone for the Mongol armies when they invaded
2345:
and seized it successfully. After recapturing Merv, Kush Tegin Pahlawan made a successful attack on
2334:
suggests that Doqshin, having been instructed not to return unsuccessfully, eventually converted to
5336:
4290:
3327:
2620:
2300:
2296:
2249:
2085:
1853:. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground.
1845:
1542:
1369:
1165:
1071:
1019:
3833:. 2, No. 2: 235–247 – via Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad.
1990:
1561:
with a figure of 130,000. The uncertainty is made worse by the high flexibility and efficiency of
4212:
3805:
3514:
3282:
3172:
2988:
2546:
2024:
1898:
1737:
1682:
1228:
1040:
365:
285:
82:
5158:
4490:
4430:
1534:
4525:
4130:
4112:
4097:
4082:
4064:
4036:
4007:
3935:
3893:
3877:
3849:
3822:
3666:
3632:
3573:
3539:
3473:
3438:
3412:
3387:
3364:
3192:
3162:
3053:
3036:
3013:
2978:
2909:
2873:
2843:
2818:
2791:
2756:
2693:
2503:
2407:, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through
2210:
2179:
2151:. The army also included "3,000 machines flinging heavy incendiary arrows, 300 catapults, 700
1932:
1912:
1885:
1722:
1504:
1323:
1291:, gaining enough power to declare himself a fully-fledged sovereign in 1189. Allying with the
1276:
1009:
979:
169:
3900:. 2, No. 2: 241 – via Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad
3007:
2326:
from one of the lieutenants of Jalal al-Din, sacked it, then proceeded to besiege the larger
5072:
5032:
4485:
4056:
3999:
3797:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3465:
3274:
3244:
3154:
2901:
2748:
2616:
2581:
2471:
2467:
2378:
2292:
2272:
2245:
2233:
2183:
2117:
1972:
1792:
1432:
1392:
hunted him down, Kuchlug fled; meanwhile, Muhammad was able to vassalize the territories of
1288:
1193:
1161:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1090:
1014:
994:
984:
766:
430:
258:
5166:
3827:
THE MONGOL COMMANDERS IN AFGHANISTAN AND INDIA ACCORDING TO THE ṬABAQĀT-I NĀṢIRĪ OF JŪZJĀNĪ
2046:
normal, due to the unaccustomed difficulty of adapting Mongolian tactics to city fighting.
2656:
2120:. Khorasan had already felt the strength of Mongol arms. Earlier in the war, the generals
1710:
1706:
1674:
1420:
482:
247:
1385:
3826:
3566:
Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib (2003). Ahmad Hasan Dani; Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib (eds.).
5179:
5153:
4435:
2992:
2972:
2644:
2612:
2585:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2424:
2358:
2140:
2077:
2006:
1928:
1893:
1833:
1829:
1714:
1698:
1685:
empires. One option for the Khwarazmian defence was to advance beyond the towns of the
1626:
1622:
1589:, he urged the citizens to repair the fortifications his father had broken down, while
1538:
1361:
1339:
1292:
463:
455:
444:
395:
102:
17:
3763:
5383:
5240:
5235:
5171:
4478:
4296:
4189:
4126:
The assemblies of al-Hariri : fifty encounters with the Shaykh Abu Zayd of Seruj
3176:
3142:
2589:
2191:
2105:
2069:
2010:
1978:
1924:
1779:
1694:
1408:
1268:
1224:
1201:
1079:
1032:
487:
390:
360:
289:
220:
151:
113:
5140:
4580:
4497:
4473:
4388:
4322:
4245:
4225:
2619:
managed to inflict one of history's most significant defeats on the Mongols at the
2608:
2577:
2526:
2487:
2451:
2416:
2374:
2311:
2109:
2073:
2050:
2002:
1920:
1884:, who commanded the allegiance of some of his most senior commanders and his elite
1841:
1802:
1690:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1638:
1574:
1550:
1546:
1436:
1357:
1328:
1272:
1213:
1197:
1098:
1083:
1044:
1036:
502:
380:
325:
321:
238:
229:
209:
4585:
4003:
3469:
2081:
younger brothers promoted over him, despite his own considerable military skills.
1725:
claimed 60,000 (horsemen and militia), though like the army figures given in most
1541:
indicate that the total Mongol invasion force cannot have been more than 200,000,
3567:
3533:
3510:
3141:
Sverdrup, Carl (2010). France, John; J. Rogers, Clifford; DeVries, Kelly (eds.).
2953:
Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700
2905:
2812:
2752:
2357:
and returned with some loot. As a response, Genghis Khan sent a large army under
1629:
siege and construction experts, including several Chinese who were familiar with
1152:; unable to reach any bastions of support, he died destitute on an island in the
5306:
5255:
5215:
5184:
4285:
3786:"Jalāl Al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind"
3103:
2624:
2412:
2408:
2395:
After the defeat of the Khwarazmian Empire, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in
2304:
2284:
2016:
1986:
1960:
1907:
possessed significantly better fortifications and a larger garrison compared to
1726:
1678:
1459:
1393:
1365:
1299:
1232:
1217:
1153:
1109:
1052:
928:
586:
450:
200:
133:
3663:
The Little Book of Warfare: 50 Key Battles That Trace The Evolution Of Conflict
3384:
The Little Book of Warfare: 50 Key Battles That Trace The Evolution Of Conflict
1753:
results, until a traitor within the walls (Qaracha) who felt no loyalty to the
1188:, the Persian lands formerly ruled by the Khwarazmids would be governed by the
5351:
5260:
4610:
4595:
4332:
4060:
3368:
3158:
2576:
The war with Khwarazmia also brought up the important question of succession.
2550:
2511:
2499:
2491:
2475:
2432:
2225:
1985:
had ruled Gurganj, but she fled when she learned her son had absconded to the
1741:
1401:
3442:
2049:
The taking of Gurganj was further complicated by continuing tensions between
1617:
Genghis' army was commanded by his most able generals, with the exception of
5220:
5210:
4575:
4555:
4550:
4509:
4048:
2660:
2600:
2366:
2319:
2229:
2042:
1956:
1904:
1872:
1814:
1798:
1686:
1630:
1603:
1303:
1261:
1245:
1189:
3687:
The Mongol Conquests: The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sube'etei
3416:
2483:
1955:. The Shah had fled west with some of his most loyal soldiers and his son,
1407:
Following the defeat of Kuchlug, their shared enemy, relations between the
3874:
The Mongol Conquests The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
2790:]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
2365:. Genghis Khan appointed Yelü Ahai to restore Mongol sovereignty order in
1160:
managed to mobilize substantial forces, defeating a Mongol general at the
5346:
4565:
4425:
4307:
2565:
wide open. All three regions were eventually subjugated by future khans.
2420:
2202:
2152:
2148:
2093:
2058:
1763:
1758:
1634:
1611:
1586:
1498:
1463:
1424:
1368:, he followed his predecessor's expansionist policies by subjugating the
1315:
1295:
1280:
1249:
1137:
1075:
518:
439:
3251:(in Persian). Vol. XXIII. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 968.
2092:
Then came the complete destruction of the city of Gurganj, south of the
1813:
first. To do this, they traversed 300 miles of the seemingly impassable
5316:
5311:
5301:
5286:
4590:
4545:
4540:
4327:
4317:
4255:
3809:
3785:
3456:
Boyle, J. A. (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans".
3286:
2507:
2463:
2440:
2428:
2404:
2400:
2370:
2354:
2346:
2323:
2221:
2156:
2128:
had travelled through the province while hunting down the fleeing Shah
2125:
2028:
1944:
1908:
1889:
1868:
1810:
1590:
1489:
1452:
1428:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1311:
1307:
1253:
1241:
1220:
1145:
405:
160:
93:
73:
35:
3914:. Vol. 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
2568:
2182:
wrote of Merv: "In extent of territory it excelled among the lands of
5296:
5270:
5265:
4600:
4570:
4530:
4280:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4220:
3265:
Smith, John Masson (1975). "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population".
2558:
2459:
2455:
2362:
2327:
2288:
2164:
1618:
1435:. Some historians have speculated that the caliph tried to ally with
1397:
1336:
1257:
1236:
852:
837:
496:
490:
269:
3801:
3278:
2788:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231
2781:
A History of the Khorezmian State Under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231
2506:, from where they were able to raid the neighbouring territories of
1836:
generals, who attempted to break out on the third day of the siege.
1200:
state for the first time, was a pivotal moment in the growth of the
1171:
After clearing up any remaining resistance, Genghis returned to his
2116:, at the head of an army, into the western Khwarazmian province of
1770:
1673:
and his advisers assumed that the Mongols would invade through the
5341:
5321:
5250:
5230:
5225:
5205:
5145:
4312:
4302:
4250:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2604:
2595:
2562:
2515:
2350:
2335:
2253:
2214:
2206:
2168:
2159:, 4,000 storming-ladders, and 2,500 sacks of earth for filling up
2144:
2113:
2065:
2054:
2015:
1998:
1818:
1806:
1749:
1702:
1479:
1467:
1448:
1349:
Khwarazmian Empire (1190–1220), on the eve of the Mongol conquests
1344:
1133:
1125:
400:
385:
142:
4094:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
3876:. West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited. pp. 29, 163, 168.
3535:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
3124:, pp. 84–88, Maqāma 21, "The encounter at Rayy al-Mahdiyeh".
1384:, managed to usurp the Qara-Khitai Empire from his father-in-law
1070:
Both belligerents, although large, had been formed recently: the
5291:
5245:
4605:
4535:
4158:
2554:
2502:
in 1231. The Mongols under Chormaghun established themselves in
2436:
2396:
2373:. Yelü Ahai managed to restore the order in the cities in 1223.
2342:
2198:
2175:
2160:
2121:
1948:
1825:
1689:
and block the Dzungarian Gate with an army, since it would take
1607:
1493:
1485:
1389:
1319:
1284:
1149:
1141:
410:
5120:
4631:
4353:
4200:
4162:
2896:
Jackson, Peter (2009). "The Mongol Age in Eastern Inner Asia".
1310:. Tekish now ruled a great swathe of territory stretching from
1108:
and planning, the Mongols were able to isolate and conquer the
932:
590:
5331:
1981:
was still in the hands of Khwarazmian forces. Previously, the
1943:
About the time of the fall of Samarkand, Genghis Khan charged
1196:. The campaign, which saw the Mongols engage and defeat a non-
2572:
Routes taken by Mongol invaders and Mongol successor khanates
1677:, the natural mountain pass in between their (now conquered)
4726:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
4049:"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design"
2553:. For the Islamic world, the destruction of Khwarazmia left
2403:
to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of
2379:
the revolt that dethroned the pro-Mongol governance of Merv
3608:
Sverdrup 2017, p. 148, citing Rashid Al-Din, 107, 356–362.
1082:
in the late 1100s and early 1200s; nearly simultaneously,
2977:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–61.
2689:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces
3538:(illustrated ed.). Brockhampton Press. p. 86.
3267:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3228:] (in Arabic and Persian). Vol. 2. p. 346.
1951:, two of the Khan's top generals, with hunting down the
2303:. Genghis spent some time on the southern shore of the
2174:
The major city to fall to Tolui's army was the city of
1744:
participated to the resistance to the Mongol invasion.
4456:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2971:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
2588:, who ended the battle. Following the destruction of
2307:
searching for the new Shah, but failed to find him.
2213:, a son-in-law of Genghis, was killed in battle, and
2076:
headed off this fight between siblings by appointing
2027:, known as "the Queen of the Turks", held captive by
1256:. By comparison, Khwarazm had only one major city in
1553:
estimates the Mongol force at around 120,000; while
1431:
with an army, but was repulsed by a blizzard in the
1415:
attributes this change in attitude to the memory of
5279:
5198:
5131:
5060:
5009:
4858:
4835:
4788:
4713:
4658:
4651:
4518:
4464:
4376:
4264:
4211:
4033:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
3361:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
1260:, and had only come to prominence after 1150 under
817:
786:
738:
709:
678:
657:
638:
633:
2599:event was transmitted to Jochi's sons, especially
2201:, Tolui headed westwards, attacking the cities of
1192:, while the northern cities would be ruled by the
4451:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2870:Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia
2814:History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV
2584:and Genghis was forced to rely on his third son,
1844:state that the city had 20,000 defenders, though
1721:stated that Otrar had a garrison of 20,000 while
3307:Stubbs, Kim (2006). "Facing the Wrath of Khan".
2784:Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов: 1097-1231
2545:, and future campaigns brought Mongol armies to
2518:during the next ten years, culminating with the
4871:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
3796:. British Institute of Persian Studies: 45–54.
3700:Encyclopedia of Mongolian and the Mongol Empire
3095:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFContadini2012 (
3052:] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by
1871:, Genghis headed to the Khwarazmian capital of
34:
3464:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 307.
1997:generals, declared himself Sultan of Gurganj.
4174:
2627:, one of Genghis Khan's grandsons by his son
2310:Genghis sent general Dorbei Doqshin with two
2295:. Enraged, Genghis headed south himself, and
2209:. Nishapur fell after only three days; here,
1496:, with his guard wearing Turkic uniforms and
944:
602:
8:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
2724:. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABС-СLIO. p. 162.
2722:The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
2415:towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two
2136:was gathering an army to fight the Mongols.
1059:. The invasion marked the completion of the
3629:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
3078:
2938:Biography of Sultan Jalal al-Din Mankubirti
2774:
2772:
2743:Golden, Peter (2009). "Inner Asia c.1200".
2692:. Georgetown University Press. p. 39.
1443:in China, and that he had to deal with the
1212:The dominant force in late twelfth-century
1164:, but these were crushed by Genghis at the
5128:
5117:
4655:
4648:
4628:
4373:
4350:
4208:
4197:
4181:
4167:
4159:
3746:
3744:
2966:
2964:
2962:
1824:Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a
1597:, whose military acumen had been critical
1466:, the governor of the Khwarazmian city of
951:
937:
929:
609:
595:
587:
31:
5450:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
4111:, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1971. (
3957:
3955:
3495:"Sübe'etei Ba'atur, Anonymous Strategist"
3354:
3352:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3090:
3031:
3029:
2891:
2889:
2494:. After attempting a defensive strategy,
1989:. She was captured and sent to Mongolia.
556:Disputed (see below). Estimates include:
531:Disputed (see below). Estimates include:
49:Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia
3435:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3260:
3258:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2635:, was unable to avenge that defeat when
2567:
2297:defeated Jalal al-Din on the Indus River
2293:humiliating defeat for the Mongol forces
1769:
1731:
1653:
1563:the Mongol force's operational structure
1298:, he overthrew the last Seljuk emperor,
581:Possibly as high as 10–15 million people
4047:Hillenbrand, Robert (January 1, 2010).
3998:. Cambridge University Press: 538–549.
3411:(Third ed.). Gibb Memorial Trust.
2934:Sirah al-Sultan Jalal al-Din Mankubirti
2811:Hasan Dani, Ahmad; et al. (1990).
2678:
2104:As the Mongols battered their way into
1977:Meanwhile, the wealthy trading city of
1625:. Genghis also brought a large body of
346:Khwarezmia annexed to the Mongol Empire
299:, five years before the Mongol invasion
4801:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
4760:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2391:Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246
2163:". Among the first cities to fall was
1817:desert by hopping through the various
1427:, and even went so far as to march on
630:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3689:. Helion and Company, 2017. Page 148.
3409:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
2470:, but was eventually defeated by the
1057:widespread devastation and atrocities
7:
4384:Administrative divisions and vassals
3848:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3665:. Fall River Press. pp. 20–21.
3532:David Nicolle; Richard Hook (1998).
3386:. Fall River Press. pp. 20–21.
3147:Journal of Medieval Military History
3121:
3066:
3009:Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World
2143:and previously conquered peoples in
1400:, and to gain the allegiance of the
1271:slowly fractured after the death of
4109:The History of the Mongol Conquests
3845:The History of the Mongol Conquests
3215:(c. 1300). Thackston, W. M. (ed.).
2898:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
2840:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
2745:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
2639:, his cousin (who had converted to
1372:and taking their cities, including
3912:The New Cambridge Medieval History
2872:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43.
2486:, who sent an expedition of three
2299:. Jalal al-Din, defeated, fled to
2232:. By spring 1221, the province of
1621:, who was left behind to continue
1578:invasion. In addition, his mother
25:
2930:al-Nasawi, Shihab al-Din Muhammed
2541:during the reign of Genghis' son
2419:) contingent marched through the
1748:Unlike most of the other cities,
1527:The Secret History of the Mongols
3326:Rossabi, Morris (October 1994).
3012:. Tauris Parke. pp. 86–87.
462:
454:
443:
65:
59:
4129:. London : Octagon Press.
3153:. Boydell and Brewer: 109–117.
1458:In 1218, the Khan sent a large
1417:an unintended earlier encounter
1333:had begun to establish hegemony
1124:. Genghis and his youngest son
1061:Mongol conquest of Central Asia
1047:. The campaign, which followed
45:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
5395:Military history of Uzbekistan
3505:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 37.
3050:History of the World Conqueror
2817:. Delhi: Unesco. p. 182.
2155:to discharge pots filled with
2064:Such tensions were present as
1279:captured large cities such as
1186:divided into separate khanates
1:
5371:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
5068:Division of the Mongol Empire
4096:, Brockhampton Press, 1998. (
4004:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.008
3992:The Cambridge History of Iran
3470:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005
3458:The Cambridge History of Iran
2900:. The Chinggisid Age: 26–45.
2271:After the Mongol campaign in
962:Mongol invasion of Khwarazmia
511:Drafted Khwarizmian civilians
293:
3988:"Religion under the Mongols"
3825:, John Andrew (June 1963). "
3519:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
3511:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
2906:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.005
2753:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004
2747:. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25.
2112:dispatched his youngest son
1851:slavery in the Mongol Empire
1223:, which had been founded by
4318:Manghit / Mangudai
3143:"Numbers in Mongol Warfare"
1959:, to a small island in the
1931:joined him after finishing
1302:, in 1194, and usurped the
1173:war against the Jin dynasty
1031:Between 1219 and 1221, the
27:1219–1221 military campaign
5466:
5097:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
4155:mentioned in this article.
3930:Pubblici, Lorenzo (2021).
3702:(Facts on File, 2004), 24.
3631:. Macmillan. p. 163.
3407:Barthold, Vasily (1968) .
2842:. The Chinggisid Age: 47.
2779:Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) .
2388:
2243:
1970:
1860:
1790:
1715:started laying siege to it
1545:, who hypothesizes that a
872:Hungary and Croatia (
5440:1221 in the Mongol Empire
5435:1220 in the Mongol Empire
5430:1219 in the Mongol Empire
5368:
5127:
5116:
4912:(1223 / 1236–40)
4818:(1257 / 1284–88)
4647:
4627:
4441:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
4372:
4349:
4207:
4196:
4061:10.1163/9789004236615_011
3159:10.1515/9781846159022-004
2338:and joined Jalal al-Din.
2013:attacked from the south.
1888:cavalry divisions. Since
1863:Siege of Samarkand (1220)
1065:Mongol conquest of Persia
1039:invaded the lands of the
970:
857:Poland and Bohemia (
824:
710:East Asia (other regions)
628:
572:
524:
507:Chinese gunpowder weapons
473:
371:
354:
304:
54:
42:
3842:Saunders, J. J. (2001).
3499:Journal of Asian History
3437:. Vol. IV. UNESCO.
3433:; Asimov, M. S. (1999).
3248:
3226:Compendium of Chronicles
3221:
3045:
2951:Hildinger, Eric (1997).
2783:
2686:Ward, Steven R. (2009).
1484:Prince of the region of
1287:in the nearby region of
1184:; when the empire later
4394:Invasions and conquests
4313:Paiza / Gerege
3872:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
3698:Christopher P. Atwood,
3599:Juvayni, Rashid al-Din.
3493:Sverdrup, Carl (2013).
3328:"All the Khan's Horses"
3240:Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj
3198:Great Captains Unveiled
3081:, p. 118, note 10.
2993:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
2643:), attacked him in the
2446:In the following years
2291:. The engagement was a
1623:the war against the Jin
1441:his war against the Jin
422:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
18:Mongol invasion of Iran
5051:(1260 / 1301)
4779:(1274 / 1281)
4446:Franco-Mongol alliance
3934:. Brill. p. 144.
3720:Sverdrup 2017, p. 148.
3359:McLynn, Frank (2015).
3006:Leo de Hartog (2004).
2868:Abazov, Rafis (2008).
2633:sacked Baghdad in 1258
2573:
2268:
2038:
1933:the reduction of Otrar
1783:
1745:
1666:
1518:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
1513:
1350:
1106:excellent organization
427:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
372:Commanders and leaders
38:conquest of Khwarezmia
5390:Expeditionary warfare
3177:10.7722/j.ctt7zstnd.6
2720:May, Timothy (2016).
2611:), who would conquer
2571:
2389:Further information:
2257:
2019:
1773:
1735:
1657:
1483:
1348:
573:Casualties and losses
5425:13th century in Iran
4942:Serbia and Bulgaria
4123:Shah, Amina (1980).
3986:Bausani, A. (1969).
3975:The Devil's Horsemen
3764:"WAR STATS REDIRECT"
3661:Owen, David (2009).
3382:Owen, David (2009).
3042:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
2480:Battle of Yassıçemen
2197:After finishing off
2053:and his eldest son,
1832:soldiers and led by
1738:Khwarazmian fortress
1709:to the north or the
1701:soon descended onto
1168:a few months later.
619:Mongol invasions and
292:in continental Asia
5189:Khagans of the Yuan
4918:Poland and Bohemia
4694:Khwarazmian Empire
4419:Society and economy
4035:, Atheneum, 1979. (
3752:The Mongol Warlords
3273:(3). Brill: 273–4.
2621:Battle of Ain Jalut
2520:invasion of Georgia
2250:Battle of the Indus
1599:on the Irghiz River
1508:, 1237 manuscript (
1166:Battle of the Indus
1156:. His son and heir
1128:then laid waste to
1072:Khwarazmian dynasty
889:Bulgaria and Serbia
517:Predominantly city
5405:Khwarazmian Empire
5400:13th-century Islam
4934:Holy Roman Empire
4389:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
3617:Juvayni, pp. 83–84
3363:. Hachette Books.
3093:, pp. 126–127
3054:Andrew Boyle, John
3037:Juvaini, Ata-Malik
2940:] (in Arabic).
2574:
2269:
2261:(spring of 1221).
2039:
2025:Khwarazmian Empire
1899:Khwarazmian Empire
1867:After the fall of
1784:
1746:
1667:
1514:
1380:, a prince of the
1351:
1182:the rest of Persia
1093:and conquered the
1074:had expanded from
1041:Khwarazmian Empire
366:Khwarazmian Empire
286:Khwarazmian Empire
5445:Invasions of Iran
5420:Conflicts in 1221
5415:Conflicts in 1220
5410:Conflicts in 1219
5377:
5376:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5089:Kaidu–Kublai war
5081:Berke–Hulagu war
5073:Toluid Civil War
4854:
4853:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4426:House of Borjigin
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4136:978-0-900860-86-7
4070:978-90-04-23661-5
4031:Chambers, James.
4013:978-1-139-05497-3
3973:Chambers, James.
3941:978-90-04-50355-7
3882:978-1-910777-71-8
3854:978-0-8122-1766-7
3672:978-1-74110-913-9
3638:978-0-312-36624-7
3627:John Man (2007).
3479:978-1-139-05497-3
3393:978-1-74110-913-9
3218:Jami' al-tawarikh
3168:978-1-84383-596-7
2984:978-0-7486-4237-3
2974:The Mongol Empire
2915:978-1-139-05604-5
2879:978-1-4039-7542-3
2849:978-1-139-05604-5
2797:978-9943-357-21-1
2762:978-1-139-05604-5
2706:on May 12, 2024.
2699:978-1-58901-587-6
2504:northwestern Iran
2279:army was broken.
2264:Jami' al-tawarikh
2259:Battle of Vâliyân
2188:besieged the city
2034:Jami' al-tawarikh
2023:, Empress of the
1897:divisions in the
1665:from 1216 to 1224
1505:Maqamat al-Hariri
1028:
1027:
926:
925:
921:
920:
884:Holy Roman Empire
585:
584:
499:, and specialists
350:
349:
16:(Redirected from
5457:
5175:
5162:
5159:Töregene Khatun
5149:
5129:
5118:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4846:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4780:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4679:
4671:
4656:
4649:
4629:
4591:Shangdu (Xanadu)
4581:Sarai Batu/Berke
4486:Chagatai Khanate
4374:
4351:
4209:
4198:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4160:
4140:
4092:Nicolle, David.
4074:
4018:
4017:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3891:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3840:
3834:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3750:Nicolle, David.
3748:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3729:Sverdrup, p. 151
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3685:Sverdrup, Carl.
3683:
3677:
3676:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3309:Military History
3304:
3291:
3290:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3245:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
3236:
3230:
3229:
3209:
3203:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3138:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3100:
3088:
3082:
3079:Hillenbrand 2010
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2955:. Da Capo Press.
2948:
2942:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2702:. Archived from
2683:
2617:Mamluks of Egypt
2582:Siege of Gurganj
2498:finally died in
2246:Battle of Parwan
1973:Siege of Gurganj
1793:Siege of Bukhara
1713:and immediately
1705:from either the
1433:Zagros Mountains
1267:However, as the
1240:region, such as
1194:Chagatai Khanate
1162:Battle of Parwan
1091:Mongolic peoples
1063:, and began the
965:
963:
953:
946:
939:
930:
904:Byzantine Thrace
631:
623:
611:
604:
597:
588:
466:
458:
447:
435:
306:
305:
298:
295:
276:
274:
265:
263:
254:
252:
243:
241:
234:
232:
225:
223:
216:
214:
205:
203:
196:
194:
185:
183:
176:
174:
165:
163:
156:
154:
147:
145:
138:
136:
129:
127:
120:
118:
109:
107:
98:
96:
89:
87:
78:
76:
69:
63:
32:
21:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5356:
5275:
5194:
5173:
5160:
5147:
5123:
5104:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5056:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4894:Volga Bulgaria
4887:
4879:
4870:
4868:
4850:
4844:
4831:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4800:
4798:
4784:
4778:
4768:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4749:Southern China
4742:
4734:
4733:Northern China
4725:
4723:
4709:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4677:
4669:
4643:
4642:
4615:
4514:
4491:House of Ögedei
4460:
4431:House of Ögedei
4399:Destructiveness
4368:
4367:
4337:
4274:
4260:
4203:
4192:
4187:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4122:
4107:Saunders, J.J.
4077:Morgan, David.
4071:
4046:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4014:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3953:
3942:
3929:
3928:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3898:Islamic Studies
3892:
3888:
3871:
3867:
3841:
3837:
3831:Islamic Studies
3821:
3817:
3802:10.2307/4299834
3780:
3779:
3775:
3768:users.erols.com
3762:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3431:Bosworth, C. E.
3429:
3428:
3424:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3335:Natural History
3330:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3279:10.2307/3632138
3264:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2985:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2700:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2657:Feigned retreat
2653:
2529:as well as for
2490:led by general
2435:under generals
2393:
2387:
2252:
2242:
2102:
1975:
1969:
1880:and his mother
1865:
1859:
1795:
1789:
1711:Dzungarian Gate
1707:Altai Mountains
1675:Dzungarian Gate
1661:'s invasion of
1652:
1650:Early movements
1647:
1571:
1476:
1474:Opposing forces
1451:) rebellion in
1314:in the west to
1235:were nominally
1210:
1078:to replace the
1029:
1024:
966:
961:
959:
957:
927:
922:
788:
624:
620:
617:
615:
514:
469:
431:
415:
342:
328:
300:
296:
290:Mongol homeland
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
270:
268:
266:
261:
259:
257:
255:
250:
248:
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90:
85:
83:
81:
79:
74:
72:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5172:Oghul Qaimish
5169:
5164:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4436:Mongol Armenia
4433:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4146:External links
4144:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4120:
4105:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4044:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4012:
3978:
3966:
3961:Morgan, David
3951:
3940:
3917:
3902:
3886:
3865:
3835:
3815:
3782:Jackson, Peter
3773:
3755:
3740:
3738:McLynn, p. 280
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3671:
3653:
3651:Juvayni, p. 85
3644:
3637:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3578:
3558:
3544:
3524:
3485:
3478:
3448:
3422:
3399:
3392:
3374:
3348:
3318:
3292:
3254:
3231:
3213:al-Din, Rashid
3204:
3167:
3126:
3114:
3091:Contadini 2012
3083:
3071:
3059:
3046:تاریخ جهانگشای
3025:
3018:
2998:
2983:
2958:
2943:
2921:
2914:
2885:
2878:
2855:
2848:
2830:
2823:
2803:
2796:
2768:
2761:
2730:
2712:
2698:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2649:
2531:Eastern Europe
2413:northern India
2386:
2383:
2241:
2238:
2101:
2098:
1971:Main article:
1968:
1965:
1861:Main article:
1858:
1855:
1791:Main article:
1788:
1785:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1570:
1567:
1559:Secret History
1475:
1472:
1293:Abbasid caliph
1227:in the 1130s.
1209:
1206:
1076:their homeland
1049:the annexation
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
968:
967:
958:
956:
955:
948:
941:
933:
924:
923:
919:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
870:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Volga Bulgaria
830:
822:
821:
815:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
790:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
769:
764:
763:
762:
752:
747:
740:
736:
735:
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728:
723:
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536:
527:
526:
522:
521:
515:
513:
512:
509:
500:
493:
485:
479:
476:
475:
474:Units involved
471:
470:
468:
467:
459:
448:
437:
424:
418:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
363:
357:
356:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
336:Mongol victory
334:
330:
329:
320:
318:
314:
313:
310:
302:
301:
283:
267:
256:
245:
236:
227:
218:
207:
198:
187:
178:
167:
158:
149:
140:
131:
122:
111:
100:
95:CUMAN KHANATES
91:
80:
71:
64:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5462:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
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5385:
5372:
5367:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Chagatai Khan
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
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5138:
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5134:
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5126:
5119:
5115:
5101:
5095:
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5047:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:Latin Empire
4948:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:Northern Yuan
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Imperial Seal
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:Pax Mongolica
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4190:Mongol Empire
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4154:
4153:Map of Events
4150:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4117:0-8122-1766-7
4114:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:1-85314-104-6
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:0-631-17563-6
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:Arab Painting
4050:
4045:
4042:
4041:0-689-10942-3
4038:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3711:Frank McLynn.
3708:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3581:
3579:92-3-103876-1
3575:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3559:
3547:
3545:1-86019-407-9
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3222:جامع التواريخ
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3069:, p. 86.
3068:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:1-86064-972-6
3015:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2824:81-208-1409-6
2820:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2645:Transcaucasus
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:Islamic world
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:Peter Jackson
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Terken Khatun
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Shah's mother
1980:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1937:Shah Muhammad
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:Rashid al-Din
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:Terken Khatun
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:Carl Sverdrup
1843:
1839:
1838:Rashid al-Din
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:Rashid Al-Din
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1580:Terken Khatun
1576:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:headgear, in
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Hoi-yin Irgen
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Seljuk Empire
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1202:Mongol Empire
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:, destroying
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:Seljuk Empire
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:Khanate, saw
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:Mongol forces
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
964:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
934:
931:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
820:
816:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
785:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
741:
737:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
708:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
681:
677:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
660:
656:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
637:
632:
627:
622:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
592:
589:
580:
577:
576:
571:
565:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
503:Siege engines
501:
498:
495:Auxiliaries,
494:
492:
489:
488:Heavy cavalry
486:
484:
483:Horse archers
481:
480:
478:
477:
472:
465:
461:Qaracha
460:
457:
452:
449:
446:
441:
438:
436:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
417:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
376:
375:
370:
367:
364:
362:
361:Mongol Empire
359:
358:
353:
345:
340:
339:
335:
332:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
307:
303:
291:
287:
275:
264:
253:
242:
233:
224:
215:
204:
195:
184:
175:
164:
155:
146:
137:
128:
119:
117:CONFEDERATION
108:
97:
88:
77:
68:
62:
53:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
30:
19:
5141:Genghis Khan
4910:Kievan Rus'
4888:(1237–1300s)
4880:(1237–1300s)
4724:Western Xia
4693:
4686:Qara Khitai
4519:Major cities
4498:Golden Horde
4474:Yuan dynasty
4361:Organization
4295:
4246:Khong Tayiji
4125:
4108:
4093:
4078:
4052:
4032:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3945:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3818:
3793:
3789:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3751:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3628:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3585:November 28,
3583:. Retrieved
3568:
3561:
3551:November 28,
3549:. Retrieved
3534:
3527:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3434:
3425:
3408:
3402:
3383:
3377:
3360:
3339:. Retrieved
3334:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3270:
3266:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3197:
3193:Hart, B.H.L.
3189:
3180:. Retrieved
3150:
3146:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3049:
3040:
3008:
3001:
2973:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2897:
2869:
2839:
2833:
2813:
2806:
2787:
2780:
2744:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2704:the original
2688:
2681:
2609:Golden Horde
2594:
2578:Genghis Khan
2575:
2524:
2496:Jalal al-Din
2452:western Iran
2448:Jalal al-Din
2445:
2394:
2375:Shigi Qutuqu
2349:. People in
2340:
2316:Jalal al-Din
2309:
2281:Jalal al-Din
2270:
2267:, 1430–1434.
2262:
2240:Jalal al-Din
2220:
2196:
2173:
2138:
2134:Jalal al-Din
2103:
2091:
2083:
2063:
2051:Genghis Khan
2048:
2040:
2037:, 1430–1434.
2032:
1991:Khumar Tegin
1976:
1957:Jalal al-Din
1942:
1921:Ibn al-Athir
1903:
1866:
1842:Ibn al-Athir
1823:
1796:
1747:
1691:Genghis Khan
1671:Khwarazmshah
1668:
1663:Central Asia
1659:Genghis Khan
1639:Central Asia
1616:
1595:Jalal al-Din
1584:
1575:Khwarazmshah
1572:
1569:Dispositions
1558:
1557:follows the
1532:
1525:
1515:
1503:
1497:
1477:
1457:
1444:
1437:Genghis Khan
1406:
1386:Yelü Zhilugu
1358:Khwarazmshah
1352:
1329:Genghis Khan
1273:Ahmad Sanjar
1266:
1214:Central Asia
1211:
1170:
1158:Jalal-al Din
1110:Transoxianan
1099:Khwarazmshah
1084:Genghis Khan
1069:
1045:Central Asia
1037:Genghis Khan
1030:
975:Irghiz River
960:
894:Latin Empire
760:Nizari state
739:Western Asia
670:
659:Central Asia
555:
530:
505:, including
432:
381:Genghis Khan
355:Belligerents
326:Greater Iran
322:Central Asia
43:Part of the
29:
5216:Sartaq Khan
5185:Kublai Khan
5180:Möngke Khan
5154:Ögedei Khan
5133:Great Khans
5099:(1314–1318)
5091:(1268–1301)
5043:(1260–1323)
5027:(1253–1256)
5010:Middle East
4904:(1238–1239)
4845:(1221–1327)
4704:(1219–1256)
4696:(1219–1221)
4678:(1264–1308)
4670:(1207-1308)
4536:Azov (Azaq)
4202:Terminology
4079:The Mongols
4055:: 117–134.
3963:The Mongols
3341:February 3,
3315:(3): 30–37.
3249:طبقات ناصری
3182:February 3,
3039:(c. 1260).
2659:(battle of
2625:Hulagu Khan
2615:. When the
2613:Kievan Rus'
2535:Kievan Rus'
2409:Afghanistan
2377:dealt with
2285:Afghanistan
1987:Caspian Sea
1961:Caspian Sea
1683:Khwarazmian
1679:Qara-Khitai
1394:Balochistan
1376:. In 1211,
1370:Qarakhanids
1366:Afghanistan
1354:Muhammad II
1300:Toghrul III
1233:Qarakhanids
1218:Qara-Khitai
1154:Caspian Sea
1102:Muhammed II
1095:Western Xia
1087:had unified
1053:Qara Khitai
697:Eastern Xia
687:Western Xia
666:Qara Khitai
451:Timur Malik
341:Territorial
297: 1215
135:QARA KHITAI
84:KHWARAZMIAN
5384:Categories
5352:Nogai Khan
5236:Özbeg Khan
5167:Güyük Khan
5061:Civil wars
5049:Palestine
4958:Lithuania
4878:Circassia
4611:Xacitarxan
4596:Soltaniyeh
4333:Darughachi
3369:1285130526
2668:References
2637:Berke Khan
2631:, who had
2551:Baltic Sea
2512:Azerbaijan
2500:Diyarbakir
2492:Chormaghun
2476:Kayqubad I
2472:Rum Seljuk
2433:Azerbaijan
2314:to pursue
2244:See also:
2226:Hindu Kush
1995:Muhammad's
1778:palace in
1776:Muhammad's
1742:Kyzyl-Kala
1510:Arabe 5847
1402:Eldiguzids
1225:Yelü Dashi
1208:Background
1112:cities of
843:Durdzuketi
828:Kievan Rus
5221:Orda Khan
5211:Batu Khan
5075:(1260–64)
5019:(1241–43)
5017:Anatolia
4992:(1287–88)
4984:(1285–86)
4976:(1264–65)
4968:(1259–60)
4960:(1258–59)
4936:(1241–42)
4928:(1241–42)
4920:(1240–41)
4896:(1229–36)
4886:Chechnya
4826:(1300–02)
4790:Southeast
4769:(1253–56)
4751:(1235–79)
4743:(1231–60)
4735:(1211–34)
4688:(1216–18)
4676:Sakhalin
4636:Campaigns
4586:Saray-Jük
4576:Samarkand
4551:Karakorum
4510:Ilkhanate
4268:Political
4081:, 1986. (
3443:772008592
3122:Shah 1980
3067:Shah 1980
2673:Citations
2661:Samarkand
2623:in 1260,
2522:in 1236.
2423:and into
2385:Aftermath
2367:Samarkand
2320:Samarkand
2167:and then
2153:mangonels
2043:Amu Darya
1993:, one of
1925:Chaghatai
1905:Samarkand
1873:Samarkand
1857:Samarkand
1815:Kyzyl Kum
1799:Syr Darya
1774:Ruins of
1687:Syr Darya
1631:gunpowder
1604:Samarkand
1455:in 1216.
1413:Al-Nasawi
1335:over the
1304:sultanate
1262:Il-Arslan
1246:Samarkand
1198:sinicized
1190:Ilkhanate
1118:Samarkand
990:Samarkand
899:Lithuania
848:Circassia
789:invasions
777:Palestine
745:Caucassus
621:conquests
519:garrisons
497:engineers
391:Chaghatai
312:1219–1221
260:SULTANATE
251:SULTANATE
173:CALIPHATE
126:KIPCHACKS
5347:Boroldai
5327:Khubilai
5307:Bo'orchu
5280:Military
5174:(regent)
5161:(regent)
5148:(regent)
5033:Baghdad
4982:Hungary
4926:Hungary
4869:Georgia
4816:Vietnam
4668:Siberia
4566:Maragheh
4466:Khanates
4414:Religion
4409:Military
4358:Politics
4308:Kurultai
4271:Military
3784:(1990).
3242:(1260).
3110:sharbūsh
3104:sharbūsh
2932:(1241).
2651:See also
2607:(of the
2549:and the
2421:Caucasus
2361:back to
2273:Khorasan
2234:Khorasan
2211:Tokuchar
2203:Nishapur
2184:Khorasan
2149:Mongolia
2130:Muhammad
2118:Khorasan
2100:Khorasan
2094:Aral Sea
2070:Chagatai
2011:Chagatai
1764:Inalchuq
1759:Inalchuq
1727:medieval
1695:Chagatai
1645:Campaign
1635:huochong
1612:Nishapur
1587:Nishapur
1543:Sverdrup
1499:sharbush
1464:Inalchuq
1425:Al-Nasir
1324:Khorasan
1316:Nishapur
1296:Al-Nasir
1289:Khorasan
1281:Nishapur
1250:Tashkent
1231:and the
1229:Khwarazm
1216:was the
1138:Nishapur
1130:Khorasan
1000:Khorasan
750:Anatolia
726:Sakhalin
671:Khwarezm
525:Strength
440:Inalchuq
317:Location
288:and the
47:and the
5317:Boroqul
5312:Guo Kan
5302:Negudar
5287:Subutai
5187: (
5025:Alamut
4998:Serbia
4990:Poland
4974:Thrace
4966:Poland
4902:Alania
4767:Yunnan
4702:Persia
4660:Central
4639:Battles
4546:Bolghar
4541:Bukhara
4526:Almalik
4328:Kheshig
4256:Tarkhan
4025:Sources
3810:4299834
3417:4523164
3337:: 49–50
3287:3632138
3190:but see
2663:, 1250)
2590:Gurganj
2547:Hungary
2508:Armenia
2478:at the
2474:Sultan
2464:Isfahan
2441:Subutai
2429:Armenia
2405:Subutai
2401:Armenia
2371:Bukhara
2355:Baghlan
2347:Bukhara
2324:Nandana
2224:in the
2222:Bamiyan
2192:Gurganj
2180:Juvayni
2157:naphtha
2126:Subutai
2110:Genghis
2106:Gurganj
2086:Juvayni
2074:Genghis
2003:Genghis
1979:Gurganj
1967:Gurganj
1945:Subutai
1913:Juvayni
1909:Bukhara
1890:Mongols
1869:Bukhara
1811:Bukhara
1803:Genghis
1787:Bukhara
1780:Urgench
1723:Juvayni
1627:Chinese
1591:Bukhara
1539:Rossabi
1522:Juzjani
1490:Teheran
1488:, near
1460:caravan
1453:Siberia
1429:Baghdad
1423:caliph
1421:Abbasid
1409:Mongols
1382:Naimans
1378:Kuchlug
1374:Bukhara
1362:Ghurids
1356:became
1312:Hamadan
1308:Hamadan
1258:Urgench
1254:Fergana
1242:Bukhara
1237:vassals
1221:Khanate
1178:Georgia
1146:Subutai
1122:Gurganj
1114:Bukhara
1051:of the
1010:Waliyan
995:Gurganj
985:Bukhara
914:Gazaria
838:Cumania
810:Vietnam
805:Siberia
767:Baghdad
578:Unknown
566:400,000
563:200,000
550:800,000
547:700,000
544:150,000
541:120,000
538:100,000
491:lancers
433:†
406:Subutai
343:changes
249:AYYUBID
213:DYNASTY
193:DYNASTY
182:YADAVAS
171:ABBASID
162:ZENGIDS
153:GHURIDS
5297:Muqali
5271:Ghazan
5266:Arghun
5256:Hulegu
5146:Tolui
5122:People
5083:(1262)
5041:Syria
5035:(1258)
5000:(1291)
4952:(1242)
4944:(1242)
4860:Europe
4843:India
4824:Burma
4810:(1293)
4799:Burma
4777:Japan
4758:Tibet
4741:Korea
4601:Tabriz
4571:Qarshi
4531:Avarga
4377:Topics
4281:Jarlig
4241:Jinong
4236:Khanum
4231:Khatun
4221:Khagan
4213:Titles
4133:
4115:
4100:
4085:
4067:
4039:
4010:
3938:
3880:
3852:
3808:
3669:
3635:
3576:
3542:
3517:
3476:
3441:
3415:
3390:
3367:
3285:
3200:, p.13
3175:
3165:
3016:
2991:
2981:
2912:
2876:
2846:
2821:
2794:
2759:
2696:
2586:Ögedei
2559:Turkey
2543:Ögedei
2539:Poland
2488:tumens
2484:Ögedei
2460:Tabriz
2456:Kerman
2397:Persia
2363:Ghazni
2359:Ögedei
2328:Multan
2312:tumens
2289:Parwan
2277:Shah's
2275:, the
2165:Termez
2078:Ögedei
2072:, and
2031:army.
2029:Mongol
2009:, and
2007:Ögedei
1929:Ögedei
1886:Turkic
1834:Turkic
1830:Turkic
1699:Ögedei
1619:Muqali
1551:McLynn
1535:Stubbs
1533:While
1398:Makran
1340:tribes
1337:Mongol
1331:, who
1277:Tekish
1140:, and
1120:, and
1035:under
1015:Parwan
909:Serbia
878:Second
863:Second
853:Alania
819:Europe
772:Levant
755:Persia
650:Second
560:40,000
535:75,000
453:
442:
429:
396:Ögedei
333:Result
262:OF RUM
202:XI XIA
115:MONGOL
104:KIEVAN
86:EMPIRE
36:Mongol
5342:Kadan
5337:Bayan
5322:Jelme
5261:Abaqa
5251:Kebek
5231:Toqta
5226:Berke
5206:Jochi
5199:Khans
4836:South
4808:Java
4561:Majar
4503:Wings
4323:Tümen
4303:Yassa
4286:Örtöö
4251:Noyan
3894:Boyle
3823:Boyle
3806:JSTOR
3515:JSTOR
3331:(PDF)
3283:JSTOR
3224:[
3173:JSTOR
3048:[
2989:JSTOR
2936:[
2786:[
2641:Islam
2629:Tolui
2605:Berke
2596:Jochi
2563:Syria
2516:Mosul
2454:, in
2417:tumen
2351:Herat
2336:Islam
2305:Indus
2301:India
2215:Tolui
2207:Herat
2169:Balkh
2161:moats
2145:China
2141:Turks
2114:Tolui
2066:Jochi
2059:Börte
2055:Jochi
1999:Jochi
1894:Turks
1819:oases
1807:Tolui
1750:Otrar
1703:Otrar
1637:, to
1555:Smith
1547:tumen
1468:Otrar
1449:Tumed
1134:Herat
1126:Tolui
1020:Indus
980:Otrar
874:First
867:Third
859:First
795:India
787:Other
731:Tibet
721:Korea
716:Japan
680:China
645:First
639:Burma
401:Tolui
386:Jochi
240:KHMER
222:PAGAN
144:QOCHO
5292:Jebe
5246:Duwa
4715:East
4652:Asia
4606:Ukek
4556:Dadu
4364:Life
4291:Orda
4226:Khan
4131:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4083:ISBN
4065:ISBN
4037:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3936:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3860:1221
3850:ISBN
3790:Iran
3667:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3587:2011
3574:ISBN
3553:2011
3540:ISBN
3474:ISBN
3439:OCLC
3413:OCLC
3388:ISBN
3365:OCLC
3343:2022
3184:2022
3163:ISBN
3151:VIII
3097:help
3014:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2603:and
2601:Batu
2561:and
2555:Iraq
2537:and
2514:and
2468:Fars
2466:and
2439:and
2437:Jebe
2431:and
2425:Rus'
2411:and
2399:and
2369:and
2343:Merv
2248:and
2205:and
2199:Merv
2176:Merv
2147:and
2124:and
2122:Jebe
1953:Shah
1949:Jebe
1947:and
1927:and
1915:and
1892:and
1878:Shah
1840:and
1826:moat
1805:and
1755:Shah
1736:The
1697:and
1681:and
1669:The
1610:and
1608:Merv
1573:The
1537:and
1494:Iran
1486:Rayy
1396:and
1390:Jebe
1322:and
1320:Iran
1285:Merv
1283:and
1252:and
1180:and
1150:Jebe
1148:and
1142:Merv
1089:the
1005:Merv
800:Java
702:Song
634:Asia
411:Jebe
309:Date
284:The
273:RYEO
231:DALI
211:SONG
106:RUS'
75:1215
5332:Aju
4057:doi
4000:doi
3829:".
3798:doi
3507:doi
3466:doi
3275:doi
3155:doi
2902:doi
2749:doi
2230:Tus
1757:or
1740:of
1364:of
1306:of
1043:in
692:Jin
271:GO-
191:JIN
5386::
4151:A
4063:.
4051:.
4006:.
3994:.
3990:.
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3944:.
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3856:.
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3513:.
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3472:.
3460:.
3351:^
3333:.
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3311:.
3295:^
3281:.
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3188:;
3171:.
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3028:^
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2510:,
2462:,
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2443:.
2427:,
2381:.
2194:.
2178:.
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2005:,
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